1
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Jiao M, Danthi P, Yu Y. Cholesterol-Dependent Membrane Deformation by Metastable Viral Capsids Facilitates Entry. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 38873897 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Nonenveloped viruses employ unique entry mechanisms to breach and infect host cells. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing antiviral strategies. Prevailing perspective suggests that nonenveloped viruses release membrane pore-forming peptides to breach host membranes. However, the precise involvement of the viral capsid in this entry remains elusive. Our study presents direct observations elucidating the dynamically distinctive steps through which metastable reovirus capsids disrupt host lipid membranes as they uncoat into partially hydrophobic intermediate particles. Using both live cells and model membrane systems, our key finding is that reovirus capsids actively deform and permeabilize lipid membranes in a cholesterol-dependent process. Unlike membrane pore-forming peptides, these metastable viral capsids induce more extensive membrane perturbations, including budding, bridging between adjacent membranes, and complete rupture. Notably, cholesterol enhances subviral particle adsorption, resulting in the formation of pores equivalent to the capsid size. This cholesterol dependence is attributed to the lipid condensing effect, particularly prominent at an intermediate cholesterol level. Furthermore, our results reveal a positive correlation between membrane disruption extent and efficiency of viral variants in establishing infection. This study unveils the crucial role of capsid-lipid interaction in nonenveloped virus entry, providing new insights into how cholesterol homeostasis influences virus infection dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchi Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Pranav Danthi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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2
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Sharafutdinov I, Friedrich B, Rottner K, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Cortactin: A major cellular target of viral, protozoal, and fungal pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38868928 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Many viral, protozoal, and fungal pathogens represent major human and animal health problems due to their great potential of causing infectious diseases. Research on these pathogens has contributed substantially to our current understanding of both microbial virulence determinants and host key factors during infection. Countless studies have also shed light on the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions that are employed by these microbes. For example, actin cytoskeletal dynamics play critical roles in effective adhesion, host cell entry, and intracellular movements of intruding pathogens. Cortactin is an eminent host cell protein that stimulates actin polymerization and signal transduction, and recently emerged as fundamental player during host-pathogen crosstalk. Here we review the important role of cortactin as major target for various prominent viral, protozoal and fungal pathogens in humans, and its role in human disease development and cancer progression. Most if not all of these important classes of pathogens have been reported to hijack cortactin during infection through mediating up- or downregulation of cortactin mRNA and protein expression as well as signaling. In particular, pathogen-induced changes in tyrosine and serine phosphorylation status of cortactin at its major phospho-sites (Y-421, Y-470, Y-486, S-113, S-298, S-405, and S-418) are addressed. As has been reported for various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, many pathogenic viruses, protozoa, and fungi also control these regulatory phospho-sites, for example, by activating kinases such as Src, PAK, ERK1/2, and PKD, which are known to phosphorylate cortactin. In addition, the recruitment of cortactin and its interaction partners, like the Arp2/3 complex and F-actin, to the contact sites between pathogens and host cells is highlighted, as this plays an important role in the infection process and internalization of several pathogens. However, there are also other ways in which the pathogens can exploit the function of cortactin for their needs, as the cortactin-mediated regulation of cellular processes is complex and involves numerous different interaction partners. Here, the current state of knowledge is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Friedrich
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Jain S, Uritskiy G, Mahalingam M, Batra H, Chand S, Trinh HV, Beck C, Shin WH, Alsalmi W, Kijak G, Eller LA, Kim J, Kihara D, Tovanabutra S, Ferrari G, Robb ML, Rao M, Rao VB. A remarkable genetic shift in a transmitted/founder virus broadens antibody responses against HIV-1. eLife 2024; 13:RP92379. [PMID: 38619110 PMCID: PMC11018346 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A productive HIV-1 infection in humans is often established by transmission and propagation of a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus, which then evolves into a complex mixture of variants during the lifetime of infection. An effective HIV-1 vaccine should elicit broad immune responses in order to block the entry of diverse T/F viruses. Currently, no such vaccine exists. An in-depth study of escape variants emerging under host immune pressure during very early stages of infection might provide insights into such a HIV-1 vaccine design. Here, in a rare longitudinal study involving HIV-1 infected individuals just days after infection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, we discovered a remarkable genetic shift that resulted in near complete disappearance of the original T/F virus and appearance of a variant with H173Y mutation in the variable V2 domain of the HIV-1 envelope protein. This coincided with the disappearance of the first wave of strictly H173-specific antibodies and emergence of a second wave of Y173-specific antibodies with increased breadth. Structural analyses indicated conformational dynamism of the envelope protein which likely allowed selection of escape variants with a conformational switch in the V2 domain from an α-helix (H173) to a β-strand (Y173) and induction of broadly reactive antibody responses. This differential breadth due to a single mutational change was also recapitulated in a mouse model. Rationally designed combinatorial libraries containing 54 conformational variants of V2 domain around position 173 further demonstrated increased breadth of antibody responses elicited to diverse HIV-1 envelope proteins. These results offer new insights into designing broadly effective HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Gherman Uritskiy
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Marthandan Mahalingam
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Himanshu Batra
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Subhash Chand
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Hung V Trinh
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaUnited States
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Charles Beck
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Woong-Hee Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
- Department of Chemistry Education, Sunchon National UniversitySuncheonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National UniversitySuncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Wadad Alsalmi
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
| | - Gustavo Kijak
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaUnited States
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Leigh A Eller
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaUnited States
| | - Jerome Kim
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaUnited States
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaUnited States
| | - Mangala Rao
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringUnited States
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of AmericaWashingtonUnited States
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4
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Klute S, Sparrer KMJ. Friends and Foes: The Ambivalent Role of Autophagy in HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:500. [PMID: 38675843 PMCID: PMC11054699 DOI: 10.3390/v16040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has emerged as an integral part of the antiviral innate immune defenses, targeting viruses or their components for lysosomal degradation. Thus, successful viruses, like pandemic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), evolved strategies to counteract or even exploit autophagy for efficient replication. Here, we provide an overview of the intricate interplay between autophagy and HIV-1. We discuss the impact of autophagy on HIV-1 replication and report in detail how HIV-1 manipulates autophagy in infected cells and beyond. We also highlight tissue and cell-type specifics in the interplay between autophagy and HIV-1. In addition, we weigh exogenous modulation of autophagy as a putative double-edged sword against HIV-1 and discuss potential implications for future antiretroviral therapy and curative approaches. Taken together, we consider both antiviral and proviral roles of autophagy to illustrate the ambivalent role of autophagy in HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapy.
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5
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Siew ZY, Asudas E, Khoo CT, Cho GH, Voon K, Fang CM. Fighting nature with nature: antiviral compounds that target retroviruses. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:130. [PMID: 38416180 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a type of lentivirus that targets the human immune system and leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at a later stage. Up to 2021, there are millions still living with HIV and many have lost their lives. To date, many anti-HIV compounds have been discovered in living organisms, especially plants and marine sponges. However, no treatment can offer a complete cure, but only suppressing it with a life-long medication, known as combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) or highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) which are often associated with various adverse effects. Also, it takes many years for a discovered compound to be approved for clinical use. Thus, by employing advanced technologies such as automation, conducting systematic screening and testing protocols may boost the discovery and development of potent and curative therapeutics for HIV infection/AIDS. In this review, we aim to summarize the antiretroviral therapies/compounds and their associated drawbacks since the discovery of azidothymidine. Additionally, we aim to provide an updated analysis of the most recent discoveries of promising antiretroviral candidates, along with an exploration of the current limitations within antiretroviral research. Finally, we intend to glean insightful perspectives and propose future research directions in this crucial area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yun Siew
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Elishea Asudas
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chia Ting Khoo
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gang Hyeon Cho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kenny Voon
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Mun Fang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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6
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Wang Q, Zhang S, Nguyen HT, Sodroski J. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infectivity by expression of poorly or broadly neutralizing antibodies against Env in virus-producing cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0159423. [PMID: 38289101 PMCID: PMC10878270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01594-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein precursor (gp160) trimerizes, is modified by high-mannose glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum, and is transported via Golgi and non-Golgi secretory pathways to the infected cell surface. In the Golgi, gp160 is partially modified by complex carbohydrates and proteolytically cleaved to produce the mature functional Env trimer, which is preferentially incorporated into virions. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) generally recognize the cleaved Env trimer, whereas poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs) bind the conformationally flexible gp160. We found that expression of bNAbs, pNAbs, or soluble/membrane forms of the receptor, CD4, in cells producing HIV-1 all decreased viral infectivity. Four patterns of co-expressed ligand:Env were observed: (i) ligands (CD4, soluble CD4-Ig, and some pNAbs) that specifically recognize the CD4-bound Env conformation resulted in uncleaved Envs lacking complex glycans that were not incorporated into virions; (ii) other pNAbs produced Envs with some complex carbohydrates and severe defects in cleavage, which were relieved by brefeldin A treatment; (iii) bNAbs that recognize gp160 as well as mature Envs resulted in Envs with some complex carbohydrates and moderate decreases in virion Env cleavage; and (iv) bNAbs that preferentially recognize mature Envs produced cleaved Envs with complex glycans in cells and on virions. The low infectivity observed upon co-expression of pNAbs or CD4 could be explained by disruption of Env trafficking, reducing the level of Env and/or increasing the fraction of uncleaved Env on virions. In addition to bNAb effects on virion Env cleavage, the secreted bNAbs neutralized the co-expressed viruses.IMPORTANCEThe Env trimers on the HIV-1 mediate virus entry into host cells. Env is synthesized in infected cells, modified by complex sugars, and cleaved to form a mature, functional Env, which is incorporated into virus particles. Env elicits antibodies in infected individuals, some of which can neutralize the virus. We found that antibodies co-expressed in the virus-producing cell can disrupt Env transit to the proper compartment for cleavage and sugar modification and, in some cases, block incorporation into viruses. These studies provide insights into the processes by which Env becomes functional in the virus-producing cell and may assist attempts to interfere with these events to inhibit HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Jiao M, Danthi P, Yu Y. Cholesterol-Dependent Membrane Deformation by Metastable Viral Capsids Facilitates Entry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.575085. [PMID: 38260524 PMCID: PMC10802578 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.575085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Non-enveloped viruses employ unique entry mechanisms to breach and infect host cells. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing antiviral strategies. Prevailing perspective suggests that non-enveloped viruses release membrane lytic peptides to breach host membranes. However, the precise involvement of the viral capsid in this entry remains elusive. Our study presents direct observations elucidating the dynamically distinctive steps through which metastable reovirus capsids disrupt host lipid membranes as they uncoat into partially hydrophobic intermediate particles. Using both live cells and model membrane systems, our key finding is that reovirus capsids actively deform and permeabilize lipid membranes in a cholesterol-dependent process. Unlike membrane lytic peptides, these metastable viral capsids induce more extensive membrane perturbations, including budding, bridging between adjacent membranes, and complete rupture. Notably, cholesterol enhances subviral particle adsorption, resulting in the formation of pores equivalent to the capsid size. This cholesterol dependence is attributed to the lipid condensing effect, particularly prominent at intermediate cholesterol level. Furthermore, our results reveal a positive correlation between membrane disruption extent and efficiency of viral variants in establishing infection. This study unveils the crucial role of capsid-lipid interaction in non-enveloped virus entry, providing new insights into how cholesterol homeostasis influences virus infection dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchi Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102
| | - Pranav Danthi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102
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8
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Anang S, Zhang S, Fritschi C, Chiu TJ, Yang D, Smith III AB, Madani N, Sodroski J. V3 tip determinants of susceptibility to inhibition by CD4-mimetic compounds in natural clade A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins. J Virol 2023; 97:e0117123. [PMID: 37888980 PMCID: PMC10688366 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01171-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) are small-molecule inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into host cells. CD4mcs target a pocket on the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike that is used for binding to the receptor, CD4, and is highly conserved among HIV-1 strains. Nonetheless, naturally occurring HIV-1 strains exhibit a wide range of sensitivities to CD4mcs. Our study identifies changes distant from the binding pocket that can influence the susceptibility of natural HIV-1 strains to the antiviral effects of multiple CD4mcs. We relate the antiviral potency of the CD4mc against this panel of HIV-1 variants to the ability of the CD4mc to activate entry-related changes in Env conformation prematurely. These findings will guide efforts to improve the potency and breadth of CD4mcs against natural HIV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Fritschi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith III
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Zhang Z, Wang Q, Nguyen HT, Chen HC, Chiu TJ, Smith Iii AB, Sodroski JG. Alterations in gp120 glycans or the gp41 fusion peptide-proximal region modulate the stability of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein pretriggered conformation. J Virol 2023; 97:e0059223. [PMID: 37696048 PMCID: PMC10537687 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00592-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer mediates entry into host cells by binding receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, and fusing the viral and cell membranes. In infected cells, cleavage of the gp160 Env precursor yields the mature Env trimer, with gp120 exterior and gp41 transmembrane Env subunits. Env cleavage stabilizes the State-1 conformation, which is the major target for broadly neutralizing antibodies, and decreases the spontaneous sampling of more open Env conformations that expose epitopes for poorly neutralizing antibodies. During HIV-1 entry into cells, CD4 binding drives the metastable Env from a pretriggered (State-1) conformation into more "open," lower-energy states. Here, we report that changes in two dissimilar elements of the HIV-1 Env trimer, namely particular gp120 glycans and the gp41 fusion peptide-proximal region (FPPR), can independently modulate the stability of State 1. Individual deletion of several gp120 glycans destabilized State 1, whereas removal of a V1 glycan resulted in phenotypes indicative of a more stable pretriggered Env conformation. Likewise, some alterations of the gp41 FPPR decreased the level of spontaneous shedding of gp120 from the Env trimer and stabilized the pretriggered State-1 Env conformation. State-1-stabilizing changes were additive and could suppress the phenotypes associated with State-1-destabilizing alterations in Env. Our results support a model in which multiple protein and carbohydrate elements of the HIV-1 Env trimer additively contribute to the stability of the pretriggered (State-1) conformation. The Env modifications identified in this study will assist efforts to characterize the structure and immunogenicity of the metastable State-1 conformation. IMPORTANCE The elicitation of antibodies that neutralize multiple strains of HIV-1 is an elusive goal that has frustrated the development of an effective vaccine. The pretriggered shape of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike on the virus surface is the major target for such broadly neutralizing antibodies. The "closed" pretriggered Env shape resists the binding of most antibodies but is unstable and often assumes "open" shapes that elicit ineffective antibodies. We identified particular changes in both the protein and the sugar components of the Env trimer that stabilize the pretriggered shape. Combinations of these changes were even more effective at stabilizing the pretriggered Env than the individual changes. Stabilizing changes in Env could counteract the effect of Env changes that destabilize the pretriggered shape. Locking Env in its pretriggered shape will assist efforts to understand the Env spike on the virus and to incorporate this shape into vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith Iii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Sharma M, Marin M, Wu H, Prikryl D, Melikyan GB. Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Preferentially Fuses with pH-Neutral Endocytic Vesicles in Cell Lines and Human Primary CD4+ T-Cells. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17436-17450. [PMID: 37589658 PMCID: PMC10510587 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts, the principal sites of productive HIV-1 entry in different target cells─plasma membrane (PM) vs endosomes─remain controversial. To delineate the site(s) of HIV-1 fusion, we implemented a triple labeling approach that involves tagging pseudoviruses with the fluid-phase viral content marker, iCherry, the viral membrane marker, DiD, and the extraviral pH sensor, ecliptic pHluorin. The viral content marker iCherry is released into the cytoplasm upon virus-cell fusion irrespective of the sites of fusion. In contrast, the extent of dilution of the membrane marker upon fusion with the PM (loss of signal) vs the endosomal membrane (no change in punctate DiD appearance) discriminates between the principal sites of viral fusion. Additionally, ecliptic pHluorin incorporated into the viral membrane reports whether virus fusion occurs in acidic endosomes. Real-time single virus imaging in living HeLa-derived cells, a CD4+ T-cell line, and activated primary human CD4+ T-cells revealed a strong (80-90%) HIV-1 preference for fusion with endosomes. Intriguingly, we observed HIV-1 fusion only with pH-neutral intracellular vesicles and never with acidified endosomes. These endocytic fusion events are likely culminating in productive infection since endocytic inhibitors, such as EIPA, Pitstop2, and Dynasore, as well as a dominant-negative dynamin-2 mutant, inhibited HIV-1 infection in HeLa-derived and primary CD4+ T-cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of endocytosis in HeLa-derived cells promoted hemifusion at the PM but abrogated complete fusion. Collectively, these data reveal that the primary HIV-1 entry pathway in diverse cell types is through fusion with pH-neutral intracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Sharma
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Children’s
Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Mariana Marin
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Children’s
Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hui Wu
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - David Prikryl
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Children’s
Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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11
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Zhou R, Zhang S, Nguyen HT, Ding H, Gaffney A, Kappes JC, Smith AB, Sodroski JG. Conformations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins in Detergents and Styrene-Maleic Acid Lipid Particles. J Virol 2023; 97:e0032723. [PMID: 37255444 PMCID: PMC10308955 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00327-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mature human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer, which consists of noncovalently associated gp120 exterior and gp41 transmembrane subunits, mediates virus entry into cells. The pretriggered (State-1) Env conformation is the major target for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), whereas receptor-induced downstream Env conformations elicit immunodominant, poorly neutralizing antibody (pNAb) responses. To examine the contribution of membrane anchorage to the maintenance of the metastable pretriggered Env conformation, we compared wild-type and State-1-stabilized Envs solubilized in detergents or in styrene-maleic acid (SMA) copolymers. SMA directly incorporates membrane lipids and resident membrane proteins into lipid nanoparticles (styrene-maleic acid lipid particles [SMALPs]). The integrity of the Env trimer in SMALPs was maintained at both 4°C and room temperature. In contrast, Envs solubilized in Cymal-5, a nonionic detergent, were unstable at room temperature, although their stability was improved at 4°C and/or after incubation with the entry inhibitor BMS-806. Envs solubilized in ionic detergents were relatively unstable at either temperature. Comparison of Envs solubilized in Cymal-5 and SMA at 4°C revealed subtle differences in bNAb binding to the gp41 membrane-proximal external region, consistent with these distinct modes of Env solubilization. Otherwise, the antigenicity of the Cymal-5- and SMA-solubilized Envs was remarkably similar, both in the absence and in the presence of BMS-806. However, both solubilized Envs were recognized differently from the mature membrane Env by specific bNAbs and pNAbs. Thus, detergent-based and detergent-free solubilization at 4°C alters the pretriggered membrane Env conformation in consistent ways, suggesting that Env assumes default conformations when its association with the membrane is disrupted. IMPORTANCE The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoproteins (Envs) in the viral membrane mediate virus entry into the host cell and are targeted by neutralizing antibodies elicited by natural infection or vaccines. Detailed studies of membrane proteins rely on purification procedures that allow the proteins to maintain their natural conformation. In this study, we show that a styrene-maleic acid (SMA) copolymer can extract HIV-1 Env from a membrane without the use of detergents. The Env in SMA is more stable at room temperature than Env in detergents. The purified Env in SMA maintains many but not all of the characteristics expected of the natural membrane Env. Our results underscore the importance of the membrane environment to the native conformation of HIV-1 Env. Purification methods that bypass the need for detergents could be useful tools for future studies of HIV-1 Env structure and its interaction with receptors and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haitao Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Althea Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Nguyen HT, Wang Q, Anang S, Sodroski JG. Characterization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Conformational States on Infectious Virus Particles. J Virol 2023; 97:e0185722. [PMID: 36815832 PMCID: PMC10062176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01857-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells involves triggering of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ([gp120/gp41]3) by the primary receptor, CD4, and coreceptors, CCR5 or CXCR4. The pretriggered (State-1) conformation of the mature (cleaved) Env is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), which are inefficiently elicited compared with poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs). Here, we characterize variants of the moderately triggerable HIV-1AD8 Env on virions produced by an infectious molecular proviral clone; such virions contain more cleaved Env than pseudotyped viruses. We identified three types of cleaved wild-type AD8 Env trimers on virions: (i) State-1-like trimers preferentially recognized by bNAbs and exhibiting strong subunit association; (ii) trimers recognized by pNAbs directed against the gp120 coreceptor-binding region and exhibiting weak, detergent-sensitive subunit association; and (iii) a minor gp41-only population. The first Env population was enriched and the other Env populations reduced by introducing State-1-stabilizing changes in the AD8 Env or by treatment of the virions with crosslinker or the State-1-preferring entry inhibitor, BMS-806. These stabilized AD8 Envs were also more resistant to gp120 shedding induced by a CD4-mimetic compound or by incubation on ice. Conversely, a State-1-destabilized, CD4-independent AD8 Env variant exhibited weaker bNAb recognition and stronger pNAb recognition. Similar relationships between Env triggerability and antigenicity/shedding propensity on virions were observed for other HIV-1 strains. State-1 Envs on virions can be significantly enriched by minimizing the adventitious incorporation of uncleaved Env; stabilizing the pretriggered conformation by Env modification, crosslinking or BMS-806 treatment; strengthening Env subunit interactions; and using CD4-negative producer cells. IMPORTANCE Efforts to develop an effective HIV-1 vaccine have been frustrated by the inability to elicit broad neutralizing antibodies that recognize multiple virus strains. Such antibodies can bind a particular shape of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer, as it exists on a viral membrane but before engaging receptors on the host cell. Here, we establish simple yet powerful assays to characterize the envelope glycoproteins in a natural context on virus particles. We find that, depending on the HIV-1 strain, some envelope glycoproteins change shape and fall apart, creating decoys that can potentially divert the host immune response. We identify requirements to keep the relevant envelope glycoprotein target for broad neutralizing antibodies intact on virus-like particles. These studies suggest strategies that should facilitate efforts to produce and use virus-like particles as vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Fritschi CJ, Anang S, Gong Z, Mohammadi M, Richard J, Bourassa C, Severino KT, Richter H, Yang D, Chen HC, Chiu TJ, Seaman MS, Madani N, Abrams C, Finzi A, Hendrickson WA, Sodroski JG, Smith AB. Indoline CD4-mimetic compounds mediate potent and broad HIV-1 inhibition and sensitization to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2222073120. [PMID: 36961924 PMCID: PMC10068826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2222073120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding to the host cell receptors, CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4, triggers large-scale conformational changes in the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] that promote virus entry into the cell. CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) comprise small organic molecules that bind in the highly conserved CD4-binding site of gp120 and prematurely induce inactivating Env conformational changes, including shedding of gp120 from the Env trimer. By inducing more "open," antibody-susceptible Env conformations, CD4mcs also sensitize HIV-1 virions to neutralization by antibodies and infected cells to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Here, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel CD4mcs based on an indoline scaffold. Compared with our current lead indane scaffold CD4mc, BNM-III-170, several indoline CD4mcs exhibit increased potency and breadth against HIV-1 variants from different geographic clades. Viruses that were selected for resistance to the lead indane CD4mc, BNM-III-170, are susceptible to inhibition by the indoline CD4mcs. The indoline CD4mcs also potently sensitize HIV-1-infected cells to ADCC mediated by plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals. Crystal structures indicate that the indoline CD4mcs gain potency compared to the indane CD4mcs through more favorable π-π overlap from the indoline pose and by making favorable contacts with the vestibule of the CD4-binding pocket on gp120. The rational design of indoline CD4mcs thus holds promise for further improvements in antiviral activity, potentially contributing to efforts to treat and prevent HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya Anang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Zhen Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | | | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QCH2X 0A9, Canada
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Catherine Bourassa
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Kenny T. Severino
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Hannah Richter
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Hung-Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Ta-Jung Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QCH2X 0A9, Canada
- Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QCH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | - Joseph G. Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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Malla R, Kamal MA. Tetraspanin-enriched Microdomain Containing CD151, CD9, and TSPAN 8 - Potential Mediators of Entry and Exit Mechanisms in Respiratory Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3649-3657. [PMID: 36173052 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220907105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in Wuhan, the Hubei region of China, has become a pandemic worldwide. It can transmit through droplets and enter via oral, nasal, and eye mucous membranes. It consists of single-stranded RNA (positive-sense), nonstructural proteins including enzymes and transcriptional proteins, and structural proteins such as Spike, Membrane, Envelope, and Nucleocapsid -proteins. SARS-CoV-2 mediates S-proteins entry and exit via binding to host cell surface proteins like tetraspanins. The transmembrane tetraspanins, CD151, CD9, and tetraspanin 8 (TSPAN8), facilitate the entry of novel coronaviruses by scaffolding host cell receptors and proteases. Also, CD151 was reported to increase airway hyperresponsiveness to calcium and nuclear viral export signaling. They may facilitate entry and exit by activating the serine proteases required to prime S-proteins in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). This article updates recent advances in structural proteins, their epitopes and putative receptors, and their regulation by proteases associated with TEMs. This review furnishes recent updates on the role of CD151 in the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2. We describe the role of CD151 in a possible mechanism of entry and exit in the airway, a major site for infection of SARS-CoV-2. We also updated current knowledge on the role of CD9 and TSPAN 8 in the entry and exit mechanism of coronaviruses. Finally, we discussed the importance of some small molecules which target CD151 as possible targeted therapeutics for COVID-19. In conclusion, this study could identify new targets and specific therapeutics to control emerging virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- RamaRao Malla
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.,King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Ashulia, Bangladesh.,Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham NSW 2770, Australia
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15
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Plagens-Rotman K, Merks P, Pisarska-Krawczyk M, Kędzia W, Justyna J, Czarnecka-Operacz M, Jarząbek-Bielecka G. Possible Interdisciplinar Standard for the Care of Pregnant Women Living with HIV-Polish Experience. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101949. [PMID: 36292396 PMCID: PMC9602101 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV data for 2020 show a decline in the number and rate of new HIV cases diagnosed in the EU during the last decade. The COVID-19 pandemic has paralyzed the functioning of healthcare facilities in Poland and worldwide, also impacting the detection of HIV infection. Early diagnosis of HIV and implementation of antiretroviral treatment limit HIV transmission. A woman with HIV diagnosed during pregnancy should be under the care of a specialist in infectious diseases experienced in antiretroviral treatment. In this way, she will be properly protected during the delivery, and relevant medications can be implemented for the newborn baby. Taking these aspects into account, the medical team should consist of: A specialist in infectious diseases, an obstetrician, a neonatologist and pediatrician, a midwife, and a dermato-venereologist. Every effort should be made to increase the scope and quality of monitoring of the spread of the epidemic in Poland, with special emphasis on diagnostics based on specific tests among populations particularly exposed to HIV infections cooperating with non-governmental organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Plagens-Rotman
- Center for Pediatric, Adolescent Gynecology and Sexology Division of Gynecology, Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-758 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Piotr Merks
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Witold Kędzia
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-758 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaskulska Justyna
- Higher School of Strategic Planning in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Kościelna 4, 41-303 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland
| | - Magdalena Czarnecka-Operacz
- Allergic and Occupational Skin Diseases Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Poznań, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Grażyna Jarząbek-Bielecka
- Center for Pediatric, Adolescent Gynecology and Sexology Division of Gynecology, Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-758 Poznan, Poland
- Division of Gynecology, Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-758 Poznan, Poland
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16
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Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Variants Selected for Resistance to a CD4-Mimetic Compound. J Virol 2022; 96:e0063622. [PMID: 35980207 PMCID: PMC9472635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00636-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to the host cell receptors CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4 triggers conformational changes in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer that promote virus entry. CD4 binding allows the gp120 exterior Env to bind CCR5/CXCR4 and induces a short-lived prehairpin intermediate conformation in the gp41 transmembrane Env. Small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) bind within the conserved Phe-43 cavity of gp120, near the binding site for CD4. CD4mcs like BNM-III-170 inhibit HIV-1 infection by competing with CD4 and by prematurely activating Env, leading to irreversible inactivation. In cell culture, we selected and analyzed variants of the primary HIV-1AD8 strain resistant to BNM-III-170. Two changes (S375N and I424T) in gp120 residues that flank the Phe-43 cavity each conferred an ~5-fold resistance to BNM-III-170 with minimal fitness cost. A third change (E64G) in layer 1 of the gp120 inner domain resulted in ~100-fold resistance to BNM-III-170, ~2- to 3-fold resistance to soluble CD4-Ig, and a moderate decrease in viral fitness. The gp120 changes additively or synergistically contributed to BNM-III-170 resistance. The sensitivity of the Env variants to BNM-III-170 inhibition of virus entry correlated with their sensitivity to BNM-III-170-induced Env activation and shedding of gp120. Together, the S375N and I424T changes, but not the E64G change, conferred >100-fold and 33-fold resistance to BMS-806 and BMS-529 (temsavir), respectively, potent HIV-1 entry inhibitors that block Env conformational transitions. These studies identify pathways whereby HIV-1 can develop resistance to CD4mcs and conformational blockers, two classes of entry inhibitors that target the conserved gp120 Phe-43 cavity. IMPORTANCE CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mcs) and conformational blockers like BMS-806 and BMS-529 (temsavir) are small-molecule inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into host cells. Although CD4mcs and conformational blockers inhibit HIV-1 entry by different mechanisms, they both target a pocket on the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike that is used for binding to the receptor CD4 and is highly conserved among HIV-1 strains. Our study identifies changes near this pocket that can confer various levels of resistance to the antiviral effects of a CD4mc and conformational blockers. We relate the antiviral potency of a CD4mc against this panel of HIV-1 variants to the ability of the CD4mc to activate changes in Env conformation and to induce the shedding of the gp120 exterior Env from the spike. These findings will guide efforts to improve the potency and breadth of small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors.
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17
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Bigay J, Le Grand R, Martinon F, Maisonnasse P. Vaccine-associated enhanced disease in humans and animal models: Lessons and challenges for vaccine development. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932408. [PMID: 36033843 PMCID: PMC9399815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against infectious diseases calls for the development of safe and effective vaccines that generate long-lasting protective immunity. In a few situations, vaccine-mediated immune responses may have led to exacerbated pathology upon subsequent infection with the pathogen targeted by the vaccine. Such vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) has been reported, or at least suspected, in animal models, and in a few instances in humans, for vaccine candidates against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MV), dengue virus (DENV), HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Although alleviated by clinical and epidemiological evidence, a number of concerns were also initially raised concerning the short- and long-term safety of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although the mechanisms leading to this phenomenon are not yet completely understood, the individual and/or collective role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), complement-dependent enhancement, and cell-dependent enhancement have been highlighted. Here, we review mechanisms that may be associated with the risk of VAED, which are important to take into consideration, both in the assessment of vaccine safety and in finding ways to define models and immunization strategies that can alleviate such concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Martinon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud-INSERM U1184, CEA, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
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18
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Martí-Marí O, Martínez-Gualda B, Fernández-Barahona I, Mills A, Abdelnabi R, Noppen S, Neyts J, Schols D, Camarasa MJ, Herranz F, Gago F, San-Félix A. Organotropic dendrons with high potency as HIV-1, HIV-2 and EV-A71 cell entry inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Evolution of Multiple Domains of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein during Coreceptor Switch with CCR5 Antagonist Therapy. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0072522. [PMID: 35727047 PMCID: PMC9431240 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00725-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 uses CD4 as a receptor and chemokine receptors CCR5 and/or CXCR4 as coreceptors. CCR5 antagonists are a class of antiretrovirals used to inhibit viral entry. Phenotypic prediction algorithms such as Geno2Pheno are used to assess CCR5 antagonist eligibility, for which the V3 region is screened. However, there exist scenarios where the algorithm cannot give an accurate prediction of tropism. The current study examined coreceptor shift of HIV-1 from CCR5-tropic strains to CXCR4-tropic or dual-tropic strains among five subjects in a clinical trial of the CCR5 antagonist vicriviroc. Envelope gene amplicon libraries were constructed and subjected to next-generation sequencing, as well as single-clone sequencing and functional analyses. Approximately half of the amplified full-length single envelope-encoding clones had no significant activity for infection of cells expressing high levels of CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4. Functional analysis of 9 to 21 individual infectious clones at baseline and at the time of VF were used to construct phylogenetic trees and sequence alignments. These studies confirmed that specific residues and the overall charge of the V3 loop were the major determinants of coreceptor use, in addition to specific residues in other domains of the envelope protein in V1/V2, V4, C3, and C4 domains that may be important for coreceptor shift. These results provide greater insight into the viral genetic determinants of coreceptor shift. IMPORTANCE This study is novel in combining single-genome sequence analysis and next-generation sequencing to characterize HIV-1 quasispecies. The work highlights the importance of mutants present at frequencies of 1% or less in development of drug resistance. This study highlights a critical role of specific amino acid substitutions outside V3 that contribute to coreceptor shift as well as important roles of the V1/V2, V4, C3, and C4 domain residues.
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20
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Functional and Highly Cross-Linkable HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins Enriched in a Pretriggered Conformation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0166821. [PMID: 35343783 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01668-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to the receptor, CD4, drives the pretriggered, "closed" (state-1) conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer into more "open" conformations (states 2 and 3). Broadly neutralizing antibodies, which are elicited inefficiently, mostly recognize the state-1 Env conformation, whereas the more commonly elicited poorly neutralizing antibodies recognize states 2/3. HIV-1 Env metastability has created challenges for defining the state-1 structure and developing immunogens mimicking this labile conformation. The availability of functional state-1 Envs that can be efficiently cross-linked at lysine and/or acidic amino acid residues might assist these endeavors. To that end, we modified HIV-1AD8 Env, which exhibits an intermediate level of triggerability by CD4. We introduced lysine/acidic residues at positions that exhibit such polymorphisms in natural HIV-1 strains. Env changes that were tolerated with respect to gp120-gp41 processing, subunit association, and virus entry were further combined. Two common polymorphisms, Q114E and Q567K, as well as a known variant, A582T, additively rendered pseudoviruses resistant to cold, soluble CD4, and a CD4-mimetic compound, phenotypes indicative of stabilization of the pretriggered state-1 Env conformation. Combining these changes resulted in two lysine-rich HIV-1AD8 Env variants (E.2 and AE.2) with neutralization- and cold-resistant phenotypes comparable to those of natural, less triggerable tier 2/3 HIV-1 isolates. Compared with these and the parental Envs, the E.2 and AE.2 Envs were cleaved more efficiently and exhibited stronger gp120-trimer association in detergent lysates. These highly cross-linkable Envs enriched in a pretriggered conformation should assist characterization of the structure and immunogenicity of this labile state. IMPORTANCE The development of an efficient vaccine is critical for combating HIV-1 infection worldwide. However, the instability of the pretriggered shape (state 1) of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) makes it difficult to raise neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1. Here, by introducing multiple changes in Env, we derived two HIV-1 Env variants that are enriched in state 1 and can be efficiently cross-linked to maintain this shape. These Env complexes are more stable in detergent, assisting their purification. Thus, our study provides a path to a better characterization of the native pretriggered Env, which should assist vaccine development.
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21
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Global Increases in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Neutralization Sensitivity Due to Alterations in the Membrane-Proximal External Region of the Envelope Glycoprotein Can Be Minimized by Distant State 1-Stabilizing Changes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0187821. [PMID: 35289647 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01878-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to the receptor, CD4, drives the pretriggered, "closed" (State-1) conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ([gp120/gp41]3) into more "open" conformations. HIV-1 Env on the viral membrane is maintained in a State-1 conformation that resists binding and neutralization by commonly elicited antibodies. Premature triggering of Env before the virus engages a target cell typically leads to increased susceptibility to spontaneous inactivation or ligand-induced neutralization. Here, we showed that single amino acid substitutions in the gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of a primary HIV-1 strain resulted in viral phenotypes indicative of premature triggering of Env to downstream conformations. Specifically, the MPER changes reduced viral infectivity and globally increased virus sensitivity to poorly neutralizing antibodies, soluble CD4, a CD4-mimetic compound, and exposure to cold. In contrast, the MPER mutants exhibited decreased sensitivity to the State 1-preferring inhibitor, BMS-806, and to the PGT151 broadly neutralizing antibody. Depletion of cholesterol from virus particles did not produce the same State 1-destabilizing phenotypes as MPER alterations. Notably, State 1-stabilizing changes in Env distant from the MPER could minimize the phenotypic effects of MPER alteration but did not affect virus sensitivity to cholesterol depletion. Thus, membrane-proximal gp41 elements contribute to the maintenance of the pretriggered Env conformation. The conformationally disruptive effects of MPER changes can be minimized by distant State 1-stabilizing Env modifications, a strategy that may be useful in preserving the native pretriggered state of Env. IMPORTANCE The pretriggered shape of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) is a major target for antibodies that can neutralize many strains of the virus. An effective HIV-1 vaccine may need to raise these types of antibodies, but this goal has proven difficult. One reason is that the pretriggered shape of Env is unstable and dependent on interactions near the viral membrane. Here, we showed that the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of Env plays an important role in maintaining Env in a pretriggered shape. Alterations in the MPER resulted in global changes in Env conformation that disrupted its pretriggered shape. We also found that these disruptive effects of MPER changes could be minimized by distant Env modifications that stabilized the pretriggered shape. These modifications may be useful for preserving the native shape of Env for structural and vaccine studies.
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Li J, Boix E. Host Defence RNases as Antiviral Agents against Enveloped Single Stranded RNA Viruses. Virulence 2021; 12:444-469. [PMID: 33660566 PMCID: PMC7939569 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1871823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the recent outbreak of Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19), it is urgent to develop effective and safe drugs to treat the present pandemic and prevent other viral infections that might come in the future. Proteins from our own innate immune system can serve as ideal sources of novel drug candidates thanks to their safety and immune regulation versatility. Some host defense RNases equipped with antiviral activity have been reported over time. Here, we try to summarize the currently available information on human RNases that can target viral pathogens, with special focus on enveloped single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses. Overall, host RNases can fight viruses by a combined multifaceted strategy, including the enzymatic target of the viral genome, recognition of virus unique patterns, immune modulation, control of stress granule formation, and induction of autophagy/apoptosis pathways. The review also includes a detailed description of representative enveloped ssRNA viruses and their strategies to interact with the host and evade immune recognition. For comparative purposes, we also provide an exhaustive revision of the currently approved or experimental antiviral drugs. Finally, we sum up the current perspectives of drug development to achieve successful eradication of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Li
- Dpt. Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Dpt. Of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang S, Wang K, Wang WL, Nguyen HT, Chen S, Lu M, Go EP, Ding H, Steinbock RT, Desaire H, Kappes JC, Sodroski J, Mao Y. Asymmetric Structures and Conformational Plasticity of the Uncleaved Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer. J Virol 2021; 95:e0052921. [PMID: 34549974 PMCID: PMC8610584 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00529-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer [(gp120/gp41)3] is produced by cleavage of a conformationally flexible gp160 precursor. gp160 cleavage or the binding of BMS-806, an entry inhibitor, stabilizes the pretriggered, "closed" (state 1) conformation recognized by rarely elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies. Poorly neutralizing antibodies (pNAbs) elicited at high titers during natural infection recognize more "open" Env conformations (states 2 and 3) induced by binding the receptor, CD4. We found that BMS-806 treatment and cross-linking decreased the exposure of pNAb epitopes on cell surface gp160; however, after detergent solubilization, cross-linked and BMS-806-treated gp160 sampled non-state-1 conformations that could be recognized by pNAbs. Cryo-electron microscopy of the purified BMS-806-bound gp160 revealed two hitherto unknown asymmetric trimer conformations, providing insights into the allosteric coupling between trimer opening and structural variation in the gp41 HR1N region. The individual protomer structures in the asymmetric gp160 trimers resemble those of other genetically modified or antibody-bound cleaved HIV-1 Env trimers, which have been suggested to assume state-2-like conformations. Asymmetry of the uncleaved Env potentially exposes surfaces of the trimer to pNAbs. To evaluate the effect of stabilizing a state-1-like conformation of the membrane Env precursor, we treated cells expressing wild-type HIV-1 Env with BMS-806. BMS-806 treatment decreased both gp160 cleavage and the addition of complex glycans, implying that gp160 conformational flexibility contributes to the efficiency of these processes. Selective pressure to maintain flexibility in the precursor of functional Env allows the uncleaved Env to sample asymmetric conformations that potentially skew host antibody responses toward pNAbs. IMPORTANCE The envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) mediate the entry of the virus into host cells and serve as targets for neutralizing antibodies. The functional Env trimer is produced by cleavage of the gp160 precursor in the infected cell. We found that the HIV-1 Env precursor is highly plastic, allowing it to assume different asymmetric shapes. This conformational plasticity is potentially important for Env cleavage and proper modification by sugars. Having a flexible, asymmetric Env precursor that can misdirect host antibody responses without compromising virus infectivity would be an advantage for a persistent virus like HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kunyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Intel Parallel Computing Center for Structural Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuobing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Maolin Lu
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eden P. Go
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Haitao Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert T. Steinbock
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heather Desaire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - John C. Kappes
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Youdong Mao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Intel Parallel Computing Center for Structural Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bhargavan B, Woollard SM, McMillan JE, Kanmogne GD. CCR5 antagonist reduces HIV-induced amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier alterations in HIV-infected hu-PBL-NSG mice. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:78. [PMID: 34809709 PMCID: PMC8607567 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive impairment is present in 50% of HIV-infected individuals and is often associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-like brain pathologies, including increased amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Tau hyperphosphorylation. Here, we aimed to determine whether HIV-1 infection causes AD-like pathologies in an HIV/AIDS humanized mouse model, and whether the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc alters HIV-induced pathologies. METHODS NOD/scid-IL-2Rγcnull mice engrafted with human blood leukocytes were infected with HIV-1, left untreated or treated with maraviroc (120 mg/kg twice/day). Human cells in animal's blood were quantified weekly by flow cytometry. Animals were sacrificed at week-3 post-infection; blood and tissues viral loads were quantified using p24 antigen ELISA, RNAscope, and qPCR. Human (HLA-DR+) cells, Aβ-42, phospho-Tau, neuronal markers (MAP 2, NeuN, neurofilament-L), gamma-secretase activating protein (GSAP), and blood-brain barrier (BBB) tight junction (TJ) proteins expression and transcription were quantified in brain tissues by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and qPCR. Plasma Aβ-42, Aβ-42 cellular uptake, release and transendothelial transport were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS HIV-1 significantly decreased human (h)CD4+ T-cells and hCD4/hCD8 ratios; decreased the expression of BBB TJ proteins claudin-5, ZO-1, ZO-2; and increased HLA-DR+ cells in brain tissues. Significantly, HIV-infected animals showed increased plasma and brain Aβ-42 and phospho-Tau (threonine181, threonine231, serine396, serine199), associated with transcriptional upregulation of GSAP, an enzyme that catalyzes Aβ formation, and loss of MAP 2, NeuN, and neurofilament-L. Maraviroc treatment significantly reduced blood and brain viral loads, prevented HIV-induced loss of neuronal markers and TJ proteins; decreased HLA-DR+ cells infiltration in brain tissues, significantly reduced HIV-induced increase in Aβ-42, GSAP, and phospho-Tau. Maraviroc also reduced Aβ retention and increased Aβ release in human macrophages; decreased the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and increased low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) expression in human brain endothelial cells. Maraviroc induced Aβ transendothelial transport, which was blocked by LRP1 antagonist but not RAGE antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Maraviroc significantly reduced HIV-induced amyloidogenesis, GSAP, phospho-Tau, neurodegeneration, BBB alterations, and leukocytes infiltration into the CNS. Maraviroc increased cellular Aβ efflux and transendothelial Aβ transport via LRP1 pathways. Thus, therapeutically targeting CCR5 could reduce viremia, preserve the BBB and neurons, increased brain Aβ efflux, and reduce AD-like neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biju Bhargavan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800 USA
| | - Shawna M. Woollard
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800 USA
- Huvepharma, 421 W Industrial Lake Drive, Lincoln, NE 68528 USA
| | - Jo Ellyn McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800 USA
| | - Georgette D. Kanmogne
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985800 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800 USA
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25
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Martí-Marí O, Martínez-Gualda B, de la Puente-Secades S, Mills A, Quesada E, Abdelnabi R, Sun L, Boonen A, Noppen S, Neyts J, Schols D, Camarasa MJ, Gago F, San-Félix A. Double Arylation of the Indole Side Chain of Tri- and Tetrapodal Tryptophan Derivatives Renders Highly Potent HIV-1 and EV-A71 Entry Inhibitors†. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10027-10046. [PMID: 34229438 PMCID: PMC8389807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We have recently
described a new generation of potent human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) and EV-A71 entry inhibitors. The prototypes contain three
or four tryptophan (Trp) residues bearing an isophthalic acid moiety
at the C2 position of each side-chain indole ring. This work is now
extended by both shifting the position of the isophthalic acid to
C7 and synthesizing doubly arylated C2/C7 derivatives. The most potent
derivative (50% effective concentration (EC50) HIV-1, 6
nM; EC50 EV-A71, 40 nM), 33 (AL-518), is a C2/C7 doubly arylated tetrapodal compound. Its superior anti-HIV
potency with respect to the previous C2-arylated prototype is in consonance
with its higher affinity for the viral gp120. 33 (AL-518) showed comparable antiviral activities against X4
and R5 HIV-1 strains and seems to interact with the tip and base of
the gp120 V3 loop. Taken together, these findings support the interest
in 33 (AL-518) as a useful new prototype
for anti-HIV/EV71 drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaia Martí-Marí
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Martínez-Gualda
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Mills
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Quesada
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liang Sun
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Boonen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Ruiz-Santaquiteria M, Illescas BM, Abdelnabi R, Boonen A, Mills A, Martí-Marí O, Noppen S, Neyts J, Schols D, Gago F, San-Félix A, Camarasa MJ, Martín N. Multivalent Tryptophan- and Tyrosine-Containing [60]Fullerene Hexa-Adducts as Dual HIV and Enterovirus A71 Entry Inhibitors. Chemistry 2021; 27:10700-10710. [PMID: 33851758 PMCID: PMC8361981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented 3D hexa‐adducts of [60]fullerene peripherally decorated with twelve tryptophan (Trp) or tyrosine (Tyr) residues have been synthesized. Studies on the antiviral activity of these novel compounds against HIV and EV71 reveal that they are much more potent against HIV and equally active against EV71 than the previously described dendrimer prototypes AL‐385 and AL‐463, which possess the same number of Trp/Tyr residues on the periphery but attached to a smaller and more flexible pentaerythritol core. These results demonstrate the relevance of the globular 3D presentation of the peripheral groups (Trp/Tyr) as well as the length of the spacer connecting them to the central core to interact with the viral envelopes, particularly in the case of HIV, and support the hypothesis that [60]fullerene can be an alternative and attractive biocompatible carbon‐based scaffold for this type of highly symmetrical dendrimers. In addition, the functionalized fullerenes here described, which display twelve peripheral negatively charged indole moieties on their globular surface, define a new and versatile class of compounds with a promising potential in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz-Santaquiteria
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz M Illescas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Boonen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alberto Mills
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia Martí-Marí
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), IQM-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sam Noppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), IQM-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanoscience, C/ Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Wadhwa P, Jain P, Jadhav HR. Design, Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of 4-Oxo-6-Substituted Phenyl- 2-Thioxo1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyrimidine-5-Carbonitrile Derivatives as HIV Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999201022193325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim::
To design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 4-oxo-6-substituted phenyl-2-
thioxo1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives as HIV integrase strand transfer
inhibitors.
Background::
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), a member of retroviridae family, is the
primary causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Three enzymes viz: integrase
(IN), reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease play important role in its replication cycle. HIV-1
integrase is responsible for the incorporation of viral DNA into human chromosomal DNA by catalyzing
two independent reactions, 3′-processing (3′-P) and strand transfer (ST), which are observed
as the “point of no-return” in HIV infection.
Objective::
To develop inhibitors against HIV integrase strand transfer step.
Methods::
Our previous results indicated that tetrahydro pyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives are
potent HIV-1 IN inhibitors (unpublished results from our laboratory). Taking clue from above studies
and our own experience, we hypothesized 4-oxo-6-substituted phenyl-2-thioxo1,2,3,4-
tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile analogues (14a to 14n) as inhibitors of HIV-1 Integrase strand
transfer. Prototype compound 14 can be viewed as hybrid structure having characteristics of dihydropyrimidine
derivatives 10-12 and tyrphostin 13.
Result::
A total of fourteen derivatives of 4-oxo-6-substituted phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-
5-carbonitrile (14a-14n) were synthesized and evaluated using HIV-1 Integrase Assay
Kit (Xpressbio Life Science Products, USA). The percentage inhibition of all compounds was investigated
at 10 μM concentration and IC50 value of few highly active compounds was studied. The
obtained results were validated by in silico molecular docking study using Glide (maestro version
9.3, Schrödinger suite) in extra precision (XP) mode.
Conclusion::
Fourteen 4-oxo-6-substituted phenyl-2-thioxo 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile
analogues were synthesized and evaluated for HIV-1 IN inhibitory activity. Three compounds 14a,
14e, and 14h exhibited significant percentage inhibition of HIV-1 IN. There was good in vitro - in
silico correlation. However, none of the derivative was active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 below their
cytotoxic concentration. It needs to be seen whether these compounds can be explored further for
their anti-HIV or cytotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Wadhwa
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan,India
| | - Priti Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan,India
| | - Hemant R. Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan,India
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de la Fuente IF, Sawant SS, Tolentino MQ, Corrigan PM, Rouge JL. Viral Mimicry as a Design Template for Nucleic Acid Nanocarriers. Front Chem 2021; 9:613209. [PMID: 33777893 PMCID: PMC7987652 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.613209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic nucleic acids hold immense potential in combating undruggable, gene-based diseases owing to their high programmability and relative ease of synthesis. While the delivery of this class of therapeutics has successfully entered the clinical setting, extrahepatic targeting, endosomal escape efficiency, and subcellular localization. On the other hand, viruses serve as natural carriers of nucleic acids and have acquired a plethora of structures and mechanisms that confer remarkable transfection efficiency. Thus, understanding the structure and mechanism of viruses can guide the design of synthetic nucleic acid vectors. This review revisits relevant structural and mechanistic features of viruses as design considerations for efficient nucleic acid delivery systems. This article explores how viral ligand display and a metastable structure are central to the molecular mechanisms of attachment, entry, and viral genome release. For comparison, accounted for are details on the design and intracellular fate of existing nucleic acid carriers and nanostructures that share similar and essential features to viruses. The review, thus, highlights unifying themes of viruses and nucleic acid delivery systems such as genome protection, target specificity, and controlled release. Sophisticated viral mechanisms that are yet to be exploited in oligonucleotide delivery are also identified as they could further the development of next-generation nonviral nucleic acid vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jessica L. Rouge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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29
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Strumillo ST, Kartavykh D, de Carvalho FF, Cruz NC, de Souza Teodoro AC, Sobhie Diaz R, Curcio MF. Host-virus interaction and viral evasion. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1124-1147. [PMID: 33533523 PMCID: PMC8014853 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With each infectious pandemic or outbreak, the medical community feels the need to revisit basic concepts of immunology to understand and overcome the difficult times brought about by these infections. Regarding viruses, they have historically been responsible for many deaths, and such a peculiarity occurs because they are known to be obligate intracellular parasites that depend upon the host's cell machinery for their replication. Successful infection with the production of essential viral components requires constant viral evolution as a strategy to manipulate the cellular environment, including host internal factors, the host's nonspecific and adaptive immune responses to viruses, the metabolic and energetic state of the infected cell, and changes in the intracellular redox environment during the viral infection cycle. Based on this knowledge, it is fundamental to develop new therapeutic strategies for controlling viral dissemination, by means of antiviral therapies, vaccines, or antioxidants, or by targeting the inhibition or activation of cell signaling pathways or metabolic pathways that are altered during infection. The rapid recovery of altered cellular homeostasis during viral infection is still a major challenge. Here, we review the strategies by which viruses evade the host's immune response and potential tools used to develop more specific antiviral therapies to cure, control, or prevent viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scheilla T Strumillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denis Kartavykh
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio F de Carvalho
- Departament of Educational Development, Getulio Vargas Foundation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolly C Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C de Souza Teodoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marli F Curcio
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Retrovirology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dual Pathways of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trafficking Modulate the Selective Exclusion of Uncleaved Oligomers from Virions. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01369-20. [PMID: 33148792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01369-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer is transported through the secretory pathway to the infected cell surface and onto virion particles. In the Golgi, the gp160 Env precursor is modified by complex sugars and proteolytically cleaved to produce the mature functional Env trimer, which resists antibody neutralization. We observed mostly uncleaved gp160 and smaller amounts of cleaved gp120 and gp41 Envs on the surface of HIV-1-infected or Env-expressing cells; however, cleaved Envs were relatively enriched in virions and virus-like particles (VLPs). This relative enrichment of cleaved Env in VLPs was observed for wild-type Envs, for Envs lacking the cytoplasmic tail, and for CD4-independent, conformationally flexible Envs. On the cell surface, we identified three distinct populations of Envs: (i) the cleaved Env was transported through the Golgi, was modified by complex glycans, formed trimers that cross-linked efficiently, and was recognized by broadly neutralizing antibodies; (ii) a small fraction of Env modified by complex carbohydrates escaped cleavage in the Golgi; and (iii) the larger population of uncleaved Env lacked complex carbohydrates, cross-linked into diverse oligomeric forms, and was recognized by poorly neutralizing antibodies. This last group of more "open" Env oligomers reached the cell surface in the presence of brefeldin A, apparently bypassing the Golgi apparatus. Relative to Envs transported through the Golgi, these uncleaved Envs were counterselected for virion incorporation. By employing two pathways for Env transport to the surface of infected cells, HIV-1 can misdirect host antibody responses toward conformationally flexible, uncleaved Env without compromising virus infectivity.IMPORTANCE The envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers on the surface of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mediate the entry of the virus into host cells and serve as targets for neutralizing antibodies. The cleaved, functional Env is incorporated into virus particles from the surface of the infected cell. We found that an uncleaved form of Env is transported to the cell surface by an unconventional route, but this nonfunctional Env is mostly excluded from the virus. Thus, only one of the pathways by which Env is transported to the surface of infected cells results in efficient incorporation into virus particles, potentially allowing the uncleaved Env to act as a decoy to the host immune system without compromising virus infectivity.
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Abstract
The importance of post-translational glycosylation in protein structure and function has gained significant clinical relevance recently. The latest developments in glycobiology, glycochemistry, and glycoproteomics have made the field more manageable and relevant to disease progression and immune-response signaling. Here, we summarize the current progress in glycoscience, including the new methodologies that have led to the introduction of programmable and automatic as well as large-scale enzymatic synthesis, and the development of glycan array, glycosylation probes, and inhibitors of carbohydrate-associated enzymes or receptors. These novel methodologies and tools have facilitated our understanding of the significance of glycosylation and development of carbohydrate-derived medicines that bring the field to the next level of scientific and medical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Fischer K, Nguyen K, LiWang PJ. Griffithsin Retains Anti-HIV-1 Potency with Changes in gp120 Glycosylation and Complements Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies PGT121 and PGT126. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 64:e01084-19. [PMID: 31611356 PMCID: PMC7187567 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01084-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Griffithsin (Grft) is an antiviral lectin that has been shown to potently inhibit HIV-1 by binding high-mannose N-linked glycosylation sites on HIV-1 gp120. A key factor for Grft potency is glycosylation at N295 of gp120, which is directly adjacent to N332, a target glycan for an entire class of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Here, we unify previous work on the importance of other glycans to Grft potency against HIV-1 and Grft's role in mediating the conformational change of gp120 by mutating nearly every glycosylation site in gp120. In addition to a significant loss of Grft activity by the removal of glycosylation at N295, glycan absence at N332 or N448 was found to have moderate effects on Grft potency. Interestingly, in the absence of N295, Grft effectiveness could be improved by a mutation that results in the glycan at N448 shifting to N446, indicating that the importance of individual glycans may be related to their effect on glycosylation density. Grft's ability to alter the structure of gp120, exposing the CD4 binding site, correlated with the presence of glycosylation at N295 only in clade B strains, not clade C strains. We further demonstrate that Grft can rescue the activity of the bNAbs PGT121 and PGT126 in the event of a loss or a shift of glycosylation at N332, where the bNAbs suffer a drastic loss of potency. Despite targeting the same region, Grft in combination with PGT121 and PGT126 produced additive effects. This indicates that Grft could be an important combinational therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Fischer
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Kimberly Nguyen
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Patricia J LiWang
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
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33
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Martínez-Gualda B, Sun L, Martí-Marí O, Noppen S, Abdelnabi R, Bator CM, Quesada E, Delang L, Mirabelli C, Lee H, Schols D, Neyts J, Hafenstein S, Camarasa MJ, Gago F, San-Félix A. Scaffold Simplification Strategy Leads to a Novel Generation of Dual Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Enterovirus-A71 Entry Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 63:349-368. [PMID: 31809045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are only three FDA-approved drugs that inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry-fusion into host cells. The situation is even worse for enterovirus EV71 infection for which no antiviral therapies are available. We describe here the discovery of potent entry dual inhibitors of HIV and EV71. These compounds contain in their structure three or four tryptophan (Trp) residues linked to a central scaffold. Critical for anti-HIV/EV71 activity is the presence of extra phenyl rings, bearing one or two carboxylates, at the C2 position of the indole ring of each Trp residue. The most potent derivatives, 22 and 30, inhibit early steps of the replicative cycles of HIV-1 and EV-A71 by interacting with their respective viral surfaces (glycoprotein gp120 of HIV and the fivefold axis of the EV-A71 capsid). The high potency, low toxicity, facile chemical synthesis, and great opportunities for chemical optimization make them useful prototypes for future medicinal chemistry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | | | - Sam Noppen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Carol M Bator
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , 16802 State College , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Ernesto Quesada
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC) , 28006 Madrid , Spain
| | - Leen Delang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Hyunwook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , 16802 State College , Pennsylvania , United States
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Susan Hafenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , 16802 State College , Pennsylvania , United States.,Department of Medicine , The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , 17033 Hershey , Pennsylvania , United States
| | | | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas y Unidad Asociada IQM-UAH , Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, E-28805 Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC) , 28006 Madrid , Spain
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The nsp2 Hypervariable Region of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain JXwn06 Is Associated with Viral Cellular Tropism to Primary Porcine Alveolar Macrophages. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01436-19. [PMID: 31554681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01436-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a major threat to global pork production and has been notorious for its rapid genetic evolution in the field. The nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2) replicase protein represents the fastest evolving region of PRRSV, but the underlying biological significance has remained poorly understood. By deletion mutagenesis, we discovered that the nsp2 hypervariable region plays an important role in controlling the balance of genomic mRNA and a subset of subgenomic mRNAs. More significantly, we revealed an unexpected link of the nsp2 hypervariable region to viral tropism. Specifically, a mutant of the Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV strain JXwn06 carrying a deletion spanning nsp2 amino acids 323 to 521 (nsp2Δ323-521) in its hypervariable region was found to lose infectivity in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), although it could replicate relatively efficiently in the supporting cell line MARC-145. Consequently, this mutant failed to establish an infection in piglets. Further dissection of the viral life cycle revealed that the mutant had a defect (or defects) lying in the steps between virus penetration and negative-stranded RNA synthesis. Taken together, our results reveal novel functions of nsp2 in the PRRSV life cycle and provide important insights into the mechanisms of PRRSV RNA synthesis and cellular tropism.IMPORTANCE The PRRSV nsp2 replicase protein undergoes rapid and broad genetic variations in its middle region in the field, but the underlying significance has remained enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that the nsp2 hypervariable region not only plays an important regulatory role in maintaining the balance of different viral mRNA species but also regulates PRRSV tropism to primary PAMs. Our results reveal novel functions for PRRSV nsp2 and have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of PRRSV RNA synthesis and cellular tropism.
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Suttisintong K, Kaewchangwat N, Thanayupong E, Nerungsi C, Srikun O, Pungpo P. Recent Progress in the Development of HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors: From Small Molecules to Potent Anti-HIV Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1599-1620. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712204050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Viral entry, the first process in the reproduction of viruses, primarily involves attachment of the viral envelope proteins to membranes of the host cell. The crucial components that play an important role in viral entry include viral surface glycoprotein gp120, viral transmembrane glycoprotein gp41, host cell glycoprotein (CD4), and host cell chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4). Inhibition of the multiple molecular interactions of these components can restrain viruses, such as HIV-1, from fusion with the host cell, blocking them from reproducing. This review article specifically focuses on the recent progress in the development of small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors and incorporates important aspects of their structural modification that lead to the discovery of new molecular scaffolds with more potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khomson Suttisintong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology, Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Narongpol Kaewchangwat
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology, Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Eknarin Thanayupong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology, Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chakkrapan Nerungsi
- The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, 75/1 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Onsiri Srikun
- The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, 75/1 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pungpo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, 85 Sathonlamark Road, Warinchamrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
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36
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Martínez-Gualda B, Sun L, Martí-Marí O, Mirabelli C, Delang L, Neyts J, Schols D, Camarasa MJ, San-Félix A. Modifications in the branched arms of a class of dual inhibitors of HIV and EV71 replication expand their antiviral spectrum. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:210-214. [PMID: 31228490 PMCID: PMC7114229 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported a new class of dendrimers with tryptophan (Trp) residues on the surface that show dual antiviral activities against HIV and enterovirus EV71. The prototype compound of this family is a derivative of pentaerythritol with 12 peripheral Trp groups and trivalent spacer arms. Here a novel series of dendrimers with divalent and tetravalent branched arms, instead of the trivalent ones present on the prototype, has been synthesized and its activity against HIV, EV71 and a panel of 16 different viruses and other pathogens has been determined. Convergent or divergent approaches have been used for the synthesis of these compounds. Our findings demonstrate that only compounds with tetravalent branched arms showed the same anti-HIV and anti-EV71 activity of the prototype (low micromolar) and even gain significant antiviral activity against new pathogens such as HSV-2, adenovirus-2, human corona virus and respiratory syncytial virus, being the first members of the Trp dendrimer family that showed activity against those viruses. As the prototype, these compounds also showed low-nanomolar activity against a representative EV71 clinical isolate. Experimental work carried on to determine the mode of action of the most potent IIa, containing tetravalent branched arms, demonstrated that it interacts with the viral envelopes of HIV, EV71 and HSV-2 and thus may prevent virus attachment to the host cell. These results support the interest of this new series of Trp dendrimers and qualify them as useful prototypes for the development of novel inhibitors of viral entry with broad antiviral spectrum. Tryptophan (Trp) dendrimers with divalent and tetravalent branched arms have been synthesized. Only dendrimers with tetravalent branched arms (IIa-IId) showed (sub)micromolar inhibitory activity against HIV and EV71. IIa-IId inhibit a representative EV71 clinical isolate in the low-nanomolar range. IIa-IId are the first members of the Trp dendrimer family that showed activity against new viruses such as HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liang Sun
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olaia Martí-Marí
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Effects of the SOS (A501C/T605C) and DS (I201C/A433C) Disulfide Bonds on HIV-1 Membrane Envelope Glycoprotein Conformation and Function. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00304-19. [PMID: 30944182 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00304-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most broadly neutralizing antibodies and many entry inhibitors target the pretriggered (state 1) conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env). Here we examine two previously reported Env mutants designed to be stabilized in this conformation by the introduction of artificial disulfide bonds: A501C/T605C (called SOS) and I201C/A433C (called DS). SOS Env supported virus entry and cell-cell fusion only after exposure to a reducing agent, dithiothreitol (DTT). Deletion of the Env cytoplasmic tail improved the efficiency with which the SOS Env supported virus infection in a reducing environment. The antigenicity of the SOS Env was similar to that of the unmodified Env, except for greater sensitivity to some state 1-preferring ligands. In contrast, viruses with the DS Env were not infectious, even after DTT treatment. The proteolytic maturation of the DS Env on both cell surfaces and virions was severely compromised compared with that of the unmodified Env. The DS Env exhibited detectable cell-fusing activity when DTT was present. However, the profiles of cell-surface Env recognition and cell-cell fusion inhibition by antibodies differed for the DS Env and the unmodified Env. Thus, the DS Env appears to be stabilized in an off-pathway conformation that is nonfunctional on the virus. The SOS change exerted more subtle, context-dependent effects on Env conformation and function.IMPORTANCE The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope proteins (Envs) bind receptors on the host cell and change shape to allow the virus to enter the cell. Most virus-inhibiting antibodies and drugs recognize a particular shape of Env called state 1. Disulfide bonds formed by cysteine residues have been introduced into soluble forms of the flexible envelope proteins in an attempt to lock them into state 1 for use in vaccines and as research tools. We evaluated the effect of these cysteine substitutions on the ability of the membrane Env to support virus entry and on susceptibility to inhibition by antibodies and small molecules. We found that the conformation of the envelope proteins with the cysteine substitutions differed from that of the unmodified membrane envelope proteins. Awareness of these effects can assist efforts to create stable HIV-1 Env complexes that more closely resemble the state 1 conformation.
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38
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Ananthaswamy N, Fang Q, AlSalmi W, Jain S, Chen Z, Klose T, Sun Y, Liu Y, Mahalingam M, Chand S, Tovanabutra S, Robb ML, Rossmann MG, Rao VB. A sequestered fusion peptide in the structure of an HIV-1 transmitted founder envelope trimer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:873. [PMID: 30787293 PMCID: PMC6382815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and its fusion peptide are essential for cell entry and vaccine design. Here, we describe the 3.9-Å resolution structure of an envelope protein trimer from a very early transmitted founder virus (CRF01_AE T/F100) complexed with Fab from the broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) 8ANC195. The overall T/F100 trimer structure is similar to other reported "closed" state prefusion trimer structures. In contrast, the fusion peptide, which is exposed to solvent in reported closed structures, is sequestered (buried) in the hydrophobic core of the T/F100 trimer. A buried conformation has previously been observed in "open" state structures formed after CD4 receptor binding. The T/F100 trimer binds poorly to bNAbs including the fusion peptide-specific bNAbs PGT151 and VRC34.01. The T/F100 structure might represent a prefusion state, intermediate between the closed and open states. These observations are relevant to mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Ananthaswamy
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, USA
| | - Qianglin Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Wadad AlSalmi
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, USA
| | - Swati Jain
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, USA
| | - Zhenguo Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Klose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yingyuan Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Marthandan Mahalingam
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, USA
| | - Subhash Chand
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, USA
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Michael G Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, USA.
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Conformational Differences between Functional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers and Stabilized Soluble Trimers. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01709-18. [PMID: 30429345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01709-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding to the receptor CD4 triggers entry-related conformational changes in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer, (gp120/gp41)3 Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Here, we use cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region. Whereas the membrane Env trimer exposes the gp41 HR1 coiled coil only after CD4 binding, the sgp140 SOSIP.664 HR1 coiled coil was accessible to the gp41 HR2 peptide even in the absence of CD4. Our results delineate differences in both gp120 and gp41 subunits between functional membrane Env and the sgp140 SOSIP.664 trimer and provide distance constraints that can assist validation of candidate structural models of the native HIV-1 Env trimer.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein spikes mediate the entry of the virus into host cells and are a major target for vaccine-induced antibodies. Soluble forms of the envelope glycoproteins that are stable and easily produced have been characterized extensively and are being considered as vaccines. Here, we present evidence that these stabilized soluble envelope glycoproteins differ in multiple respects from the natural HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. By pinpointing these differences, our results can guide the improvement of envelope glycoprotein preparations to achieve greater similarity to the viral envelope glycoprotein spike, potentially increasing their effectiveness as a vaccine.
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40
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Molecular targeting for treatment of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:770-778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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41
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Vicenti I, Lai A, Giannini A, Boccuto A, Dragoni F, Saladini F, Zazzi M. Performance of Geno2Pheno[coreceptor] to infer coreceptor use in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype A. J Clin Virol 2018; 111:12-18. [PMID: 30594700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor usage is required prior to treatment with the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc to exclude the presence of CXCR4-using (X4) strains. Genotype-based interpretation systems are mostly designed on subtype B and have been reported to be less accurate for subtype A/CRF02_AG. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of the widely used Geno2Pheno[coreceptor] (G2P[c]) algorithm for prediction of coreceptor usage with subtype A/CRF02_AG vs. subtype B. STUDY DESIGN Co-receptor tropism of 24 subtype A/CRF02_AG and 24 subtype B viruses was measured phenotypically by a homebrew single-cycle assay and genotypically by using G2P[c]. Samples with discrepant genotype-phenotype results were analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) and interpreted by the NGS Geno2Pheno algorithm (G2P[454]). RESULTS At 10% false positive rate (FPR), the G2P[c]/phenotype discordance rate was 12.5% (n = 3) for subtype A/CRF02_AG and 8.3% (n = 2) for subtype B. Minority X4 species escaping detection by bulk sequencing but documented by NGS explained the two subtype B and possibly one subtype A/CRF02_AG discordant case. The other two subtype A/CRF02_AG miscalled by G2P[c] could be explained by X4 overcalling at borderline FPR and/or by algorithm failure. DISCUSSION Our study did not demonstrate relevantly higher G2P[c] inaccuracy with subtype A/CRF02_AG with respect to subtype B. Genotype/phenotype discordances can be due to different reasons, including but not limited to, algorithm inaccuracy. Very large genotype/phenotype correlation panels are required to detect and explain the reason for any consistent difference in genotypic tropism prediction for subtype A/CRF02_AG vs. subtype B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Giannini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Saladini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Colin P, Zhou Z, Staropoli I, Garcia-Perez J, Gasser R, Armani-Tourret M, Benureau Y, Gonzalez N, Jin J, Connell BJ, Raymond S, Delobel P, Izopet J, Lortat-Jacob H, Alcami J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Brelot A, Lagane B. CCR5 structural plasticity shapes HIV-1 phenotypic properties. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007432. [PMID: 30521629 PMCID: PMC6283471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR5 plays immune functions and is the coreceptor for R5 HIV-1 strains. It exists in diverse conformations and oligomerization states. We interrogated the significance of the CCR5 structural diversity on HIV-1 infection. We show that envelope glycoproteins (gp120s) from different HIV-1 strains exhibit divergent binding levels to CCR5 on cell lines and primary cells, but not to CD4 or the CD4i monoclonal antibody E51. This owed to differential binding of the gp120s to different CCR5 populations, which exist in varying quantities at the cell surface and are differentially expressed between different cell types. Some, but not all, of these populations are antigenically distinct conformations of the coreceptor. The different binding levels of gp120s also correspond to differences in their capacity to bind CCR5 dimers/oligomers. Mutating the CCR5 dimerization interface changed conformation of the CCR5 homodimers and modulated differentially the binding of distinct gp120s. Env-pseudotyped viruses also use particular CCR5 conformations for entry, which may differ between different viruses and represent a subset of those binding gp120s. In particular, even if gp120s can bind both CCR5 monomers and oligomers, impairment of CCR5 oligomerization improved viral entry, suggesting that HIV-1 prefers monomers for entry. From a functional standpoint, we illustrate that the nature of the CCR5 molecules to which gp120/HIV-1 binds shapes sensitivity to inhibition by CCR5 ligands and cellular tropism. Differences exist in the CCR5 populations between T-cells and macrophages, and this is associated with differential capacity to bind gp120s and to support viral entry. In macrophages, CCR5 structural plasticity is critical for entry of blood-derived R5 isolates, which, in contrast to prototypical M-tropic strains from brain tissues, cannot benefit from enhanced affinity for CD4. Collectively, our results support a role for CCR5 heterogeneity in diversifying the phenotypic properties of HIV-1 isolates and provide new clues for development of CCR5-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Colin
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Armani-Tourret
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Benureau
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nuria Gonzalez
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Jin
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bridgette J. Connell
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphanie Raymond
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Delobel
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Virologie, Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Arenzana-Seisdedos
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anne Brelot
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Lagane
- Viral Pathogenesis Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM Unit U1108, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Quitadamo B, Peters PJ, Koch M, Luzuriaga K, Cheng-Mayer C, Clapham PR, Gonzalez-Perez MP. No detection of CD4-independent human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope glycoproteins in brain tissue of patients with or without neurological complications. Arch Virol 2018; 164:473-482. [PMID: 30415390 PMCID: PMC6369005 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage (mac)-tropic human immnunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immnunodeficiency virus (SIV) in brain are associated with neurological disease. Mac-tropic HIV-1 evolves enhanced CD4 interactions that enable macrophage infection via CD4, which is in low abundance. In contrast, mac-tropic SIV is associated with CD4-independent infection via direct CCR5 binding. Recently, mac-tropic simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) from macaque brain was also reported to infect cells via CCR5 without CD4. Since SHIV envelope proteins (Envs) are derived from HIV-1, we tested more than 100 HIV-1 clade B Envs for infection of CD4-negative, CCR5+ Cf2Th/CCR5 cells. However, no infection was detected. Our data suggest that there are differences in the evolution of mac-tropism in SIV and SHIV compared to HIV-1 clade B due to enhanced interactions with CCR5 and CD4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Quitadamo
- Biotech 2, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Suite 315, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Paul J Peters
- Biotech 2, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Suite 315, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Matthew Koch
- Biotech 2, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Suite 315, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Biotech 2, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Suite 318, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Cecilia Cheng-Mayer
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Paul R Clapham
- Biotech 2, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Suite 315, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Maria Paz Gonzalez-Perez
- Biotech 2, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Suite 315, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Reduced Susceptibility to VIRIP-Based HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors Has a High Genetic Barrier and Severe Fitness Costs. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00733-18. [PMID: 29925662 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00733-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
VIRIP has been identified as natural HIV-1 inhibitor targeting the gp41 fusion peptide. An optimized analogue (VIR-576) was effective in a phase I/II clinical trial and initial studies showed that HIV-1 resistance to VIRIP-based inhibitors has a high genetic barrier. Partially resistant CXCR4 (X4)-tropic HIV-1 NL4-3 variants could be obtained, however, after more than 15 months of passaging in MT-4 cells in the presence of another derivative (VIR-353). Sequence analyses identified the accumulation of seven mutations across the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein but outside the gp41 fusion peptide. The authors suggested that the three initial alterations conferred resistance, while subsequent changes restored viral fitness. Here, we introduced these mutations individually and in combination into X4- and CCR5 (R5)-tropic HIV-1 constructs and determined their impact on VIR-353 and VIR-576 susceptibility, viral infectivity, replication fitness, and fusogenicity. We found that essentially all seven mutations contribute to reduced susceptibility to VIRIP-based inhibitors. HIV-1 constructs containing ≥4 changes were substantially more resistant to both VIRIP-based inhibitors and the VRC34.01 antibody targeting the fusion peptide. However, they were also much less infectious and fusogenic than those harboring only the three initial alterations. Furthermore, the additional changes attenuated rather than rescued HIV-1 replication in primary human cells. Thus, the genetic barrier to HIV-1 resistance against VIRIP-based inhibitors is higher than previously suggested, and mutations reducing viral susceptibility come at a severe fitness cost that was not rescued during long-term cell culture passage.IMPORTANCE Many viral pathogens are critically dependent on fusion peptides (FPs) that are inserted into the cellular membrane for infection. Initially, it was thought that FPs cannot be targeted for therapy because they are hardly accessible. However, an optimized derivative (VIR-576) of an endogenous fragment of α1-antitrypsin, named VIRIP, targeting the gp41 FP reduced viral loads in HIV-1-infected individuals. Characterization of HIV-1 variants selected during long-term cell-culture passage in the presence of a VIRIP derivative suggested that just three mutations in the HIV-1 Env protein might be sufficient for VIRIP resistance and that four subsequent changes restored viral fitness. Here, we show that all seven mutations contribute to reduced viral susceptibility to VIRIP-based inhibitors and demonstrate that the additional changes strongly impair rather than rescue HIV-1 infectivity, fusogenicity, and replication fitness. High genetic barrier to resistance and severe fitness cost support further clinical development of this class of antiviral agents.
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Sánchez JM, Sánchez-García L, Pesarrodona M, Serna N, Sánchez-Chardi A, Unzueta U, Mangues R, Vázquez E, Villaverde A. Conformational Conversion during Controlled Oligomerization into Nonamylogenic Protein Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3788-3797. [PMID: 30052033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein materials are rapidly gaining interest in materials sciences and nanomedicine because of their intrinsic biocompatibility and full biodegradability. The controlled construction of supramolecular entities relies on the controlled oligomerization of individual polypeptides, achievable through different strategies. Because of the potential toxicity of amyloids, those based on alternative molecular organizations are particularly appealing, but the structural bases on nonamylogenic oligomerization remain poorly studied. We have applied spectrofluorimetry and spectropolarimetry to identify the conformational conversion during the oligomerization of His-tagged cationic stretches into regular nanoparticles ranging around 11 nm, useful for tumor-targeted drug delivery. We demonstrate that the novel conformation acquired by the proteins, as building blocks of these supramolecular assemblies, shows different extents of compactness and results in a beta structure enrichment that enhances their structural stability. The conformational profiling presented here offers clear clues for understanding and tailoring the process of nanoparticle formation through the use of cationic and histidine rich stretches in the context of protein materials usable in advanced nanomedical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta M Sánchez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Córdoba, Argentina, CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT), Córdoba, Argentina , Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611 , X5016GCA Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mireia Pesarrodona
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Naroa Serna
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Ugutz Unzueta
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau , 08025 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ramón Mangues
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau , 08025 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) , Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona , Spain
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Wiredja DD, Tabler CO, Schlatzer DM, Li M, Chance MR, Tilton JC. Global phosphoproteomics of CCR5-tropic HIV-1 signaling reveals reprogramming of cellular protein production pathways and identifies p70-S6K1 and MK2 as HIV-responsive kinases required for optimal infection of CD4+ T cells. Retrovirology 2018; 15:44. [PMID: 29970186 PMCID: PMC6029029 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral reprogramming of host cells enhances replication and is initiated by viral interaction with the cell surface. Upon human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) binding to CD4+ T cells, a signal transduction cascade is initiated that reorganizes the actin cytoskeleton, activates transcription factors, and alters mRNA splicing pathways. METHODS We used a quantitative mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic approach to investigate signal transduction cascades initiated by CCR5-tropic HIV, which accounts for virtually all transmitted viruses and the vast majority of viruses worldwide. RESULTS CCR5-HIV signaling induced significant reprogramming of the actin cytoskeleton and mRNA splicing pathways, as previously described. In addition, CCR5-HIV signaling induced profound changes to the mRNA transcription, processing, translation, and post-translational modifications pathways, indicating that virtually every stage of protein production is affected. Furthermore, we identified two kinases regulated by CCR5-HIV signaling-p70-S6K1 (RPS6KB1) and MK2 (MAPKAPK2)-that were also required for optimal HIV infection of CD4+ T cells. These kinases regulate protein translation and cytoskeletal architecture, respectively, reinforcing the importance of these pathways in viral replication. Additionally, we found that blockade of CCR5 signaling by maraviroc had relatively modest effects on CCR5-HIV signaling, in agreement with reports that signaling by CCR5 is dispensable for HIV infection but in contrast to the critical effects of CXCR4 on cortical actin reorganization. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that CCR5-tropic HIV induces significant reprogramming of host CD4+ T cell protein production pathways and identifies two novel kinases induced upon viral binding to the cell surface that are critical for HIV replication in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica D Wiredja
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Caroline O Tabler
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Daniela M Schlatzer
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mark R Chance
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - John C Tilton
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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47
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CCR5 Revisited: How Mechanisms of HIV Entry Govern AIDS Pathogenesis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2557-2589. [PMID: 29932942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 has been the focus of intensive studies since its role as a coreceptor for HIV entry was discovered in 1996. These studies lead to the development of small molecular drugs targeting CCR5, with maraviroc becoming in 2007 the first clinically approved chemokine receptor inhibitor. More recently, the apparent HIV cure in a patient transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells devoid of functional CCR5 rekindled the interest for inactivating CCR5 through gene therapy and pharmacological approaches. Fundamental research on CCR5 has also been boosted by key advances in the field of G-protein coupled receptor research, with the realization that CCR5 adopts a variety of conformations, and that only a subset of these conformations may be targeted by chemokine ligands. In addition, recent genetic and pathogenesis studies have emphasized the central role of CCR5 expression levels in determining the risk of HIV and SIV acquisition and disease progression. In this article, we propose to review the key properties of CCR5 that account for its central role in HIV pathogenesis, with a focus on mechanisms that regulate CCR5 expression, conformation, and interaction with HIV envelope glycoproteins.
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48
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Maginnis MS. Virus-Receptor Interactions: The Key to Cellular Invasion. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2590-2611. [PMID: 29924965 PMCID: PMC6083867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Virus–receptor interactions play a key regulatory role in viral host range, tissue tropism, and viral pathogenesis. Viruses utilize elegant strategies to attach to one or multiple receptors, overcome the plasma membrane barrier, enter, and access the necessary host cell machinery. The viral attachment protein can be viewed as the “key” that unlocks host cells by interacting with the “lock”—the receptor—on the cell surface, and these lock-and-key interactions are critical for viruses to successfully invade host cells. Many common themes have emerged in virus–receptor utilization within and across virus families demonstrating that viruses often target particular classes of molecules in order to mediate these events. Common viral receptors include sialylated glycans, cell adhesion molecules such as immunoglobulin superfamily members and integrins, and phosphatidylserine receptors. The redundancy in receptor usage suggests that viruses target particular receptors or “common locks” to take advantage of their cellular function and also suggests evolutionary conservation. Due to the importance of initial virus interactions with host cells in viral pathogenesis and the redundancy in viral receptor usage, exploitation of these strategies would be an attractive target for new antiviral therapeutics. Viral receptors are key regulators of host range, tissue tropism, and viral pathogenesis. Many viruses utilize common viral receptors including sialic acid, cell adhesion molecules such as immunoglobulin superfamily members and integrins, and phosphatidylserine receptors. Detailed molecular interactions between viruses and receptors have been defined through elegant biochemical analyses including glycan array screens, structural–functional analyses, and cell-based approaches providing tremendous insights into these initial events in viral infection. Commonalities in virus–receptor interactions present promising targets for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5735, USA.
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49
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Modelling Optimal Control of In-Host HIV Dynamics Using Different Control Strategies. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2018; 2018:9385080. [PMID: 29971134 PMCID: PMC6008687 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9385080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
HIV is one of the major causes of deaths, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper, an in vivo deterministic model of differential equations is presented and analyzed for HIV dynamics. Optimal control theory is applied to investigate the key roles played by the various HIV treatment strategies. In particular, we establish the optimal strategies for controlling the infection using three treatment regimes as the system control variables. We have applied Pontryagin's Maximum Principle in characterizing the optimality control, which then has been solved numerically by applying the Runge-Kutta forth-order scheme. The numerical results indicate that an optimal controlled treatment strategy would ensure significant reduction in viral load and also in HIV transmission. It is also evident from the results that protease inhibitor plays a key role in virus suppression; this is not to underscore the benefits accrued when all the three drug regimes are used in combination.
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50
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Bala J, Chinnapaiyan S, Dutta RK, Unwalla H. Aptamers in HIV research diagnosis and therapy. RNA Biol 2018; 15:327-337. [PMID: 29431588 PMCID: PMC5927724 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2017.1414131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are high affinity single-stranded nucleic acid or protein ligands which exhibit specificity and avidity comparable to, or exceeding that of antibodies and can be generated against most targets. The functionality of aptamers is based on their unique tertiary structure, complexity and their ability to attain unique binding pockets by folding. Aptamers are selected in vitro by a process called Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment (SELEX). The Kd values for the selected aptamer are often in the picomolar to low nanomolar range. Stable and nontoxic aptamers could be selected for a wide range of ligands including small molecules to large proteins. Aptamers have shown tremendous potential and have found multipurpose application in the field of therapeutic, diagnostic, biosensor and bio-imaging. While their mechanism of action can be similar to that of monoclonal antibodies, aptamers provide additional advantages in terms of production cost, simpler regulatory approval and lower immunogenicity as they are synthesized chemically. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the primary cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which causes significant morbidity and mortality with a significant consequent decrease in the quality of patient's lives. While cART has led to good viral control, people living with HIV now suffer from non-HIV comorbidities due to viral protein expression that cannot be controlled by cART. Hence pathophysiological mechanisms that govern these comorbidities with a focus on therapies that neutralize these HIV effects gained increased attention. Recent advances in HIV/AIDS research have identified several molecular targets and for the development of therapeutic and diagnostic using aptamers against HIV/AIDS. This review presents recent advances in aptamers technology for potential application in HIV diagnostics and therapeutics towards improving the quality of life of people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bala
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Srinivasan Chinnapaiyan
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rajib Kumar Dutta
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hoshang Unwalla
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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