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El-Agroudy AE, Arekat M, Jaradat A, Hamdan R, Alnama A, Almahmeed E, AlShammari A, Alanazi R, Juhmani H, Almarzooq A. Pre-hypertension and Hypertension Among University Students in Bahrain: A Study of Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors. Cureus 2024; 16:e55989. [PMID: 38606264 PMCID: PMC11007239 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In the last 20 years, hypertension has become more common among younger age groups. Based on a global meta-analysis, the combined prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension were 4.0% and 9.7%, respectively. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among university students and their associated risk factors. METHODS Four hundred and eleven students aged between 18 and 25 (196 males and 215 females) were randomly selected to participate from the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences (CMMS) and the College of Business Administration, Bahrain. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire, which gathered information about lifestyle habits. Trained students measured the participant's blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) according to standardized settings. All risk factors were studied according to the study field and their gender. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 16.4±0.9 years. Of the total participants, 61.3% (n= 252) were normotensive, 30.7% (n= 126) were pre-hypertensive, and 8% (n= 33) were hypertensive. The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was higher in male students, 13.8% (n=27) and 44.9% (n= 88), compared to female students, 2.8% (n=6) and 17.7% (n=38), respectively. The results of the univariate analysis showed an association of hypertension with the field of study, gender, age, BMI, exercise frequency, frequency of eating junk food, and family history of hypertension (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found a significant association between hypertension and pre-hypertension with gender, the field of study, and BMI. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study revealed that hypertension and pre-hypertension are common among university students in Bahrain. The risk factors for these conditions include studying medicine, being male, and being obese.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona Arekat
- Internal Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, BHR
| | - Ahmed Jaradat
- Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, BHR
| | - Roba Hamdan
- Internal Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, BHR
| | | | | | | | - Reem Alanazi
- Internal Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, BHR
| | - Hamza Juhmani
- Internal Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, BHR
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Nautiyal H, Roy D, Arya A, Maheshwari S, Agarwal P, Patel N, Sethi Y. Sleep Attributes Influencing Cardiovascular Morbidity Among Young Adults Pursuing Professional Courses in Dehradun, India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e52647. [PMID: 38380200 PMCID: PMC10877308 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are evolving as a cause of mortality and morbidity among young adults. Young adults, particularly those pursuing professional courses in colleges, face unique challenges that may influence their risk of developing CVD. Despite screening guidelines, CVD risk factors often go undetected in the young population, highlighting the need for increased awareness among adolescents. Sleep is an essential indicator of well-being, and its impact on cardiovascular risk factors is increasingly being recognized. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted among young adults aged 18 to 24 years pursuing professional courses in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. A total of 156 participants were recruited through multistage, systematic random sampling, and snowball sampling. Data on sleep patterns and cardiovascular morbidity were collected using a pretested questionnaire. Among the study participants, 46.8% reported having less than four hours of sleep on average, and 25% were suffering from sleep problems. The prevalence of diagnosed CVDs was low, with 6.14% reporting arrhythmias and 3.84% reporting hypertension. An association was found between sleep duration, sleep problems, and the presence of CVDs. Participants with shorter sleep durations and more severe sleep problems had a higher prevalence of CVDs. The findings suggest that sleep duration and sleep problems may be modifiable risk factors for CVDs among young adults. Effective health promotion activities focusing on behavior and lifestyle modifications are essential to preventing CVDs from an early age. The study emphasizes the importance of early intervention and health promotion strategies to reduce CVD risk factors in this population. Community-based research and behavior change communication initiatives are recommended to promote healthy sleep habits and prevent cardiovascular diseases among young adults beyond the college setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Nautiyal
- Community Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, IND
| | - Debabrata Roy
- Community Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, IND
| | - Anupama Arya
- Community Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, IND
| | - Sonam Maheshwari
- Community Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, IND
| | - Pratik Agarwal
- Research, PearResearch, Dehradun, IND
- Medicine, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, IND
| | - Neil Patel
- Research, PearResearch, Dehradun, IND
- Medicine and Surgery, Gujarat Medical Education & Research Society (GMERS) Medical College, Himmatnagar, IND
| | - Yashendra Sethi
- Research, PearResearch, Dehradun, IND
- Internal Medicine, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, IND
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M Y, Kagathara N, Ram R, Misra S, Kagathara J. Exploring Behavioral Risk Factors for Non-communicable Diseases Among Undergraduate Medical Students in Western Gujarat: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e49188. [PMID: 38130566 PMCID: PMC10734890 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of morbidity and death caused by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease is a significant global health concern influenced by modifiable behavioral risk factors. In India, the burden of NCDs is particularly high, with medical college students being a vulnerable population. This study aims to bridge the knowledge gap by investigating the prevalence and patterns of behavioral risk factors for NCDs among medical college students. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted on medical students in Gujarat. Risk factors for NCDs were assessed using various tools, including the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) for stress, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) for physical activity, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality, the body mass index (BMI) for obesity, and dietary factors. The chi-square test was employed as a statistical tool to determine the association between socio-demographic variables and various risk factors. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Among the 400 students surveyed, the prevalence of single behavioral NCD risk factors was as follows: 248 (62%) reported stress (GHQ-12), 215 (54%) experienced poor sleep quality (PSQI), 251 (63%) had low levels of physical activity (IPAQ), 339 (85%) had inadequate fruit and vegetable intake, 97 (24%) consumed extra salt during meals, 163 (41%) were overweight or obese, and 189 (47%) had three or more risk factors for NCDs. In bivariate logistic regression analysis, factors such as age, male gender, urban residence, hostel stay, and lower socioeconomic status were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study reveals an alarming failure of medical colleges to positively influence students' health behaviors, despite their medical knowledge. The high rates of inactivity, stress, poor diet, and obesity among students demonstrate the curriculum's inability to instill preventative lifestyle practices. This omission in training compromises students' own health and their ability to counsel patients on NCD prevention. Urgent reform is needed to integrate health promotion into the curriculum, providing a supportive campus culture focused on wellness. By overlooking students' behaviors, medical colleges gravely disserve these future providers. This evidence compels curriculum reform to develop exemplary physician role models for NCD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh M
- Community Medicine, Shri M. P. Shah Government Medical College, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Nency Kagathara
- Department of Medicine, Zydus Medical College and Hospital, Dahod, IND
| | - Rohit Ram
- Preventive Medicine, Shri M. P. Shah Government Medical College, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Swati Misra
- Preventive Medicine, Shri M. P. Shah Government Medical College, Jamnagar, IND
| | - Jimmy Kagathara
- Community Medicine, Shri M. P. Shah Government Medical College, Jamnagar, IND
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Rahman MM, de Silva A, Sassa M, Islam MR, Aktar S, Akter S. A systematic analysis and future projections of the nutritional status and interpretation of its drivers among school-aged children in South-East Asian countries. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2023; 16:100244. [PMID: 37456534 PMCID: PMC10344936 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Nutrition inadequacy during childhood and adolescence can cause suboptimal growth, intergenerational effects on offspring and an increased risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. There is little information on the prevalence and drivers of malnutrition in children aged 5-19 years, in the South-East Asian setting, since most existing interventions have to date targeted undernutrition. We assessed the national prevalence of nutritional indicators, their trends, and associated risk factors among children aged 5-19 years from 11 countries of WHO South-East Asia Region (SEA Region) in order to provide evidence to guide future policy direction. Methods We included 5,210,646 children for analysis from 345 studies and 25 survey datasets. A Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of the study. Bayesian regression models were used to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition between 2000 and 2030, and a series of subgroup analyses were performed to assess variation in pooled estimates by different socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO database (CRD42023400104). Findings Overall, pooled analysis demonstrated that indicators of undernutrition in SEA is predicted to decrease between 2000 and 2030 including stunting (36.6%-27.2%), thinness (29.5%-6.2%), and underweight (29.2%-15.9%). However, a substantial increase in prevalence of overweight (6.0% in 2000-16.9% in 2030), and obesity (2.6%-9.5%) are predicted. The prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies between 2000 and 2030 is predicted to decrease-vitamin A by 84% and vitamin D by 53%. Parents' education levels and household wealth were inversely associated with malnutrition. Children's health-related behaviours, such as unhealthy dietary habits and spending more time watching TV, playing games, or using the computer, were associated with increased chance of overweight and obesity. There were no clear signs of publication bias in our study. Interpretation Our analysis highlights the pattern of a double burden of malnutrition, with clear differences between different socio-demographic groups. Despite a substantial reduction in the prevalence of stunting, underweight, and anaemia since 2000, an emerging increase in overweight/obesity and micronutrient deficiencies warrants urgent attention. Funding World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia New Delhi, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mizanur Rahman
- Research Center for Health Policy and Economics, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Angela de Silva
- Nutrition and Health for Development Unit, Department of Healthier Populations and Noncommunicable Disease, World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South-East Asia, India
| | - Miho Sassa
- Department of Global Health Policy, School of International Health, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md. Rashedul Islam
- Research Center for Health Policy and Economics, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sarmin Aktar
- Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Akter
- Research Center for Health Policy and Economics, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan
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Sreena TV, Mathews E, Kodali PB, Thankappan KR. Clustering of noncommunicable disease risk factors among adolescents attending higher secondary schools in Kasaragod District, Kerala, India. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:145. [PMID: 35693332 PMCID: PMC7612837 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16873.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Limited evidence exists on the presence of collective non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors among adolescents in Kerala, India. We aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with multiple NCD risk factors and the clustering of these risk factors among adolescents in Kasaragod District, Kerala. Methods We selected 470 adolescents (mean age 16.6 years, male 53.8%) through multi-stage cluster sampling from higher secondary schools of Kasaragod district. Self-administered questionnaires were used, and anthropometric measurements were taken using standard techniques and protocols. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, low fruits and vegetable consumption, inadequate physical activity, extra salt intake, overweight, consumption of soft drinks and packed foods were the eight NCD risk factors included.The factors associated with one, two and three or more NCD risk factors were analysed using multinomial logistic regression and the standard errors were adjusted for the four clusters. Results Risk factor clusters with two risk factors (dyads) and three risk factors (triads) were observed in 163 (34.7%) and 102 (21.7%) of the sample, respectively. Adolescents residing in urban areas (odds ratio (OR) = 3.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.45-8.73), whose father’s education level was lower (OR = 3.54; 95% CI = 1.24-10.10), whose mother’s education was lower (OR= 4.13; 95% CI = 1.27-13.51), who had restrictions on physical activity (OR = 5.41; 95% CI = 1.20-24.30) and who did not have a kitchen garden (an area where fruits and vegetables are grown for domestic use) (OR=4.51;95% CI = 1.44-14.12) were more likely to have three or more NCD risk factors compared to their counterparts. Conclusions Clustering of NCD risk factors was prevalent in more than half of the adolescents. Efforts are warranted to reduce multiple risk factors, focussing on children of low educated parents and urban residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thekke Veedu Sreena
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod, Kerala, 671320, India
| | - Elezebeth Mathews
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod, Kerala, 671320, India
| | - Prakash Babu Kodali
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasargod, Kerala, 671320, India
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Saha S, Al Mamun MA, Kabir MR. Factors Affecting Fast Food Consumption among College Students in South Asia: A Systematic Review. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:627-637. [PMID: 34156900 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1940354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary practices have increased among college students in South Asia. Higher intakes of energy-dense foods may increase health risks such as weight gain in college students. The purpose of the study was to gather evidence on fast food consumption patterns and factors that influenced fast food consumption among college students in South Asia. Electronic databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, and ScienceDirect) were used to find relevant potential English-written articles. We followed the standard process of identification, screening, eligibility assessment, study quality assessment, and data extraction from the included articles in this review. In total, data were synthesized from 28 articles. Factors such as gender, being younger, higher socio-economic class, higher body mass index (being overweight or obese), study groups such as students from Humanities, low nutrition knowledge, and the internet addiction played the roles as positive determinants (all P values < 0.05) of consuming fast food frequently. Furthermore, taste, brand reputation, accessibility, location, price, ambiance, hygiene practice, variety, promotional offers, and timely service significantly (all P values < 0.05) increased intakes of fast food in college students. Engaged institutional nutrition education intervention and multisectoral approaches are necessary to reduce fast food consumption in college students along with enabling them to make healthy food choices.Key teaching pointsFrequency of fast food consumption (daily to several times a week) has increased among college students in recent years in South Asia.This systematic review shows that a number of socio-economic, physiological, and behavioral factors influence fast food consumption in college students.Commonly, male students and persons with higher body mass index consume fast food more often. Taste, price, and convenience, accessibility, availability, ambiance, and location also promote fast food consumption in college students.Nutrition interventions are needed to promote healthy dietary intake behavior among college students in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Saha
- School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Md Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ruhul Kabir
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh.,Department of Communication Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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Sreena TV, Mathews E, Kodali PB, Thankappan KR. Clustering of noncommunicable disease risk factors among adolescents attending higher secondary schools in Kasaragod District, Kerala, India. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16873.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited evidence exists on the presence of collective non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors among adolescents in Kerala, India. We aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with multiple NCD risk factors and clustering of these risk factors among adolescents in Kasaragod District, Kerala. Methods: We selected 470 adolescents (mean age 16.6 years, male 53.8%) through multi-stage cluster sampling from higher secondary schools of Kasaragod district. Self-administered questionnaires were used, and anthropometric measurements were taken using standard techniques and protocols. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, low fruits and vegetable consumption, inadequate physical activity, extra salt intake, overweight, consumption of soft drinks and packed foods were the eight NCD risk factors included. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was done to find out the factors associated with one, two and three or more NCD risk factors. Results: Risk factor clusters with two risk factors (dyads) and three risk factors (triads) were observed in 163 (34.7%) and 102 (21.7%) of the sample, respectively. Adolescents residing in urban areas (odds ratio (OR) = 3.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.45-8.73), whose father’s education level was lower (OR = 3.54; 95% CI = 1.24-10.10), whose mother’s education was lower (OR= 4.13; 95% CI = 1.27-13.51), who had restrictions on physical activity (OR = 5.41; 95% CI = 1.20-24.30) and who did not have a kitchen garden (an area where fruits and vegetables are grown for domestic use) (OR=4.51;95% CI = 1.44-14.12) were more likely to have three or more NCD risk factors compared to their counterparts. Conclusions: Clustering of NCD risk factors was prevalent in more than half of the adolescents. Efforts are warranted to reduce multiple risk factors, focussing on children of low educated parents and urban residents. Parents of adolescents may be encouraged to have kitchen gardens and not to restrict adolescent’s physical activity.
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Srivastav P, K V, Bhat VH, Broadbent S. Structured, multifactorial randomised controlled intervention to investigate physical activity levels, body composition and diet in obese and overweight adolescents. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044895. [PMID: 33753442 PMCID: PMC7986955 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been a steep increase in the prevalence of adolescent overweight and obesity globally and in India, demonstrating that present prevention strategies are insufficient. Available evidence suggests that multifactorial interventions may improve short-term physical activity (PA), nutrition and psychological behaviour of overweight and obese adolescents but long-term follow-ups and strategies are needed. This study will investigate the effects of a structured multifactorial (school-based and family-based) intervention on adolescent obesity, compared with a single or no intervention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A pragmatic, clustered randomised controlled trial with 12 weeks of interventions and 3-month, 6-month and 12-month follow-ups will be conducted at multiple participating schools in Karnataka, India. The participants will be overweight and obese male and female adolescents aged 11-16 years and will be randomly assigned by school into three groups: group A (multifactorial intervention, exercise and dietary advice); group B (exercise only); and group C (controls, no interventions). Primary outcome measures are the level of PA and body composition. Secondary outcomes are dietary change, behaviour change, food behaviours, cardiovascular and muscular fitness, quality of life, parental behaviours (physical and mental) and family functioning. Positive intervention results may reduce obesity in adolescents and promote a healthier lifestyle for students and families. A larger, culturally diverse population can benefit from a similar methodology. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Institutional Research and Ethics Committee (IEC 536-2018), Kasturba Hospital, Manipal, Udupi District, Karnataka, India. A written and verbal informed consent (supplemental material) will be provided to the participants prior to participation. On completion of the trial, the results can be communicated to adolescents and their parents on request, and will be published at national and international conferences and in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CTRI/2019/04/018834.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Srivastav
- Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Vaishali K
- Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Vinod H Bhat
- Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Suzanne Broadbent
- School of Health & Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia
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Impact of a behaviourally focused nutrition education intervention on attitudes and practices related to eating habits and activity levels in Indian adolescents. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:2715-2726. [PMID: 33468283 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a behaviourally focused nutrition education (NE) intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to eating habits and activity levels in 10–12-year-old adolescents in Mumbai, India. DESIGN School-based cluster randomised controlled trial. The experimental group (EG) received weekly NE and three parent sessions over 12 weeks; no sessions were conducted for the control group (CG). The theoretical framework of HBM and focus group discussion results guided the development of behaviour change communication strategies and NE aids. KAP were measured using a validated survey instrument, administered at baseline and endline in EG and CG. Paired and independent t tests determined within-group and between-group changes in pre–post scores. SETTING Two aided and two private schools that were randomly allocated to either an EG or CG. PARTICIPANTS Adolescent boys and girls (n 498; EG n 292 and CG n 206). RESULTS EG reported improvements in mean knowledge (39·3%), attitude (7·3 %), diet (9·6 %) and activity practice (9·4%) scores from pre to post intervention. No significant changes were observed in CG. Significant improvements in scores associated with perceived benefits, barriers and self-efficacy, breakfast and vegetable consumption, and moderate-to-vigorous activities were observed in EG. CONCLUSIONS Integrating NE into the academic curriculum and adopting evidence-based lessons that entail targeted information delivery and participatory activities can improve knowledge, foster right attitudes and facilitate better eating and activity-related practices in Indian adolescents.
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Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Factors among Indonesian Adolescents. Int J Hypertens 2020; 2020:4262034. [PMID: 33014450 PMCID: PMC7519181 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4262034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Given that hypertension in adulthood has its onset in childhood, it is not surprising that the prevalence of hypertension among adolescents has also increased in recent years. However, there are limited data on the prevalence of hypertension and also the new AAP guideline has not yet been applied to the Indonesian adolescent population. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension using the new AAP guideline and to assess the occurrence of its associated factors among Indonesian adolescents. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted at twelve senior high schools in Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia, from June to December 2019. The study included adolescents aged 13 to 18 years old. Anthropometric measurements were obtained. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the risk factors most associated with hypertension among adolescents, and then an equation model was created. The prevalence of hypertension was evaluated, together with several factors such as age group, sex, ethnicity, family history of hypertension, nutritional status, physical activity, perceived stress, sleep duration, nutritional intake, and smoking. Results In total, 1200 adolescents aged 15.9 ± 0.99 years were evaluated. The prevalence of hypertension and elevated blood pressure among adolescents was 8% and 12.2%, respectively. There were significant associations between sex, family history of hypertension, hypertensive father, nutritional status, physical activity, perceived stress, and hypertension among Indonesian adolescents (p < 0.05). Stress was the most powerful risk factor of hypertension with an odds ratio of 5.83 (95% confidence interval 2.91–11.6). Conclusions Nowadays, the prevalence of hypertension among Indonesian adolescents is quite high. This may be caused by lifestyle or behavior changes among adolescents. Sex, family history of hypertension, nutritional status, physical activity, and perceived stress influenced the 27% hypertension prevalence rate among Indonesian adolescents, particularly in Palembang, South Sumatera. In order to decrease the prevalence of hypertension in adults, concern about lifestyle or behavior changes and hypertension among adolescents should be given.
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Indian Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines on the Fast and Junk Foods, Sugar Sweetened Beverages, Fruit Juices, and Energy Drinks. Indian Pediatr 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-019-1612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Puwar T, Saxena D, Yasobant S, Savaliya S. Noncommunicable Diseases among School-going Adolescents: A Case Study on Prevalence of Risk Factors from Sabarkantha District of Gujarat, India. Indian J Community Med 2019; 43:S33-S37. [PMID: 30686872 PMCID: PMC6324039 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_117_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and large proportion of adolescent population in India; crafts the dynamics of NCD risk factors. Most of the NCD risk factors are behaviorally acquired which are due to change in lifestyle during adolescent age groups. Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of risk factors among school-going adolescents in one of district of Gujarat state, India. Subjects and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among sampled schools of Sabarkantha district of Gujarat, India, during September–December 2016. A total of 484 school-going adolescents were screened for body weight, height, blood pressure, and some information of sociodemographic, lifestyle habits, and family history were collected through a structured questionnaire in vernacular language. Data were managed with SPSS version 20. Results: This study documents that not having fruits and not doing physical activities daily are the major risk factors of NCDs among school-going adolescents of Sabarkantha district, Gujarat. In addition to this, also it has been documented that there are differential standards for body mass index (BMI) available for adolescents and have been used extensively in various studies. This study provides an insight to these three major BMI standards and their differences in measurement for the school-going adolescents. Conclusions: This study recommends promoting healthier practices for prevention of NCD lifestyle risk factors among school-going adolescents and it also recommends standardizing the BMI measurements for adolescents for India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapasvi Puwar
- Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandul Yasobant
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shital Savaliya
- Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Satija A, Khandpur N, Satija S, Mathur Gaiha S, Prabhakaran D, Reddy KS, Arora M, Narayan KMV. Physical Activity Among Adolescents in India: A Qualitative Study of Barriers and Enablers. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2018; 45:926-934. [PMID: 29969921 DOI: 10.1177/1090198118778332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Inadequate physical activity (PA) levels are reported in Indian youth, with lowest levels among adolescents, particularly girls. We aimed to identify barriers to and enablers of PA among school children in New Delhi and examine potential differences by gender and school type (government vs. private). A total of 174 students (private school students = 88, 47% girls; government school students = 86, 48% girls) aged 12 to 16 years from two Delhi schools participated in 16 focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted by bilingual moderators. We conducted FGDs separately for girls and boys, for students in Grades VIII and IX, and for private and government schools. We conducted FGDs among government school students in Hindi and translated the transcriptions to English for analysis. We coded transcriptions using a combination of inductive and deductive approaches, guided by the "youth physical activity promotion model." We identified various personal, social, and environmental barriers and enablers. Personal barriers: Private school girls cited body image-related negative consequences of PA participation. Social barriers: Girls from both schools faced more social censure for participating in PA. Environmental barriers: Reduced opportunity for PA in schools was commonly reported across all participants. Personal enablers: All participants reported perceived health benefits of PA. Social enablers: Several participants mentioned active parents and sports role models as motivators for increasing PA. Few environmental enablers were identified. This study highlights the need for further investment in physical activity within schools and for gender-sensitive policies for encouraging PA participation among adolescents in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambika Satija
- 1 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neha Khandpur
- 1 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- 2 University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shivani Satija
- 3 Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- 5 Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
- 6 Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Monika Arora
- 6 Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
- 7 Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth (HRIDAY), New Delhi, India
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Mahanta TG, Mahanta B, Deuri A, Baruah S, Rasailey R, Mahanta B. Determinants of hypertension amongst school going adolescents aged 13–15 yrs in Assam. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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15
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Rathi N, Riddell L, Worsley A. Food consumption patterns of adolescents aged 14-16 years in Kolkata, India. Nutr J 2017; 16:50. [PMID: 28836982 PMCID: PMC5571590 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nutrition transition has brought about rapid changes in the structure of the Indian diet. The replacement of traditional home-cooked meals with ready-to-eat, processed foods has contributed to an increased risk of chronic diseases in urban Indians. Improving the nutrition of Indians by promoting healthy food consumption in early life and in adolescence would help to reduce these health risks. However, little is known about the quality and quantity of foods and beverages consumed by urban Indian adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the food consumption patterns in a sample of urban Indian adolescents. Methods A self-administered, semi-quantitative, 59-item meal-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to assess the dietary intake of adolescents over the previous day. A total of 1026 students (aged 14–16 years) attending private, English-speaking schools in Kolkata, India completed the survey. Results Overall, the adolescents reported poor dietary intakes; over one quarter (30%) reported no consumption of vegetables and 70% reported eating three or more servings of energy-dense snacks, on the previous day. Nearly half of the respondents (45%) did not consume any servings of fruits and 47% reported drinking three or more servings of energy-dense beverages. The mean consumption of food groups in serves/day varied from 0.88 (SD = 1.36) for pulses and legumes to 6.25 (SD = 7.22) for energy-dense snacks. In general, girls had more nutritious dietary intakes than boys. Conclusions The Indian adolescents reported poor food consumption patterns, and these findings highlight the need to design effective nutrition promotion strategies to encourage healthy eating in adolescence and targeting food supply and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rathi
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
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Roy S, Ghosh JR. Hypertension in Asian Indian Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review on the Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09751270.2017.1336014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swastika Roy
- Department of Anthropology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyoti Ratan Ghosh
- Department of Anthropology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731 235, West Bengal, India
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Gamage AU, Jayawardana PL. Knowledge of non-communicable diseases and practices related to healthy lifestyles among adolescents, in state schools of a selected educational division in Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health 2017; 18:64. [PMID: 28747202 PMCID: PMC5530461 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Behaviors established during the adolescence have life-long consequences to the onset of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in later life. Therefore, it is essential to understand adolescents’ knowledge and practices with the intention of developing preventive programs focusing on this age group. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge about selected NCDs, and lifestyle choices among school students aged 17–19 years in state schools of the Maharagama Educational Division, Sri Lanka. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among students aged 17–19 years attending state schools in Maharagama Education Division. A total of 634 students were selected from 9 schools conducting Advance Level classes. Stratified sampling was done based on stream of study and the number needed from each stratum was decided according to probability proportionate to size which was followed by cluster sampling within the strata to select the classes included. Data were collected using a self-administered-questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics and economic status; lifestyle-related practices; knowledge on Non-Communicable -Diseases. Logistic regression was used to assess the associations. Results Proportion students with good overall knowledge was 43%(n = 272). Forty-three percent (n = 275) consumed a healthy diet, and 20%(n = 129) engaged in adequate physical activity 3%(n = 18) of students were current smokers and 12%(n = 73) current alcohol users 12%(n = 73). Overall “good” knowledge about NCDs was associated with being a science stream student(OR = 3.3; 95%CI:2.1–5.2). Healthy diet was associated with female sex (OR = 2.1; 95%CI: 1.5–3.0), and adequate physical activity with male sex (OR = 2.1; 95% CI:1.4–3.2), non-science-stream (OR = 2.1; 95%CI:1.2–3.7) and upper socio economic status (OR = 2.0; 95%CI:1.3–3.0). Non-smoking was associated with overall good knowledge (OR = 4.1; 95%CI:1.2–13.7) and female sex (OR = 0;95%CI:1.5-infinity). Abstinence from alcohol was associated with being a female (OR = 6.9; 95%CI:3.4–13.9), and with mother and fathers’ education level of > General-Certificate of Examinations Ordinary Level (GCE O/L) (OR = 2.9; 95%CI:1.1–8.4 and OR = 3.5; 95%CI:1.1–11.2 respectively). Conclusion Knowledge about NCDs and healthy lifestyle-practices were poor among school students aged 17–19 years. Lack of knowledge about healthy and unhealthy behaviors highlights the importance of carrying out regular surveillance for NCD risk factors, and initiating programs for the prevention of NCDs amongst adolescents. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4622-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Gamage
- Consultant Community Physician, Ministry of Health, 385, Ven. Baddegama Wimalawansa Thero Mawatha, Colombo, 10, Sri Lanka.
| | - P L Jayawardana
- Professor in Public Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
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Patel O, Shahulhameed S, Shivashankar R, Tayyab M, Rahman A, Prabhakaran D, Tandon N, Jaacks LM. Association between full service and fast food restaurant density, dietary intake and overweight/obesity among adults in Delhi, India. BMC Public Health 2017; 18:36. [PMID: 28724371 PMCID: PMC5518129 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The food environment has been implicated as an underlying contributor to the global obesity epidemic. However, few studies have evaluated the relationship between the food environment, dietary intake, and overweight/obesity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim of this study was to assess the association of full service and fast food restaurant density with dietary intake and overweight/obesity in Delhi, India. Methods Data are from a cross-sectional, population-based study conducted in Delhi. Using multilevel cluster random sampling, 5364 participants were selected from 134 census enumeration blocks (CEBs). Geographic information system data were available for 131 CEBs (n = 5264) from a field survey conducted using hand-held global positioning system devices. The number of full service and fast food restaurants within a 1-km buffer of CEBs was recorded by trained staff using ArcGIS software, and participants were assigned to tertiles of full service and fast food restaurant density based on their resident CEB. Height and weight were measured using standardized procedures and overweight/obesity was defined as a BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Results The most common full service and fast food restaurants were Indian savory restaurants (57.2%) and Indian sweet shops (25.8%). Only 14.1% of full service and fast food restaurants were Western style. After adjustment for age, household income, education, and tobacco and alcohol use, participants in the highest tertile of full service and fast food restaurant density were less likely to consume fruit and more likely to consume refined grains compared to participants in the lowest tertile (both p < 0.05). In unadjusted logistic regression models, participants in the highest versus lowest tertile of full service and fast food restaurant density were significantly more likely to be overweight/obese: odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.44 (1.24, 1.67). After adjustment for age, household income, and education, the effect was attenuated: 1.08 (0.92, 1.26). Results were consistent with further adjustment for tobacco and alcohol use, moderate physical activity, and owning a bicycle or motorized vehicle. Conclusions Most full service and fast food restaurants were Indian, suggesting that the nutrition transition in this megacity may be better characterized by the large number of unhealthy Indian food outlets rather than the Western food outlets. Full service and fast food restaurant density in the residence area of adults in Delhi, India, was associated with poor dietary intake. It was also positively associated with overweight/obesity, but this was largely explained by socioeconomic status. Further research is needed exploring these associations prospectively and in other LMICs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4598-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opal Patel
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Safraj Shahulhameed
- Public Health Foundation of India and Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (4Cs), Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Roopa Shivashankar
- Public Health Foundation of India and Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (4Cs), Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammad Tayyab
- Public Health Foundation of India and Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (4Cs), Gurgaon, Haryana, India.,Department of Geography, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Geography, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- Public Health Foundation of India and Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (4Cs), Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lindsay M Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Rathi N, Riddell L, Worsley A. Food and nutrition education in private Indian secondary schools. HEALTH EDUCATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/he-04-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The current Indian secondary school curriculum has been criticised for its failure to deliver relevant skills-based food and nutrition education for adolescents. The purpose of this paper is to understand the views of adolescents, their parents, teachers and school principals on the present food and nutrition curriculum and the role of the schools in developing food skills.
Design/methodology/approach
Semi-structured interviews were held with 15 students aged 14-15 years, 15 parents, 12 teachers and ten principals in ten private schools in Kolkata, India. The interview questions were primarily based on the content, merits and demerits of the curriculum. The digitally recorded data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.
Findings
All the 52 interviewees observed that the food and nutrition curriculum created awareness in students about the importance of healthy eating. However, they also described certain weaknesses of the curriculum. These included lack of practical assignments, an out-dated and a limited curriculum, which failed to initiate critical thinking and was contradicted by sales practices in the school food environment. The interviewees prioritised the inclusion of food skills in the curriculum.
Practical implications
The emerging evidence suggests the need for the development of a skills-focussed food and nutrition curriculum to encourage healthy eating behaviours among adolescents.
Originality/value
Most of the work on food and nutrition education has come from developed nations – this is the first study in the Indian context of the secondary school food and nutrition curriculum.
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Kumar P, Kumar D, Ranjan A, Singh CM, Pandey S, Agarwal N. Prevalence of Hypertension and its Risk Factors Among School Going Adolescents of Patna, India. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:SC01-SC04. [PMID: 28274012 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23886.9196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension (HT) has its origin in childhood and adolescent period but it goes undetected due to absence of sign and symptoms, unless specifically looked for during this period. It has been seen that one with raised blood pressure level in this period will also have raised Blood Pressure (BP) level in their adulthood and elderly period. AIM The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of HT and its risk factor among apparently healthy school going adolescents of Patna district. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study among 2913 school going adolescents of eighth to 10th standard was conducted from April 2014 to August 2015 by adopting a two stage cluster sampling technique. The questions pertaining to risk behavior in relation to cardiovascular diseases from WHO's Global School based Student Health Survey were used for this study. RESULTS The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of study population was 107.4 mm of Hg (95% C.I. 106.93-107.77) and 67.4 mm of Hg (95% C.I. 67.26-67.54), respectively. Prevalence of pre-HT and HT was 10.9% and 4.6% in school going adolescents while prevalence of overweight/obesity was 1.5%. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures had positive and significant correlation with age, height and body mass index. The proportion of children who had ever taken tobacco was 5.3%, cigarette smoking 4.3%, alcohol consumption 2.1%, and excess salt intake 22.3%. Only 49.1% children were doing physical activity at least one hour a day in past seven days for maintenance of good health. CONCLUSION The present study recommends that regular screening of blood pressure level must be initiated in adolescents so that remedial measure can be initiated as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Kumar
- Assistant professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) , Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Dhananjay Kumar
- Senior Resident, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) , Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) , Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Chandra Mani Singh
- Additional Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) , Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjay Pandey
- Associate Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) , Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) , Patna, Bihar, India
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Nayak BS, Bhat VH. School Based Multicomponent Intervention for Obese Children in Udupi District, South India - A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:SC24-SC28. [PMID: 28208968 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/23766.9116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood obesity and overweight is a global epidemics and has been increasing in the developing countries. Childhood obesity is linked with increased mortality and morbidity independent of adult obesity. Declining physical activity, access to junk food and parenting style are the major determinants of overweight in children. Thus, there is a need for increasing the physical activity of children, educating the parents as well as the children on lifestyle modification. This can be achieved through implementation of multicomponent intervention. AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of multicomponent intervention on improving the lifestyle practices, reducing the body fat and improving the self esteem of obese children from selected schools of Udupi District, South India. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of 120 obese children were enrolled for multicomponent intervention. The components of multicomponent intervention were: education provided to the obese children on lifestyle modification, education of the parents and increasing the physical education activity of these children in the form of aerobics under the supervision of physical education teacher. There was an attrition of 25% in the intervention group. Thus the final sample in the intervention group was 90. Total sample of 131 overweight/ obese children enrolled as controls. There was an attrition of 20.61% in the control group. Thus, the final sample in the control group was 104. Intervention group received the multicomponent intervention for six month. RESULTS Mixed Method Repeated measures Ananlysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied for analysis of data. Results indicated that the intervention was effective in reducing the Body Mass Index (BMI), triceps, biceps, subscapular skin fold thickness of obese children. The intervention was also effective in improving the lifestyle practices and self-esteem of obese children. CONCLUSION Overweight/obese children need to control diet and perform vigorous exercise at least for 20 minutes a day to reduce the excess fat and maintain their body fat level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baby S Nayak
- Professor, Department of Child Health Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinod H Bhat
- Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University , Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Biswas T, Islam A, Islam MS, Pervin S, Rawal LB. Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Bangladesh: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health 2016; 142:94-101. [PMID: 28057205 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among children (0-12 years) and adolescents (13-19 years) has emerged as a major public health threat in Bangladesh. Unfortunately, there is a serious paucity of credible data on these issues that can be used for policy and programmatic development. This article presents a systematic review of studies on overweight and obesity to present a more accurate estimate by pooling results. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS The study systematically reviewed relevant literature published between 1998 and 2015 using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist was used to identify relevant studies. Measures of heterogeneity and variability were calculated, and a random effect model was used to report pooled prevalence rates of overweight and obesity. RESULTS The findings show that prevalence rates of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents varied widely from 1.0% to 20.6% and 0.3% to 25.6%, respectively. The pooled prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 7.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.0-10.0) and 6.0% (95% CI 4.0-8.0), respectively. The pooled prevalence rate of overweight increased substantially over the years, from 3.6% during 1998-2003 (95% CI 0.3-29.2) to 5.7% during 2004-2009 (95% CI 0.8-30.2) and 7.9% by 2010-2015 (95% CI 5.1-12.1). However, the pooled prevalence rate of obesity registered a sharp decline between 1998-2003 and 2004-2009 - from 9.7% (95% CI 5.7-16.2) to 2.0% (95% CI 0.3-11.1) - and subsequently increased significantly to 9.0% by 2010-2015 (95% CI 5.3-14.6). CONCLUSIONS This review identified increasing trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Bangladesh. This study underscores the urgent need to promote healthy lifestyles among children and adolescents with a view to effectively address the increasing problem of overweight and obesity. This would also help to prevent the development of chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Biswas
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - A Islam
- School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Md S Islam
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S Pervin
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - L B Rawal
- Health Systems and Populations Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; James P. Grant Schools of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shridhar K, Millett C, Laverty AA, Alam D, Dias A, Williams J, Dhillon PK. Prevalence and correlates of achieving recommended physical activity levels among children living in rural South Asia-A multi-centre study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:690. [PMID: 27485010 PMCID: PMC4970267 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We report the prevalence of recommended physical activity levels (RPALs) and examine the correlates of achieving RPALs in rural South Asian children and analyse its association with anthropometric outcomes. Methods This analysis on rural South Asian children aged 5–14 years (n = 564) is a part of the Chronic Disease Risk Factor study conducted at three sites in India (Chennai n = 146; Goa n = 218) and Bangladesh (Matlab; n = 200). Data on socio-demographic and lifestyle factors (physical activity (PA); diet) were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaires, along with objective anthropometric measurements. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine whether RPALs (active travel to school (yes/no); leisure-time PA ≥ 1 h/day; sedentary-activity ≤ 2 h/day) were associated with socio-demographic factors, diet and other forms of PA. Multivariate linear regression models were used to investigate associations between RPALs and anthropometrics (BMI- and waist z-scores). Results The majority of children (71.8 %) belonged to households where a parent had at least a secondary education. Two-thirds (66.7 %) actively travelled to school; 74.6 % reported ≥1 h/day of leisure-time PA and 55.7 % had ≤2 h/day of sedentary-activity; 25.2 % of children reported RPALs in all three dimensions. Older (10–14 years, OR = 2.0; 95 % CI: 1.3, 3.0) and female (OR = 1.7; 95 % CI: 1.1, 2.5) children were more likely to travel actively to school. Leisure-time PA ≥ 1 h/day was more common among boys (OR = 2.5; 95 % CI: 1.5, 4.0), children in Matlab, Bangladesh (OR = 3.0; 95 % CI: 1.6, 5.5), and those with higher processed-food consumption (OR = 2.3; 95 % CI: 1.2, 4.1). Sedentary activity ≤ 2 h/day was associated with younger children (5–9 years, OR = 1.6; 95 % CI: 1.1, 2.4), children of Goa (OR = 3.5; 95 % CI: 2.1, 6.1) and Chennai (OR = 2.5; 95 % CI: 1.5, 4.3) and low household education (OR = 2.1; 95 % CI: 1.1, 4.1). In multivariate analyses, sedentary activity ≤ 2 h/day was associated with lower BMI-z-scores (β = −0.3; 95 % CI: −0.5, −0.08) and lower waist-z-scores (β = −1.1; 95 % CI: −2.2, −0.07). Conclusion Only one quarter of children in these rural areas achieved RPAL in active travel, leisure and sedentary activity. Improved understanding of RPAL in rural South Asian children is important due to rapid socio-economic transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithiga Shridhar
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, 4th Floor, Plot.No.47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 122002, Haryana, India.
| | - Christopher Millett
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, Reynolds Building, Charing Cross Campus, London, UK
| | - Anthony A Laverty
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, Reynolds Building, Charing Cross Campus, London, UK
| | - Dewan Alam
- Centre for Global Health Research, Li KaShing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Amit Dias
- Goa Medical College, Sangath, Bardez, Goa, India
| | | | - Preet K Dhillon
- Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, 4th Floor, Plot.No.47, Sector 44, Gurgaon, 122002, Haryana, India
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Rathi N, Riddell L, Worsley A. What influences urban Indian secondary school students' food consumption? - A qualitative study. Appetite 2016; 105:790-7. [PMID: 27423818 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Indian adolescents' over reliance on foods such as nutrient-poor snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages and take-away foods puts them at significant risk of obesity and several diet-related chronic diseases. Therefore, the factors that influence their dietary behaviours need to be better understood in order to develop effective nutrition promotion strategies. The purpose of this qualitative inquiry was to investigate adolescents', parents', teachers', and school principals' perceptions of the main influences on adolescent eating behaviours. Fifteen adolescents aged 14-15 years, 15 parents, 12 teachers and 10 principals from 10 private English-speaking schools in Kolkata, India, participated in semi-structured interviews. The digitally-recorded conversations were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. The 52 interviews revealed a number of factors that may influence adolescents' eating habits including parent and peer influences, home and school food environments, and the mass media. Emerging evidence suggests that future health and nutrition promotion interventions need to target the different influences on Indian teenagers' food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rathi
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria 3125, Australia.
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Mahanta B, Mohapatra PK, Phukan N, Mahanta J. Alcohol use among school-going adolescent boys and girls in an industrial town of Assam, India. Indian J Psychiatry 2016; 58:157-63. [PMID: 27385848 PMCID: PMC4919959 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.183784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some people in Northeast India prepare rice-based alcoholic drinks in the household. People use these drinks in religious and social functions, and these are taken even in the presence of parents and elders. Easy access to illicit substances in industrial towns and lack of social inhibition for intake of homemade alcohol might increase the vulnerability of youth to these habits. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of alcoholic drink user among school-going adolescent students in an industrial town of Assam. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey was designed to collect the data using a predesigned questionnaire. Personal interview was conducted to collect the data about pattern of alcohol use, type of alcoholic drinks they use, duration, and information about parents and peer. Data were analyzed using Epi-info 17 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences-17.0 (Chicago, USA, SPSS Inc.). RESULTS About 36% out of 1285 students have tasted/used homemade alcoholic drinks (HADs) and 12.3% used commercially available alcoholic drinks (CADs). Significantly higher numbers (P < 0.001) of adolescent students (≥15 years) used CAD in comparison to children (<15 years). However, the number of younger students was higher in using HAD. Minimum age at first experience of CAD was 7 years and that of HAD was 4 years; the duration varied from 1 to 8 years and 1-15 years, respectively. Parent's behavior of taking tobacco and/or alcohol influenced the habit of their children. Father's habit was found to be associated with male offspring's habit of taking CAD. About 16% of the students used one or more substances along with alcohol. CONCLUSION High percentage of adolescents in the industrial town of Assam use alcoholic drinks with a male preponderance. They taste alcoholic drinks at a very young age. Parent's indulgence in taking tobacco, alcohol, or both was found to influence higher intake by their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beauty Mahanta
- Department of Zoology, Duliajan College, Duliajan, Assam, India
| | - P K Mohapatra
- Regional Medical Research Centre for Northeast, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - N Phukan
- Department of Zoology, Duliajan College, Duliajan, Assam, India
| | - J Mahanta
- Regional Medical Research Centre for Northeast, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Ranjani H, Mehreen T, Pradeepa R, Anjana RM, Garg R, Anand K, Mohan V. Epidemiology of childhood overweight & obesity in India: A systematic review. Indian J Med Res 2016; 143:160-74. [PMID: 27121514 PMCID: PMC4859125 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.180203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Childhood obesity is a known precursor to obesity and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. However, the magnitude of the problem among children and adolescents in India is unclear due to paucity of well-conducted nationwide studies and lack of uniformity in the cut-points used to define childhood overweight and obesity. Hence an attempt was made to review the data on trends in childhood overweight and obesity reported from India during 1981 to 2013. METHODS Literature search was done in various scientific public domains from the last three decades using key words such as childhood and adolescent obesity, overweight, prevalence, trends, etc. Additional studies were also identified through cross-references and websites of official agencies. RESULTS Prevalence data from 52 studies conducted in 16 of the 28 States in India were included in analysis. The median value for the combined prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity showed that it was higher in north, compared to south India. The pooled data after 2010 estimated a combined prevalence of 19.3 per cent of childhood overweight and obesity which was a significant increase from the earlier prevalence of 16.3 per cent reported in 2001-2005. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Our review shows that overweight and obesity rates in children and adolescents are increasing not just among the higher socio-economic groups but also in the lower income groups where underweight still remains a major concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Ranjani
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, IDF Centre for Education, Chennai, India
| | - T.S. Mehreen
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, IDF Centre for Education, Chennai, India
| | - Rajendra Pradeepa
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, IDF Centre for Education, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, IDF Centre for Education, Chennai, India
| | - Renu Garg
- WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (SEARO), New Delhi, India
| | - Krishnan Anand
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, WHO Collaborating Centre for Capacity Development & Research in Community based NCDPC, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention & Control, IDF Centre for Education, Chennai, India
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Rao S, Shah N, Jawed N, Inam S, Shafique K. Nutritional and lifestyle risk behaviors and their association with mental health and violence among Pakistani adolescents: results from the National Survey of 4583 individuals. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:431. [PMID: 25927931 PMCID: PMC4416240 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1762-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unhealthy behaviors are associated with mental health problems and violence in adolescents, yet their combined association has been understudied. Using the Global School Health Survey, this study examined the association between combined unhealthy behaviors (including fast food, soft drink, smoking, other tobacco products and physical inactivity) and anxiety, suicidal ideation and involvement in physical fight among Pakistani adolescents. Methods Data were obtained from the Global School Health Survey conducted in Pakistan (2009). The study population consisted of school going adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. Association of combined unhealthy behaviors with anxiety, suicidal ideation and involvement in physical fight were studied through secondary analysis. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis by complex sample method, accounting for cluster sampling technique used for data collection. Results Of the total 4583 students, weighted percentage and unweighted count for one, two, three and four or more unhealthy behaviors was 39.4% (n = 1770), 22.1% (n = 963), 5.9% (n = 274) and 1.2% (n = 62) respectively. The weighted prevalence for anxiety, suicidal ideation and involvement in physical fight were 8.4%, 7.3% and 37.4% respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjustment showed that students who had four or more unhealthy behaviors had higher odds of; being anxious (OR 2.45, 95%CI 1.31-4.59, p value 0.004), suicide ideation (OR 4.56, 95%CI 2.58-8.07, p value <0.001) and being involved in physical fight (OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.63–6.08, p value <0.001) as compared to those who had not adopted any unhealthy behaviors. Conclusions This study suggests that the co-occurrence of unhealthy behaviors is associated with anxiety, suicidal ideation and physical fight among adolescents. These findings should be considered when developing interventions to combat detrimental outcomes of unhealthy behaviors during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadiyah Rao
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Nadia Shah
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Nida Jawed
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Sumera Inam
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan.
| | - Kashif Shafique
- School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan. .,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Public Health, University of Glasgow, 1-Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK.
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Ghosh A, Sarkar D, Pal R, Mukherjee B. Correlates of overweight and obesity among urban adolescents in bihar, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2015; 4:84-8. [PMID: 25810995 PMCID: PMC4367012 DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.152261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: For better perception of adolescent overweight and obesity as a global public health problem, systematic collection of baseline data is urgently needed in India. Objective: A community-based study was undertaken for better perception of the prevalence and correlates of obesity in an adolescent urban community in Katihar, Bihar. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among urban adolescents in the eastern part of India to find out prevalence of overweight and obesity and sociodemographic correlates by interview technique followed by clinical examination with ethical consideration. Results: Out of 400 adolescent study participants, 21% were overweight or obese. The study showed that there was a significant association between less consumption of vegetable foods, fruits, meals cooked outside the home, alcohol consumption, yoga practice, socioeconomic status, and the occurrence of overweight/obesity in the adolescents. Conclusions: We attempted to find out the prevalence and risk correlates of overweight and obesity among adolescents and found it quite alarming compared to developed countries. The urban underserved population in India has difficulty to access quality healthcare and not conscious enough to seek healthcare until critically ill. Community-based studies are required to highlight the problem of obesity among urban adolescents by a comprehensive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Ghosh
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Hospital, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Deblina Sarkar
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ranabir Pal
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bijoy Mukherjee
- Department of Community Medicine, Katihar Medical College and Hospital, Katihar, Bihar, India
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Fasting Blood Glucose Profile among Secondary School Adolescents in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. J Nutr Metab 2015; 2015:417859. [PMID: 25922761 PMCID: PMC4398941 DOI: 10.1155/2015/417859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Over the past two decades there has been an increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children. Baseline data is needed to assess the impact of changing lifestyles on Ado-Ekiti, a previously semiurban community in Southwest Nigeria. This study was therefore conducted to assess the fasting blood glucose (FBG) of adolescents in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Methodology. This was a cross-sectional study involving 628 adolescents from three different secondary schools in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. With parental consent, volunteers completed a structured questionnaire, and an overnight FBG was measured. Results. There were 346 males and 282 females (male : female ratio = 1.2 : 1). Their ages ranged from 10 to 19 years (mean age: 14.2 ± 1.7 years). Four hundred and forty-four (70.7%) had normal FBG, while 180 (28.7%) and 4 (0.6%) had FBG in the prediabetic and diabetic range, respectively. Female gender, age group 10–14 years, and family history of obesity were significantly associated with impaired FBG (P value <0.001, <0.001, and 0.045, resp.). Conclusion. Impaired FBG is common among secondary school adolescents and it is more prevalent among younger female adolescents (10–14 years) with positive family history of obesity.
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George GM, Sharma KK, Ramakrishnan S, Gupta SK. A study of cardiovascular risk factors and its knowledge among school children of Delhi. Indian Heart J 2014; 66:263-71. [PMID: 24973830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors among Indian school children are limited. Aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and its knowledge among school children of Delhi. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional survey among 485 school children studying in classes 6, 7 and 8 in two government and one private school in New Delhi using convenience sampling. Cardiovascular risk factors (physical activity, diet and smoking), knowledge about risk factors and family profile were assessed using a structured self report questionnaire. Weight, height and blood pressure measurements were taken. RESULTS The mean age of the studied school children was 12.8 ± 1.6 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 9.5% and 11.5% respectively. The prevalence of prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension and stage 2 hypertension was 12.4%, 6.8% and 1.4% respectively. Of the total, 43.8% were physically active for at least 1 hour per day on all 7 days of the previous week. Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported by 42% and 76% of the school children respectively. Nearly 5% of the school children reported to have used any form of tobacco. One fifth of the school children had a family history of cardiovascular disease. Of the total, 25.4% had adequate knowledge regarding cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION Cardiovascular risk factors are highly prevalent among school children. Importantly, school children lack adequate knowledge regarding cardiovascular risk factors. School based interventions are required for cardiovascular risk reduction in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Mary George
- Postgraduate Student, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumari Sharma
- Lecturer, College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
| | | | - Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
- Professor, Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Corrêa Neto VG, Palma A. [Blood pressure and its association with physical activity and obesity in adolescents: a systematic review]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2014; 19:797-818. [PMID: 24714894 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232014193.21692012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of the importance of the impacts that obesity and physical activity may have on blood pressure (BP) among adolescents, and the suggestion that abnormal pressure levels at young ages are maintained into more mature stages of these individuals' lives, the scope of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the associations between obesity and BP and between physical activity and BP among adolescents. The PubMed database was consulted to search for scientific articles relating to this topic and, after applying the appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 articles were selected and analyzed. To assess the quality of articles Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology was applied. The results suggest that despite the existence of hegemonic thinking to guide these relationships, BP and physical activity do not always have negative associations, and BP and obesity do not always have positive associations. The conclusion reached is that this situation illustrates the need for more in-depth reflection on these relationships before pre-established paradigms are passively accepted.
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Bigelow A, Villarruel A, Ronis DL. The relationship of alcohol use and physical activity from an ecologic perspective. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2014; 19:28-38. [PMID: 24393226 DOI: 10.1111/jspn.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the predictors of alcohol use (AU) and their relationship to physical activity (PA) among adolescents and to examine differences among groups using an ecologic model. DESIGN AND METHODS Cross sectional secondary analysis of 11,432 adolescents (51% 8th and 49% 10th graders). RESULTS Attitude, perception of risk, and academic performance were the strongest predictors of AU. PA did not moderate, but it had a positive influence on AU in 10th graders. Differences were observed among groups. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nurses can address individual and school factors in an effort to decrease AU and guide nurses in creating an individualized plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Bigelow
- School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Panda S, Roy T, Pahari S, Mehraa J, Sharma N, Singh G, Singh J, Joseph F, Singh S, Sharma NM. Alarming epidemics of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus among injection drug users in the northwestern bordering state of Punjab, India: prevalence and correlates. Int J STD AIDS 2013; 25:596-606. [PMID: 24352120 DOI: 10.1177/0956462413515659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study 1155 injection drug users (IDUs) receiving targeted intervention in five cities of Punjab were surveyed; three cities (Amritsar, Taran-Taran, Batala) were in districts sharing an international border with Pakistan and the other two were Jalandhar and Ludhiana. Information on socio-demography, substance use and sexual practices were collected; blood samples were tested for biologic markers. HIV and HCV antibody (HCVAb) prevalences in injection drug users were 29 and 49%, respectively. Of the HCVAb-seroreactive IDUs, 33% had HIV as well. HIV prevalence in young IDUs (≤19 years), estimated as surrogate for HIV incidence, was high at 12% and HCVAb in this subgroup was 27%. Herpes simplex virus 2 antibody (IgG) was detected in 10% of IDUs; 2% had syphilis. Alcohol use prevalence was high and frequency of use concerning. In multivariate analyses, 'city of residence closer to international border' and '>1 year duration of injecting drugs were associated with HIV and HCVAb. Furthermore, 'irregular supply of syringes and needles' was associated with HCVAb seroreactive status of IDUs (adjusted odds ratio 1.7; 95% CI 1.3-2.3;P < 0.001), and 'any genital disease symptom within the last year' (adjusted odds ratio 2; 95% CI 1.4-2.9;P < 0.001) was associated with HIV infection. Alcohol and sexual risk reduction, strengthening of needle-syringe exchange, reducing injecting duration and clinical management of HIV, HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection appear as four core programme needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiran Panda
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED)/ICMR, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Tarun Roy
- NICED Project on Baseline assessment among IDUs in Punjab, Kolkata, India
| | - Sobha Pahari
- NICED Project on Baseline assessment among IDUs in Punjab, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sharma
- Blood Bank, Amritsar Medical College, Amritsar, India
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Rani MA, Sathiyasekaran BWC. Behavioural determinants for obesity: a cross-sectional study among urban adolescents in India. J Prev Med Public Health 2013; 46:192-200. [PMID: 23946877 PMCID: PMC3740224 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.4.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the prevalence of behavioural risk factors for obesity among urban adolescent school children in Chennai, India. METHODS This study was performed as a cross-sectional study using a World Health Organization-designed Global School-based Student Health Survey questionnaire (modified for India) among adolescent school children studying in 30 randomly selected secondary and higher secondary schools in Chennai city. 1842 adolescents studying in the VIII to XII standards were randomly selected for the study. RESULTS In the present study, 40.7% of the students ate fruit one or more times per day and 74.5% of the students ate vegetables one or more times per day. Nearly 20% of the students ate fast food items on 4 to 7 days during the previous week. Among the students, 30.4% watched television for more than two hours per day. Nearly 68% of the girls and 22% of the boys did not participate in outdoor sports activities. When the pattern of physical activity of the students was assessed, it was observed that 15.6% were inactive, 43.4% were minimally active, and the remaining 41.0% belonged to the category of health enhancing physical activity. Among the students, 6.2% were overweight and 5.2% were obese. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of risk factors for obesity was quite high among the adolescents. This study also showed that a great proportion of overweight/obese adolescents had a correct perception of their body weight and they were making efforts to modify risk factors such as television viewing, computer use, a sedentary lifestyle, and unhealthy dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anitha Rani
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
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Long KNG, Long PM, Pinto S, Crookston BT, Gren LH, Mihalopoulos NL, Dickerson TT, Alder SC. Development and validation of the Indian Adolescent Health Questionnaire. J Trop Pediatr 2013; 59:231-42. [PMID: 23418132 PMCID: PMC3693506 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The period of adolescence is a critical time of development. There is an urgent need to better assess adolescent health worldwide, particularly in India, a country with the world's largest adolescent population. Validated screening tools are needed to evaluate health-related risks and behaviors in this growing demographic. We developed, validated and administered a school-based health assessment, the Indian Adolescent Health Questionnaire, which can be used as a comprehensive health-screening tool among Indian adolescents in secondary school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N. G. Long
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul M. Long
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Snehal Pinto
- Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | | | - Lisa H. Gren
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Ty T. Dickerson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephen C. Alder
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Bhuiyan MU, Zaman S, Ahmed T. Risk factors associated with overweight and obesity among urban school children and adolescents in Bangladesh: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr 2013; 13:72. [PMID: 23651597 PMCID: PMC3653689 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity has become an emerging urban health problem in urban cities in Bangladesh, particularly in affluent families. Risk factors for obesity in this context have not been explored yet. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with overweight and obesity among school children and adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods From October through November 2007, we conducted a case–control study among children aged 10–15 years in seven schools in Dhaka. We assessed body mass index (weight in kg/height in sq. meter) to identify the cases (overweight/obese) and controls (healthy/normal weight) following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention age and sex specific growth chart. We used a structured questionnaire to collect demographic information and respondent’s exposure to several risk factors such as daily physical activity at home and in school, hours spent on computer games and television watching, maternal education level and parents’ weight and height. Results We enrolled 198 children: 99 cases, 99 controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that having at least one overweight parent (OR = 2.8, p = 0.001) and engaging in sedentary activities for >4 hours a day (OR = 2.0, p = 0.02) were independent risk factors for childhood overweight and/or obesity while exercising ≥ 30 minutes a day at home was a protective factor (OR = 0.4, p = 0.02). There were no significant associations between childhood overweight and sex, maternal education or physical activity at school. Conclusion Having overweight parents along with limited exercise and high levels of sedentary activities lead to obesity among school children in urban cities in Bangladesh. Public health programs are needed to increase awareness on risk factors for overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in order to reduce the future burden of obesity-associated chronic diseases.
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Swaminathan S, Vaz M. Childhood physical activity, sports and exercise and noncommunicable disease: a special focus on India. Indian J Pediatr 2013; 80 Suppl 1:S63-70. [PMID: 22791355 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-012-0846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the relationship between childhood physical inactivity and noncommunicable disease (NCD) is difficult, since chronic disease and mortality are not direct health outcomes of physical inactivity in children. Published literature explores the relationship of physical inactivity with appearance of early childhood disease risk markers, the adverse impact of which may take some time to appear. Promoting childhood physical activity has multiple benefits including delay in evolution of risk factors contributing to adult degenerative disease. It is clear from available literature that physical inactivity or its surrogates constitute an important independent risk factor for NCD. This is likely to be underestimated not only because of measurement issues, but also because physical inactivity may act through other risk factors for NCD. To recognize and intervene on the issue of physical inactivity in children is important not only for the benefit of the child but in the context of NCD in later life. Studies on physical inactivity and its functional correlates are limited in India and this would be an important area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathi Swaminathan
- Division of Nutrition, St. John's Research Institute, Koramangala, Bangalore, India
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Padmapriya K, Krishna P, Rasu T. Prevalence and patterns of physical activity among medical students in Bangalore, India. Electron Physician 2013; 5:606-10. [PMID: 26120390 PMCID: PMC4477776 DOI: 10.14661/2013.606-610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Physical activity is one of the leading health indicators. The objective was to study the prevalence and patterns of physical activity among young adults. Methods: 259 Medical students (Men: Women = 116:143) in the age group of 18–22 yrs were interviewed using the official English long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The total level of physical activity and activity in each of the 4 life domains – work, transport, domestic and gardening and leisure-time were estimated and was expressed as metabolic equivalent-hours per week (MET-hour/week). Results: 41.3 % showed high levels of physical activity, 43.2% and 15.4 % of students showed moderate level and low level of physical activity respectively. 84.6 % (n=219) were engaged in work related activity and 80.7% (n= 209) showed transport related activity. Domestic and gardening physical activity represented 63.7 % (n=165) of individuals total activity and 67.2% of students showed leisure time activity. The average time spent in sitting was 7.06 hrs/day. The median of the total physical activity for the whole sample was 39.13 MET/hour/week and 18.10 for work, 4.40 for transportation, 2.60 for domestic and gardening and 4 for leisure-time activity. There was significant gender difference observed with women having low physical activity. Conclusion: This study provides baseline information about the physical activity levels and patterns including sitting hours among Indian young adults using IPAQ that can used for comparison of data across different parts of world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar Padmapriya
- Department of Physiology, Kempegowda Institute Of Medical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Pushpa Krishna
- Department of Physiology, Kempegowda Institute Of Medical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Thenna Rasu
- Department of Biostatistics, Nimhans, Bangalore, India
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Barros MV, Ritti-Dias RM, Honda Barros SS, Mota J, Andersen LB. Does self-reported physical activity associate with high blood pressure in adolescents when adiposity is adjusted for? J Sports Sci 2013; 31:387-95. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.734631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Singh AP, Misra G. Adolescent Lifestyle in India: Prevalence of Risk and Promotive Factors of Health. PSYCHOLOGY AND DEVELOPING SOCIETIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/097133361202400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the prevalence of lifestyle related concerns among school adolescents. The data were collected from 1,500 Indian school students enrolled in sixth to eleventh grades drawn from rural, urban, and metro settings. They completed an anonymous Adolescent Lifestyle Survey. The study documents the multiple concerns related to inappropriate dietary practices (fast food consumption, cold drinks, low fruit and vegetable intake), irregular sleeping habits, less religiosity, mild activity pattern, unhealthy daily routine and pursuance of different forms of risk behaviours. The study also showed an association of life style with several contextual variables (i.e., residential context, developmental stage and gender). The results suggest need for urgent attention to deal with the emerging concerns of risks and promoting factors of health through relevant policy-oriented reformulation, coordinated efforts among stakeholders, and initiating culturally appropriate lifestyle interventions among adolescents.
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Fruits and vegetables consumption and associated factors among in-school adolescents in five Southeast Asian countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012. [PMID: 23202763 PMCID: PMC3509472 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9103575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of fruits and vegetable consumption and associated factors among Southeast Asian in-school adolescents. Data were collected by self-report questionnaire from nationally representative samples (total 16,084) of school children aged 13 to 15 years in five Southeast Asian countries. Overall, 76.3% of the 13 to 15 year-olds had inadequate fruits and vegetables consumptions (less than five servings per day); 28% reported consuming fruits less than once per day and 13.8% indicated consuming vegetables less than once per day. In multivariable analysis, lack of protective factors and being physically inactive were associated with inadequate fruits and vegetable consumption, and sedentary behaviour and being overweight was protective of inadequate fruits and vegetable consumption. The results stress the need for intervention programmes aimed at increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, targeting proximal factors such as the family environment and distal factors by aiming at integrating other risk factors such as physical activity into health promotion among adolescents.
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Savitha M, Sandeep B. The study of lipid profile, diet and other cardiovascular risk factors in children born to parents having premature ischemic heart disease. Indian J Community Med 2012; 36:291-5. [PMID: 22279260 PMCID: PMC3263150 DOI: 10.4103/0970-0218.91334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia is a marker for ischemic heart disease (IHD), which can be detected in early childhood and tracks to adulthood. Dyslipidemia, along with factors like diet, obesity and sedentary activity, increases the risk of a child developing IHD in adulthood. Early detection and modification of these risk factors can prevent IHD. OBJECTIVES To study the lipid profile in children born to parents with history of premature IHD and also to study the effect of diet, lifestyle factors, and obesity in the study group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty children of parents with premature IHD and 50 control children without any family history of IHD were analyzed for cardiovascular risk factors such as lipid profile, body mass index (BMI) and hypertension. The effects of modifiable risk factors like diet and physical activity on lipid profile were analyzed. The correlation between parent and child lipid profile was studied. RESULTS Mean total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly higher (P<0.05) in children with family history of IHD as compared to children without family history. There was a positive correlation between lipid levels of parents and their children. Children with elevated BMI, a sedentary lifestyle, and excess oily/junk diet intake showed increased incidence of dyslipidemia (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Children of IHD patients have significant incidence of dyslipidemia. The risk factors like BMI, diet and physical activity increase the incidence of dyslipidemia. Therefore, all children of premature IHD patients should be screened for dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mr Savitha
- Department of Pediatrics, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Prevalence and correlates of sustained hypertension in adolescents of rural Wardha, central India. Indian J Pediatr 2012; 79:1206-12. [PMID: 22203427 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-011-0663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence of hypertension and its determinants among adolescents in rural areas of Wardha. METHODS The cross-sectional study was carried out in villages under PHC Talegaon (Talatule) of Wardha district of central India. Out of total population of 37,946 in the PHC, 7435 were adolescents. For the study purpose 1055 adolescents' were selected by simple random sampling method. Among sampled adolescents, 990 were interviewed and examined. The study was conducted during January 2008-December 2008. Hypertension was defined as raised BP (average SBP and/or DBP >95th percentile) for age, sex and height on two additional occasions. Data thus generated was entered and analyzed using epi_info 6. RESULTS The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was found to be 3.4% and 10.6% respectively. Bivariate analysis showed significant association (p < 0.05) of hypertension and prehypertension with age, education, occupation, type of family, use of smokeless tobacco, amount of salt consumption, nutritional status, education level of mother and blood pressure level of mother, and father. On multivariate analysis of the present study, the final model by ordinal logistic regression showed significant association of hypertension/pre-hypertension of adolescents with age, type of family, BMI of adolescent and blood pressure of mother and father. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension was 3.4% and 10.6% respectively. The significant correlates of hypertension and pre-hypertension were age, type of family, BMI of subject and blood pressure of mother and father.
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Guo X, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhou X, Yang H, Ma H, Wang N, Liu J, Zheng L, Sun Y. Differences in healthy lifestyles between prehypertensive and normotensive children and adolescents in Northern China. Pediatr Cardiol 2012; 33:222-8. [PMID: 21915719 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-011-0112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and differences of healthy lifestyles among children and adolescents differing in blood pressure status. METHODS A cross-sectional study analyzed 5,270 children and adolescents ages 5-18 years. Anthropometric measurements and information on six healthy lifestyles (normal body mass index [BMI], appropriate physical activity, sufficient sleep, appropriate breakfast, no smoking, and no alcohol use) were collected by well-trained personnel. RESULTS The prevalence of healthy lifestyles was relatively low. Only 22.4% of the study participants had all six healthy lifestyle characteristics. The participants with prehypertension were less likely to have a normal BMI (odds ratio [OR] 0.362; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.292-0.449) or to be nonsmokers (OR 0.793; 95% CI 0.64-0.982) than those with normal blood pressure. Overall, the prehypertensive participants had a lower likelihood of having four to six (especially all 6) of the healthy lifestyles (OR 0.688; 95% CI 0.561-0.844) than their normotensive counterparts. In addition, some socioeconomic factors, such as family income, had an impact on healthy life habits. CONCLUSION Among children and adolescents, poor prehypertensive status was associated with a low likelihood of healthy lifestyles. Evaluation of multiple healthy lifestyles as a whole should receive more attention for better prevention and control of high blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Christofaro DGD, Ritti-Dias RM, Chiolero A, Fernandes RA, Casonatto J, de Oliveira AR. Physical activity is inversely associated with high blood pressure independently of overweight in Brazilian adolescents. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 23:317-22. [PMID: 22092334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between blood pressure (BP) levels and physical activity (PA) domains accounting for overweight/obesity. Adolescents aged 10 to 17 years old were recruited (n = 1021). International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria were used to define overweight and obesity. High BP was defined using the Center of Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Different domains of PA (school activities, sport out of school, and leisure time PA) were assessed using a validated questionnaire. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 21.9% for boys and 14.8% for girls. Some 13.4% of boys and 10.2% of girls, respectively, had high blood pressure (HBP). A strong and positive association was found between overweight and HBP. After adjustment for body mass index (BMI), total PA was inversely associated with BP. When all PA domains were entered simultaneously in a regression model, and after adjustment for BMI, only sport out of school was significantly and inversely associated with systolic BP [β: -0.82 (-1.50; -0.13)]. These findings open avenue for the early prevention of HBP by the prevention of obesity and promotion of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G D Christofaro
- Department of Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Damasceno MMC, de Araújo MFM, Freire de Freitas RWJ, de Almeida PC, Zanetti ML. The association between blood pressure in adolescents and the consumption of fruits, vegetables and fruit juice - an exploratory study. J Clin Nurs 2011; 20:1553-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Corder K, Brage S, Wright A, Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Yamuna A, Wareham NJ, Ekelund U. Physical activity energy expenditure of adolescents in India. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:2212-9. [PMID: 20134412 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) has rarely been quantified in adolescent populations undergoing economic transition; therefore relationships with disease still remain uncertain. This study assessed whether absolute PA energy expenditure (PAEE), PAEE/kg, and PAEE/kg(FFM) could be accurately estimated using accelerometry and a questionnaire in Indian adolescents and how these values compared to those of other populations. PAEE was assessed using doubly labeled water (DLW) in 30 adolescents from Chennai, India, over seven consecutive days, simultaneous with the measurement of PA using accelerometry and a previous-week recall questionnaire. Accelerometry counts (regression analysis) and questionnaire data were used to estimate PAEE; estimates were cross-validated using the Bland-Altman method. Accelerometry data and DLW-derived PAEE were visually compared to values from four North American and European populations. For boys, 49% of the variance in DLW-derived PAEE was explained with an equation including accelerometry counts and fat-free mass (FFM). Questionnaire-derived estimates did not contribute to the explained variance in DLW derived PAEE. The group-level PA of these Indian adolescents was successfully assessed using accelerometry, but not questionnaire. DLW-derived PAEE/kg(FFM) (mean (s.d.): 53.0 (27.5) kJ/kg(FFM)/day) was lower in this group than other adolescent populations in Europe and similar to those in North America. Additionally, four boys and none of the girls accumulated ≥60 min/day of accelerometry-derived moderate intensity activity, indicating low levels of PAEE and PA in these adolescents. Further research is necessary to investigate the association between PA and health outcomes in Indian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Corder
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 285 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Hamaideh SH, Al-Khateeb RY, Al-Rawashdeh AB. Overweight and obesity and their correlates among Jordanian adolescents. J Nurs Scholarsh 2010; 42:387-94. [PMID: 21091621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2010.01367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide current estimates of the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Jordanian adolescents 14 to 17 years of age living in Irbid Governorate, and to determine the factors that are associated with overweight and obesity. DESIGN Descriptive correlational cross-sectional design was used. METHODS Body mass index, perceived stress, dietary habits, physical activity, and demographics of 824 Jordanian adolescents living in Irbid were measured through a multistage cluster sampling method. FINDINGS The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.1% and 6.3%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among boys was 17.2% and 5.7%, respectively, and among girls was 21.0% and 7.0%, respectively. Both overweight and obesity rates were higher among girls. Physical activity, mother's educational level, and number of family members were negatively correlated with overweight and obesity. On the other hand, eating breakfast regularly, mother's weight, consumption of fried food, and perceived stress level were positively correlated with overweight and obesity. CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obesity are becoming a health problem among both boys and girls in Jordan. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Detecting the prevalence and the associated factors of overweight and obesity among adolescents is the first step toward proposing intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaher H Hamaideh
- Community and Mental Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
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Muula AS, Herring P, Siziya S, Rudatsikira E. Bullying victimization and physical fighting among Venezuelan adolescents in Barinas: results from the Global School-Based Health Survey 2003. Ital J Pediatr 2009; 35:38. [PMID: 19939261 PMCID: PMC2789090 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-35-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Violence among adolescents has untoward psycho-social and physical health effects among this age group. Most of the literature on this topic has been from high-income nations, and little information has come from middle- and low-income nations. This study was done to assess the relationship between physical fighting and bullying victimization among Venezuelan school-going adolescents in Barinas. Method We used data from the 2003 Global School-Based Health Survey conducted among in-school adolescents in Barinas, Venezuela. We estimated the prevalence of bullying victimization and physical fighting. We also conducted Logistic regression analysis to assess the association between a selected list of explanatory variables and physical fighting. We hypothesized that there would be a dose-response relationship between physical fighting and number of times the adolescent reported being a bullied in the past 30 days. Results A total of 2,249 adolescent students participated in the survey. However data on sex (gender) were available for only 2,229 respondents, of whom 31.2 (47.4% males and 17.0% females) reported having been involved in a physical fight in the last 12 months. Some 31.5% (37.0% males and 27.0% females) reported having been bullied in the past 30 days. There was a dose-response relationship between bullying victimization and physical fighting (p-trend < 0.001). Compared to subjects who were not bullied, those who reported being bullied were more likely to engage in physical fighting after controlling for age, sex, substance use (smoking, alcohol drinking or drug use), and parental supervision. Conclusion Physical fighting and bullying victimization experience is common among in-school adolescents in Barinas, Venezuela. The fact that victims of bullying were more likely to have engaged in physical fighting may be evidence supporting the notion that "violence begets more violence".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamson S Muula
- Department of Public Health, Division of Community Health, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.
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Gaya AR, Alves A, Aires L, Martins CL, Ribeiro JC, Mota J. Association between time spent in sedentary, moderate to vigorous physical activity, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness and blood pressure. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 36:379-87. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460902817976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anelise Reis Gaya
- FADE-UP, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Alberto Alves
- FADE-UP, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Luisa Aires
- FADE-UP, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Clarice Lucena Martins
- FADE-UP, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Ribeiro
- FADE-UP, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- FADE-UP, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal
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