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Gómez GI, Alvear TF, Roa DA, Farias-Pasten A, Vergara SA, Mellado LA, Martinez-Araya CJ, Prieto-Villalobos J, García-Rodríguez C, Sánchez N, Sáez JC, Ortíz FC, Orellana JA. Cx43 hemichannels and panx1 channels contribute to ethanol-induced astrocyte dysfunction and damage. Biol Res 2024; 57:15. [PMID: 38576018 PMCID: PMC10996276 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol, a widely abused drug, significantly diminishes life quality, causing chronic diseases and psychiatric issues, with severe health, societal, and economic repercussions. Previously, we demonstrated that non-voluntary alcohol consumption increases the opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels in astrocytes from adolescent rats. However, whether ethanol directly affects astroglial hemichannels and, if so, how this impacts the function and survival of astrocytes remains to be elucidated. RESULTS Clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol boost the opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels in mouse cortical astrocytes, resulting in the release of ATP and glutamate. The activation of these large-pore channels is dependent on Toll-like receptor 4, P2X7 receptors, IL-1β and TNF-α signaling, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Notably, the ethanol-induced opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels leads to alterations in cytokine secretion, NO production, gliotransmitter release, and astrocyte reactivity, ultimately impacting survival. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a new mechanism by which ethanol impairs astrocyte function, involving the sequential stimulation of inflammatory pathways that further increase the opening of Cx43 hemichannels and Panx1 channels. We hypothesize that targeting astroglial hemichannels could be a promising pharmacological approach to preserve astrocyte function and synaptic plasticity during the progression of various alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo I Gómez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tanhia F Alvear
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Daniela A Roa
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Arantza Farias-Pasten
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Sergio A Vergara
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Luis A Mellado
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Claudio J Martinez-Araya
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Juan Prieto-Villalobos
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Claudia García-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2360102, Chile
| | - Natalia Sánchez
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencia, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, 2360102, Chile
| | - Fernando C Ortíz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Mechanisms of Myelin Formation and Repair Laboratory, Chacabuco 675, of. 212, Santiago, 8350347, Chile.
| | - Juan A Orellana
- Departamento de Neurología, Escuela de Medicina and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, 8330024, Chile.
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Krut' VG, Kalinichenko AL, Maltsev DI, Jappy D, Shevchenko EK, Podgorny OV, Belousov VV. Optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches for modeling neurological disorders in vivo. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 235:102600. [PMID: 38548126 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Animal models of human neurological disorders provide valuable experimental tools which enable us to study various aspects of disorder pathogeneses, ranging from structural abnormalities and disrupted metabolism and signaling to motor and mental deficits, and allow us to test novel therapies in preclinical studies. To be valid, these animal models should recapitulate complex pathological features at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and behavioral levels as closely as possible to those observed in human subjects. Pathological states resembling known human neurological disorders can be induced in animal species by toxins, genetic factors, lesioning, or exposure to extreme conditions. In recent years, novel animal models recapitulating neuropathologies in humans have been introduced. These animal models are based on synthetic biology approaches: opto- and chemogenetics. In this paper, we review recent opto- and chemogenetics-based animal models of human neurological disorders. These models allow for the creation of pathological states by disrupting specific processes at the cellular level. The artificial pathological states mimic a range of human neurological disorders, such as aging-related dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, and ataxias. Opto- and chemogenetics provide new opportunities unavailable with other animal models of human neurological disorders. These techniques enable researchers to induce neuropathological states varying in severity and ranging from acute to chronic. We also discuss future directions for the development and application of synthetic biology approaches for modeling neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya G Krut'
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrei L Kalinichenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Maltsev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 117997, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - David Jappy
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Evgeny K Shevchenko
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Oleg V Podgorny
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 117997, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 117997, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, Skolkovo, Moscow 143025, Russia.
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Kamble SR, Dandekar MP. Implication of microbiota gut-brain axis in the manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder: Preclinical and clinical evidence. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:176014. [PMID: 37619786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the key role of gut microbiota in the development of psychiatric disorders. The adverse impact of stress, anxiety, and depression has been well documented on the commensal gut microflora. Thus, therapeutic benefits of gut microbiota-based interventions may not be avoided in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this review, we outline the current state of knowledge of gut microbiota with respect to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We discuss how OCD-generated changes corresponding to the key neurotransmitters, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and immunological and inflammatory pathways are connected with the modifications of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Notably, administration of few probiotics such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 53103), Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Bifidobacterium longum R0175, Saccharomyces boulardii, and Lactobacillus casei Shirota imparted positive effects in the management of OCD symptoms. Taken together, we suggest that the gut microbiota-directed therapeutics may open new treatment approaches for the management of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali R Kamble
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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Chen R, Routh BN, Gaudet AD, Fonken LK. Circadian Regulation of the Neuroimmune Environment Across the Lifespan: From Brain Development to Aging. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:419-446. [PMID: 37357738 PMCID: PMC10475217 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231178950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks confer 24-h periodicity to biological systems, to ultimately maximize energy efficiency and promote survival in a world with regular environmental light cycles. In mammals, circadian rhythms regulate myriad physiological functions, including the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Within the central nervous system, specialized glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia survey and maintain the neuroimmune environment. The contributions of these neuroimmune cells to both homeostatic and pathogenic demands vary greatly across the day. Moreover, the function of these cells changes across the lifespan. In this review, we discuss circadian regulation of the neuroimmune environment across the lifespan, with a focus on microglia and astrocytes. Circadian rhythms emerge in early life concurrent with neuroimmune sculpting of brain circuits and wane late in life alongside increasing immunosenescence and neurodegeneration. Importantly, circadian dysregulation can alter immune function, which may contribute to susceptibility to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight circadian neuroimmune interactions across the lifespan and share evidence that circadian dysregulation within the neuroimmune system may be a critical component in human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhuo Chen
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Brandy N. Routh
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrew D. Gaudet
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura K. Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Mitchell JS, Anijärv TE, Levenstein JL, Hermens DF, Lagopoulos J. Excitatory and inhibitory neurometabolites in anorexia nervosa: A systematic review of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105279. [PMID: 37307945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission is considered a pathological marker of Anorexia Nervosa (AN), however, no systematic evaluation of the proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) literature has been conducted to date. Accordingly, we conducted a systematic review of neurometabolite differences between individuals with AN and healthy controls (HC). A comprehensive database search (until June 2023) identified seven studies meeting inclusion criteria. Samples included adolescents and adults with similar mean age (AN: 22.20 HC: 22.60), and female percentages (AN: 98%; HC: 94%). The review found a considerable need for improving study design and the reporting of MRS sequence parameters and analysis. Reduced glutamate concentrations in the ACC and OCC, and reduced Glx concentrations in the ACC were reported by one and two studies, respectively. Lastly, only one study to date has quantified GABA concentrations, with no significant differences found. In conclusion, there is currently insufficient evidence of excitatory and inhibitory neurometabolites changes in AN. As the 1H-MRS literature in AN increases, the key questions herein proposed must be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules S Mitchell
- Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, 4575 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Toomas E Anijärv
- Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, 4575 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacob L Levenstein
- Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, 4575 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, 4575 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Thompson Institute, University of Sunshine Coast, 12 Innovation Parkway, Birtinya, 4575 Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Maria-Belen PR, Isabel P, Prince David A. Structural and functional abnormalities in thalamic neurons following neocortical focal status epilepticus. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105934. [PMID: 36442714 PMCID: PMC10433943 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening emergency that can result in de novo development or worsening of epilepsy. We tested the hypothesis that the aberrant cortical output during neocortical focal status epilepticus (FSE) would induce structural and functional changes in the thalamus that might contribute to hyperexcitability in the thalamocortical circuit. We induced neocortical FSE by unilateral epidural application of convulsant drugs to the somatosensory cortex of anesthetized mice of both sexes. The resulting focal EEG ictal episodes were associated with behavioral seizures consisting of contralateral focal myoclonic activity and persisted for 2-3 h. Ten and 30 days later, brains were processed for either immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in vitro slice recordings. Sections from the center of the thalamic reticular nucleus (nRT, see methods), the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL), and the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) from the ventrobasal nucleus (VB) were used to measure density of NeuN-immunoreactive neurons, GFAP-reactive astrocytes, and colocalized areas for VGLUT1 + PSD95- and VGLUT2 + PSD95-IR, presumptive excitatory synapses of cortical and thalamic origins. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were used to measure spontaneous EPSC frequency in these nuclei. We found that the nRT showed no decrease in numbers of neurons or evidence of reactive astrogliosis. In contrast, there were increases in GFAP-IR and decreased neuronal counts of NeuN positive cells in VB. Dual IHC for VGLUT1-PSD95 and VGLUT2-PSD95 in VB showed increased numbers of excitatory synapses, likely of both thalamic and cortical origins. The frequency, but not the amplitude of sEPSCs was increased in nRT and VB neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Previous reports have shown that prolonged neocortical seizures can induce injury to downstream targets that might contribute to long-term consequences of FSE. Effects of FSE in thalamic structures may disrupt normal thalamo-cortical network functions and contribute to behavioral abnormalities and post-SE epileptogenesis. Our results show that a single episode of focal neocortical SE in vivo has chronic consequences including cell loss in VB nuclei and increased excitatory connectivity in intra-thalamic and cortico-thalamic networks. Additional experiments will assess the functional consequences of these alterations and approaches to mitigate cell loss and alterations in synaptic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perez-Ramirez Maria-Belen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Parada Isabel
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - A Prince David
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a disorder associated with serious adverse health outcomes, for which there is currently considerable treatment ineffectiveness. Characterised by restrictive eating behaviours, distorted body image perceptions and excessive physical activity, there is growing recognition anorexia nervosa is associated with underlying dysfunction in excitatory and inhibitory neurometabolite metabolism and signalling. This narrative review critically explores the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitatory and inhibitory neurometabolite dysfunction in anorexia nervosa and its associated biomarkers. The existing magnetic resonance spectroscopy literature in anorexia nervosa is reviewed and we outline the brain region-specific neurometabolite changes that have been reported and their connection to anorexia nervosa psychopathology. Considering the proposed role of dysfunctional neurotransmission in anorexia nervosa, the potential utility of zinc supplementation and sub-anaesthetic doses of ketamine in normalising this is discussed with reference to previous research in anorexia nervosa and other neuropsychiatric conditions. The rationale for future research to investigate the combined use of low-dose ketamine and zinc supplementation to potentially extend the therapeutic benefits in anorexia nervosa is subsequently explored and promising biological markers for assessing and potentially predicting treatment response are outlined.
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Lee WS, Kang JH, Lee JH, Kim YS, Kim JJ, Kim HS, Kim HW, Shin US, Yoon BE. Improved gliotransmission by increasing intracellular Ca 2+ via TRPV1 on multi-walled carbon nanotube platforms. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:367. [PMID: 35953847 PMCID: PMC9367080 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocyte is a key regulator of neuronal activity and excitatory/inhibitory balance via gliotransmission. Recently, gliotransmission has been identified as a novel target for neurological diseases. However, using the properties of nanomaterials to modulate gliotransmission has not been uncovered. Results We prepared non-invasive CNT platforms for cells with different nanotopography and properties such as hydrophilicity and conductivity. Using CNT platforms, we investigated the effect of CNT on astrocyte functions participating in synaptic transmission by releasing gliotransmitters. Astrocytes on CNT platforms showed improved cell adhesion and proliferation with upregulated integrin and GFAP expression. In addition, intracellular GABA and glutamate in astrocytes were augmented on CNT platforms. We also demonstrated that gliotransmitters in brain slices were increased by ex vivo incubation with CNT. Additionally, intracellular resting Ca2+ level, which is important for gliotransmission, was also increased via TRPV1 on CNT platforms. Conclusion CNT can improve astrocyte function including adhesion, proliferation and gliotransmission by increasing resting Ca2+ level. Therefore, our study suggests that CNT would be utilized as a new therapeutic platform for central nervous system diseases by modulating gliotransmission. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01551-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Seok Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kang
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, UCL Eastman-Korea, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Joseph Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sem Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, UCL Eastman-Korea, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ueon Sang Shin
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 FOUR NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. .,Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Microelectrode implants, inflammatory response and long-lasting effects on NADPH diaphorase neurons in the rat frontal cortex. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2569-2580. [PMID: 35947168 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
At present, one of the main therapeutic challenges comprises the development of technologies to improve the life quality of people suffering from different types of body paralysis, through the reestablishment of sensory and motor functions. In this regard, brain-machine interfaces (BMI) offer hope to effectively mitigate body paralysis through the control of paralyzed body parts by brain activity. Invasive BMI use chronic multielectrode implants to record neural activity directly from the brain tissue. While such invasive devices provide the highest amount of usable neural activity for BMI control, they also involve direct damage to the nervous tissue. In the cerebral cortex, high levels of the enzyme NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) characterize a particular class of interneurons that regulates neuronal excitability and blood supply. To gain insight into the biocompatibility of invasive BMI, we assessed the impact of chronic implanted tungsten multielectrode bundles on the distribution and morphology of NADPH-d-reactive neurons in the rat frontal cortex. NADPH-d neuronal labeling was correlated with glial response markers and with indices of healthy neuronal activity measured by electrophysiological recordings performed up to 3 months after multielectrode implantation. Chronic electrode arrays caused a small and quite localized structural disturbance on the implanted site, with neuronal loss and glial activation circumscribed to the site of implant. Electrodes remained viable during the entire period of implantation. Moreover, neither the distribution nor the morphology of NADPH-d neurons was altered. Overall, our findings provide additional evidence that tungsten multielectrodes can be employed as a viable element for long-lasting therapeutic BMI applications.
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Wei Y, Xiao L, Fan W, Zou J, Yang H, Liu B, Ye Y, Wen D, Liao L. Astrocyte Activation, but not Microglia, Is Associated with the Experimental Mouse Model of Schizophrenia Induced by Chronic Ketamine. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1902-1915. [PMID: 35802289 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a noncompetitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Many experimental studies have shown that ketamine can induce cognitive impairments and schizophrenia-like symptoms. While much data have demonstrated that glial cells are associated with the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, the response of glial cells to ketamine and its significance to schizophrenia are not clear. The present study was intended to explore whether chronic ketamine treatment would induce behavioral and glial changes in mice. First, ketamine was used to stimulate behavioral abnormalities similar to schizophrenia evaluated by the open field test, elevated plus-maze test, Y maze test, novel object recognition test, and tail suspension test. Secondly, histopathology and Nissl staining were performed. Meanwhile, immunofluorescence was used to evaluate the expression levels of IBA-1 (a microglial marker) and GFAP (an astrocyte marker) in the mouse hippocampus for any change. Then, ELISA was used to analyze proinflammatory cytokine levels for any change. Our results showed that ketamine (25 mg/kg, i.p., qid, 12 days) induced anxiety, recognition deficits, and neuronal injury in the hippocampus. Moreover, chronic ketamine treatment enhanced GFAP expression in CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus but did not influence the expression of IBA-1. Ketamine also increased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the mouse hippocampus. Our study created a new procedure for ketamine administration, which successfully induce negative symptoms and cognitive-behavioral defects in schizophrenia by chronic ketamine. This study further revealed that an increase in astrocytosis, but not microglia, is associated with the mouse model of schizophrenia caused by ketamine. In summary, hippocampal astrocytes may be involved in the pathophysiology of ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like phenotypes through reactive transformation and regulation of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wei
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- College of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Li Xiao
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihao Fan
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zou
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Yang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Ye
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Wen
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Linchuan Liao
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Kalra S, Malik R, Singh G, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Mohan S, Albratty M, Albarrati A, Tambuwala MM. Pathogenesis and management of traumatic brain injury (TBI): role of neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1153-1166. [PMID: 35802283 PMCID: PMC9293826 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important global health concern that represents a leading cause of death and disability. It occurs due to direct impact or hit on the head caused by factors such as motor vehicles, crushes, and assaults. During the past decade, an abundance of new evidence highlighted the importance of inflammation in the secondary damage response that contributes to neurodegenerative and neurological deficits after TBI. It results in disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and initiates the release of macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes at the injury site. A growing number of researchers have discovered various signalling pathways associated with the initiation and progression of inflammation. Targeting different signalling pathways (NF-κB, JAK/STAT, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, GSK-3, Nrf2, RhoGTPase, TGF-β1, and NLRP3) helps in the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs in the management of TBI. Several synthetic and herbal drugs with both anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential showed effective results. This review summarizes different signalling pathways, associated pathologies, inflammatory mediators, pharmacological potential, current status, and challenges with anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunishtha Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Rohit Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Govind Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. .,Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman.
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Syam Mohan
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.,Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Albarrati
- Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, UK.
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12
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Pauletto G, Nilo A, Lettieri C, Verriello L, Tomasino B, Gigli GL, Skrap M, Ius T. Pre- and Post-surgical Poor Seizure Control as Hallmark of Malignant Progression in Patients With Glioma? Front Neurol 2022; 13:890857. [PMID: 35651351 PMCID: PMC9149359 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.890857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regarding brain tumor-related epilepsy (BTRE), there is an increasing number of evidence about a relationship between epileptogenesis and oncogenesis. A recent study suggests a role of post-surgery seizure outcome on the survival of patients with low-grade glioma (LGG), underlying the need for a targeted and aggressive epilepsy treatment. Objective This study aims at investigating the possible correlation between pre- and post-surgical seizure control and tumor progression in patients who underwent surgery for LGG. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of patients affected by LGGs and BTRE, in a single high-volume neurosurgical center. Seizure control was assessed before surgery and at 3 years of follow-up. Patients with histological progression in high-grade glioma (HGG) have been evaluated. Clinical features, pre-surgical electroencephalograms (EEGs), and electrocorticography (ECoG) have been analyzed. Results Among 154 subjects, we collected 32 patients who presented a tumor progression in HGG during the follow-up period. The majority had poor seizure control both pre- and post-surgery, never being in Engel class Ia throughout the whole history of their disease. Almost all patients with poor seizure control had pathological ECoG recording. Clinical features of seizures did not correlate with seizure outcome. On the univariate analysis, the age, the post-operative Engel class, and the extent of resection (EOR) were the prognostic factors significantly associated with oncological outcome; nevertheless, on multivariate analysis, Engel class significance was not confirmed, and the only predicting factor were age and EOR. Conclusions Although not confirmed on multivariate analysis, post-surgical seizure control could be a relevant factor to consider during follow-up of BRTE, in particular, when gross total resection is not achieved. Pathological findings on the ECoG may suggest a “hidden” propensity to malignant progression, strictly related to the persistent neuronal hyper-excitability. Further studies with longer follow-up period are needed to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Pauletto
- Neurology Unit, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Annacarmen Nilo
- Clinical Neurology Unit, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Christian Lettieri
- Neurology Unit, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Verriello
- Neurology Unit, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Tomasino
- Scientific Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) E. Medea, Dipartimento/Unità Operativa Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gigli
- Clinical Neurology Unit, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Miran Skrap
- Neurosurgery Unit, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Tamara Ius
- Neurosurgery Unit, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
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13
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Lee HG, Wheeler MA, Quintana FJ. Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in neurological diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:339-358. [PMID: 35173313 PMCID: PMC9081171 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that perform diverse functions in health and disease. Astrocyte dysfunction is found in numerous diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease and neuropsychiatric disorders. Astrocytes regulate glutamate and ion homeostasis, cholesterol and sphingolipid metabolism and respond to environmental factors, all of which have been implicated in neurological diseases. Astrocytes also exhibit significant heterogeneity, driven by developmental programmes and stimulus-specific cellular responses controlled by CNS location, cell-cell interactions and other mechanisms. In this Review, we highlight general mechanisms of astrocyte regulation and their potential as therapeutic targets, including drugs that alter astrocyte metabolism, and therapies that target transporters and receptors on astrocytes. Emerging ideas, such as engineered probiotics and glia-to-neuron conversion therapies, are also discussed. We further propose a concise nomenclature for astrocyte subsets that we use to highlight the roles of astrocytes and specific subsets in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gyun Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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14
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Montanari M, Martella G, Bonsi P, Meringolo M. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Focus on Glutamatergic Neurotransmission. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073861. [PMID: 35409220 PMCID: PMC8998955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in the glutamatergic system have been increasingly documented in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Glutamate-centered theories of ASD are based on evidence from patient samples and postmortem studies, as well as from studies documenting abnormalities in glutamatergic gene expression and metabolic pathways, including changes in the gut microbiota glutamate metabolism in patients with ASD. In addition, preclinical studies on animal models have demonstrated glutamatergic neurotransmission deficits and altered expression of glutamate synaptic proteins. At present, there are no approved glutamatergic drugs for ASD, but several ongoing clinical trials are currently focusing on evaluating in autistic patients glutamatergic pharmaceuticals already approved for other conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature concerning the role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of ASD and as a potential target for novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Montanari
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (M.M.)
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15
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16
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Food-Origin Mycotoxin-Induced Neurotoxicity: Intend to Break the Rules of Neuroglia Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9967334. [PMID: 34621467 PMCID: PMC8492254 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9967334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are key risk factors in human food and animal feed. Most of food-origin mycotoxins could easily enter the organism and evoke systemic toxic effects, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). For the last decade, the researches have provided much evidences in vivo and in vitro that the brain is an important target organ on mycotoxin-mediated neurotoxic phenomenon and neurodegenerative diseases. As is known to all, glial cells are the best regulator and defender of neurons, and a few evaluations about the effects of mycotoxins on glial cells such as astrocytes or microglia have been conducted. The fact that mycotoxin contamination may be a key factor in neurotoxicity and glial dysfunction is exactly the reason why we reviewed the activation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function changes of glial cells under mycotoxin infection and summarized the mycotoxin-mediated glial cell proliferation disorders, death pathways, and inflammatory responses. The purpose of this paper is to analyze various pathways in which common food-derived mycotoxins can induce glial toxicity and provide a novel perspective for future research on the neurodegenerative diseases.
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17
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Lu H, Gallinaro JV, Normann C, Rotter S, Yalcin I. Time Course of Homeostatic Structural Plasticity in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation in Mouse Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1574-1592. [PMID: 34607362 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity is the mechanistic basis of development, aging, learning, and memory, both in healthy and pathological brains. Structural plasticity is rarely accounted for in computational network models due to a lack of insight into the underlying neuronal mechanisms and processes. Little is known about how the rewiring of networks is dynamically regulated. To inform such models, we characterized the time course of neural activity, the expression of synaptic proteins, and neural morphology employing an in vivo optogenetic mouse model. We stimulated pyramidal neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex of mice and harvested their brains at 1.5 h, 24 h, and $48\,\mathrm{h}$ after stimulation. Stimulus-induced cortical hyperactivity persisted up to 1.5 h and decayed to baseline after $24\,\mathrm{h}$ indicated by c-Fos expression. The synaptic proteins VGLUT1 and PSD-95, in contrast, were upregulated at $24\,\mathrm{h}$ and downregulated at $48\,\mathrm{h}$, respectively. Spine density and spine head volume were also increased at $24\,\mathrm{h}$ and decreased at $48\,\mathrm{h}$. This specific sequence of events reflects a continuous joint evolution of activity and connectivity that is characteristic of the model of homeostatic structural plasticity. Our computer simulations thus corroborate the observed empirical evidence from our animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- Bernstein Center Freiburg and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives UPR3212, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Júlia V Gallinaro
- Bernstein Center Freiburg and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Bioengineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.,Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Stefan Rotter
- Bernstein Center Freiburg and Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Ipek Yalcin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives UPR3212, Strasbourg 67000, France.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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18
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Nguyen H, Zerimech S, Baltan S. Astrocyte Mitochondria in White-Matter Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2696-2714. [PMID: 33527218 PMCID: PMC8935665 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the diverse structure and function of astrocytes to describe the bioenergetic versatility required of astrocytes that are situated at different locations. The intercellular domain of astrocyte mitochondria defines their roles in supporting and regulating astrocyte-neuron coupling and survival against ischemia. The heterogeneity of astrocyte mitochondria, and how subpopulations of astrocyte mitochondria adapt to interact with other glia and regulate axon function, require further investigation. It has become clear that mitochondrial permeability transition pores play a key role in a wide variety of human diseases, whose common pathology may be based on mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by Ca2+ and potentiated by oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species cause axonal degeneration and a reduction in axonal transport, leading to axonal dystrophies and neurodegeneration including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Developing new tools to allow better investigation of mitochondrial structure and function in astrocytes, and techniques to specifically target astrocyte mitochondria, can help to unravel the role of mitochondrial health and dysfunction in a more inclusive context outside of neuronal cells. Overall, this review will assess the value of astrocyte mitochondria as a therapeutic target to mitigate acute and chronic injury in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sarah Zerimech
- Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Selva Baltan
- Anesthesiology and Peri-Operative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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19
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Buckley S, Byrnes S, Cochrane C, Roche M, Estes JD, Selemidis S, Angelovich TA, Churchill MJ. The role of oxidative stress in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 13:100235. [PMID: 34589750 PMCID: PMC8474476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a leading cause of morbidity in up to 50% of individuals living with HIV, despite effective treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Current evidence suggests that chronic inflammation associated with HIV is especially attributed to the dysregulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to neurodegeneration and poor clinical outcomes. While ROS have beneficial effects in eliciting immune responses to infection, chronic ROS production causes damage to macromolecules such as DNA and lipids that has been linked to altered redox homeostasis associated with antioxidant dysregulation. As a result, this disruption in the balance between antioxidant-dependent mechanisms of ROS inactivation and ROS production by enzymes such as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family, as well as from the electron transport chain of the mitochondria can result in oxidative stress. This is particularly relevant to the brain, which is exquisitely susceptible to oxidative stress due to its inherently high lipid concentration and ROS levels that have been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases that have similar stages of pathogenesis to HAND. In this review, we discuss the possible role and mechanisms of ROS production leading to oxidative stress that underpin HAND pathogenesis even when HIV is suppressed by current gold-standard antiretroviral therapies. Furthermore, we highlight that pathological ROS can serve as biomarkers for HIV-dependent HAND, and how manipulation of oxidative stress and antioxidant-dependent pathways may facilitate novel strategies for HIV cure. Production of reactive oxygen species has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. ROS production contributes to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. ROS may be used as a biomarker for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Manipulation of antioxidant pathways may present novel HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Buckley
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Byrnes
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Cochrane
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Centre, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A Angelovich
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Program, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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20
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Durkee C, Kofuji P, Navarrete M, Araque A. Astrocyte and neuron cooperation in long-term depression. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:837-848. [PMID: 34334233 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent long-term changes in synaptic transmission known as synaptic plasticity are fundamental processes in brain function and are recognized as the cellular basis of learning and memory. While the neuronal mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity have been largely identified, the involvement of astrocytes in these processes has been less recognized. However, astrocytes are emerging as important cells that regulate synaptic function by interacting with neurons at tripartite synapses. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting that astrocytes are necessary elements in long-term synaptic depression (LTD). We highlight the mechanistic heterogeneity of astrocyte contribution to this form of synaptic plasticity and propose that astrocytes are integral participants in LTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Durkee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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21
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Siegel-Ramsay JE, Romaniuk L, Whalley HC, Roberts N, Branigan H, Stanfield AC, Lawrie SM, Dauvermann MR. Glutamate and functional connectivity - support for the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance hypothesis in autism spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 313:111302. [PMID: 34030047 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the Glutamate (Glu) system is implicated in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) via an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory brain circuits, which impacts on brain function. Here, we investigated the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance theory by measuring Glu-concentrations and the relationship with resting-state function. Nineteen adult males with ASD and 19 age and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) (23 - 58 years) underwent Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Glu and Glx concentrations were compared between groups. Seed-based functional connectivity was analyzed with a priori seeds of the right and left dACC. Finally, metabolite concentrations were related to functional connectivity coefficients and compared between both groups. Individuals with ASD showed significantly negative associations between increased Glx concentrations and reduced functional connectivity between the dACC and insular, limbic and parietal regions. In contrast, HC displayed a positive relationship between the same metabolite and connectivity measures. We provided new evidence to support the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance theory, where excitatory Glx concentrations were related to functional dysconnectivity in ASD. Future research is needed to investigate large-scale functional networks in association with both excitatory and inhibitory metabolites in subpopulations of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Siegel-Ramsay
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Texas, Austin, United States
| | - Liana Romaniuk
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Roberts
- Centre for Reproductive Health (CRH), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Branigan
- School of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Stanfield
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria R Dauvermann
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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22
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Belo do Nascimento I, Damblon J, Ingelbrecht C, Goursaud S, Massart M, Dumont A, Desmet N, Hermans E. Pharmacological evidence for the concept of spare glutamate transporters. Neurochem Int 2021; 149:105142. [PMID: 34314789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Through the efficient clearance of extracellular glutamate, high affinity astrocytic glutamate transporters constantly shape excitatory neurotransmission in terms of duration and spreading. Even though the glutamate transporter GLT-1 (also known as EAAT2/SLC1A2) is amongst the most abundant proteins in the mammalian brain, its density and activity are tightly regulated. In order to study the influence of changes in the expression of GLT-1 on glutamate uptake capacity, we have developed a model in HEK cells where the density of the transporter can be manipulated thanks to a tetracycline-inducible promoter. Exposing the cells to doxycycline concentration-dependently increased GLT-1 expression and substrate uptake velocity. However, beyond a certain level of induction, increasing the density of transporters at the cell surface failed to increase the maximal uptake. This suggested the progressive generation of a pool of spare transporters, a hypothesis that was further validated using the selective GLT-1 blocker WAY-213613 of which potency was influenced by the density of the transporters. The curve showing inhibition of uptake by increasing concentrations of WAY-213613 was indeed progressively rightward shifted when tested in cells where the transporter density was robustly induced. As largely documented in the context of cell-surface receptors, the existence of 'spare' glutamate transporters in the nervous tissue and particularly in astrocytes could impact on the consequences of physiological or pathological regulation of these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Belo do Nascimento
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Damblon
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Ingelbrecht
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Goursaud
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marion Massart
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amélie Dumont
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Desmet
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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23
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Lawler NG, Gray N, Kimhofer T, Boughton B, Gay M, Yang R, Morillon AC, Chin ST, Ryan M, Begum S, Bong SH, Coudert JD, Edgar D, Raby E, Pettersson S, Richards T, Holmes E, Whiley L, Nicholson JK. Systemic Perturbations in Amine and Kynurenine Metabolism Associated with Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Inflammatory Cytokine Responses. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2796-2811. [PMID: 33724837 PMCID: PMC7986977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We performed quantitative metabolic phenotyping of blood plasma in parallel with cytokine/chemokine analysis from participants who were either SARS-CoV-2 (+) (n = 10) or SARS-CoV-2 (-) (n = 49). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was associated with a unique metabolic phenotype and demonstrated a complex systemic response to infection, including severe perturbations in amino acid and kynurenine metabolic pathways. Nine metabolites were elevated in plasma and strongly associated with infection (quinolinic acid, glutamic acid, nicotinic acid, aspartic acid, neopterin, kynurenine, phenylalanine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and taurine; p < 0.05), while four metabolites were lower in infection (tryptophan, histidine, indole-3-acetic acid, and citrulline; p < 0.05). This signature supports a systemic metabolic phenoconversion following infection, indicating possible neurotoxicity and neurological disruption (elevations of 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid) and liver dysfunction (reduction in Fischer's ratio and elevation of taurine). Finally, we report correlations between the key metabolite changes observed in the disease with concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines showing strong immunometabolic disorder in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G. Lawler
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Nicola Gray
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Torben Kimhofer
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Berin Boughton
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Melvin Gay
- Bruker Pty Ltd., Preston,
VIC 3072, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Aude-Claire Morillon
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sung-Tong Chin
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Monique Ryan
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sofina Begum
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander
Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Sze How Bong
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Jerome D. Coudert
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative
Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150,
Australia
| | - Dale Edgar
- State Adult Burn Unit, Fiona Stanley
Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Node, The University of
Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
- Fiona Wood Foundation,
Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Edward Raby
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest
Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona
Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Singapore National Neuro Science
Centre, Singapore Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232,
Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine,
Nanyang Technological University, Mandalay Road, Singapore
308232, Singapore
- Department of Life Science Centre,
Sunway University, 55100 Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
| | - Toby Richards
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander
Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Luke Whiley
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and
Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Computational and
Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University,
Harry Perkins Building, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009,
Australia
- Institute of Global Health Innovation,
Imperial College London, Level 1, Faculty Building South
Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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Liu Y, Chu S, Hu Y, Yang S, Li X, Zheng Q, Ai Q, Ren S, Wang H, Gong L, Xu X, Chen NH. Exogenous Adenosine Antagonizes Excitatory Amino Acid Toxicity in Primary Astrocytes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:687-704. [PMID: 32632892 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory toxicity is still a hot topic in the study of ischemic stroke, and related research has focused mainly on neurons. Adenosine is an important neuromodulator that is known as a "biosignature" in the central nervous system (CNS). The protective effect of exogenous adenosine on neurons has been confirmed, but its mechanism remains elusive. In this study, astrocytes were pretreated with adenosine, and the effects of an A2a receptor (A2aR) inhibitor (SCH58261) and A2b receptor (A2bR) inhibitor (PSB1115) on excitatory glutamate were investigated. An oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and glutamate model was generated in vitro. Post-model assessment included expression levels of glutamate transporters (glt-1), gap junction protein (Cx43) and glutamate receptor (AMPAR), Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and diffusion distance of dyes. Glutamate and glutamine contents were determined at different time points. The results showed that (1) adenosine could improve the function of Na+-K+-ATPase, upregulate the expression of glt-1, and enhance the synthesis of glutamine in astrocytes. This effect was associated with A2aR activation but not with A2bR activation. (2) Adenosine could inhibit the expression of gap junction protein (Cx43) and reduce glutamate diffusion. Inhibition of A2aR attenuated adenosine inhibition of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in the OGD/R model, while it enhanced adenosine inhibition of GJIC in the glutamate model, depending on the glutamate concentration. (3) Adenosine could cause AMPAR gradually entered the nucleus from the cytoplasm, thereby reducing the expression of AMPAR on the cell membrane. Taken together, the results indicate that adenosine plays a role of anti-excitatory toxicity effect in protection against neuronal death and the functional recovery of ischemic stroke mainly by targeting astrocytes, which are closely related to A2aR. The present study provided a scientific basis for adenosine prevention and ischemic stroke treatment, thereby providing a new approach for alleviating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yaomei Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Songwei Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qinglian Zheng
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qidi Ai
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Siyu Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Huiqin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Limin Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha, 410208, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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25
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Wyse ATS, Bobermin LD, Dos Santos TM, Quincozes-Santos A. Homocysteine and Gliotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:966-974. [PMID: 33786757 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine is a sulfur amino acid that does not occur in the diet, but it is an essential intermediate in normal mammalian metabolism of methionine. Hyperhomocysteinemia results from dietary intakes of Met, folate, and vitamin B12 and lifestyle or from the deficiency of specific enzymes, leading to tissue accumulation of this amino acid and/or its metabolites. Severe hyperhomocysteinemic patients can present neurological symptoms and structural brain abnormalities, of which the pathogenesis is poorly understood. Moreover, a possible link between homocysteine (mild hyperhomocysteinemia) and neurodegenerative/neuropsychiatric disorders has been suggested. In recent years, increasing evidence has emerged suggesting that astrocyte dysfunction is involved in the neurotoxicity of homocysteine and possibly associated with the physiopathology of hyperhomocysteinemia. This review addresses some of the findings obtained from in vivo and in vitro experimental models, indicating high homocysteine levels as an important neurotoxin determinant of the neuropathophysiology of brain damage. Recent data show that this amino acid impairs glutamate uptake, redox/mitochondrial homeostasis, inflammatory response, and cell signaling pathways. Therefore, the discussion of this review focuses on homocysteine-induced gliotoxicity, and its impacts in the brain functions. Through understanding the Hcy-induced gliotoxicity, novel preventive/therapeutic strategies might emerge for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela T S Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Marcon Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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26
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis weakens spinal recurrent inhibition and post-activation depression. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:2875-2886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Zeng H, Zhang X, Wang W, Shen Z, Dai Z, Yu Z, Xu S, Yan G, Huang Q, Wu R, Chen X, Xu H. Maternal separation with early weaning impairs neuron-glia integrity: non-invasive evaluation and substructure demonstration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19440. [PMID: 33173142 PMCID: PMC7656452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes play essential roles in regulating neural signal transduction along neural circuits in CNS. The perfect coordination of neuron/astrocyte and neuron/oligodendrocyte entities was termed as neuron-glia integrity recently. Here we monitored the status of neuron-glia integrity via non-invasive neuroimaging methods and demonstrated the substructures of it using other approaches in an animal model of maternal separation with early weaning (MSEW), which mimics early life neglect and abuse in humans. Compared to controls, MSEW rats showed higher glutamate level, but lower GABA in prefrontal cortex (PFC) detected by chemical exchange saturation transfer and 1H-MRS methods, lower levels of glial glutamate transporter-1 and ATP-α, but increased levels of glutamate decarboxylase-65 and glutamine synthetase in PFC; reduced fractional anisotropy in various brain regions revealed by diffusion tensor imaging, along with increased levels of N-acetyl-aspartate measured by 1H-MRS; and hypomyelination in PFC as evidenced by relevant cellular and molecular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zeng
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Xianyue Hospital/Xiamen Mental Health Center, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Xianyue Hospital/Xiamen Mental Health Center, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhuozhi Dai
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zhijia Yu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gen Yan
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Qingjun Huang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, USA
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- Department of Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
- The School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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28
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Memantine and Ibuprofen pretreatment exerts anti-inflammatory effect against streptozotocin-induced astroglial inflammation via modulation of NMDA receptor-associated downstream calcium ion signaling. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 29:183-192. [PMID: 33026572 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We had previously reported that neuroinflammation and memory impairment associated with intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV STZ) injection in rats was due to glial activation and modulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function. However, the exact role of the NMDA receptor and the molecules associated with downstream calcium ion signaling in STZ-induced astroglial activation is not known. Thus, in the present study, Memantine (an NMDA receptor antagonist) and Ibuprofen (an anti-inflammatory drug) were used as the pharmacological tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in STZ-induced astroglial inflammation. We have studied the effect of STZ (100 μM) treatment for 24 h on NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) expression and its associated calcium ion regulated molecules calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II subunit α (CaMKIIα), cyclic AMP-response element-binding (CREB) protein, Calpain, and Caspase 3. We have found a significant increase in the expression of NR1, NR2B, Calpain, and Caspase 3 expression, whereas a decrease in the level of NR2A, CaMKIIα, and CREB protein expression after 24 h of STZ treatment. These results indicate that STZ altered the NMDA receptor subunit expression and its downstream calcium (Ca2+) ion signaling molecules. We have also found that both Memantine (5 µM) and Ibuprofen (200 μM) significantly prevented the STZ-induced change in CaMKIIα, CREB, Calpain, and Caspase 3 expressions in C6 astrocytoma cells. Interestingly, only Memantine (and not Ibuprofen) was able to prevent the changes in NMDA receptor subunit expression in STZ-treated astrocytoma cells. STZ treatment also increased the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and decreased the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10), indicating inflammatory condition, which was restored by both Memantine and Ibuprofen. These results suggest that both Memantine and Ibuprofen exert anti-inflammatory effect against STZ-induced astroglial activation and neuroinflammation via modulation of NMDA receptor-associated downstream calcium signaling cascade. However, only Memantine (not Ibuprofen) was able to revert STZ-induced changes in NMDA receptor subunit expression.
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29
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Priyanka, Wadhwa R, Chaudhuri R, Nag TC, Seth P. Novel role of mortalin in attenuating HIV-1 Tat-mediated astrogliosis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:276. [PMID: 32951595 PMCID: PMC7504834 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection, activation of astrocytes induces imbalance in physiological functions due to perturbed astrocytic functions that unleashes toxicity on neurons. This leads to inflammatory response finally culminating into neurocognitive dysfunction. In neuroAIDS, HIV-1 protein, transactivator of transcription (Tat) is detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of infected patients. Mortalin, a multifunctional protein, has anti-inflammatory role following its activation in various stress conditions. Recent studies demonstrate downregulation of mortalin in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explored the mechanisms of mortalin in modulating HIV-1 Tat-mediated neuroinflammation. METHODS Expression of mortalin in autopsy section in normal and diseased individuals were examined using immunohistochemistry. To decipher the role of mortalin in HIV-1 Tat-induced activation, human fetal brain-derived astrocytes were transiently transfected with Tat and mortalin using expression vectors. HIV-1 Tat-mediated damage was analyzed using RT-PCR and western blotting. Modulatory role of mortalin was examined by coexpressing it with Tat, followed by examination of mitochondrial morphodynamics using biochemical assay and confocal and electron microscopy. Extracellular ATP release was monitored using luciferase assay. Neuroinflammation in astrocytes was examined using flow cytometry, dye based study, immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and western blotting. Indirect neuronal damage was also analyzed. RESULTS HIV-1 Tat downregulates the expression of mortalin in astrocytes, and this is corroborated with autopsy sections of HIV-1 patients. We found that overexpression of mortalin with Tat reduced inflammation and also rescued astrocytic-mediated neuronal death. Using bioinformatics, we discovered that binding of mortalin with Tat leads to Tat degradation and rescues the cell from neuroinflammation. Blocking of proteosomal pathway rescued the Tat degradation and revealed the ubiquitination of Tat. CONCLUSION Overall, our data demonstrated the protective role of mortalin in combating HIV-1 Tat-mediated damage. We also showed that mortalin could degrade Tat through direct binding with HIV-1 Tat. Overexpression of mortalin in the presence of Tat could significantly reduce cytotoxic effects of Tat in astrocytes. Indirect neuronal death was also found to be rescued. Our in vitro findings were validated as we found attenuated expression of mortalin in the autopsy sections of HIV-1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Road, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental (DAICENTER), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Rituparna Chaudhuri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Road, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India
| | | | - Pankaj Seth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, NH-8, Nainwal Road, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122052, India.
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30
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Common Protective Strategies in Neurodegenerative Disease: Focusing on Risk Factors to Target the Cellular Redox System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8363245. [PMID: 32832006 PMCID: PMC7422410 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8363245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is an umbrella term for different conditions which primarily affect the neurons in the human brain. In the last century, significant research has been focused on mechanisms and risk factors relevant to the multifaceted etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, neurodegenerative diseases are incurable, and the treatments available only control the symptoms or delay the progression of the disease. This review is aimed at characterizing the complex network of molecular mechanisms underpinning acute and chronic neurodegeneration, focusing on the disturbance in redox homeostasis, as a common mechanism behind five pivotal risk factors: aging, oxidative stress, inflammation, glycation, and vascular injury. Considering the complex multifactorial nature of neurodegenerative diseases, a preventive strategy able to simultaneously target multiple risk factors and disease mechanisms at an early stage is most likely to be effective to slow/halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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31
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Goshi N, Morgan RK, Lein PJ, Seker E. A primary neural cell culture model to study neuron, astrocyte, and microglia interactions in neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:155. [PMID: 32393376 PMCID: PMC7216677 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interactions between neurons, astrocytes, and microglia critically influence neuroinflammatory responses to insult in the central nervous system. In vitro astrocyte and microglia cultures are powerful tools to study specific molecular pathways involved in neuroinflammation; however, in order to better understand the influence of cellular crosstalk on neuroinflammation, new multicellular culture models are required. Methods Primary cortical cells taken from neonatal rats were cultured in a serum-free “tri-culture” medium formulated to support neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, or a “co-culture” medium formulated to support only neurons and astrocytes. Caspase 3/7 activity and morphological changes were used to quantify the response of the two culture types to different neuroinflammatory stimuli mimicking sterile bacterial infection (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure), mechanical injury (scratch), and seizure activity (glutamate-induced excitotoxicity). The secreted cytokine profile of control and LPS-exposed co- and tri-cultures were also compared. Results The tri-culture maintained a physiologically relevant representation of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia for 14 days in vitro, while the co-cultures maintained a similar population of neurons and astrocytes, but lacked microglia. The continuous presence of microglia did not negatively impact the overall health of the neurons in the tri-culture, which showed reduced caspase 3/7 activity and similar neurite outgrowth as the co-cultures, along with an increase in the microglia-secreted neurotrophic factor IGF-1 and a significantly reduced concentration of CX3CL1 in the conditioned media. LPS-exposed tri-cultures showed significant astrocyte hypertrophy, increase in caspase 3/7 activity, and the secretion of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6), none of which were observed in LPS-exposed co-cultures. Following mechanical trauma, the tri-culture showed increased caspase 3/7 activity, as compared to the co-culture, along with increased astrocyte migration towards the source of injury. Finally, the microglia in the tri-culture played a significant neuroprotective role during glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, with significantly reduced neuron loss and astrocyte hypertrophy in the tri-culture. Conclusions The tri-culture consisting of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia more faithfully mimics in vivo neuroinflammatory responses than standard mono- and co-cultures. This tri-culture can be a useful tool to study neuroinflammation in vitro with improved accuracy in predicting in vivo neuroinflammatory phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Goshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rhianna K Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Erkin Seker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - Davis, 3177 Kemper Hall, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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32
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Gollihue J, Norris C. Astrocyte mitochondria: Central players and potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases and injury. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 59:101039. [PMID: 32105849 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function has long been the focus of many therapeutic strategies for ameliorating age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Historically, the role of mitochondria in non-neuronal cell types has been overshadowed by neuronal mitochondria, which are responsible for the bulk of oxidative metabolism in the brain. Despite this neuronal bias, mitochondrial function in glial cells, particularly astrocytes, is increasingly recognized to play crucial roles in overall brain metabolism, synaptic transmission, and neuronal protection. Changes in astrocytic mitochondrial function appear to be intimately linked to astrocyte activation/reactivity found in most all age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we address the importance of mitochondrial function to astrocyte signaling and consider how mitochondria could contribute to both the detrimental and protective properties of activated astrocytes. Strategies for protecting astrocytic mitochondrial function, promoting bidirectional transfer of mitochondria between astrocytes and neurons, and transplanting healthy mitochondria to diseased nervous tissue are also discussed.
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McKee CA, Lananna BV, Musiek ES. Circadian regulation of astrocyte function: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1049-1058. [PMID: 31578625 PMCID: PMC7098845 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock regulates rhythms in gene transcription that have a profound impact on cellular function, behavior, and disease. Circadian dysfunction is a symptom of aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and recent studies suggest a bidirectional relationship between impaired clock function and neurodegeneration. Glial cells possess functional circadian clocks which may serve to control glial responses to daily oscillations in brain activity, cellular stress, and metabolism. Astrocytes directly support brain function through synaptic interactions, neuronal metabolic support, neuroinflammatory regulation, and control of neurovascular coupling at blood and CSF barriers. Emerging evidence suggests that the astrocyte circadian clock may be involved in many of these processes, and that clock disruption could influence neurodegeneration by disrupting several aspects of astrocyte function. Here we review the literature surrounding circadian control of astrocyte function in health and disease, and discuss the potential implications of astrocyte clocks for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia A McKee
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 425 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - Brian V Lananna
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 425 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - Erik S Musiek
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 425 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA.
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Binaafar S, Razmara E, Mahdieh N, Sahebjame H, Tavasoli AR, Garshasbi M. A novel missense variant in GPT2 causes non-syndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability in a consanguineous Iranian family. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103853. [PMID: 31978613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) affects 1-3% of the general population worldwide. Genetic factors play an undeniable role in the etiology of Non-Syndromic Intellectual disability (NS-ID). Nowadays, whole-exome sequencing (WES) technique is used frequently to identify the causative genes in such heterogeneous diseases. Herein, we subjected four patients with initial diagnostics of NS-ID in a consanguineous Iranian family. To find the possible genetic cause(s), Trio-WES was performed on the proband and his both healthy parents. Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm the identified variant by WES and also investigate whether it co-segregates with the patients' phenotype in the family. Using several online in-silico predictors, the probable impacts of the variant on structure and function of GPT2 protein were predicted. A novel variant, c.266A>G; p.(Glu89Gly), in exon 3 of GPT2 (NM_133443.3) was identified using Trio-WES. The candidate variant was also verified by Sanger sequencing. All affected members showed the common clinical features suffering from a non-progressive mild-to-severe ID. Also, different clinical observations compared to previously reported cases such as no facial features, no obvious structural malformations, ability to speak but with difficulty, and lack of any morphological defects were noted for the first time in this family. The c.266A>G; p.(Glu89Gly) variant reported here is the sixth variant identified up to now in the GPT2 gene, to be associated with NS-ID. Our data support the potential malfunction of the substituted GPT2 protein resulted from the novel variant, however, we strongly suggest confirming this finding more by doing functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Binaafar
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Razmara
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nejat Mahdieh
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Sahebjame
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavous, Golestan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Tavasoli
- Myelin Disorders Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Bourgognon JM, Cavanagh J. The role of cytokines in modulating learning and memory and brain plasticity. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820979802. [PMID: 33415308 PMCID: PMC7750764 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820979802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are proteins secreted in the central nervous system by neurons, microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating peripheral immune cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Over the last 20 years, a growing number of reports have investigated the effects of these molecules on brain plasticity. In this review, we describe how the key cytokines interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor α were found to support long-term plasticity and learning and memory processes in physiological conditions. In contrast, during inflammation where cytokines levels are elevated such as in models of brain injury or infection, depression or neurodegeneration, the effects of cytokines are mostly detrimental to memory mechanisms, associated behaviours and homeostatic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity &
Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Polis B, Gilinsky MA, Samson AO. Reports of L-Norvaline Toxicity in Humans May Be Greatly Overstated. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120382. [PMID: 31861122 PMCID: PMC6955955 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a study published in “Toxicology In Vitro” (Kate Samardzic and Kenneth J. Rodgers) was entitled: “Cytotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by the Dietary Supplement L-Norvaline”. The title may be greatly overstated, and here we provide several arguments showing that norvaline is not as toxic as reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruh Polis
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-525-654-451
| | - Michael A. Gilinsky
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, 4 Timakova St., Novosibirsk 630117, Russia;
| | - Abraham O. Samson
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel;
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Hameed MQ, Hsieh TH, Morales-Quezada L, Lee HHC, Damar U, MacMullin PC, Hensch TK, Rotenberg A. Ceftriaxone Treatment Preserves Cortical Inhibitory Interneuron Function via Transient Salvage of GLT-1 in a Rat Traumatic Brain Injury Model. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4506-4518. [PMID: 30590449 PMCID: PMC7150617 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a decrease in glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) expression, the major mechanism for glutamate removal from synapses. Coupled with an increase in glutamate release from dead and dying neurons, this causes an increase in extracellular glutamate. The ensuing glutamate excitotoxicity disproportionately damages vulnerable GABAergic parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons, resulting in a progressively worsening cortical excitatory:inhibitory imbalance due to a loss of GABAergic inhibitory tone, as evidenced by chronic post-traumatic symptoms such as epilepsy, and supported by neuropathologic findings. This loss of intracortical inhibition can be measured and followed noninvasively using long-interval paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation with mechanomyography (LI-ppTMS-MMG). Ceftriaxone, a β-lactam antibiotic, is a potent stimulator of the expression of rodent GLT-1 and would presumably decrease excitotoxic damage to GABAergic interneurons. It may thus be a viable antiepileptogenic intervention. Using a rat fluid percussion injury TBI model, we utilized LI-ppTMS-MMG, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry to test whether ceftriaxone treatment preserves intracortical inhibition and cortical parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneuron function after TBI in rat motor cortex. We show that neocortical GLT-1 gene and protein expression are significantly reduced 1 week after TBI, and this transient loss is mitigated by ceftriaxone. Importantly, whereas intracortical inhibition declines progressively after TBI, 1 week of post-TBI ceftriaxone treatment attenuates the loss of inhibition compared to saline-treated controls. This finding is accompanied by significantly higher parvalbumin gene and protein expression in ceftriaxone-treated injured rats. Our results highlight prospects for ceftriaxone as an intervention after TBI to prevent cortical inhibitory interneuron dysfunction, partly by preserving GLT-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Q Hameed
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy & Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Leon Morales-Quezada
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Henry H C Lee
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ugur Damar
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul C MacMullin
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takao K Hensch
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Neuromodulation Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ahn KC, Learman CR, Baker GB, Weaver CL, Chung PS, Kim HG, Song MS. Regulation of Diabetes: a Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease? J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34:e297. [PMID: 31779058 PMCID: PMC6882941 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that sporadic cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) make up more than 95% of total AD patients, and diabetes has been implicated as a strong risk factor for the development of AD. Diabetes shares pathological features of AD, such as impaired insulin signaling, increased oxidative stress, increased amyloid-beta (Aβ) production, tauopathy and cerebrovascular complication. Due to shared pathologies between the two diseases, anti-diabetic drugs may be a suitable therapeutic option for AD treatment. In this article, we will discuss the well-known pathologies of AD, including Aβ plaques and tau tangles, as well as other mechanisms shared in AD and diabetes including reactive glia and the breakdown of blood brain barrier in order to evaluate the presence of any potential, indirect or direct links of pre-diabetic conditions to AD pathology. In addition, clinical evidence of high incidence of diabetic patients to the development of AD are described together with application of anti-diabetic medications to AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Chan Ahn
- NeuroVIS, Cheonan, Korea
- EnviroBrain, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cameron R Learman
- Chapman University Physician Assistant Studies Program, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Glen B Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurochemical Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Charles L Weaver
- Department of Health Sciences, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI, USA
| | - Phil Sang Chung
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Faculty of Medical School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Hyung Gun Kim
- NeuroVIS, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Mee Sook Song
- Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Faculty of Medical School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Laser Translational Clinical Trial Center, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea.
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Braga DV, Wanderley Picanço-Diniz DL, Herculano Matos Oliveira KR, Luz WL, Soares de Moraes SA, Fonseca Passos AC, de Jesus Oliveira Batista E, Grisólia A, Herculano AM. Adenosine A1 receptors modulate the Na+-Hypertonicity induced glutamate release in hypothalamic glial cells. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:64-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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40
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Glutamatergic Signaling Along The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061482. [PMID: 30934533 PMCID: PMC6471396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex bidirectional communication system exists between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Initially termed the “gut-brain axis” it is now renamed the “microbiota-gut-brain axis” considering the pivotal role of gut microbiota in maintaining local and systemic homeostasis. Different cellular and molecular pathways act along this axis and strong attention is paid to neuroactive molecules (neurotransmitters, i.e., noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid and glutamate and metabolites, i.e., tryptophan metabolites), sustaining a possible interkingdom communication system between eukaryota and prokaryota. This review provides a description of the most up-to-date evidence on glutamate as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in this bidirectional communication axis. Modulation of glutamatergic receptor activity along the microbiota-gut-brain axis may influence gut (i.e., taste, visceral sensitivity and motility) and brain functions (stress response, mood and behavior) and alterations of glutamatergic transmission may participate to the pathogenesis of local and brain disorders. In this latter context, we will focus on two major gut disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, both characterized by psychiatric co-morbidity. Research in this area opens the possibility to target glutamatergic neurotransmission, either pharmacologically or by the use of probiotics producing neuroactive molecules, as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of gastrointestinal and related psychiatric disorders.
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41
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Cell-matrix tension contributes to hypoxia in astrocyte-seeded viscoelastic hydrogels composed of collagen and hyaluronan. Exp Cell Res 2019; 376:49-57. [PMID: 30658092 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte activation is crucial for wound contraction and glial scar formation following central nervous system injury, but the mechanism by which activation leads to astrocyte contractility and matrix reorganization in the central nervous system (CNS) is unknown. Current means to measure cell traction forces within three-dimensional scaffolds are limited to analyzing individual or small groups of cells, within extracellular matrices, whereas gap junctions and other cell-cell adhesions connect astrocytes to form a functional syncytium within the glial scar. Here, we measure the viscoelastic properties of cell-seeded hydrogels to yield insight into the collective contractility of astrocytes as they exert tension on the surrounding matrix and change its bulk mechanical properties. Our results indicate that incorporation of the CNS matrix component hyaluronan into a collagen hydrogel increases expression of the intermediate filament protein GFAP and results in a higher shear storage modulus of the cell/matrix composite, establishing the correlation between astrocyte activation and increased cell contractility. The effects of thrombin and blebbistatin, known mediators of actomyosin-mediated contraction, verify that cell-matrix tension dictates the hydrogel mechanical properties. Viability assays indicate that increased cell traction exacerbates cell death at the center of the scaffold, and message level analysis reveals that cells in the hyaluronan-containing matrix have a ~ 3-fold increase in HIF-1α gene expression. Overall, these findings suggest that astrocyte activation not only increases cell traction, but may also contribute to hypoxia near sites of central nervous system injury.
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42
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Zhan X, Li F, Chu Q, Pang H. Secretogranin III may be an indicator of paraquat-induced astrocyte activation and affects the recruitment of BDNF during this process. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3622-3630. [PMID: 30280190 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte activation has been described as a multi‑stage defensive response, which is characterized by the morphological alteration of astrocytes and the overexpression of intermediate filament proteins. However, the functional mechanism of the secretion system in activated astroglia remains unclear. It has previously been demonstrated that secretogranin II, a member of the granin family, may be involved in the sorting and expression of inflammatory factors and excitatory neurotransmitters in paraquat (PQ)‑induced astroglial activation. Secretogranin III (SCG3) has been reported to represent an important component of the regulated secretory pathway in neuroendocrine cells; however, its role as an anchor protein of dense‑core vesicles in astrocytes remains to be elucidated. In the present study, a PQ‑activated U118MG astrocytoma cell model established in our previous study was used to investigate the effects of SCG3. The results revealed that SCG3 was highly expressed and subsequently released from cells in response to PQ. Inhibition of SCG3 expression via transfection with small interfering RNA partially restored astrocyte morphology, but did not affect the expression of astrocytic factors. Further studies investigating the association between SCG3 and other cellular factors were conducted, in order to determine the expression levels and subcellular localization of these proteins. Neurotrophins and inflammatory factors exhibited an increase in characteristic expression patterns, paralleling the alterations in SCG3 expression. The results further demonstrated that brain‑derived neurotrophic factor partially colocalized with SCG3‑positive vesicles; however, the localization of interleukin‑6 was not affected. In conclusion, SCG3 may be involved in PQ‑induced astrocyte activation via regulation of the expression and selective recruitment of cellular factors, thus suggesting that SCG3 may represent an indicator of astrocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoni Zhan
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Biology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Fengrui Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014040, P.R. China
| | - Qiaohong Chu
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Center, Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao, Shandong 266555, P.R. China
| | - Hao Pang
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Biology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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Kadriu B, Yuan S, Farmer C, Nugent AC, Lener MS, Niciu MJ, Park M, Yazdian A, Ballard ED, Henn FA, Henter ID, Park LT, Zarate CA. Clinical Trial of the Potassium Channel Activator Diazoxide for Major Depressive Disorder Halted Due to Intolerability. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2018; 38:243-246. [PMID: 29601316 PMCID: PMC5903962 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some glutamatergic modulators have demonstrated rapid and relatively sustained antidepressant properties in patients with major depressive disorder. Because the potassium channel activator diazoxide increases glutamate uptake via potassium channel activation, we hypothesized that it might exert antidepressant effects by increasing the removal of glutamate from the synaptic cleft, thereby reducing excessive glutamate transmission. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, single-site inpatient clinical study was conducted at the National Institute of Mental Health to assess the efficacy and safety of a 3-week course of diazoxide (200-400 mg daily, twice a day) versus a 3-week course of placebo in 6 participants with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder. The primary clinical outcome measure was change in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale score from baseline to posttreatment. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, as well as concomitant imaging measures (electroencephalography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, magnetoencephalography), were used as potential surrogate markers of target (KATP channel) engagement. RESULTS The study was halted due to severe adverse effects. Given the small sample size, statistical evaluation of the effect of diazoxide on Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale scores or the imaging measures was not pursued. Visual inspection of the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index test revealed no evidence of target engagement. CONCLUSIONS Although the results are negative, they are an important addition to the literature in this rapidly changing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashkim Kadriu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shiwen Yuan
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristan Farmer
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allison C. Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc S. Lener
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark J. Niciu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Minkyung Park
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Yazdian
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. Ballard
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fritz A. Henn
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ioline D. Henter
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence T. Park
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lee S, Esworthy T, Stake S, Miao S, Zuo YY, Harris BT, Zhang LG. Advances in 3D Bioprinting for Neural Tissue Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Se‐Jun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Seth Stake
- Department of Medicine George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Shida Miao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Yi Y. Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Brent T. Harris
- Department of Neurology and Pathology Georgetown University Washington DC 20007 USA
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
- Department of Medicine George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering George Washington University Washington DC 20052 USA
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45
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Photoperiod-Induced Neuroplasticity in the Circadian System. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5147585. [PMID: 29681926 PMCID: PMC5851158 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5147585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal changes in light exposure have profound effects on behavioral and physiological functions in many species, including effects on mood and cognitive function in humans. The mammalian brain's master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), transmits information about external light conditions to other brain regions, including some implicated in mood and cognition. Although the detailed mechanisms are not yet known, the SCN undergoes highly plastic changes at the cellular and network levels under different light conditions. We therefore propose that the SCN may be an essential mediator of the effects of seasonal changes of day length on mental health. In this review, we explore various forms of neuroplasticity that occur in the SCN and other brain regions to facilitate seasonal adaptation, particularly altered phase distribution of cellular circadian oscillators in the SCN and changes in hypothalamic neurotransmitter expression.
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46
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Bai W, Zhou YG. Homeostasis of the Intraparenchymal-Blood Glutamate Concentration Gradient: Maintenance, Imbalance, and Regulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:400. [PMID: 29259540 PMCID: PMC5723322 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). However, there is also a large amount of glutamate in the blood. Generally, the concentration gradient of glutamate between intraparenchymal and blood environments is stable. However, this gradient is dramatically disrupted under a variety of pathological conditions, resulting in an amplifying cascade that causes a series of pathological reactions in the CNS and peripheral organs. This eventually seriously worsens a patient’s prognosis. These two “isolated” systems are rarely considered as a whole even though they mutually influence each other. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the maintenance, imbalance and regulatory mechanisms that control the intraparenchymal-blood glutamate concentration gradient, discuss the interrelationships between these systems and further explore their significance in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan-Guo Zhou
- Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn, and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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47
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Helms HC, Aldana BI, Groth S, Jensen MM, Waagepetersen HS, Nielsen CU, Brodin B. Characterization of the L-glutamate clearance pathways across the blood-brain barrier and the effect of astrocytes in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3744-3758. [PMID: 28145808 PMCID: PMC5718321 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17690760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to characterize the clearance pathways for L-glutamate from the brain interstitial fluid across the blood-brain barrier using a primary in vitro bovine endothelial/rat astrocyte co-culture. Transporter profiling was performed using uptake studies of radiolabeled L-glutamate with co-application of transporter inhibitors and competing amino acids. Endothelial abluminal L-glutamate uptake was almost abolished by co-application of an EAAT-1 specific inhibitor, whereas luminal uptake was inhibited by L-glutamate and L-aspartate (1 mM). L-glutamate uptake followed Michaelis-Menten-like kinetics with high and low affinity at the abluminal and luminal membrane, respectively. This indicated that L-glutamate is taken up via EAAT-1 at the abluminal membrane and exits at the luminal membrane via a low affinity glutamate/aspartate transporter. Metabolism of L-glutamate and transport of metabolites was examined using [U-13C] L-glutamate. Intact L-glutamate and metabolites derived from oxidative metabolism were transported through the endothelial cells. High amounts of L-glutamate-derived lactate in the luminal medium indicated cataplerosis via malic enzyme. Thus, L-glutamate can be transported intact from brain to blood via the concerted action of abluminal and luminal transport proteins, but the total brain clearance is highly dependent on metabolism in astrocytes and endothelial cells followed by transport of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Cc Helms
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- 2 Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Groth
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten M Jensen
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- 2 Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten U Nielsen
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,3 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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48
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Cai W, Yang T, Liu H, Han L, Zhang K, Hu X, Zhang X, Yin KJ, Gao Y, Bennett MVL, Leak RK, Chen J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ): A master gatekeeper in CNS injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:27-58. [PMID: 29032144 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a widely expressed ligand-modulated transcription factor that governs the expression of genes involved in inflammation, redox equilibrium, trophic factor production, insulin sensitivity, and the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Synthetic PPARγ agonists (e.g. thiazolidinediones) are used to treat Type II diabetes and have the potential to limit the risk of developing brain injuries such as stroke by mitigating the influence of comorbidities. If brain injury develops, PPARγ serves as a master gatekeeper of cytoprotective stress responses, improving the chances of cellular survival and recovery of homeostatic equilibrium. In the acute injury phase, PPARγ directly restricts tissue damage by inhibiting the NFκB pathway to mitigate inflammation and stimulating the Nrf2/ARE axis to neutralize oxidative stress. During the chronic phase of acute brain injuries, PPARγ activation in injured cells culminates in the repair of gray and white matter, preservation of the blood-brain barrier, reconstruction of the neurovascular unit, resolution of inflammation, and long-term functional recovery. Thus, PPARγ lies at the apex of cell fate decisions and exerts profound effects on the chronic progression of acute injury conditions. Here, we review the therapeutic potential of PPARγ in stroke and brain trauma and highlight the novel role of PPARγ in long-term tissue repair. We describe its structure and function and identify the genes that it targets. PPARγ regulation of inflammation, metabolism, cell fate (proliferation/differentiation/maturation/survival), and many other processes also has relevance to other neurological diseases. Therefore, PPARγ is an attractive target for therapies against a number of progressive neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Huan Liu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lijuan Han
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Xuejing Zhang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
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49
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Irvine KA, Clark JD. Chronic Pain After Traumatic Brain Injury: Pathophysiology and Pain Mechanisms. PAIN MEDICINE 2017; 19:1315-1333. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnx153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Amanda Irvine
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Anesthesiology Service, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - J David Clark
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Anesthesiology Service, Palo Alto, California
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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50
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Oliveira KA, Dal-Cim T, Lopes FG, Ludka FK, Nedel CB, Tasca CI. Atorvastatin Promotes Cytotoxicity and Reduces Migration and Proliferation of Human A172 Glioma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1509-1523. [PMID: 28181188 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas have resistance mechanisms to chemotherapy that enable tumor invasiveness and aggressiveness. Alternative therapies in cancer treatment, as statins, have been suggested to decrease proliferation, inhibit cell migration, and induce cell death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin (ATOR) on cell viability, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy in A172 human glioma cells. Temozolomide (TMZ), a chemotherapic used to glioma treatment, was tested as a comparison to cytotoxic effects on gliomas. Cell viability was also assessed in primary culture of cortical astrocytes. ATOR treatment (0.1 to 20 μM) did not alter astrocytic viability. However, in glioma cells, ATOR showed cytotoxic effect at 10 and 20 μM concentrations. TMZ (500 μM) reduced cell viability similarly to ATOR, and drug association did not show additive effect on cell viability. ATOR, TMZ, and their association decreased cell migration. ATOR also decreased glioma cell proliferation. ATOR increased apoptosis, and TMZ association showed a potentiation effect, enhancing it. ATOR and TMZ treatment increased acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) presence in A172 cells, an indicative of autophagy. ATOR effect of reducing A172 cell viability did not alter glutamate transport and glutamine synthetase activity, but it was partially prevented through antagonism of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Our data shows a cytotoxic effect of ATOR on glioma cells, whereas no toxicity was observed to astrocytes. ATOR showed similar cytotoxic effect as TMZ to glioma cells, and it may be a safer drug, regarding side effect induction, than chemotherapic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tharine Dal-Cim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Flávia G Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K Ludka
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade do Contestado, Canoinhas, Brazil
| | - Cláudia B Nedel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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