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Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Malin K, Dąbrowska I, Grzędzicka J, Ostaszewski P, Carter C. Immunology of Physical Exercise: Is Equus caballus an Appropriate Animal Model for Human Athletes? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5210. [PMID: 38791248 PMCID: PMC11121269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic horses routinely participate in vigorous and various athletic activities. This enables the horse to serve as a model for studying athletic physiology and immunology in other species, including humans. For instance, as a model of physical efforts, such as endurance rides (long-distance running/aerobic exercise) and races (anaerobic exercise), the horse can be useful in evaluating post-exercise response. Currently, there has been significant interest in finding biomarkers, which characterize the advancement of training and adaptation to physical exercise in the horse. The parallels in cellular responses to physical exercises, such as changes in receptor expression and blood cell activity, improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the body's response to intense physical activity. This study focuses on the changes in levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and cellular response in the context of post-exercise immune response. Both the direction of changes in cytokine levels and cellular responses of the body, such as proliferation and expression of surface markers on lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, show cross-functional similarities. This review reveals that horses are robust research models for studying the immune response to physical exercise in human athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Izabela Dąbrowska
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jowita Grzędzicka
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ostaszewski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Craig Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
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Gupta R, Shivashankar R, Kondal D, Gokulakrishnan K, Patel SA, Ali MK, Narayan KMV, Mohan V, Tandon N, Prabhakaran D. Association of pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines and hepatokine with incident diabetes in India: a nested case-control study within CARRS cohort. Acta Diabetol 2024; 61:577-586. [PMID: 38315202 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To study the association of pro-inflammatory markers with incident diabetes in India. METHODS We did a nested case-control study within the CARRS (Centre for Ardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia) cohort. Of the 5739 diabetes-free individuals at the baseline, 216 participants with incident diabetes and 432 age-, gender- and city-matched controls at 2-year follow-up were included. We measured high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 ( MCP-1), adiponectin, leptin and fetuin-A in the stored baseline blood samples. We did multivariate conditional logistic regression to estimate association of inflammatory markers (as quartiles) and incident diabetes. Covariates were baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and lipids, body mass index (BMI), family history of diabetes, smoking and alcohol use. RESULTS Baseline hsCRP and TNF-α were higher, and IL-6 and adiponectin were lower among cases vs. controls. In multivariate conditional logistic regression models, only quartile-3 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.96 [95% CI:1.39, 6.30]) and quartile-4 (OR: 2.58 [95% CI: 1.15, 5.79]) of TNF-α and quartile-4 of MCP-1 (OR: 2.55 [95% CI: 1.06, 6.16]) were positively associated with diabetes after adjusting for baseline FPG and BMI. These associations did not remain after adjusting for family history. High level (quartile-4) of IL-6 was negatively associated with diabetes after adjusting for all factors (OR: 0.18 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.55]). CONCLUSIONS Higher TNF-α and MCP-1 levels and lower IL-6 were associated with higher risk of developing diabetes. Better understanding and potential methods of addressing these biomarkers, especially in relation to family history, are needed to address diabetes in South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Gupta
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
| | | | - Dimple Kondal
- Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shivani A Patel
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Mohammed K Ali
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
- Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - K M Venkat Narayan
- Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | | | - Nikhil Tandon
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Gohari S, Ismail-Beigi F, Mahjani M, Ghobadi S, Jafari A, Ahangar H, Gohari S. The effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on blood interleukin-6 concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:257. [PMID: 37996879 PMCID: PMC10668472 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low-grade chronic inflammation in diabetes plays an important role in development of cardiovascular and renal complications. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are recognized as protective agents for cardio-renal complications. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is positively associated with the pathophysiology of metabolic-related pathologies. The aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on blood IL-6 concentration in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS Embase, PubMed, and Scopus were systematically searched up to 1st of November 2023. The eligible studies were RCTs with adult population that had provided blood IL-6 for both control and intervention groups. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool were for study quality assessment. Data were analyzed using random effect model via Stata statistical software. RESULTS Eighteen studies with a total of 5311 patients were included. Of which 3222 and 2052 patients were in intervention and control arm, respectively. Of the total population, 49.7% were men. The study durations ranged from 8 to 52 weeks. The pooled analysis showed a significant association between the use of SGLT2 inhibitors and lower IL-6 levels (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -1.04, Confidence Interval (CI): -1.48; -0.60, I2 = 96.93%). Dapagliflozin was observed to have a higher IL-6-lowering effect (SMD = -1.30, CI: -1.89; -0.71, I2 = 92.52) than empagliflozin or canagliflozin. Sub-group analysis of control groups (SMD = -0.58 (-1.01, -0.15) and -1.35 (-2.00, -0.70 for the placebo and active control sub-groups, respectively) and duration of interventions (SMD = -0.78 (-1.28, -0.28) and -1.20 (-1.86, -0.55) for study duration of ≤ 12 and > 12 weeks, respectively) did not change the results. Meta-regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the level of HbA1c and IL-6-lowering efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors. CONCLUSION IL-6 levels are significantly reduced with the use of SGLT2 inhibitors with HbA1c as the only marker influencing such reductions, and dapagliflozin had the highest potency. The anti-inflammatory effect of SGLT2 inhibitors supports their broader use to address diabetic complications related to inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Gohari
- Student Research Center, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Faramarz Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mahsa Mahjani
- Endocrine Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Ghobadi
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alireza Jafari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hassan Ahangar
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Mousavi Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sheida Gohari
- Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
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Almuraikhy S, Sellami M, Al-Amri HS, Domling A, Althani AA, Elrayess MA. Impact of Moderate Physical Activity on Inflammatory Markers and Telomere Length in Sedentary and Moderately Active Individuals with Varied Insulin Sensitivity. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:5427-5438. [PMID: 38026244 PMCID: PMC10674740 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s429899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physical activity-associated immune response plays a crucial role in the aging process. This study aimed to determine the impact of short-term moderate physical activity on cytokine levels, oxidative stress markers, and telomere length in lean/overweight young subjects. Methods Fasting blood samples were collected from 368 participants at Qatar Biobank. Based on their homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), participants were categorized as insulin sensitive (IS) or insulin resistant (IR). Subsequently, they were divided into four groups: sedentary IS (n = 90), sedentary IR (n = 90), moderately active IS (n = 94), and moderately active IR (n = 94). Moderate physical activity was defined as walking at least two days per week for more than 150 minutes, as determined by physical activity questionnaires. Serum samples were analyzed for circulating inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10, IL-22, MCP-1/CCL2, TNF-α), as well as antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD and catalase). Telomere lengths were measured in the respective DNA samples. Results Moderately active IR participants exhibited significantly lower SOD activity, while catalase activity did not show significant differences. Moderately active IS participants had higher IL-6 and IL-10 levels compared to sedentary IS participants, with no significant differences observed in the IR counterparts. Telomere length did not significantly differ between the physically active and sedentary groups. Conclusion This study highlights the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects of moderate physical activity in individuals with insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance. However, no significant changes in telomere length were observed, suggesting a complex relationship between physical activity and the aging process. Further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and optimize the balance between anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation through exercise and lifestyle adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamma Almuraikhy
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Drug Design, Groningen University, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maha Sellami
- Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadaia Saleh Al-Amri
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alexander Domling
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Drug Design, Groningen University, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Asmaa A Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed A Elrayess
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Orange ST, Leslie J, Ross M, Mann DA, Wackerhage H. The exercise IL-6 enigma in cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:749-763. [PMID: 37633799 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 elicits both anticancer and procancer effects depending on the context, which we have termed the 'exercise IL-6 enigma'. IL-6 is released from skeletal muscles during exercise to regulate short-term energy availability. Exercise-induced IL-6 provokes biological effects that may protect against cancer by improving insulin sensitivity, stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, mobilising immune cells, and reducing DNA damage in early malignant cells. By contrast, IL-6 continuously produced by leukocytes in inflammatory sites drives tumorigenesis by promoting chronic inflammation and activating tumour-promoting signalling pathways. How can a molecule have such opposing effects on cancer? Here, we review the roles of IL-6 in chronic inflammation, tumorigenesis, and exercise-associated cancer prevention and define the factors that underpin the exercise IL-6 enigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark Ross
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Derek A Mann
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Department of Sport & Health Science, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Li JH, Hepworth MR, O'Sullivan TE. Regulation of systemic metabolism by tissue-resident immune cell circuits. Immunity 2023; 56:1168-1186. [PMID: 37315533 PMCID: PMC10321269 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that tissue homeostasis and metabolic function are dependent on distinct tissue-resident immune cells that form functional cell circuits with structural cells. Within these cell circuits, immune cells integrate cues from dietary contents and commensal microbes in addition to endocrine and neuronal signals present in the tissue microenvironment to regulate structural cell metabolism. These tissue-resident immune circuits can become dysregulated during inflammation and dietary overnutrition, contributing to metabolic diseases. Here, we review the evidence describing key cellular networks within and between the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and adipose tissue that control systemic metabolism and how these cell circuits become dysregulated during certain metabolic diseases. We also identify open questions in the field that have the potential to enhance our understanding of metabolic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Hepworth
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA.
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Arista-Ugalde TL, Santiago-Osorio E, Monroy-García A, Rosado-Pérez J, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Cadena-Iñiguez J, Gavia-García G, Mendoza-Núñez VM. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of the Consumption of Powdered Concentrate of Sechium edule var. nigrum spinosum in Mexican Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061076. [PMID: 35739973 PMCID: PMC9220335 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has a high prevalence in older adults and is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and complications of old age. It has also been related to oxidative stress (OxS) and chronic inflammation (CI) and their consequent alterations. Therefore, it is important to propose therapeutic alternatives such as the consumption of Sechium edule (Chayote), since hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and lipogenesis inhibitor properties are attributed to it. We carried out a study in 81 older adults (OA) with MetS to determine the effect of consumption of chayote powder concentrate (500 mg, three times a day) for six months, with a baseline measurement, at three and six months in an experimental group (EG) (n = 41) and a placebo group (PG) (n = 40), all with a diagnosis of MetS according to the criteria of National Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Program III (NCEP/ATP III). Anthropometric, biochemical, OxS markers, and inflammation measurements were performed on all participants, basal, three, and six months after. A statistically significant decrease was found in the concentration of lipoperoxides (TBARS), 8-isoprostanes, 8-OHdG, oxidative stress score (OSS), HbA1c, blood pressure, and in the number of MetS diagnostic criteria, as well as an increase in total antioxidant status (TAS), antioxidant gap (GAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and HDL-cholesterol in EG. The results suggest that the consumption of Sechium edule powder has a hypotensive, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effect in OA with MetS and reduced the percentage of patients with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taide Laurita Arista-Ugalde
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (T.L.A.-U.); (J.R.-P.); (G.G.-G.)
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico;
| | - Alberto Monroy-García
- Immunology and Cancer Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Oncological Diseases, CMN SXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Juana Rosado-Pérez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (T.L.A.-U.); (J.R.-P.); (G.G.-G.)
| | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Postgraduate College, Campus San Luis Potosí, Iturbide No. 73 Street, Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí 78600, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico;
| | - Graciela Gavia-García
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (T.L.A.-U.); (J.R.-P.); (G.G.-G.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (T.L.A.-U.); (J.R.-P.); (G.G.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-5623-0721; Fax: +52-55-5773-6330
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Geng L, Liao B, Jin L, Yu J, Zhao X, Zhao Y, Zhong L, Wang B, Li J, Liu J, Yang JK, Jia W, Lian Q, Xu A. β-Klotho promotes glycolysis and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via GP130. Nat Metab 2022; 4:608-626. [PMID: 35551509 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) is a hallmark of type-2 diabetes. However, cellular signaling machineries that control GSIS remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that β-klotho (KLB), a single-pass transmembrane protein known as a co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), fine tunes GSIS via modulation of glycolysis in pancreatic β-cells independent of the actions of FGF21. β-cell-specific deletion of Klb but not Fgf21 deletion causes defective GSIS and glucose intolerance in mice and defective GSIS in islets of type-2 diabetic mice is mitigated by adenovirus-mediated restoration of KLB. Mechanistically, KLB interacts with and stabilizes the cytokine receptor subunit GP130 by blockage of ubiquitin-dependent lysosomal degradation, thereby facilitating interleukin-6-evoked STAT3-HIF1α signaling, which in turn transactivates a cluster of glycolytic genes for adenosine triphosphate production and GSIS. The defective glycolysis and GSIS in Klb-deficient islets are rescued by adenovirus-mediated replenishment of STAT3 or HIF1α. Thus, KLB functions as a key cell-surface regulator of GSIS by coupling the GP130 receptor signaling to glucose catabolism in β-cells and represents a promising therapeutic target for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiluo Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boya Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leigang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiasui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuntao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baile Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiufeng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Qizhou Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- HKUMed Laboratory of Cellular Therapeutics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Zouhal H, Zare-Kookandeh N, Haghighi MM, Daraei A, de Sousa M, Soltani M, Abderrahman AB, M Tijani J, Hackney AC, Laher I, Saeidi A. Physical activity and adipokine levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A literature review and practical applications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:987-1011. [PMID: 33931803 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We review the effects of acute and long-term physical activity on adipokine levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Three electronic databases were searched. Studies made in animal models were excluded, while studies based on participants with and without T2D, and also studies with type 1 diabetes were included. Of the 2,450 citations, 63 trials, including randomised control trials, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, met our inclusion criteria. Seventy and five percent of studies reported the effects of physical activity on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL-6), adiponectin, visfatin, omentin-1, and leptin levels. There are no robust results due to variations in exercise modality, intensity, duration, and also differences in cohort characteristics in the literature. Only four studies described the effects of an acute session of physical activity on adipokine levels. Overall, physical activity improves diabetes status by regulating adipokine levels. However, long-term aerobic + resistance training combined with dietary modifications is likely to be a more effective strategy for improving adipokines profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, University of Rennes, 1274, F-35000, Sport, Santé), France.
| | | | | | - Ali Daraei
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Soltani
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ismail Laher
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, The University of British Columbia, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Chasovskikh NY, Chizhik EE, Bobrysheva AA. Bioinformatic Annotation of Genes for Alzheimer’s Disease and Coronary Heart Disease. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279542111003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Koga T, Peters JM. Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) for the Treatment or Prevention of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1598-1606. [PMID: 34719638 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive, chronic alcohol consumption can lead to alcoholic liver disease. The etiology of alcoholic liver disease is multifactorial and is influenced by alterations in gene expression and changes in fatty acid metabolism, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. These events can lead to steatosis, fibrosis, and eventually to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Many of these functions are regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Thus, it is not surprising that PPARs can modulate the mechanisms that cause alcoholic liver disease. While the roles of PPARα and PPARγ are clearer, the role of PPARβ/δ in alcoholic liver disease requires further clarification. This review summarizes the current understanding based on recent studies that indicate that PPARβ/δ can likely be targeted for the treatment and/or the prevention of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Koga
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Department of Health Science and Hygiene, Daiichi University of Pharmacy
| | - Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University
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12
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The Effects of Aerobic-Resistance Training and Broccoli Supplementation on Plasma Dectin-1 and Insulin Resistance in Males with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093144. [PMID: 34579020 PMCID: PMC8471572 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a combination of aerobic-resistance training (CARET) and broccoli supplementation on dectin-1 levels and insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Methods: Forty-four males with T2D were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 11 each group): CARET + broccoli supplement (TS), CARET + placebo (TP), control + broccoli supplement (S), and control + placebo (CP). CARET was performed three days per week for 12 weeks. TS and S groups received 10 g of broccoli supplement per day for 12 weeks. All variables were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Results: Plasma dectin-1 levels were decreased in TS and TP groups compared with the CP group (p < 0.05). Cardiometabolic risk factors showed significant reductions in TP and TS groups compared to S and CP groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of CARET and broccoli supplementation produced the largest improvements in insulin resistance and dectin-1 and other complications of T2D.
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13
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Olmos-Ortiz A, Flores-Espinosa P, Díaz L, Velázquez P, Ramírez-Isarraraz C, Zaga-Clavellina V. Immunoendocrine Dysregulation during Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Central Role of the Placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8087. [PMID: 34360849 PMCID: PMC8348825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a transitory metabolic condition caused by dysregulation triggered by intolerance to carbohydrates, dysfunction of beta-pancreatic and endothelial cells, and insulin resistance during pregnancy. However, this disease includes not only changes related to metabolic distress but also placental immunoendocrine adaptations, resulting in harmful effects to the mother and fetus. In this review, we focus on the placenta as an immuno-endocrine organ that can recognize and respond to the hyperglycemic environment. It synthesizes diverse chemicals that play a role in inflammation, innate defense, endocrine response, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, all associated with different perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPer), Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (A.O.-O.); (P.F.-E.)
| | - Pilar Flores-Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPer), Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (A.O.-O.); (P.F.-E.)
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Pilar Velázquez
- Departamento de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Ángeles México, Ciudad de México 11800, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Ramírez-Isarraraz
- Clínica de Urología Ginecológica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPer), Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico;
| | - Verónica Zaga-Clavellina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes (INPer), Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
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14
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Seman S, Dražilov SS, Ilić V, Tešić M, Stojiljković S, Arena R, Popović D. Physical activity and exercise as an essential medical strategy for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2324-2331. [PMID: 34233523 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211028543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 disease has been a problem in today's society, which has worldwide effects on different areas, especially on the economy; also, from a health perspective, the disease affects the daily life quality. Physical activity is one major positive factor with regard to enhancing life quality, as it can improve the whole psychological, social, and physical health conditions. Current measures such as social distancing are focused on preventing the viral spread. However, the consequences on other areas are yet to be investigated. Elderly, people with chronic diseases, obese, and others benefit largely from exercise from the perspective of improved health, and preventive measures can drastically improve daily living. In this article, we elaborate the effects of exercise on the immune system and the possible strategies that can be implemented toward greater preventive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Seman
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.,Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Vladimir Ilić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milorad Tešić
- Division of Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Stanimir Stojiljković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ross Arena
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dejana Popović
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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15
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Selma-Gracia R, Haros CM, Laparra Llopis JM. Inclusion of Salvia hispanica L. and Chenopodium quinoa into bread formulations improves metabolic imbalances derived from a high-fat intake in hyperglycaemic mice. Food Funct 2021; 11:7994-8002. [PMID: 32841309 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01453b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-energy intake causes imbalances in nutrient homeostasis contributing to a high prevalence of metabolic chronic diseases. The extent to what metabolic imbalances can be ameliorated by the inclusion of immunonutritional ingredients obtained from flours favouring nutrient and calorie management remains poorly understood. Herein, it is demonstrated that partial replacement of wheat flour (WB) with that from Chenopodium quinoa varieties [red (RQ, 25% w/w) and white (WQ, 25% w/w)] as well as from Salvia hispanica L., [whole (Ch, 20% w/w) and semi-defatted (Ch_D, 20% w/w)] in bread formulations ameliorates the metabolic and inflammation consequences of high-fat diet consumption in hyperglycaemic animals. Feeding animals with bread formulations replacing wheat flour effectively reduced insulin resistance (by 2-fold, HOMAir). The reduction in starch content did not appear as a determinant of controlling HOMAir. Only animals fed with RQ and Ch diet displayed increased plasma levels of triglycerides, which significantly contributed to mitigate HFD-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation. The latter was increased in animals receiving Ch_D diet, where PUFAs were eliminated from chia's flour. Feeding with WQ and Ch samples caused an upward trend in hepatic TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Despite similarities between immunonutritional agonists in animals fed with RQ and WQ, IL-17 levels were quantified higher for animals fed with WQ. All bread formulations except Ch_D samples significantly increased the hepatic granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulation factor levels. These results indicated that replacement of wheat flour with that from quinoa and chia improved the metabolic imbalances in hyperglycaemic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Selma-Gracia
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Ctra. de Canto Blanco n° 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Claudia Monika Haros
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - José Moisés Laparra Llopis
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Ctra. de Canto Blanco n° 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Ahmad B, Vohra MS, Saleemi MA, Serpell CJ, Fong IL, Wong EH. Brown/Beige adipose tissues and the emerging role of their secretory factors in improving metabolic health: The batokines. Biochimie 2021; 184:26-39. [PMID: 33548390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues are the primary sites for adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. Although they have been known principally for their thermogenic effects, in recent years, it has emerged that, just like white adipose tissue (WAT), brown and beige adipose tissues also play an important role in the regulation of metabolic health through secretion of various brown adipokines (batokines) in response to various physiological cues. These secreted batokines target distant organs and tissues such as the liver, heart, skeletal muscles, brain, WAT, and perform various local and systemic functions in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner. Brown and beige adipose tissues are therefore now receiving increasing levels of attention with respect to their effects on various other organs and tissues. Identification of novel secreted factors by these tissues may help in the discovery of drug candidates for the treatment of various metabolic disorders such as obesity, type-2 diabetes, skeletal deformities, cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia. In this review, we comprehensively describe the emerging secretory role of brown/beige adipose tissues and the metabolic effects of various brown/beige adipose tissues secreted factors on other organs and tissues in endocrine/paracrine manners, and as well as on brown/beige adipose tissue itself in an autocrine manner. This will provide insights into understanding the potential secretory role of brown/beige adipose tissues in improving metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Mansab Ali Saleemi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Lim Fong
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, 94300, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, 47500, Malaysia.
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17
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Meng F, Sun Q, Zhou D, Li Q, Han J, Liu D, Yang J. Inhibition of Aurora-A improves insulin resistance by ameliorating islet inflammation and controlling interleukin-6 in a diabetic mouse model. Adipocyte 2020; 9:609-619. [PMID: 33043822 PMCID: PMC7553512 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1829851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora-A kinase, a serine/threonine mitotic kinase, is reportedly upregulated in skin tissues of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus , although its function in diabetes is unclear. C57BL/6 J mice were utilized to establish a type 2 diabetic model and explore the functions of Aurora-A in diabetes. Aurora-A was highly expressed in the pancreas of the diabetic mice as confirmed by western blot. Inhibition of Aurora-A did not affect fasting blood glucose and body weight, but did improve insulin resistance, as indicated by improved oral glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and the Homoeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance index. Blockade of Aurora-A dramatically decreased the number of infiltrating macrophages in the pancreas in parallel with decreases in the levels of serum insulin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA. The levels of phosphorylated forms of protein kinase B, which are the key mediators of in insulin resistance, were not induced in liver, adipocyte tissues, and skeletal muscle by alisertib treatment. Our findings indicate that suppression of Aurora-A could at least partially enhance insulin sensitivity by decreasing the number of infiltrating macrophages and IL-6 level in a type 2 diabetic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fandong Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Qiangwei Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Jing Han
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University
| | - Deshan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University
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18
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Tanaka M, Okada H, Hashimoto Y, Kumagai M, Nishimura H, Fukui M. Intraperitoneal, but not retroperitoneal, visceral adipose tissue is associated with diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional, retrospective pilot analysis. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2020; 12:103. [PMID: 33292449 PMCID: PMC7691054 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with adverse outcomes, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), classified into intraperitoneal VAT (IVAT) and retroperitoneal VAT (RVAT), is associated with insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the association of IVAT and RVAT with the prevalence or incidence of DM. METHODS In this cross-sectional, retrospective, cohort study, the prevalence and incidence of DM was analyzed in 803 and 624 middle-aged Japanese participants, respectively. The cross-sectional area of the abdominal adipose tissue was evaluated from an unenhanced computed tomography scan at the third lumbar vertebrae, and the IVAT or RVAT was analyzed using specialized software. The areas were normalized for the square value of the participants' height in meters and described as the IVAT or RVAT area index. RESULTS The IVAT area index (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.04; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.02-1.07, per 1.0 cm2/m2) or IVAT/RVAT area ratio (1.89; 1.23-2.85, per 1.0) was independently associated with the prevalence of DM, whereas the RVAT area index was not. During a follow-up (mean) of 3.7 years, 30 participants were diagnosed with DM. The IVAT area index (adjusted hazards ratio [HR], 1.02; 95% CI 1.003-1.04, per 1.0 cm2/m2) or IVAT/RVAT area ratio (2.25; 1.40-3.43, per 1.0) was independently associated with the incidence of DM, whereas the RVAT area index was not. CONCLUSIONS IVAT, but not RVAT, is associated with the prevalence or incidence of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhei Tanaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
| | - Muneaki Kumagai
- Medical Corporation Soukenkai, Nishimura Clinic, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566 Japan
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19
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Saik OV, Klimontov VV. Bioinformatic Reconstruction and Analysis of Gene Networks Related to Glucose Variability in Diabetes and Its Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228691. [PMID: 33217980 PMCID: PMC7698756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose variability (GV) has been recognized recently as a promoter of complications and therapeutic targets in diabetes. The aim of this study was to reconstruct and analyze gene networks related to GV in diabetes and its complications. For network analysis, we used the ANDSystem that provides automatic network reconstruction and analysis based on text mining. The network of GV consisted of 37 genes/proteins associated with both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Cardiovascular system, pancreas, adipose and muscle tissues, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney were recognized as the loci with the highest expression of GV-related genes. According to Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, these genes are associated with insulin secretion, glucose metabolism, glycogen biosynthesis, gluconeogenesis, MAPK and JAK-STAT cascades, protein kinase B signaling, cell proliferation, nitric oxide biosynthesis, etc. GV-related genes were found to occupy central positions in the networks of diabetes complications (cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy) and were associated with response to hypoxia. Gene prioritization analysis identified new gene candidates (THBS1, FN1, HSP90AA1, EGFR, MAPK1, STAT3, TP53, EGF, GSK3B, and PTEN) potentially involved in GV. The results expand the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the GV phenomenon in diabetes and provide molecular markers and therapeutic targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Saik
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (RICEL—Branch of IC&G SB RAS), 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Laboratory of Computer Proteomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vadim V. Klimontov
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (RICEL—Branch of IC&G SB RAS), 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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20
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Wang G, Yu Y, Cai W, Batista TM, Suk S, Noh HL, Hirshman M, Nigro P, Li ME, Softic S, Goodyear L, Kim JK, Kahn CR. Muscle-Specific Insulin Receptor Overexpression Protects Mice From Diet-Induced Glucose Intolerance but Leads to Postreceptor Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2020; 69:2294-2309. [PMID: 32868340 PMCID: PMC7576573 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a prominent early feature in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. In attempt to overcome this defect, we generated mice overexpressing insulin receptors (IR) specifically in skeletal muscle (IRMOE). On normal chow, IRMOE mice have body weight similar to that of controls but an increase in lean mass and glycolytic muscle fibers and reduced fat mass. IRMOE mice also show higher basal phosphorylation of IR, IRS-1, and Akt in muscle and improved glucose tolerance compared with controls. When challenged with high-fat diet (HFD), IRMOE mice are protected from diet-induced obesity. This is associated with reduced inflammation in fat and liver, improved glucose tolerance, and improved systemic insulin sensitivity. Surprisingly, however, in both chow and HFD-fed mice, insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation is significantly reduced in muscle of IRMOE mice, indicating postreceptor insulin resistance. RNA sequencing reveals downregulation of several postreceptor signaling proteins that contribute to this resistance. Thus, enhancing early insulin signaling in muscle by overexpression of the IR protects mice from diet-induced obesity and its effects on glucose metabolism. However, chronic overstimulation of this pathway leads to postreceptor desensitization, indicating the critical balance between normal signaling and hyperstimulation of the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yingying Yu
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Weikang Cai
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY
| | - Thiago M Batista
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sujin Suk
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Hye Lim Noh
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Michael Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mengyao Ella Li
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samir Softic
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Divisions of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Laurie Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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21
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Liao KY, Chen CJ, Hsieh SK, Pan PH, Chen WY. Interleukin-13 ameliorates postischemic hepatic gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia in rat model of stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:1201-1210. [PMID: 32632665 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a well-known indicator of stroke prognosis, and one-third of nondiabetic patients develop postischemic hyperglycemia during the acute phase of stroke; this is related to relatively poor prognosis, high mortality, and impaired neurological recovery. Interleukin-13 (IL-13), a member of the Th2 cytokine family, is involved in both the regulation of immune response and glucose metabolism. Thus, we investigated the mechanism of postischemic hyperglycemia and the role of IL-13 by using a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. Our results indicated that postischemic hyperglycemia was accompanied with hyperinsulinemia and increased HOMA-IR, elevated hepatic gluconeogenesis, and suppressed insulin signaling. A shift towards inflammatory response was evident with results of elevated proinflammatory cytokines and increased expression of negative regulatory proteins, suggesting an ongoing vicious cycle of inflammatory-induced insulin-resistant hyperglycemia. IL-13 treatment counteracted the proinflammatory states and abolished the vicious cycle through enhancing STAT6 and STAT3, which mediated the immune and metabolic pathways respectively; these effects resolved the formerly described pathological changes of postischemic hyperglycemia and reduced infarction size in the MCAO rats. Our findings demonstrated the importance of Th1-Th2 balance in the peripheral glucose metabolism affected by acute ischemic stroke, which provides a new perspective for the prevention and control of postischemic hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Ying Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung City, South Dist., 402, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kuo Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ho Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung City, South Dist., 402, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung City, South Dist., 402, Taiwan.
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22
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Wueest S, Konrad D. The controversial role of IL-6 in adipose tissue on obesity-induced dysregulation of glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E607-E613. [PMID: 32715746 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00306.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a pleotropic cytokine with various physiological and pathophysiological functions in different cells and tissues. In cells residing within white adipose tissue, several, and sometimes conflicting, IL-6 actions have been described in the development of obesity-associated derangements of glucose metabolism. Herein, we aim to summarize opposing findings and discuss recent evidence that IL-6 signaling in adipose tissue is regulated in a depot and cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bastin M, Andreelli F. [Corticosteroid-induced diabetes: Novelties in pathophysiology and management]. Rev Med Interne 2020; 41:607-616. [PMID: 32782164 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes frequently occurs during corticosteroid treatment, sometimes necessitating urgent therapeutic management, with insulin for example. Corticosteroids induce insulin resistance in the liver, adipocytes and skeletal muscle, and have direct deleterious effects on insulin secretion. The development of insulin resistance during corticosteroid treatment, and the insufficient adaptation of insulin secretion, are key elements in the pathophysiology of corticosteroid-induced diabetes. The capacity of pancreatic β-cells to increase insulin secretion in response to insulin resistance is partly genetically determined. A familial history of type 2 diabetes is, therefore, a major risk factor for diabetes development on corticosteroid treatment. Corticosteroid treatments are usually initiated at a fairly high dose, which is subsequently decreased to the lowest level sufficient to achieve disease control. Pharmacological management of diabetes is needed in patients with blood glucose levels exceeding 2.16 g/l (12 mmol/l) and insulin therapy can be started when blood glucose levels are higher than 3.6 g/l (20 mmol/l) with clinical symptoms of diabetes. Insulin can then be replaced with oral hypoglycemic compounds when both blood glucose levels and corticosteroid dose have decreased. Patient education is essential, particularly for the management of hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are withdrawn or their dose tapered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bastin
- CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de diabétologie-métabolismes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - F Andreelli
- CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de diabétologie-métabolismes, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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Increased Adipose Tissue Expression of Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF)-5 in Obesity: Association with Metabolic Inflammation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111418. [PMID: 31718015 PMCID: PMC6912676 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-5 is known to be involved in M1 macrophage polarization, however, changes in the adipose expression of IRF5 in obesity and their relationship with the local expression of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines are unknown. Therefore, IRF5 gene expression was determined in the subcutaneous adipose tissue samples from 53 non-diabetic individuals (6 lean, 18 overweight, and 29 obese), using real-time RT-PCR. IRF5 protein expression was also assessed using immunohistochemistry and/or confocal microscopy. Adipose gene expression of signature immune metabolic markers was also determined and compared with adipose IRF5 gene expression. Systemic levels of C-reactive protein and adiponectin were measured by ELISA. The data show that adipose IRF5 gene (P = 0.008) and protein (P = 0.004) expression was upregulated in obese compared with lean individuals. IRF5 expression changes correlated positively with body mass index (BMI; r = 0.37/P = 0.008) and body fat percentage (r = 0.51/P = 0.0004). In obese, IRF5 changes associated positively with HbA1c (r = 0.41/P = 0.02). A good agreement was found between gene and protein expression of IRF5 in obese subjects (r = 0.65/P = 0.001). IRF5 gene expression associated positively with adipose inflammatory signatures including local expression of TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL8, CCL-2/5, IL-1β, IL-18, CXCL-9/10, CCL7, CCR-1/2/5, TLR-2/7/8/9, IRF3, MyD88, IRAK-1, and inflammatory macrophage markers (P < 0.05). Interestingly, IRF5 gene expression correlated positively with CRP (r = 0.37, P = 0.03) and negatively with adiponectin levels (r = −0.43, P = 0.009). In conclusion, elevated adipose IRF5 expression in obesity concurs with the typical inflammatory signatures, locally and systemically. Hence, the IRF5 upregulation may represent a novel adipose tissue marker for metabolic inflammation.
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Donath MY, Dinarello CA, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Targeting innate immune mediators in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:734-746. [PMID: 31501536 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by chronic inflammation; both diseases involve pancreatic islet inflammation, while systemic low-grade inflammation is a feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Long-term activation of the innate immune system impairs insulin secretion and action, and inflammation also contributes to macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. However, despite strong preclinical evidence and proof-of-principle clinical trials demonstrating that targeting inflammatory pathways can prevent cardiovascular disease and other complications in patients with diabetes, there are still no approved treatments for diabetes that target innate immune mediators. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the inflammatory pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes from a translational angle and point out the critical gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed to guide drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Donath
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Lee IT, Atuahene A, Egritag HE, Wang L, Donovan M, Buettner C, Geer EB. Active Cushing Disease Is Characterized by Increased Adipose Tissue Macrophage Presence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2453-2461. [PMID: 30722035 PMCID: PMC6510019 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although glucocorticoids (GCs) have potent anti-inflammatory actions, patients with hypercortisolism due to Cushing disease (CD) have increased circulating proinflammatory cytokines that may contribute to their insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms and tissues that account for the increased systemic inflammation in patients with CD are unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether chronic endogenous GC exposure due to CD is associated with adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in humans. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS Abdominal subcutaneous AT samples from 10 patients with active CD and 10 age-, sex-, and body mass index‒matched healthy subjects were assessed for macrophage infiltration and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Using immunohistochemistry, AT samples were analyzed for the expression of vimentin, caspase, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11c, CD20, CD31, CD56, CD68, and CD163. Quantitative PCR was used to assess the mRNA gene expression of arginase, CD11b, CD68, EMR-1, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, and TNF-α. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed higher mean percentage infiltration of CD68+ macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes, increased mean area of CD11c+ M1 macrophages, higher number of CD11c+ crownlike structures, and decreased vimentin in the AT of patients with active CD compared with controls. PCR revealed no differences in mRNA expression of any analyzed markers in patients with CD. CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposure to GCs due to CD increases the presence of AT macrophages, a hallmark of AT inflammation. Hence, AT inflammation may be the source of the systemic inflammation seen in CD, which in turn may contribute to obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene T Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alexandria Atuahene
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hale Ergin Egritag
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ling Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael Donovan
- Division of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eliza B Geer
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Multidisciplinary Pituitary and Skull Base Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Eliza B. Geer, MD, Multidisciplinary Pituitary and Skull Base Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 419, New York, New York 10065. E-mail:
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Peppler WT, Townsend LK, Meers GM, Panasevich MR, MacPherson REK, Rector RS, Wright DC. Acute administration of IL-6 improves indices of hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis in lean and obese mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G166-G178. [PMID: 30383412 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00097.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Obesity can lead to impairments in hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis, and although exercise is an effective treatment, the molecular targets remain incompletely understood. As IL-6 is an exercise-inducible cytokine, we aimed to identify whether IL-6 itself influences hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis and whether this response differs during obesity. In vivo, male mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal) or a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal) for 7 wk, which induced obesity and hepatic lipid accumulation. LFD- and HFD-fed mice were injected with IL-6 (400 ng, 75 min) or PBS and then with insulin (1 U/kg; ~15 min) or saline, at which point livers were collected. In both LFD- and HFD-fed mice, IL-6 decreased blood glucose and mRNA expression of gluconeogenic genes alongside increased phosphorylation of AKT in comparison to PBS controls, and this occurred without changes in circulating insulin. To determine whether this effect of IL-6 was directly on the liver, we completed in vitro isolated primary hepatocyte experiments from chow-fed mice and cultured with or without exposure to free fatty acid (250 μm palmitate and 250 μm oleate, 24 h) to induce lipid accumulation. In both control and free fatty acid-treated hepatocytes, IL-6 (20 ng/ml, 75 min) slightly attenuated insulin-stimulated (10 nM; ~15 min) AKT phosphorylation. Together, these data suggest that IL-6 may lead to improvements in indices of hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis in vivo; however, this is likely due to an indirect effect on the hepatocyte. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we used lean and obese mice and found that a single injection of IL-6 improved glucose tolerance, decreased hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression, and increased hepatic phosphorylation of AKT. In primary hepatocytes cultured under control and lipid-laden conditions, IL-6 had a mild, but deleterious, effect on phosphorylation of AKT. Our results show that the beneficial effects of IL-6 on glucose and insulin homeostasis, in vivo, are maintained in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Grace M Meers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Matthew R Panasevich
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
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Systemic Inflammatory Response and Atherosclerosis: The Paradigm of Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071890. [PMID: 29954107 PMCID: PMC6073407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic diseases (CIRD) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), ascribed not only to classical risk factors, but also to the presence of chronic systemic inflammatory response. Αtherosclerosis, the cornerstone of CVD, is known to be accelerated in CIRD; rheumatoid arthritis promotes atheromatosis and associates with preclinical atherosclerosis equivalent to Diabetes Mellitus, which also seems to apply for systemic lupus erythematosus. Data on ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, albeit more limited, also support an increased CV risk in these patients. The association between inflammation and atherosclerosis, has been thoroughly investigated in the last three decades and the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis and progression of atherogenesis has been well established. Endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells and macrophage accumulation, toll-like receptor signaling, NLPR-3 formation and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production, such as TNFa, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-like cytokine 1A, are few of the mechanisms implicated in the atherogenic process. Moreover, there is evidence that anti-inflammatory biologic drugs, such as anti-TNF and anti-IL1β agents, can decelerate the atherogenic process, thus setting new therapeutic targets for early and effective disease control and suppression of inflammation, in addition to aggressive management of classical CV risk factors.
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29
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Stem Cell and Obesity: Current State and Future Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1089:1-22. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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30
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Kang SY, Kim E, Kang I, Lee M, Lee Y. Anti-Diabetic Effects and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Laminaria japonica and Hizikia fusiforme in Skeletal Muscle: In Vitro and In Vivo Model. Nutrients 2018; 10:E491. [PMID: 29659527 PMCID: PMC5946276 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminaria japonica (LJ) and Hizikia fusiforme (HF) are brown seaweeds known to have various health-promoting effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-diabetic effects and possible mechanism(s) of LJ and HF by using both in vitro and in vivo models. C2C12 myotubes, mouse-derived skeletal muscle cells, treated with LF or HF extracts were used for the in vitro model, and muscle tissues from C57BL/6N mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with 5% LF or HF for 16 weeks were used for the in vivo model. Although both the LF and HF extracts significantly inhibited α-glucosidase activity in a dose-dependent manner, the HF extract had a superior α-glucosidase inhibition than the LF extract. In addition, glucose uptake was significantly increased by LJ- and HF-treated groups when compared to the control group. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B and AMP-activated protein kinase was induced by LJ and HF in both the vivo and in vitro skeletal muscle models. Furthermore, LJ and HF significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor-α whereas both extracts increased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated C2C12 myotubes. Taken together, these findings imply that the brown seaweeds LJ and HF could be useful therapeutic agents to attenuate muscle insulin resistance due to diet-induced obesity and its associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Ym Kang
- Dietetics Team, Cheju Halla General Hospital, Jeju 63127, Korea.
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Inhae Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea.
| | - Yunkyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
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Ashcheulova T, Kochubiei O, Demydenko G, Gerasimchuk N, Maliy A. Oncostatin M, Interleukin-6, Glucometabolic Parameters and Lipid Profile in Hypertensive Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF DIABETES NUTRITION AND METABOLIC DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/rjdnmd-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and aims: Essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus possess some common pathogenetic components, in particular, activation of immune inflammatory response, the intercellular mediators of which are cytokines. In our study, hypertensive patients were examined, depending on presence of concomitant prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus, for the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines oncostatin M, interleukin-6 in conjunction with glucometabolic parameters and lipid metabolism parameters.
Material and methods: A total of 94 hypertensive patients were examined. Oncostatin M and Interleukin-6 plasma level detected using ELISA (BSM).
Results and conclusions: The 1st group consisted of hypertensive patients. The 2nd group included hypertensive patients with prediabetes. The 3rd group were hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We have revealed the increased circulating level of oncostatin M and interleukin-6 in patients 1st group, which confirms the pathogenetic value of hypertension as a stimulus for hyperproduction of these cytokines. In 2nd group the level of oncostatin M and interleukin-6 decreased, which could probably be explained, on the one hand, by dual effects of the family of interleukin-6 the representatives of which either contribute to the development of insulin resistance or, vice versa, enhance the insulin sensitivity of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Ashcheulova
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Medicine N1, Basis of Bioethics and Biosafety , Kharkiv National Medical University , Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | - Oksana Kochubiei
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Medicine N1, Basis of Bioethics and Biosafety , Kharkiv National Medical University , Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | - Ganna Demydenko
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Medicine N1, Basis of Bioethics and Biosafety , Kharkiv National Medical University , Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | - Nina Gerasimchuk
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Medicine N1, Basis of Bioethics and Biosafety , Kharkiv National Medical University , Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | - Alla Maliy
- Chair of Foreign Languages of Psychology and Sociology Faculties , Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University , Kyiv , Ukraine
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Suksomboon N, Poolsup N, Darli Ko Ko H. Effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017; 10:169-177. [PMID: 28496349 PMCID: PMC5422317 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s137571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials to assess the effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov, and clinicaltrialresults.org were searched up to January 2017. Reference lists of related papers were also scanned. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials were selected if they compared vitamin K supplementation with placebo or no treatment and reported homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, or interleukin-6 levels. DATA EXTRACTION Data extraction and study quality assessment were performed independently by two investigators using a standardized data extraction form. Any inconsistencies were resolved by a third reviewer. Effect estimates were pooled using inverse-variance weighted method. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 and Q statistic. RESULTS A total of eight trials involving 1,077 participants met the inclusion criteria. A wide variety of participants were enrolled, including older men, postmenopausal women, prediabetic premenopausal women, and participants with a history of diabetes, hypertension, or vascular disease. Vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 (MK-4 and MK-7 subtypes) were assessed. Supplementation period ranged from 4 weeks to 3 years. Vitamin K supplementation did not affect insulin sensitivity as measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, leptin, and interleukin-6 levels. CONCLUSION Our analysis suggests no effect of vitamin K supplementation on insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeti Suksomboon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nalinee Poolsup
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon-Pathom, Thailand
- Correspondence: Nalinee Poolsup, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon-Pathom 73000, Thailand, Tel +66 34 255 800, Fax +66 34 255 801, ,
| | - Htoo Darli Ko Ko
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Pattamaprapanont P, Muanprasat C, Soodvilai S, Srimaroeng C, Chatsudthipong V. Effect of Exercise Training on Signaling of Interleukin-6 in Skeletal Muscles of Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 13:197-206. [PMID: 28012283 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2016.13.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes and exercise training have been shown to involve interleukin 6 (IL-6) signaling in muscle. However, the relationship between the actions of these two stimuli on muscle IL-6 and their downstream components is still unknown. Thus, the effect of endurance training on the key components of muscle IL-6 signaling transduction was investigated in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. METHODS Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in male Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet, with normal rats acting as controls. The animals were left to conduct their normal activities or assigned to endurance training in a treadmill. At the end of 8 weeks, blood biochemical profiles, exercise performance, muscle oxidative capacity, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein distribution, and expressions of IL-6 and its downstream proteins were determined. RESULTS Blood biochemical profiles of the diabetic rats were altered compared to normal rats, whereas endurance training improved blood chemistry and exercise performance. It also increased muscle oxidative capacity, and promoted GLUT4 subcellular localization to the membrane in muscles. Furthermore, protein expression of IL-6 receptor (IL-6Rα) was increased in both normal and diabetic rats after endurance training, but no significant changes in IL-6, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3), or suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOC3) were observed in muscles of normal and diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 signaling pathway mediating muscle response to endurance training was conserved in type 2 diabetes. There was no link between training-induced IL-6 downstream targets in skeletal muscles and IL-6-induced type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawan Pattamaprapanont
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sunhapas Soodvilai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chutima Srimaroeng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Rd, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Nunemaker CS. Considerations for Defining Cytokine Dose, Duration, and Milieu That Are Appropriate for Modeling Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2846570. [PMID: 27843953 PMCID: PMC5097812 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2846570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the pathophysiology of both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). T1D is an autoimmune disease involving the adaptive immune system responding to pancreatic beta-cells as antigen-presenting cells. This attracts immune cells that surround pancreatic islets (insulitis) and secrete cytokines, such as IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, in close proximity to pancreatic beta-cells. In contrast, there is little evidence for such a focused autoimmune response in T2D. Instead, the innate immune system, which responds to cellular damage and pathogens, appears to play a key role. There are three major sources of proinflammatory cytokines that may impact islet/beta-cell function in T2D: (1) from islet cells, (2) from increased numbers of intraislet macrophages/immune cells, and (3) from increased circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines due to obesity, presumably coming from inflamed adipose tissue. These differences between T1D and T2D are reflected by significant differences in the cytokine concentration, duration, and milieu. This review focuses on chronic versus acute cytokine action, cytokine concentrations, and cytokine milieu from the perspective of the pancreatic islet in T2D. We conclude that new cytokine models may be needed to reflect the pathophysiology of T2D more effectively than what are currently employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S. Nunemaker
- Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- *Craig S. Nunemaker:
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35
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Wueest S, Item F, Lucchini FC, Challa TD, Müller W, Blüher M, Konrad D. Mesenteric Fat Lipolysis Mediates Obesity-Associated Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2016; 65:140-8. [PMID: 26384383 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance are among the most prevalent metabolic disorders and are tightly associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms linking obesity to hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance are incompletely understood. Glycoprotein 130 (gp130) is the common signal transducer of all interleukin 6 (IL-6) cytokines. We provide evidence that gp130-mediated adipose tissue lipolysis promotes hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. In obese mice, adipocyte-specific gp130 deletion reduced basal lipolysis and enhanced insulin's ability to suppress lipolysis from mesenteric but not epididymal adipocytes. Consistently, free fatty acid levels were reduced in portal but not in systemic circulation of obese knockout mice. Of note, adipocyte-specific gp130 knockout mice were protected from high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis as well as from insulin resistance. In humans, omental but not subcutaneous IL-6 mRNA expression correlated positively with liver lipid accumulation (r = 0.31, P < 0.05) and negatively with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp glucose infusion rate (r = -0.28, P < 0.05). The results show that IL-6 cytokine-induced lipolysis may be restricted to mesenteric white adipose tissue and that it contributes to hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis. Therefore, blocking IL-6 cytokine signaling in (mesenteric) adipocytes may be a novel approach to blunting detrimental fat-liver crosstalk in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Item
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio C Lucchini
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tenagne D Challa
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Frank L, Mann S, Levine CB, Cummings BP, Wakshlag JJ. Increasing body condition score is positively associated interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in Labrador retrievers. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:104-9. [PMID: 26235599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of excess body fat is a growing problem in dogs as well as people. Contrary to prior understanding of adipose tissue, fat is now considered to be an active endocrine organ that promotes a chronic low-grade inflammatory state often characterized by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These have been implicated in several obesity-related disorders such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and neoplasia. The purpose of this study was to characterize fasting plasma cytokine concentrations in ninety-two healthy client-owned Labrador retriever dogs of various ages and body condition scores. The dogs were grouped according to body condition score (BCS) into three categories, lean, overweight and obese. The following cytokines and chemokines were evaluated; tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1). Our results indicated that fasting plasma IL-6 and MCP-1 concentrations are associated with increasing BCS. This data suggest that certain markers of inflammation increase with increasing body condition score, and that dogs, similar to humans, may be fostering a chronic inflammatory state due to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Frank
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, Stanford, CT 06905, United States
| | - Sabine Mann
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Corri B Levine
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Bethany P Cummings
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Joseph J Wakshlag
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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37
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Halmos T, Suba I. [The secretory function of skeletal muscles and its role in energy metabolism and utilization]. Orv Hetil 2014; 155:1469-77. [PMID: 25194869 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2014.29959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known for a long-time, that intensive exercise is favourable for many metabolic parameters. Up-till now the exact mechanism has not been clarified. Recently it has turned out, that the muscular system is an extended endocrine organ, which, during contraction, secretes many hundred peptides, so called adipomyokines into the blood stream. Many of them improve glucose-utilization of the muscular system, and insulin-sensitivity, via endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine pathways. Worldwide intensive research takes place to clear up the exact pathomechanism of these processes. It came to light: 1. The newly discovered adipomyokine, irisin induces "browning" of beige precursor fat-cells, which are present in white adipose tissue. The developed beige adipose tissue by this way disposes with the advantegous properties of the brown adipose tissue. Taking together these facts, irisin might be a therapeutic choice in treating certain diseases, caused by inactive life-style. 2. Therapeutic application of brown adipose tissue in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes seems to be successful. This mechanism is based on removal of unnecessary calories via thermogenesis. 3. The role of myostatin, which is also produced by muscle contraction, is contradictory. It is not clear, why does the muscle system produce damaging product for the metabolism. On the other hand, inhibition of myostatin might be a therapeutic option. It is still questionable, whether the other hundreds of myokines could possess practicable roles on glucose, lipid, insulin secretion/effects. At present one can establish, that regular exercise is essential for the everyday practise, in order to optimise quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Halmos
- Mazsihisz Szeretet Kórház Metabolikus Ambulancia Budapest
| | - Ilona Suba
- Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Kórház-Rendelőintézet Tüdőgondozó Budapest
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38
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Ferrer B, Navia B, Giralt M, Comes G, Carrasco J, Molinero A, Quintana A, Señarís RM, Hidalgo J. Muscle-specific interleukin-6 deletion influences body weight and body fat in a sex-dependent manner. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:121-30. [PMID: 24632224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major cytokine controlling not only the immune system but also basic physiological variables such as body weight and metabolism. While central IL-6 is clearly implicated in the latter, the putative role of peripheral IL-6 controlling body weight remains unclear. We herewith report results obtained in muscle-specific IL-6 KO (mIL-6 KO) mice. mIL-6 KO male mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 58.4% kcal from fat) or a control diet (18%) gained less weight and body fat than littermate floxed male mice, while the opposite pattern was observed in female mice. Food intake was not affected by muscle IL-6 deficiency, but male and female mIL-6 KO mice were more and less active, respectively, in the hole-board test. Moreover, female mIL-6 KO mice did not control adequately their body temperature upon exposure to 4°C, suggesting a role of muscle IL-6 in energy expenditure. At least part of this regulatory role of muscle IL-6 may be mediated by the hypothalamus, as IL-6 deficiency regulated the expression of critical hypothalamic neuropeptides (NPY, AgRP, POMC, CRH and preproOX). Leptin and insulin changes cannot explain the phenotype of these mice. In summary, the present results demonstrate that muscle IL-6 controls body weight and body fat in a sex-specific fashion, influencing the expression of the main neuropeptides involved in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ferrer
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Navia
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS-IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Carrasco
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amalia Molinero
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Quintana
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Señarís
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS-IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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39
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Wueest S, Item F, Boyle CN, Jirkof P, Cesarovic N, Ellingsgaard H, Böni-Schnetzler M, Timper K, Arras M, Donath MY, Lutz TA, Schoenle EJ, Konrad D. Interleukin-6 contributes to early fasting-induced free fatty acid mobilization in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R861-7. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00533.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Contracting muscle releases interleukin-6 (IL-6) enabling the metabolic switch from carbohydrate to fat utilization. Similarly, metabolism is switched during transition from fed to fasting state. Herein, we examined a putative role for IL-6 in the metabolic adaptation to normal fasting. In lean C57BL/6J mice, 6 h of food withdrawal increased gene transcription levels of IL-6 in skeletal muscle but not in white adipose tissue. Concomitantly, circulating IL-6 and free fatty acid (FFA) levels were significantly increased, whereas respiratory quotient (RQ) was reduced in 6-h fasted mice. In white adipose tissue, phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was increased on fasting, indicating increased lipolysis. Intriguingly, fasting-induced increase in circulating IL-6 levels and parallel rise in FFA concentration were absent in obese and glucose-intolerant mice. A causative role for IL-6 in the physiological adaptation to fasting was further supported by the fact that fasting-induced increase in circulating FFA levels was significantly blunted in lean IL-6 knockout (KO) and lean C57BL/6J mice treated with neutralizing IL-6 antibody. Consistently, phosphorylation of HSL was significantly reduced in adipose tissue of IL-6-depleted mice. Hence, our findings suggest a novel role for IL-6 in energy supply during early fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wueest
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Item
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina N. Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nikola Cesarovic
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Helga Ellingsgaard
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Böni-Schnetzler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Timper
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margarete Arras
- Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Switzerland
| | - Marc Y. Donath
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eugen J. Schoenle
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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40
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Ellekilde M, Krych L, Hansen CHF, Hufeldt MR, Dahl K, Hansen LH, Sørensen SJ, Vogensen FK, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. Characterization of the gut microbiota in leptin deficient obese mice - Correlation to inflammatory and diabetic parameters. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:241-50. [PMID: 24556473 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota have been implicated as a relevant factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and its diversity might be a cause of variation in animal models of T2DM. In this study, we aimed to characterise the gut microbiota of a T2DM mouse model with a long term vision of being able to target the gut microbiota to reduce the number of animals used in experiments. Male B6.V-Lep(ob)/J mice were characterized according to a number of characteristics related to T2DM, inflammation and gut microbiota. All findings were thereafter correlated to one another in a linear regression model. The total gut microbiota profile correlated to glycated haemoglobin, and high proportions of Prevotellaceae and Lachnospiraceae correlated to impaired or improved glucose intolerance, respectively. In addition, Akkermansia muciniphila disappeared with age as glucose intolerance worsened. A high proportion of regulatory T cells correlated to the gut microbiota and improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, high levels of IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α correlated to impaired glucose tolerance, blood glucose or glycated haemoglobin. The findings indicate that gut microbiota may contribute to variation in various disease read-outs in the B6.V-Lep(ob)/J model and considering them in both quality assurance and data evaluation for the B6.V-Lep(ob)/J model may have a reducing impact on the inter-individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ellekilde
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 18, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - L Krych
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - C H F Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 18, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M R Hufeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 18, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Centre for Applied Laboratory Animal Research, Scanbur A/S, Silovej 16-18, DK-2690 Karlslunde, Denmark
| | - K Dahl
- Novo Nordisk, Department of Diabetes and Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - L H Hansen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - S J Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - F K Vogensen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - D S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - A K Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 18, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body. Skeletal muscles are primarily characterized by their mechanical activity required for posture, movement, and breathing, which depends on muscle fiber contractions. However, skeletal muscle is not just a component in our locomotor system. Recent evidence has identified skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. We have suggested that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects should be classified as "myokines." The muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides. This finding provides a conceptual basis and a whole new paradigm for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones, and brain. In addition, several myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction. Therefore, it is likely that myokines may contribute in the mediation of the health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism at Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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42
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Mukumoto H, Takahashi Y, Ando M, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. Expression Profile-Dependent Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity by Gene Delivery of Interleukin-6 in a Mouse Model of Type II Diabetes. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3812-21. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Mukumoto
- Department of
Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of
Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ando
- Department of
Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of
Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Takakura
- Department of
Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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43
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Metabolism and the heart: An overview of muscle, fat, and bone metabolism in heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2013; 162:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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44
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Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. Effects of Chronic Exercise Training on Inflammatory Markers in Australian Overweight and Obese Individuals in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Inflammation 2012; 36:625-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Abdominal (central) obesity strongly correlates with (hepatic) insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Among several hypotheses that have been formulated, the 'portal theory' proposes that the liver is directly exposed to increasing amounts of free fatty acids and pro-inflammatory factors released from visceral fat into the portal vein of obese patients, promoting the development of hepatic insulin resistance and liver steatosis. Thus, visceral obesity may be particularly hazardous in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Herein, we will critically review existing evidence for a potential contribution of portally drained free fatty acids and/or cytokines to the development of hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Item
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75,Zurich, Switzerland
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46
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Inflammatory markers and bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:789-807. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Serrano-Marco L, Barroso E, El Kochairi I, Palomer X, Michalik L, Wahli W, Vázquez-Carrera M. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ agonist GW501516 inhibits IL-6-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation and insulin resistance in human liver cells. Diabetologia 2012; 55:743-51. [PMID: 22179221 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS IL-6 induces insulin resistance by activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and upregulating the transcription of its target gene SOCS3. Here we examined whether the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ agonist GW501516 prevented activation of the IL-6-STAT3-suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3) pathway and insulin resistance in human hepatic HepG2 cells. METHODS Studies were conducted with human HepG2 cells and livers from mice null for Pparβ/δ (also known as Ppard) and wild-type mice. RESULTS GW501516 prevented IL-6-dependent reduction in insulin-stimulated v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1 (AKT) phosphorylation and in IRS-1 and IRS-2 protein levels. In addition, treatment with this drug abolished IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation of Tyr⁷⁰⁵ and Ser⁷²⁷ and prevented the increase in SOCS3 caused by this cytokine. Moreover, GW501516 prevented IL-6-dependent induction of extracellular-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), a serine-threonine protein kinase involved in serine STAT3 phosphorylation; the livers of Pparβ/δ-null mice showed increased Tyr⁷⁰⁵- and Ser⁷²⁷-STAT3 as well as phospho-ERK1/2 levels. Furthermore, drug treatment prevented the IL-6-dependent reduction in phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a kinase reported to inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation on Tyr⁷⁰⁵. In agreement with the recovery in phospho-AMPK levels observed following GW501516 treatment, this drug increased the AMP/ATP ratio and decreased the ATP/ADP ratio. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Overall, our findings show that the PPARβ/δ activator GW501516 prevents IL-6-induced STAT3 activation by inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation and preventing the reduction in phospho-AMPK levels. These effects of GW501516 may contribute to the prevention of cytokine-induced insulin resistance in hepatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Serrano-Marco
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la UB, Diagonal 643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Pietraszek A, Gregersen S, Hermansen K. Acute effects of dietary fat on inflammatory markers and gene expression in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes patients. Rev Diabet Stud 2012; 8:477-89. [PMID: 22580729 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2011.8.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and their relatives (REL) carry an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Low-grade inflammation, an independent risk factor for CVD, is modifiable by diet. Subjects with T2D show elevated postprandial inflammatory responses to fat-rich meals, while information on postprandial inflammation in REL is sparse. AIM To clarify whether medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) have differential acute effects on low-grade inflammation in REL compared to controls (CON). METHODS In randomized order, 17 REL and 17 CON ingested two fat-rich meals, with 72 energy percent from MUFA and 79 energy percent from mainly medium-chain SFA, respectively. Plasma high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, and leptin were measured at baseline, 15 min, 60 min, and 240 min postprandially. Muscle and adipose tissue biopsies were taken at baseline and 210 min after the test meal, and expression of selected genes was analyzed. RESULTS Plasma IL-6 increased (p < 0.001) without difference between REL and CON and between the meals, whereas plasma adiponectin and plasma hs-CRP were unchanged during the 240 min observation period. Plasma leptin decreased slightly in response to medium-chain SFA in both groups, and to MUFA in REL. Several genes were differentially regulated in muscle and adipose tissue of REL and CON. CONCLUSIONS MUFA and medium-chain SFA elicit similar postprandial circulating inflammatory responses in REL and CON. Medium-chain SFA seems more proinflammatory than MUFA, judged by the gene expression in muscle and adipose tissue of REL and CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pietraszek
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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49
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Lehr S, Hartwig S, Sell H. Adipokines: a treasure trove for the discovery of biomarkers for metabolic disorders. Proteomics Clin Appl 2011; 6:91-101. [PMID: 22213627 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ, releasing signaling and mediator proteins, termed adipokines, via which adipose tissue communicates with other organs. Expansion of adipose tissue in obesity alters adipokine secretion which may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. Consequently, this correlation has emphasized the importance to further characterize the adipocyte secretion profile, and several attempts have been made to characterize the complex nature of the adipose tissue secretome by utilizing diverse proteomic profiling approaches. Although the entirety of human adipokines is still incompletely characterized, to date more than 600 potentially secretory proteins were identified providing a rich source to identify putative novel biomarkers associated with metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lehr
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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50
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Hou T, Tieu BC, Ray S, Recinos Iii A, Cui R, Tilton RG, Brasier AR. Roles of IL-6-gp130 Signaling in Vascular Inflammation. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 4:179-92. [PMID: 19936194 PMCID: PMC2780819 DOI: 10.2174/157340308785160570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a well-established, independent indicator of multiple distinct types of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. In this review, we present current understanding of the multiple roles that IL-6 and its signaling pathways through glycoprotein 130 (gp130) play in cardiovascular homeostasis. IL-6 is highly inducible in vascular tissues through the actions of the angiotensin II (Ang II) peptide, where it acts in a paracrine manner to signal through two distinct mechanisms, the first being a classic membrane receptor initiated pathway and the second, a trans-signaling pathway, being able to induce responses even in tissues lacking the IL-6 receptor. Recent advances and new concepts in how its intracellular signaling pathways operate via the Janus kinase (JAK)-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) are described. IL-6 has diverse actions in multiple cell types of cardiovascular importance, including endothelial cells, monocytes, platelets, hepatocytes and adipocytes. We discuss central roles of IL-6 in endothelial dysfunction, cellular inflammation by affecting monocyte activation/differentiation, cellular cytoprotective functions from reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress, modulation of pro-coagulant state, myocardial growth control, and its implications in metabolic control and insulin resistance. These multiple actions indicate that IL-6 is not merely a passive biomarker, but actively modulates adaptive and pathological responses to cardiovascular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieying Hou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Internal Medicine, and the Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX-77555-1060, USA
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