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Steward AT, Zhu Y, De Fries CM, Dunbar AZ, Trujillo M, Hasche L. A phenomenological, intersectional understanding of coping with ageism and racism among older adults. J Aging Stud 2023; 67:101186. [PMID: 38012946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to understand how older adults cope with experiences of ageism and racism through an intersectional lens. Twenty adults 60+ residing in the U.S. Mountain West who identified as Black, Hispanic/Latino(a), Asian-American/Pacific Islander, Indigenous, or White participated individually in a one-hour, semi-structured interview. A team of five coders engaged in an inductive coding process through independent coding followed by critical discussion. Peer debriefing enhanced credibility. Nine themes were organized by three umbrella categories: Coping with ageism: 1) distancing via self-determination/defying stereotypes, 2) distancing by helping others; Coping with racism: 3) resistance, 4) exhaustion; Coping with both ageism and racism: 5) increased awareness through aging, 6) healthy lifestyle, 7) education, 8) acceptance/ 'let it go', and 9) avoidance. Novel findings include how older adults may cope with ageism and racism via increased awareness through aging and with ageism specifically by helping peer older adults, although instances of internalized ageism were noted and discussed. The themes exemplify problem-focused (e.g., helping others) and emotion-focused (acceptance), as well as individual (e.g., self-determination) and collective (e.g., resistance) coping strategies. This study can serve as a resource for practitioners in applying a more nuanced understanding of the ways older adults cope with ageism and racism in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Steward
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, 2400 E. Hartford Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Yating Zhu
- University of Denver Morgridge College of Education, 1999 E. Evans Ave, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | - Carson M De Fries
- University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, 2148 S. High St, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | - Annie Zean Dunbar
- University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, 2148 S. High St, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | - Miguel Trujillo
- University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, 2148 S. High St, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Leslie Hasche
- University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, 2148 S. High St, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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Rajkumar RP. Examining the Relationships between the Incidence of Infectious Diseases and Mood Disorders: An Analysis of Data from the Global Burden of Disease Studies, 1990-2019. Diseases 2023; 11:116. [PMID: 37754312 PMCID: PMC10528187 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders are among the commonest mental disorders worldwide. Epidemiological and clinical evidence suggests that there are close links between infectious diseases and mood disorders, but the strength and direction of these association remain largely unknown. Theoretical models have attempted to explain this link based on evolutionary or immune-related factors, but these have not been empirically verified. The current study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the incidence of infectious diseases and mood disorders, while correcting for climate and economic factors, based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Studies, 1990-2019. It was found that major depressive disorder was positively associated with lower respiratory infections, while bipolar disorder was positively associated with upper respiratory infections and negatively associated with enteric and tropical infections, both cross-sectionally and over a period of 30 years. These results suggest that a complex, bidirectional relationship exists between these disorders. This relationship may be mediated through the immune system as well as through the gut-brain and lung-brain axes. Understanding the mechanisms that link these groups of disorders could lead to advances in the prevention and treatment of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Philip Rajkumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry 605006, India
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3
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Jørgensen M, Smith OR, Wold B, Bøe T, Haug E. Tracking of depressed mood from adolescence into adulthood and the role of peer and parental support: A partial test of the Adolescent Pathway Model. SSM Popul Health 2023; 23:101440. [PMID: 37691980 PMCID: PMC10492161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
•Adolescent depressed mood predicts adult depressed mood.•Peer acceptance during adolescence is not associated with adult depressed mood.•Household income moderates the effect of parental closeness on adult depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Jørgensen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Otto R.F. Smith
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente Wold
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tormod Bøe
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen Haug
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Bergen, Norway
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Hawkins M, Mallapareddi A, Misra D. Social mobility and perinatal depression in Black women. FRONTIERS IN HEALTH SERVICES 2023; 3:1227874. [PMID: 37693235 PMCID: PMC10491480 DOI: 10.3389/frhs.2023.1227874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Higher socioeconomic position is associated with better birth outcomes and maternal mental health, although this relationship is less consistent for Black women. The literature is limited on the impact of social mobility across the life course on mental health of pregnant women. This study examines the impact of perceived financial status across the life-course on depressive symptoms during pregnancy among Black women. Methods Data were from the Life-course Influences of Fetal Environments (LIFE) retrospective cohort study among pregnant Black women in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan. Depressive symptoms in the two weeks prior to birth were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Social mobility was determined at three intervals over the life course using self-report of financial status during childhood, adolescence, and current age in pregnancy. Results 1,410 pregnant women participated, ranging in age from 18 to 45 years old. CES-D scores ranged from 0 to 53 (mean = 15.3) and 26% of the sample reported high depressive symptoms. In each age interval, higher financial status was associated with significant protective effect on depressive symptoms, and the magnitude of the effect increased across the life course. Trajectory analysis demonstrated that both the upward (4.51; 95% CI, 2.43-6.6) and downward (4.04; 95% CI, 2.62-5.46 and 3.09; 95% CI, 1.57-4.62) life-course social mobility groups had increased mean CES-D scores compared to the static social mobility group. Conclusion This study describes the importance of previous childhood and current financial status effects on mental health in Black pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hawkins
- Department of Health Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, American University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Arun Mallapareddi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dawn Misra
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Claes N, Smeding A, Carré A. Socioeconomic status and social anxiety: attentional control as a key missing variable? ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2023; 36:519-532. [PMID: 36062467 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2022.2118723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim was to examine the role of attentional control as a psychological factor involved in socioeconomic status-related mental health differences, and specifically in social anxiety. Based on the literature on socioeconomic status differences in cognitive abilities and attentional control theory, we hypothesized that attentional control would account for the relation between socioeconomic status and social anxiety. We tested this hypothesis in an integrative model also including trait anxiety and subjective socioeconomic status. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHOD Online, 439 French adults were recruited via social media. They completed self-reported measures of attentional control, objective socioeconomic status, subjective socioeconomic status, social anxiety, and trait anxiety. RESULTS Using Structural Equation Modelling, findings showed a positive association between objective (but not subjective) socioeconomic status and attentional control, which in turn was related to social anxiety. Exploratory analyses showed that only income, as objective socioeconomic status indicator, was associated with attentional control. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first to support that low socioeconomic status individuals report less attentional control and more social anxiety symptoms. This suggests that attentional control is a psychological factor involved in social anxiety inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Claes
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ Grenoble Alpes, Chambéry, France
| | - A Smeding
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ Grenoble Alpes, Chambéry, France
| | - A Carré
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Univ Grenoble Alpes, Chambéry, France
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Lay-Yee R, Matthews T, Moffitt T, Poulton R, Caspi A, Milne B. Are trajectories of social isolation from childhood to mid-adulthood associated with adult depression or suicide outcomes. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:373-382. [PMID: 36456781 PMCID: PMC9715405 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Social isolation has been shown to have negative effects on mental health outcomes though little is known about trajectories across the life course. We examined the relationship between trajectory groups and selected mental health outcomes in mid-adulthood. METHODS We previously created a typology of social isolation based on onset during the life course and persistence into adulthood, using group-based trajectory analysis of longitudinal data from a New Zealand birth cohort. The typology comprises four groups: 'never-isolated', 'adult-only', 'child-only', and 'persistent (child-adult) isolation'. We undertook logistic regression analyses of three mental health outcomes with trajectory group as the predictor, adjusting for sex and a range of familial and child-behavioural factors. RESULTS Lifetime suicide attempt, and depression and suicide ideation in mid-adulthood were each associated with adult-only but not child-only social isolation. Depression in mid-adulthood was also associated with persistent child-adult social isolation. CONCLUSION Although our findings are associational and not causal, they indicate that interrupting persistent social isolation may help to prevent adult depression whereas halting adult social isolation may ameliorate both depression and suicide outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lay-Yee
- Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Timothy Matthews
- Department of Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Terrie Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richie Poulton
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barry Milne
- Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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7
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Lee J, Jeon GS. [A Longitudinal Study of the Reciprocal Relationship between Depression and Income among Korean Older Men and Women]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2022; 52:451-463. [PMID: 36117305 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.22052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the reciprocal relationships between depression and income, and gender differences in these relationships among older adults in South Korea. METHODS Using 2015 to 2019 of the Korea Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS), we studied 6,070 older adults (2,394 men and 3,676 women) aged 60 years over in 2015. The generalized estimating equation was employed to explore the effect of an individual income on depression and the reverse causal link-that of depression on income. RESULTS The study found the reciprocal relationships between income and depression. Income has a significant impact on depression. Higher-income was linked to decreased risks of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scores among older adults (B = -0.121, p < 0.001). Estimates of the reverse causal link show that higher CES-D scores were also linked to income reduction among Korean older adults (B = -0.007, p < 0.001). In addition, we also observed gender differences in the impact of income on depression but not in the reverse causal link. Income has more detrimental to psychological consequence for older men (B = -0.108, p < 0.001) than older women (B = -0.057, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The finding implies that both psychological and social protection policies for the elderly are needed in view of gender perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Lee
- Department of Nursing, Chodang University, Muan, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Suk Jeon
- Department of Nursing, Mokpo National University, Muan, Korea.
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8
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Duncan Z, Kippen R, Sutton K, Ward B, Agius PA, Quinn B, Dietze P. Correlates of anxiety and depression in a community cohort of people who smoke methamphetamine. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2022; 56:964-973. [PMID: 34558302 DOI: 10.1177/00048674211048152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anxiety and depression are the most common mental health disorders experienced by Australians. These disorders are commonly found in people who use methamphetamine; however, much of this research has involved participants recruited from treatment settings who inject methamphetamine. We therefore explored (1) the prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety and depression in a community-recruited cohort who smoked methamphetamine and (2) examined potential factors associated with moderate to severe anxiety or depression in this cohort. METHOD Data were derived from baseline surveys of 725 participants of the prospective 'VMAX' study, recruited from metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of Victoria, Australia, via snowball and respondent-driven sampling. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 instruments. Independent associations between moderate to severe scores on these measures and demographic, socio-economic, substance use and other health and social characteristics were examined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS More than half (60%) of the participants were classified as experiencing moderate to severe anxiety and/or depression. In the multivariable models, having poor/very poor self-rated health, methamphetamine dependence and being unemployed were associated with higher odds of experiencing both moderate to severe depression and moderate to severe anxiety. Living in a large rural town, identifying as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and smoking methamphetamine were associated with lower odds of experiencing moderate to severe depression. Being female was associated with higher odds of experiencing moderate to severe anxiety. CONCLUSION The high rates of anxiety and/or depression found in the VMAX cohort were associated with demographic, socio-economic, substance use and other health and social factors. The prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety is a novel finding that warrants further study. Further work is needed to determine how anxiety and depression change over time among people who smoke methamphetamine, to help identify key intervention points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Duncan
- School of Rural Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Kippen
- School of Rural Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith Sutton
- School of Rural Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bernadette Ward
- School of Rural Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul A Agius
- Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan Quinn
- Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Dietze
- Behaviours and Health Risks Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, VIC, Australia.,National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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9
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O'Connor M, Guo S, Letcher P, Sanson A, Goldfeld S, Olsson CA. Developmental relationships between socio-economic disadvantage and mental health across the first 30 years of life. LONGITUDINAL AND LIFE COURSE STUDIES : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 2022; 13:432-453. [PMID: 35920645 DOI: 10.1332/175795921x16459587898770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of how socio-economic disadvantage experienced over the life course relates to mental health outcomes in young adulthood has been limited by a lack of long-term, prospective studies. Here we address this limitation by drawing on data from a large Australian population cohort study that has followed the development of more than 2,000 Australians (and their families) from infancy to young adulthood since 1983. Associations were examined between prospective assessments of socio-economic position (SEP) from 4-8 months to 27-28 years and mental health problems (depression, anxiety, stress) and competence (civic engagement, emotional maturity, secure intimate relationship) at 27-28 years. The odds of being socio-economically disadvantaged in young adulthood were elevated eight- to tenfold in those who had experienced disadvantage in the family of origin, compared with those who had not (OR 8.1, 95% CI 4.5-14.5 to 10.1, 95% CI 5.2-19.5). Only concurrent SEP was associated with young adult mental health problems, and this effect was limited to anxiety symptoms (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.9). In contrast, SEP had more pervasive impacts on young adult competence, particularly in the civic domain where effects were evident even from early infancy (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26-0.81). Findings suggest that one potentially important mechanism through which disadvantage compromises mental health is through limiting the development and consolidation of key psychosocial competencies needed for health and well-being in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuaijun Guo
- University of Melbourne and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia
| | - Primrose Letcher
- Deakin University, University of Melbourne and Royal Children's Hospital,Australia
| | | | - Sharon Goldfeld
- University of Melbourne and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Deakin University and Royal Children's Hospital, Australia
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10
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Bracke P, Delaruelle K, Dereuddre R, Van de Velde S. Depression in women and men, cumulative disadvantage and gender inequality in 29 European countries. Soc Sci Med 2020; 267:113354. [PMID: 32980172 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Macro-sociological theories stress the contribution of gender inequality to this gender gap in depression, while cumulative advantage/disadvantage theory (CAD) reminds us that mental health inequalities accumulate over the life course. We explore the complementarity of both perspectives in a variety of European countries using data of the European Social Survey (2006 2012, 2014, N of countries = 29; N of men = 53,680 and N of women = 63,103) and using an 8-item version of the CES-D. Results confirm that the relevance of gender stratification for the mental health of women and men in Europe depends on age. The gender gap is nearly absent amongst adults in their twenties in the most gender equal countries, while an impressive gender gap is present amongst older adults in gender unequal countries, in accordance with CAD theory. These effects occur on top of the mental health consequences of taking up work and family roles at various life stages. The convergence of the results predicted by gender stratification and cumulative disadvantage theories strengthen the case for the link between gender, disadvantage and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Bracke
- Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Korte Meer 5, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Katrijn Delaruelle
- Department of Sociology, Ghent University, Korte Meer 5, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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11
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Li LSK, Williams MT, Johnston KN, Frith P, Hyppönen E, Paquet C. Parental and life-course influences on symptomatic airflow obstruction. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00343-2019. [PMID: 32154293 PMCID: PMC7049733 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00343-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined the contribution of life-course factors in explaining familial aggregation of chronic lung conditions. Using data from the 1958 British Birth Cohort, a life-course approach was used to examine whether, and how, exposure to risk factors through one's life explained the association between parental respiratory disease history and symptomatic airflow obstruction (AO). Cohort participants (n=6212) were characterised in terms of parental respiratory disease history and symptomatic AO at 45 years. Life-course factors (e.g. smoking, asthma and early-life factors) were operationalised as life period-specific and cumulative measures. Logistic regression and path analytic models predicting symptomatic AO adjusted for parental respiratory disease history were used to test different life-course models (critical period, accumulation- and chain-of-risks models). While some life-course factors (e.g. childhood passive smoking and occupational exposure) were individually associated with parental respiratory disease history and symptomatic AO, asthma (OR 6.44, 95% CI 5.01–8.27) and persistent smoking in adulthood (OR 5.42, 95% CI 4.19–7.01) had greater impact on the association between parental respiratory disease history and symptomatic AO. A critical period model provided a better model fit compared with an accumulation-of-risk model and explained 57% of the effect of parental respiratory disease history on symptomatic AO. Adulthood asthma and smoking status explained around half of the effect of parental respiratory disease history on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Beyond smoking history, the combination of parental respiratory disease history and adulthood asthma may provide an opportunity for early diagnosis and intervention. Adulthood asthma and smoking explain half of the effect of parental respiratory disease history on symptomatic airflow obstruction. Use of a life-course approach and models may help clarify mechanisms behind associations in intergenerational lung health.http://bit.ly/2PIzGf4
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Sze Katrina Li
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marie T Williams
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kylie N Johnston
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Frith
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Catherine Paquet
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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12
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Daccache J, Khoury M, Habibi C, Bennett S. More than Just Soup: Use of a Student-Led COVID-19 Social Pediatrics Initiative to Propose the Integration of Social Medicine Electives in Undergraduate Medical Education. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2020; 7:2382120520973210. [PMID: 33283048 PMCID: PMC7691902 DOI: 10.1177/2382120520973210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The need to educate medical students on the social forces shaping disease and health patterns is paramount in preparing incoming physicians with the aptitudes to address health inequities. Despite its well-documented merit as a model of practice, social medicine remains underrepresented at the undergraduate medical education level. We hypothesize that the success of this student-led COVID-19 initiative proposes a tangible and innovative solution to address the lack of social medicine exposure in undergraduate medical education. METHODOLOGY We sought to evaluate the impact of sustaining clinical learning during the pandemic using the social pediatrics model as a didactic vector for clerkship students. We extracted learning objectives relevant to the teaching of social medicine from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada's CanMEDS framework and developed a survey aimed at evaluating the attainability of each of those objectives. The survey was distributed to students enrolled in the social pediatrics COVID-19 initiative after 6 weeks (April-May), as well as a control group. RESULTS Completing the survey were 19 students from the University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, 7 in the intervention group and 12 in the control group. Students that participated in the social pediatrics initiative yielded significantly higher values for the achievement of 6 out of 9 social medicine learning objectives when compared to the control group. Although the values followed a similar trend for the remaining 3 objectives, favoring the intervention group, they were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The positive results from this study and the COVID-19 student-led initiative template can serve as a catalyst for curricular change so as to ensure graduates are adequately trained to contend with the realities of the social landscape in which they will practice. Future plans include the incorporation of interactive social medicine experiences throughout all 4 years of medical school.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Khoury
- Faculty of Medicine, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlene Habibi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Bennett
- Faculty of Medicine, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Director of Social Pediatrics,
Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Okamura T, Sugiyama M, Inagaki H, Murayama H, Ura C, Miyamae F, Edahiro A, Motokawa K, Awata S. Anticipatory anxiety about future dementia-related care needs: towards a dementia-friendly community. Psychogeriatrics 2019; 19:539-546. [PMID: 30884068 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although a dementia-friendly community is a global goal, community-dwelling persons with dementia continue to have unmet care needs. The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of persons who experience anxiety about the possibility of not receiving proper dementia care should they need it in the future. METHODS A questionnaire was mailed to all residents aged 65 years or older (n = 132 005) living in one Tokyo district. The questionnaire included an item that measured anxiety about the possibility of not receiving proper dementia care as well as items about sociodemographic variables, depressive symptoms, frailty, housebound status, socioeconomic status, social support, access to a general practitioner (GP), and experience of dementia care. RESULTS Of the 74 171 participants who responded to the anxiety item, 58 481 (78.8%) reported anxiety about the possibility of not receiving proper dementia care should they need it in the future. Simultaneous multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that factors associated with this anticipatory anxiety were depressive symptoms, frailty or prefrailty, being female, not being currently socioeconomically disadvantaged, not having someone who can take you to the hospital when you do not feel well, being younger (65-74 years), being married, not trusting in neighbours, higher educational level (>9 years), not having someone to consult when you are in trouble, not working, having been socioeconomically disadvantaged in childhood, only greeting or less with neighbours, and not having the experience of dementia care. Having access to a GP, living alone, and going out less than once a week did not show a significant association. CONCLUSIONS This large-scale study explored factors associated with anticipatory anxiety about the possibility of not receiving proper dementia care should it be needed in the future. Further studies concerning interventions to decrease such anxiety are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mika Sugiyama
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inagaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chiaki Ura
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Miyamae
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Edahiro
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Motokawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuich Awata
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Bridger E, Daly M. Cognitive ability as a moderator of the association between social disadvantage and psychological distress: evidence from a population-based sample. Psychol Med 2019; 49:1545-1554. [PMID: 30139410 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social disadvantage consistently predicts both self-reported distress and clinically diagnosed disorders such as depression. Yet, many individuals who are exposed to disadvantage do not report high levels of distress. This study extends our recent work showing that high cognitive ability may protect against the negative health consequences of exposure to disadvantaged backgrounds. We test whether this 'buffer effect' exists across clinically relevant indices of mental health in a population-representative sample. METHODS In total, 27 985 participants were drawn from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society). Clinical diagnoses of depression and clinically relevant measures of psychological distress [i.e. Short Form-12 (SF-12) Mental Component, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)] and trait neuroticism were assessed. Cognitive ability was derived from performance on word recall, verbal fluency and numerical ability tasks. Early-life disadvantage was gauged using family background measures assessing parental education and occupation at age 14. RESULTS Background disadvantage predicted increased levels of reported psychological distress and neuroticism. These associations were moderated by cognitive ability. Across all available mental health measures, the negative association between early-life disadvantage and poor adult mental health was strongest at low (-1 s.d.) cognitive ability and was no longer evident at high (+1 s.d.) levels of cognitive ability. CONCLUSIONS The results provide support for a cognitive buffering hypothesis linking high cognitive ability to a decrease in the magnitude of the social gradient in mental health. Those disadvantaged by both low socioeconomic status and low cognitive ability may benefit from targeted prevention and treatment programmes aiming to reduce socioeconomic disparities in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Bridger
- Department of Psychology,Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences,Birmingham City University,Birmingham B4 7BD,UK
| | - Michael Daly
- Department of Psychology,Maynooth University, National University of Ireland,Maynooth, Co. Kildare,Ireland
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15
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Lähdepuro A, Savolainen K, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Eriksson JG, Lahti J, Tuovinen S, Kajantie E, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, Räikkönen K. The Impact of Early Life Stress on Anxiety Symptoms in Late Adulthood. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4395. [PMID: 30867476 PMCID: PMC6416302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) may increase the risk of anxiety throughout the life course. Whether this effect extends to late adulthood is poorly known. In our study comprising 1872 participants from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study born in 1934–1944, we investigated the association of various forms of ELS and their accumulation with self-reported anxiety symptoms at the age of 65–77 years. Data on childhood socioeconomic status and separation from parents were based on national registers for all participants. Information on self-reported emotional and physical trauma, parental divorce, and death of a family member in childhood was obtained from 1277 participants. We found that experiencing emotional trauma, physical trauma, and low socioeconomic status in childhood were associated with increased anxiety symptoms in late adulthood [B = 0.44 (95% CI = 0.31–0.58); B = 0.33 (95% CI = 0.20–0.46); B = 0.10 (95% CI = 0.01–0.19), respectively]. These associations remained significant even after controlling for other forms of ELS. Accumulation of early life stress also increased the levels of late-adulthood anxiety symptoms and the risk of anxiety regarded as clinically significant. Screening for potentially stressful childhood experiences in elderly populations may help identifying individuals with increased anxiety symptoms and planning preventive and therapeutic interventions for those exposed to ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lähdepuro
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Katri Savolainen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Tuovinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Hamann C, Egeberg A, Silverberg J, Gislason G, Skov L, Thyssen J. Exploring the association between parental psychiatric disease and childhood atopic dermatitis: a matched case–control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 33:725-734. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C.R. Hamann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Hellerup Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS) Hellerup Denmark
- School of Health and Medical Science Graduate Programme in Public Health and Epidemiology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A. Egeberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Hellerup Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS) Hellerup Denmark
| | - J.I. Silverberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Preventive Medicine, and Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University Chicago Illinois USA
| | - G. Gislason
- Department of Cardiology Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Hellerup Denmark
| | - L. Skov
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Hellerup Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS) Hellerup Denmark
| | - J.P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Hellerup Denmark
- Copenhagen Research Group for Inflammatory Skin (CORGIS) Hellerup Denmark
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17
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Choudhary A, Singh A. Effect of intergenerational educational mobility on health of Indian women. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203633. [PMID: 30192875 PMCID: PMC6128613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to analyse the relationship between intergenerational educational mobility and the overall health of the Indian women. It uses a nationally representative survey, India Human Development Survey (IHDS) 2011–12, and logistic regressions to study this relationship. The sample comprises of women aged 45 years and older. We find that the women experiencing upward intergenerational educational mobility (vis-a-vis their mothers) have significantly higher chances of experiencing good overall health compared to the women who are having same or lesser level of education as that of their mothers. Besides, women suffering from short term or major morbidity have remarkably lower chances of having overall good health. Also, women from rural India have significantly lesser chances of having overall good health as compared to that of urban areas. Further, Muslim women have lesser chances of having overall good health as that of women from other religious categories. Moreover, there is a significant variation in the overall health of women as we move from the eastern region to the western region of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Choudhary
- SJM School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Ashish Singh
- SJM School of Management, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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18
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Jorgensen D, White GE, Sekikawa A, Gianaros P. Higher dietary inflammation is associated with increased odds of depression independent of Framingham Risk Score in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutr Res 2018; 54:23-32. [PMID: 29914664 PMCID: PMC6011232 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) may increase depression risk. Risk for future CVD, which can be estimated by the Framingham Risk Score (FRS), and depression risk are both linked to systemic inflammation. Dietary consumption of proinflammatory food can be measured using the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) score. We examined the potential impact of DII on depression and whether this effect is independent of FRS. We hypothesized that (1) both FRS and DII would be associated with depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ≥ 10) and (2) associations between DII and depressive symptoms (continuous) would be mediated by FRS. Data were included from adults without CVD who were participants of the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 11 624). Using logistic regression, we tested cross-sectional associations of FRS, DII (adjusting for FRS), and joint effects of FRS and DII with depression. Finally, using the Sobel method, we tested whether FRS mediates the relationship between DII and depressive symptoms. Individuals with FRS or DII scores in the top 2 quartiles had higher odds of depressive symptoms than those in the bottom quartile. The association of DII with depressive symptoms remained after FRS adjustment. The joint effects of elevated DII and FRS were additive. There was no evidence for mediation by FRS between DII and depressive symptoms. Thus, higher DII remained associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms net CVD risk. Collectively, the joint effects of CVD risk and DII indicate that a proinflammatory diet could add to risk for depressive symptoms even in those with a high FRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Jorgensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health.
| | - Gretchen E White
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
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19
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Anderson LR. Adolescent mental health and behavioural problems, and intergenerational social mobility: A decomposition of health selection effects. Soc Sci Med 2018; 197:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Audet M, Dumas A, Binette R, Dionne IJ. Women, weight, poverty and menopause: understanding health practices in a context of chronic disease prevention. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2017; 39:1412-1426. [PMID: 28600800 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic inequalities in health persist despite major investments in illness prevention campaigns and universal healthcare systems. In this context, the increased risks of chronic diseases of specific sub-groups of vulnerable populations should be further investigated. The objective of this qualitative study is to examine the interaction between socioeconomic status (SES) and body weight in order to understand underprivileged women's increased vulnerability to chronic diseases after menopause. By drawing specifically on Pierre Bourdieu's sociocultural theory of practice, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted from May to December of 2013 to investigate the health practices of clinically overweight, postmenopausal women living an underprivileged life in Canada. Findings emphasise that poor life conditions undermine personal investment in preventive health and weight loss, showing the importance for policy makers to bring stronger consideration on upstream determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélisa Audet
- Faculté des sciences de l'activité physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Alex Dumas
- Faculté des sciences de la santé, Université d'Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Isabelle J Dionne
- Faculté des sciences de l'activité physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, Sherbrooke, Canada
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21
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Abstract
This study explores factors in childhood and adulthood that affect adult trait Neuroticism in a large, nationally representative sample. 5785 participants provided information on family social background measured at birth; Intelligence assessed at 11 years; Behavioural problems measured at 11 years; Malaise assessed at 23 years; Educational qualifications obtained at 33 years; Occupational levels at 42 years, and personality trait Neuroticism measured at 50 years. Structural equation modelling showed that sex, childhood Behavioural Problems, childhood Intelligence, Malaise in early adulthood, and Occupation were all significant and independent predictors of adult trait Neuroticism. Parental social status was significantly and negatively associated with Malaise at age 23, but was not a significant predictor of trait Neuroticism at age 50 years. Education predicted Neuroticism mainly through occupation. The strongest predictor of trait Neuroticism at 50 years was Malaise measured at 23 years, with a corrected correlation of r = .42 over the 27 year period. The results suggest some underlying biological/genetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Furnham
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK; Norwegian Business School (BI), Nydalsveien, Olso, Norway.
| | - Helen Cheng
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK; ESRC Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, Institute of Education, University College London, London WC1H 0AL, UK
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22
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Sheikh MA, Abelsen B, Olsen JA. Education and health and well-being: direct and indirect effects with multiple mediators and interactions with multiple imputed data in Stata. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:1037-1045. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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23
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Clark C, Smuk M, Lain D, Stansfeld SA, Carr E, Head J, Vickerstaff S. Impact of childhood and adulthood psychological health on labour force participation and exit in later life. Psychol Med 2017; 47:1597-1608. [PMID: 28196554 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adulthood psychological health predicts labour force activity but few studies have examined childhood psychological health. We hypothesized that childhood psychological ill-health would be associated with labour force exit at 55 years. METHOD Data were from the 55-year follow-up of the National Child Development Study (n = 9137). Labour force participation and exit (unemployment, retirement, permanent sickness, homemaking/other) were self-reported at 55 years. Internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood (7, 11 and 16 years) and malaise in adulthood (23, 33, 42, 50 years) were assessed. Education, social class, periods of unemployment, partnership separations, number of children, and homemaking activity were measured throughout adulthood. RESULTS Childhood internalizing and externalizing problems were associated with unemployment, permanent sickness and homemaking/other at 55 years, after adjustment for adulthood psychological health and education: one or two reports of internalizing was associated with increased risk for unemployment [relative risk (RR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-2.25; RR 2.37, 95% CI 1.48-3.79] and permanent sickness (RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.00-1.74; RR, 1.48, 95% CI 1.00-2.17); three reports of externalizing was associated with increased risk for unemployment (RR 2.26, 95% CI 1.01-5.04), permanent sickness (RR 2.63, 95% CI 1.46-4.73) and homemaking/other (RR 1.95, 95% CI 1.00-3.78). CONCLUSIONS Psychological ill-health across the lifecourse, including during childhood, reduces the likelihood of working in older age. Support for those with mental health problems at different life stages and for those with limited connections to the labour market, including homemakers, is an essential dimension of attempts to extend working lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Clark
- Barts & the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London,London,UK
| | - M Smuk
- Barts & the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London,London,UK
| | - D Lain
- Brighton Business School, University of Brighton,Brighton,UK
| | - S A Stansfeld
- Barts & the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London,London,UK
| | - E Carr
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,University College London,London,UK
| | - J Head
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,University College London,London,UK
| | - S Vickerstaff
- School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research, University of Kent,Canterbury,UK
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24
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Nettle D. Does Hunger Contribute to Socioeconomic Gradients in Behavior? Front Psychol 2017; 8:358. [PMID: 28344567 PMCID: PMC5344891 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has uncovered many examples of socioeconomic gradients in behavior and psychological states. As yet there is no theoretical consensus on the nature of the causal processes that produce these gradients. Here, I present the hunger hypothesis, namely the claim that part of the reason that people of lower socioeconomic position behave and feel as they do is that they are relatively often hungry. The hunger hypothesis applies in particular to impulsivity-hyperactivity, irritability-aggression, anxiety, and persistent narcotic use, all of which have been found to show socioeconomic gradients. I review multiple lines of evidence showing that hunger produces strong increases in these outcomes. I also review the literatures on food insufficiency and food insecurity to show that, within affluent societies, the poor experience a substantial burden of hunger, despite obtaining sufficient or excess calories on average. This leads to the distinctive prediction that hunger is an important mediator of the relationships between socioeconomic variables and the behavioral/psychological outcomes. This approach has a number of far-reaching implications, not least that some behavioral and psychological differences between social groups, though persistent under current economic arrangements, are potentially highly reversible with changes to the distribution of financial resources and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nettle
- Centre for Behaviour and Evolution, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle, UK
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25
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Korhonen K, Remes H, Martikainen P. Education as a social pathway from parental socioeconomic position to depression in late adolescence and early adulthood: a Finnish population-based register study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:105-116. [PMID: 27761600 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is inconsistent evidence for social differentials in the risk of depression in youth, and little is known about how education at this age influences the risk. We assess how parental socioeconomic position (SEP) and education predict depression from late adolescence to early adulthood, a time of major educational transitions. METHODS We followed a nationally representative 20 % sample of Finnish adolescents born in 1986-1990 (n = 60,829) over two educational transitory stages at the age of 17-19 and 20-23 covering the years 2003-2011. We identified incident depression using health care register data. We estimated the risk of depression by parental SEP and personal education using Cox regression, adjusting for family structure, parental depression and the individual's own psychiatric history. RESULTS Lower parental income was associated with up to a twofold risk of depression. This effect was almost fully attributable to other parental characteristics or mediated by the individual's own education. Educational differences in risk were attenuated following adjustment for prior psychiatric history. Adjusted for all covariates, not being in education increased the risk up to 2.5-fold compared to being enrolled in general upper secondary school at the age of 17-19 and in tertiary education at the age of 20-23. Vocationally oriented women experienced a 20 % higher risk than their academically oriented counterparts in both age groups. CONCLUSIONS Education constitutes a social pathway from parental SEP to the risk of depression in youth, whereby educational differences previously shown in adults are observed already before the establishment of adulthood SEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarina Korhonen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanna Remes
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 18, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
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26
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Lê-Scherban F, Brenner AB, Schoeni RF. Childhood family wealth and mental health in a national cohort of young adults. SSM Popul Health 2016; 2:798-806. [PMID: 28584861 PMCID: PMC5455782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mental health is critical to young adult health, as the onset of 75% of psychiatric disorders occurs by age 24 and psychiatric disorders early in life predict later behavioral health problems. Wealth may serve as a buffer against economic stressors. Family wealth may be particularly relevant for young adults by providing them with economic resources as they make educational decisions and move towards financial and social independence. METHODS We used prospectively collected data from 2060 young adults aged 18-27 in 2005-2011 from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a national cohort of US families. We examined associations between nonspecific psychological distress (measured with the K-6 scale) and childhood average household wealth during ages 0-18 years (net worth in 2010 dollars). RESULTS In demographics-adjusted generalized estimating equation models, higher childhood wealth percentile was related to a lower prevalence of serious psychological distress: compared to below-median wealth, prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.56 (0.36-0.87) for 3rd quartile and PR = 0.46 (0.29-0.73) for 4th quartile. The associations were attenuated slightly by adjustment for parent education and more so by adjustment for childhood household income percentile. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the lifelong processes through which distinct aspects of socioeconomic status affect mental health can help us identify high-risk populations and take steps to minimize future disparities in mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félice Lê-Scherban
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 3215 Market Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, 3rd Floor Tower, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Allison B. Brenner
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, 3rd Floor Tower, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Robert F. Schoeni
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
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27
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Landstedt E, Brydsten A, Hammarström A, Virtanen P, Almquist YB. The role of social position and depressive symptoms in adolescence for life-course trajectories of education and work: a cohort study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:1169. [PMID: 27863527 PMCID: PMC5116205 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While a vast amount of studies confirm the social reproduction of class and status from one generation to the next, less is known about the role of health in the child generation for these processes. Research has shown that particularly mental distress in adolescence is important for future life chances. This study aimed to examine the importance of parental socioeconomic position and depressive symptoms in youth for life-course trajectories of education and labour market attachment among men and women. METHODS Based on four waves of questionnaire data from the Northern Swedish Cohort (n = 1,001), consisting of individuals born in 1965, three steps of gender-separate analyses were undertaken. First, the individual trajectories of education and labour market attachment from age 18 to 42 were mapped through sequence analysis. Second, cluster analysis was used to identify typical trajectories. Third, two indicators of parental socioeconomic position - occupational class and employment status - and depressive symptoms at age 16 were used in multinomial regression analyses to predict adult life-course trajectories. RESULTS Four typical trajectories were identified for men, of which three were characterised by stable employment and various lengths of education, and the fourth reflected a more unstable situation. Among women, five trajectories emerged, characterised by more instability compared to men. Low parental occupational class and unemployment were significantly associated with a higher risk of ending up in less advantaged trajectories for men while, for women, this was only the case for occupational class. Youth levels of depressive symptoms did not significantly differ across the trajectories. CONCLUSIONS This study found support for the intergenerational reproduction of social position, particularly when measured in terms of parental occupational class. Youth depressive symptoms did not show clear differences across types of trajectories, subsequently impeding such symptoms to trigger any selection processes. While this could be a consequence of the specific framework of the current study, it may also suggest that depressive symptoms in youth are not a root cause for the more complex processes through which how social position develops across life. The possible impact of welfare and labour market policies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Landstedt
- Department of Public Health and Clincial Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Brydsten
- Department of Public Health and Clincial Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Hammarström
- Department of Public Health and Clincial Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pekka Virtanen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ylva B. Almquist
- Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS) Stockholm University/Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Few cognitive epidemiology studies on mental health have focused on the links between pre-morbid intelligence and self-reports of common mental disorders, such as depression, sleep difficulties, and mental health status. The current study examines these associations in 50-year-old adults. METHODS The study uses data from the 5793 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY-79) who responded to questions on mental health at age 50 and had IQ measured with the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) when they were aged between 15 and 23 years in 1980. Mental health outcomes were: life-time diagnosis of depression; the mental component score of the 12-item short-form Health Survey (SF-12); the 7-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); and a summary measure of sleep difficulty. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Higher intelligence in youth is associated with a reduced risk of self-reported mental health problems at age 50, with age-at-first-interview and sex adjusted Bs as follows: CES-depression (B = - 0.16, C.I. - 0.19 to - 0.12, p < 0.001), sleep difficulties (B = - 0.11, C.I. - 0.13 to - 0.08, p < 0.001), and SF-12 mental health status (OR = 0.78, C.I. 0.72 to 0.85, p < 0.001; r = - 0.03 p = 0.075). Conversely, intelligence in youth is linked with an increased risk of receiving a diagnosis of depression by the age of 50 (OR 1.11, C.I. 1.01 to 1.22, p = 0.024; r = 0.03, p = 0.109). No sex differences were observed in the associations. Adjusting for adult SES accounted for most of the association between IQ and the mental health outcomes, except for having reported a diagnosis of depression, in which case adjusting for adult SES led to an increase in the size of the positive association (OR = 1.32, C.I. 1.16 to 1.51, p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wraw
- Center for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Deary
- Center for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Der
- MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G2 3QB, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine R Gale
- Center for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom; MRC Life Course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Hendricks-Sturrup R. The cost-effectiveness and value of gynecological cancer biomarker screening in financially vulnerable female populations. J Cancer Policy 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpo.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ben-Shlomo Y, Cooper R, Kuh D. The last two decades of life course epidemiology, and its relevance for research on ageing. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:973-988. [PMID: 27880685 PMCID: PMC5841628 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel Cooper
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
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Chiao C, Weng LJ. Mid-life socioeconomic status, depressive symptomatology and general cognitive status among older adults: inter-relationships and temporal effects. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:88. [PMID: 27099153 PMCID: PMC4839082 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few longitudinal studies have analyzed how socioeconomic status (SES) influences both depressive and cognitive development over an individual’s life course. This study investigates the change trajectories of both depressive symptomatology and general cognitive status, as well as their associations over time, focusing on the effects of mid-life SES. Methods Data were obtained from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging (1993–2007), a nationally representative cohort study of older adults in Taiwan. The short form of the Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale that measures depressive symptomatology in two domains (negative affect and lack of positive affect) was used. General cognitive status was assessed using the brief Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire scale. Assessments of the subjects’ mid-life SES included measurement of the participant’s education and occupation. Analyses were conducted by the parallel latent growth curve modeling. Results The participants’ initial levels of depressive symptomatology and general cognitive status were significantly and negatively correlated; furthermore, any changes in these two outcomes were also correlated over time. The initial assessment of general cognitive status significantly contributed to any advancement towards more severe depressive symptomatology over time, particularly when this occurred in a negative manner. Furthermore, a mid-life SES advantage resulted in a significant reduction in late-life depressive symptomatology and also produced a slower decline in general cognitive status during later life. In contrast, lower mid-life SES exacerbated depressive symptomatology during old age, both at the initial assessment and in terms of the change over time. In addition, female gender was significantly associated with lower general cognitive status and more severe depressive symptomatology in negative affect. Conclusions These findings suggest a complex and longitudinal association between depressive symptomatology and general cognitive status in later life and this complicated relationship seems to be affected by mid-life SES over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiao
- Insitute of Health and Welfare Policy, Research Center for Health and Welfare Policy, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Li-Jen Weng
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Wadsworth SM, Cardin JF, Christ S, Willerton E, O'Grady AF, Topp D, Coppola E, Lester P, Mustillo S. Accumulation of Risk and Promotive Factors Among Young Children in US Military Families. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 57:190-202. [PMID: 27217322 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the families of the new cohort of war veterans now entering the civilian population in the United States are over two million young children (Cozza, Haskins & Lerner, 2013; Institute of Medicine, 2013). Several noteworthy studies have shown that children exposed to separation from a parent due to combat-related deployment are at elevated risk for a variety of negative consequences (Lester & Flake, 2013). Cozza et al. (2013) argue that existing studies of military children focus too much on the stresses or deficits they experience, failing to give sufficient attention to their strengths, the strengths of their families, or the supports around them. In the current study we focus on risk and promotive factors in the lives of children aged 0-10 in military families. We examine the likelihood of negative outcomes as functions of additive, cumulative, and interactive relationships between risk and promotive factors and children's outcomes. Risk factors, particularly parental depression, community poverty, and cumulative risk, were more strongly associated with children's outcomes than promotive factors. There was, however, a significant risk-protective relationship between accumulations of risk and promotive factors, consistent with promotive conditions operating in a protective fashion under conditions of elevated risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon Christ
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elaine Willerton
- School of Marriage & Family Sciences, Northcentral University, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - David Topp
- Military Family Research Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Coppola
- Military Family Research Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Patricia Lester
- Nathanson Family Resilience Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Mustillo
- Department of Sociology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
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Roman GD, Ensor R, Hughes C. Does executive function mediate the path from mothers’ depressive symptoms to young children’s problem behaviors? J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 142:158-70. [PMID: 26550956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela D Roman
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK; Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9DA, UK.
| | - Rosie Ensor
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK
| | - Claire Hughes
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RQ, UK
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Tooth L, Mishra GD. Does Further Education in Adulthood Improve Physical and Mental Health among Australian Women? A Longitudinal Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140334. [PMID: 26480313 PMCID: PMC4610692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We analyzed whether further education in young adult and mid-life [adult educational mobility] influences physical functioning and depressive symptoms in women. METHODS 14247 women born 1973-78 (younger cohort) and 13715 women born 1946-51 (mid-aged cohort) from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health were followed for 14-16 years. Measures were the Short-Form 36 Health Survey physical functioning subscale (SF-36 PF) and Centre for Epidemiologic Studies 10-item Depression Scale (CESD-10). Linear mixed modelling, accounting for time varying covariates, assessed the influence of further education on physical functioning and depressive symptoms over time. Sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of missing data was conducted using multiple imputation. RESULTS Compared to younger women with a pre-existing high level of education, women gaining further education (up to age 39 years) from low levels had lower SF-36 PF scores (poorer physical functioning) (fully adjusted beta estimates (95%CIs) -1.52 (-2.59, -0.44)) while those gaining further education from middle to high levels showed equivalent SF-36 PF scores (-0.08 (-0.61, 0.44)). A similar pattern was shown for CESD-10 scores (0.78 (0.29, 1.25); -0.02 (-0.26, 0.21), respectively) where higher scores represented more depressive symptoms. For mid-age women, further education from a middle to high level resulted in equivalent SF-36 PF scores (-0.61 (-1.93,0.71)) but higher CESD-10 scores (0.49 (0.11, 0.86)), compared to highly educated women. CONCLUSION Women who delay further education until they are aged between their 40s and 60s can improve or maintain their physical functioning but may have missed the critical time to minimise depressive symptomatology. Public health policy should focus on encouraging women to upgrade their educational qualifications earlier in life in order to potentially offset the negative associations between their initial lower socio-economic position class of origin and their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Tooth
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gita D. Mishra
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Ramo-Fernández L, Schneider A, Wilker S, Kolassa IT. Epigenetic Alterations Associated with War Trauma and Childhood Maltreatment. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2015; 33:701-721. [PMID: 26358541 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Survivors of war trauma or childhood maltreatment are at increased risk for trauma-spectrum disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, traumatic stress has been associated with alterations in the neuroendocrine and the immune system, enhancing the risk for physical diseases. Traumatic experiences might even affect psychological as well as biological parameters in the next generation, i.e. traumatic stress might have transgenerational effects. This article outlines how epigenetic processes, which represent a pivotal biological mechanism for dynamic adaptation to environmental challenges, might contribute to the explanation of the long-lasting and transgenerational effects of trauma. In particular, epigenetic alterations in genes regulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis as well as the immune system have been observed in survivors of childhood and adult trauma. These changes could result in enduring alterations of the stress response as well as the physical health risk. Furthermore, the effects of parental trauma could be transmitted to the next generation by parental distress and the pre- and postnatal environment, as well as by epigenetic marks transmitted via the germline. While epigenetic research has a high potential of advancing our understanding of the consequences of trauma, the findings have to be interpreted with caution, as epigenetics only represent one piece of a complex puzzle of interacting biological and environmental factors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Schneider
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Sarah Wilker
- Clinical and Biological Psychology, Ulm University, Germany
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Culpin I, Stapinski L, Miles ÖB, Araya R, Joinson C. Exposure to socioeconomic adversity in early life and risk of depression at 18 years: The mediating role of locus of control. J Affect Disord 2015; 183:269-78. [PMID: 26047304 PMCID: PMC4504028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have linked exposure to early socioeconomic adversity to depression, but the mechanisms of this association are not well understood. Locus of control (LoC), an individual's control-related beliefs, has been implicated as a possible mechanism, however, longitudinal evidence to support this is lacking. METHODS The study sample comprised 8803 participants from a UK cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Indicators of early socioeconomic adversity were collected from the antenatal period to 5 years and modelled as a latent factor. Depression was assessed using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) at 18 years. LoC was assessed with the Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External (CNSIE) scale at 16 years. RESULTS Using structural equation modelling, we found that 34% of the total estimated association between early socioeconomic adversity and depression at 18 years was explained by external LoC at 16 years. There was weak evidence of a direct pathway from early socioeconomic adversity to depression after accounting for the indirect effect via external locus of control. Socioeconomic adversity was associated with more external LoC, which, in turn, was associated with depression. LIMITATIONS Attrition may have led to an underestimation of the direct and indirect effect sizes in the complete case analysis. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that external LoC in adolescence is one of the factors mediating the link between early adversity and depression at 18 years. Cognitive interventions that seek to modify maladaptive control beliefs in adolescence may be effective in reducing risk of depression following early life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Culpin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Lexine Stapinski
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ömür Budanur Miles
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, St. David's Hospital Cardiff, Cwm Taf Health Board, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Ricardo Araya
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, UK
| | - Carol Joinson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Osler M, Bruunsgaard H, Lykke Mortensen E. Lifetime socio-economic position and depression: an analysis of the influence of cognitive function, behaviour and inflammatory markers. Eur J Public Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Dal Grande E, Chittleborough CR, Wu J, Shi Z, Goldney RD, Taylor AW. Effect of social mobility in family financial situation and housing tenure on mental health conditions among South Australian adults: results from a population health surveillance system, 2009 to 2011. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:675. [PMID: 26184770 PMCID: PMC4504347 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the association of socioeconomic position (SEP), measured by family financial situation and housing tenure in childhood and adulthood, with mental health conditions in adulthood. METHODS Representative cross-sectional population data were collected using a risk factor surveillance system in South Australia, Australia. Each month, a random sample were selected from the Electronic White Pages. Participants aged 25 years and above (n = 10429) were asked about doctor diagnosed anxiety, stress or depression, suicidal ideation, psychological distress, demographic and socioeconomic factors using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI). Social mobility measures were derived from housing status and perceived financial situation during adulthood and at 10 years of age. RESULTS The prevalence of psychological distress was 8.1 %, current diagnosed mental health condition was 14.8 % and suicidal ideation was 4.3 %. Upward mobility in family financial situation and housing tenure was experienced by 28.6 % and 19.3 %, of respondents respectively. Downward mobility was experienced by 9.4 % for housing tenure and 11.3 % for family financial situation. In the multivariable analysis, after adjusting for age, sex, childhood family structure and adult education, downward social mobility and stable low SEP (both childhood and adulthood), in terms of both housing tenure and financial situation, were positively associated with all three mental health conditions. CONCLUSION People with low SEP in adulthood had poor mental health outcomes regardless of their socioeconomic circumstances in childhood. Policies to improve SEP have the potential to reduce mental health conditions in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Dal Grande
- Population Research and Outcome Studies, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SAHMRI, Level 7, North Terrace, 5005, Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | - Jing Wu
- Population Research and Outcome Studies, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SAHMRI, Level 7, North Terrace, 5005, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Zumin Shi
- Population Research and Outcome Studies, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SAHMRI, Level 7, North Terrace, 5005, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Robert D Goldney
- Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Anne W Taylor
- Population Research and Outcome Studies, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SAHMRI, Level 7, North Terrace, 5005, Adelaide, Australia.
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Kröger H, Pakpahan E, Hoffmann R. What causes health inequality? A systematic review on the relative importance of social causation and health selection. Eur J Public Health 2015; 25:951-60. [PMID: 26089181 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The social gradient in health is one of the most reliable findings in public health research. The two competing hypotheses that try to explain this gradient are known as the social causation and the health selection hypothesis. There is currently no synthesis of the results of studies that test both hypotheses. METHODS We provide a systematic review of the literature that has addressed both the health selection and social causation hypotheses between 1994 and 2013 using seven databases following PRISMA rules. RESULTS The search strategy resulted in 2952 studies, of which, we included 34 in the review. The synthesis of these studies suggests that there is no general preference for either of the hypotheses (12 studies for social causation, 10 for health selection). However, both a narrative synthesis as well as meta-regression results show that studies using indicators for socio-economic status (SES) that are closely related to the labor market find equal support for health selection and social causation, whereas indicators of SES like education and income yield results that are in favor of the social causation hypothesis. High standards in statistical modeling were associated with more support for health selection. CONCLUSIONS The review highlights the fact that the causal mechanisms behind health inequalities are dependent on whether or not the dimension being analyzed closely reflects labor market success. Additionally, further research should strive to improve the statistical modeling of causality, as this might influence the conclusions drawn regarding the relative importance of health selection and social causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Kröger
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute, Via dei Roccettini, 9, 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
| | - Eduwin Pakpahan
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute, Via dei Roccettini, 9, 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
| | - Rasmus Hoffmann
- Department of Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute, Via dei Roccettini, 9, 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole, Italy
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Elovainio M, Pulkki-Råback L, Hakulinen C, Ferrie JE, Jokela M, Hintsanen M, Raitakari OT, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Childhood and adolescence risk factors and development of depressive symptoms: the 32-year prospective Young Finns follow-up study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:1109-17. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-205352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Landstedt E, Gustafsson PE, Johansson K, Hammarström A. Longitudinal associations between social relationships at age 30 and internalising symptoms at age 42: findings from the Northern Swedish Cohort. Int J Public Health 2015; 61:75-81. [PMID: 26024816 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-015-0691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known on long-term consequences of poor social relationships in adulthood. The study aimed to examine associations between social relationships at age 30 and internalising symptoms at age 42. METHODS Data was drawn from four waves of the Northern Swedish cohort (n = 1001, 94 % response rate). The outcome internalising symptoms was measured by a composite index of depressiveness and anxiety. A cumulative measure was constructed to reflect various aspects of social relationships. Multivariate ordinal logistic regressions were used, controlling for socioeconomic indicators and previous level of internalising symptoms. RESULTS An accumulation of poor social relationships indicators at age 30 is related to internalising symptoms at age 42 in women (OR 1.30; CI 1.11-1.52) and men (OR 1.17; CI 1.02-1.36). The associations remained significant after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSIONS Poor quality of social relationships at age 30 can predict internalising symptoms 12 years later in both men and women even when previous mental health as well as financial disadvantage is accounted for. More research is required to further examine pathways and mechanisms as well as suitable interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Landstedt
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Social Medicine, Umeå University, Norrland University Hospital, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Per E Gustafsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Social Medicine, Umeå University, Norrland University Hospital, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Klara Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Hammarström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Social Medicine, Umeå University, Norrland University Hospital, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
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Uiters E, Maurits E, Droomers M, Zwaanswijk M, Verheij RA, van der Lucht F. The association between adolescents' health and disparities in school career: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1104. [PMID: 25344832 PMCID: PMC4216913 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature suggests that children's educational achievement is associated with their health status and the socioeconomic position of their parents. Few studies have investigated this association in adolescence, while this is an important period affecting future life trajectories. Our study investigates the relationship between adolescents' health and their subsequent school career, taking into account their parents' socioeconomic position. METHODS Data of all Dutch adolescents who entered secondary education in 2003, according to the national education register, were linked to electronic health records from general practices and to data from the Dutch population register on a patient by patient basis. Secondary school career data of 2455 adolescents were available for several years, resulting in a longitudinal prospective cohort. School career was measured by the completion of secondary education within the research period. RESULTS For most health problems, adolescents' health status at the moment of entering secondary education showed no association with the subsequent course of their school career. However, adolescents who had more frequent contact with their general practitioner for acute psychosocial problems (e.g. enuresis or overactive/hyperkinetic disorder), were less likely to complete their secondary education, also after adjustment for parental socioeconomic position. They were also less likely to complete their secondary education at the level of entry. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents' secondary school career is negatively affected by the presence of acute psychosocial health problems, but not by the presence of physical health problems. This underlines the importance of adequately addressing mental health problems in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marieke Zwaanswijk
- NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, P,O, Box 1568, 3500 BN Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Chen YY, Chiao C, Ksobiech K. The effects of mid-life socioeconomic disadvantage and perceived social support on trajectories of subsequent depressive symptoms among older Taiwanese women. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:384. [PMID: 24751187 PMCID: PMC4040112 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scant research has taken a life-course perspective to explore the longitudinal impact of socioeconomic disadvantage and perceived social support on the psychological well-being of older women. We sought to explore whether socioeconomic disadvantage and perceived social support in mid-life are associated with subsequent depressive symptomatology among older Taiwanese women. Methods This study was based on data from the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging conducted on a nationally representative sample (n = 1,073) of women aged 50 and above with a 12-year follow up. Mid-life socioeconomic disadvantage was assessed by socioeconomic status (SES) (i.e., educational attainment, major lifetime occupation in adulthood, and employment status) and economic strain. Perceived social support included three dimensions: listening, caring, and sick care. We used the short form of the Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale that measures depressive symptomatology within two domains (negative affect and lack of positive affect). Growth curve models were employed to predict the relationships between mid-life socioeconomic disadvantage, perceived social support, and subsequent depressive trajectories, controlling for aging effects. Results Multivariate analyses demonstrated older women in a socioeconomic disadvantaged position are more likely to report higher initial levels of depressive symptoms in both domains; lack of formal education did not exacerbate depressive symptoms in the lack of positive affect domain over time. In addition, mid-life perceived positive social support in caring and sick care was associated with lower initial levels of depressive symptoms in both domains. Conclusions Our results suggest independent effects of mid-life socioeconomic disadvantage and perceived social support on subsequent depressive symptomatology among older Taiwanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chi Chiao
- Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, Center for Health and Welfare Policy, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No, 155, Sec, 2, Li-Nong Street, 112 Taipei, Taiwan.
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Prady SL, Kiernan K, Fairley L, Wilson S, Wright J. Self-reported maternal parenting style and confidence and infant temperament in a multi-ethnic community: results from the Born in Bradford cohort. J Child Health Care 2014; 18:31-46. [PMID: 23749252 DOI: 10.1177/1367493512473855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ethnic minority children in the United Kingdom often experience health disadvantage. Parenting influences children's current and future health, but little is known about whether parenting behaviours and mother's perception of her infant vary by ethnicity. Using the Born in Bradford (BiB) birth cohort, which is located in an ethnically diverse and economically deprived UK city, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of mother's self-reported parenting confidence, self-efficacy, hostility and warmth, and infant temperament at six months of age. We examined responses from women of Pakistani (N = 554) and White British (N = 439) origin. Pakistani mothers reported feeling more confident about their abilities as a parent. Significantly fewer Pakistani women adopted a hostile approach to parenting, an effect that was attenuated after adjustment for socioeconomic status and mental health. Overall, women with more self-efficacious, warm and less hostile parenting styles reported significantly fewer problems with their infant's temperaments. Of women with higher self-efficacy parenting styles, Pakistani mothers were significantly more likely than White British mothers to report more problematic infant temperaments, although absolute differences were small. It is unlikely that the ethnic variation seen in children's cognitive and behavioural outcomes in childhood is attributable to differences in parenting or infant characteristics reported at six months.
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Childhood poverty and depressive symptoms for older adults in Mexico: a life-course analysis. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2014; 28:317-37. [PMID: 23783887 DOI: 10.1007/s10823-013-9198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study applies life-course theories of latent (direct), pathway (indirect) and conditional effects in an analysis of childhood poverty on later-life depressive symptoms among older adults in Mexico. Data are from the 2001 Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), a nationally representative sample of older adults born before 1951 (n = 8696). Respondents had a mean of 3.6 past-week depressive symptoms and 71% had no household sanitation facilities before age 10; this measure served as a proxy for childhood poverty. Childhood poverty is significantly related to scores on an adapted 9-item CES-D scale in the full model (b = 0.27, p < 0.001). This effect is partially mediated by four adult socio-economic status measures, although decomposition analysis reveals the mediation effect to be primarily driven by educational achievement. These findings have important implications for Mexico's rapidly aging population as well as efforts for childhood poverty reduction and gains in education.
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Alcántara C, Chen CN, Alegría M. Do post-migration perceptions of social mobility matter for Latino immigrant health? Soc Sci Med 2014; 101:94-106. [PMID: 24560229 PMCID: PMC4041158 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Latino immigrants exhibit health declines with increasing duration in the United States, which some attribute to a loss in social status after migration or downward social mobility. Yet, research into the distribution of perceived social mobility and patterned associations to Latino health is sparse, despite extensive research to show that economic and social advancement is a key driver of voluntary migration. We investigated Latino immigrant sub-ethnic group variation in the distribution of perceived social mobility, defined as the difference between respondents' perceived social status of origin had they remained in their country of origin and their current social status in the U.S. We also examined the association between perceived social mobility and past-year major depressive episode (MDE) and self-rated fair/poor physical health, and whether Latino sub-ethnicity moderated these associations. We computed weighted logistic regression analyses using the Latino immigrant subsample (N=1561) of the National Latino and Asian American Study. Puerto Rican migrants were more likely to perceive downward social mobility relative to Mexican and Cuban immigrants who were more likely to perceive upward social mobility. Perceived downward social mobility was associated with increased odds of fair/poor physical health and MDE. Latino sub-ethnicity was a statistically significant moderator, such that perceived downward social mobility was associated with higher odds of MDE only among Puerto Rican and Other Latino immigrants. In contrast, perceived upward social mobility was not associated with self-rated fair/poor physical health. Our findings suggest that perceived downward social mobility might be an independent correlate of health among Latino immigrants, and might help explain Latino sub-ethnic group differences in mental health status. Future studies on Latino immigrant health should use prospective designs to examine the physiological and psychological costs associated with perceived changes in social status with integration into the U.S. mainland.
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Kingma EM, Rosmalen JGM, White PD, Stansfeld SA, Clark C. The prospective association between childhood cognitive ability and somatic symptoms and syndromes in adulthood: the 1958 British birth cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 67:1047-53. [PMID: 24022814 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-202850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive ability is negatively associated with functional somatic symptoms (FSS) in childhood. Lower childhood cognitive ability might also predict FSS and functional somatic syndromes in adulthood. However, it is unknown whether this association would be modified by subjective and objective measures of parental academic expectations. METHODS 14 068 participants from the 1958 British birth cohort, whose cognitive ability was assessed at 11 years. Outcomes were somatic symptoms at 23, 33 and 42 years. Self-reported irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and operationally defined CFS-like illness were measured at 42 years. RESULTS Lower cognitive ability at age 11 years was associated with somatic symptoms at ages 23, 33 and 42 years. Adjusting for sex, childhood internalising problems, previous somatic symptoms and concurrent psychological symptoms, childhood cognitive ability remained negatively associated with somatic symptoms at age 23 years (β=-0.060, 95% CI -0.081 to -0.039, p<0.01), 33 years (β = -0.031, 95% CI -0.050 to -0.011, p<0.01), but not with somatic symptoms at 42 years. Overall, we found no clear association between lower childhood cognitive ability and CFS/ME, CFS-like illness and IBS. Associations between cognitive ability and somatic symptoms at 23 years were moderated by low parental social class, but not by subjective indicators of parental academic expectations. CONCLUSIONS Lower childhood cognitive ability predicted somatic symptoms, but not CFS/ME, CFS-like illness and IBS in adulthood. While earlier research indicated an important role for high parental academic expectations in the development of early-life FSS, these expectations do not seem relevant for somatic symptoms or functional somatic syndromes in later adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Kingma
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), Groningen, The Netherlands
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Brown RC, Trapp SK, Berenz EC, Bigdeli TB, Acierno R, Tran TL, Trung LT, Tam NT, Tuan T, Buoi LT, Ha TT, Thach TD, Amstadter AB. Pre-typhoon socioeconomic status factors predict post-typhoon psychiatric symptoms in a Vietnamese sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48:1721-7. [PMID: 23563529 PMCID: PMC3898626 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-013-0684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure to natural disasters has been associated with increased risk for various forms of psychopathology. Evidence indicates that socioeconomic status (SES) may be important for understanding post-disaster psychiatric distress; however, studies of SES-relevant factors in non-Western, disaster-exposed samples are lacking. The primary aim of the current study was to examine the role of pre-typhoon SES-relevant factors in relation to post-typhoon psychiatric symptoms among Vietnamese individuals exposed to Typhoon Xangsane. METHODS In 2006, Typhoon Xangsane disrupted a mental health needs assessment in Vietnam in which the Self Reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20), and the Demographic and Health Surveys Wealth Index, a measure of SES created for use in low-income countries, were administered pre-typhoon. The SRQ-20 was re-administered post-typhoon. RESULTS Results of a linear mixed model indicated that the covariates of older age, female sex, and higher levels of pre-typhoon psychiatric symptoms were associated with higher levels of post-typhoon psychiatric symptoms. Analysis of SES indicators revealed that owning fewer consumer goods, having lower quality of household services, and having attained less education were associated with higher levels of post-typhoon symptoms, above and beyond the covariates, whereas quality of the household build, employment status, and insurance status were not related to post-typhoon psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSION Even after controlling for demographic characteristics and pre-typhoon psychiatric symptoms, certain SES factors uniquely predicted post-typhoon psychiatric distress. These SES characteristics may be useful for identifying individuals in developing countries who are in need of early intervention following disaster exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C. Brown
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Stephen K. Trapp
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Psychology, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Erin C. Berenz
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tim Bernard Bigdeli
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ron Acierno
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Lam Tu Trung
- Da Nang Mental Health Hospital, Da Nang City, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Tuan
- Research and Training Center for Community Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - La Thi Buoi
- Research and Training Center for Community Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thu Ha
- Research and Training Center for Community Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Duc Thach
- Research and Training Center for Community Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ananda B. Amstadter
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Mezuk B, Myers JM, Kendler KS. Integrating social science and behavioral genetics: testing the origin of socioeconomic disparities in depression using a genetically informed design. Am J Public Health 2013; 103 Suppl 1:S145-51. [PMID: 23927513 PMCID: PMC3786755 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested 3 hypotheses-social causation, social drift, and common cause-regarding the origin of socioeconomic disparities in major depression and determined whether the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and major depression varied by genetic liability for major depression. METHODS Data were from a sample of female twins in the baseline Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders interviewed between 1987 and 1989 (n = 2153). We used logistic regression and structural equation twin models to evaluate these 3 hypotheses. RESULTS Consistent with the social causation hypothesis, education (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66, 0.93; P < .01) and income (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.89, 0.98; P < .01) were significantly related to past-year major depression. Upward social mobility was associated with lower risk of depression. There was no evidence that childhood SES was related to development of major depression (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.89, 1.09; P > .1). Consistent with a common genetic cause, there was a negative correlation between the genetic components of major depression and education (r(2) = -0.22). Co-twin control analyses indicated a protective effect of education and income on major depression even after accounting for genetic liability. CONCLUSIONS This study utilized a genetically informed design to address how social position relates to major depression. Results generally supported the social causation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Mezuk
- Briana Mezuk is with the Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, and the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, and the Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. John M. Myers is with the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University. Kenneth S. Kendler is with the Department of Psychiatry and the Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Prady SL, Kiernan KE. The effect of post-natal mental distress amongst Indian and Pakistani mothers living in England on children's behavioural outcomes. Child Care Health Dev 2013; 39:710-21. [PMID: 22928530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socio-economic status (SES), post-natal mental distress and parenting impact child mental health and future well-being. There are unexplained differences in child mental health between South Asian ethnic minority groups living in the UK that may be due to variation in, and differential mediation of, these factors. METHODS We used multivariate multiple regression analysis of the effect of symptoms of mental distress, socio-demographic variables and warmth of parenting on child internalizing and externalizing scores at age seven (measured in 2010) in a population cohort of English children whose mothers were of Indian (n = 211) and Pakistani (n = 260) origin. RESULTS In the fully adjusted models the legacy of mental distress was visible for both internalizing (β coefficient 1.52, P = 0.04) and externalizing (1.68, P = 0.01) behaviour in the Pakistani children, and on the Indian children's internalizing (2.08, P = 0.008) but not externalizing (0.84, P = 0.204) behaviour. Lower SES was associated with worse behavioural scores for the Pakistani children, and warmth of parenting on Indian children's externalizing scores. CONCLUSIONS Symptoms of post-natal mental distress are associated with Indian and Pakistani child outcomes at age seven. The finding that warmth of parenting had a stronger association on Indian children's externalizing scores than mental distress might be explained by differences in the expression of SES on family characteristics and functioning between the two ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Prady
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
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