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Zuo YF, Zhang BH, Guo MR, Li BB, Wang BC, Duan D, Wang YX, Xi J, He M, Sun TL. HFD-exacerbated Metabolic Side Effects of Olanzapine Are Suppressed by ER Stress Inhibitor. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:1116-1132. [PMID: 38079053 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Numerous schizophrenic patients are suffering from obesity primarily attributed to antipsychotic medication and poor dietary habits. This study investigated the progressive deterioration of olanzapine-induced metabolic disorders in the presence of a high-fat diet (HFD) and explored the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats fed on a standard chow diet or HFD were treated with olanzapine (3 mg/kg/day) and the ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA, 1 and 0.5 g/kg/day) for 8 days. Changes in body weight, food intake, and plasma lipids were assessed. Hepatic fat accumulation was evaluated using oil red O staining. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were employed to examine the expression of ER stress markers, NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the hypothalamus or liver. RESULTS Compared to olanzapine alone, olanzapine+HFD induced greater weight gain, increased hyperlipidemia, and enhanced hepatic fat accumulation (P<0.05). Co-treatment with 4-PBA exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of these effects (P<0.05). Further mechanistic investigations revealed that olanzapine alone activated ER stress, upregulated NLRP3 expression in the hypothalamus and liver, and downregulated hypothalamic POMC expression. The HFD exacerbated these effects by 50%-100%. Moreover, co-administration of 4-PBA dose-dependently attenuated the olanzapine+HFD-induced alterations in ER stress, NLRP3, and POMC expression in the hypothalamus and liver (P<0.05). CONCLUSION HFD worsened olanzapine-induced weight gain and lipid metabolic disorders, possibly through ER stress-POMC and ER stress-NLRP3 signaling. ER stress inhibitors could be effective in preventing olanzapine+HFD-induced metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Zuo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bao-Hua Zhang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ming-Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ben-Ben Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bao-Cui Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Deng Duan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yu-Xin Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Xi
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Tao-Lei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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2
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Chronic agmatine treatment prevents olanzapine-induced obesity and metabolic dysregulation in female rats. Brain Res Bull 2022; 191:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Long-term effects of adolescent exposure to olanzapine in C57BL/6 J mice and the impact of dietary fish oil supplementation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3117-3131. [PMID: 35896725 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) medications can produce abnormal weight gain and metabolic dysfunction in children, but little is known about the post-treatment consequences of adolescent SGA exposure. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the long-term, post-treatment effects of adolescent olanzapine exposure on weight and metabolic function and whether dietary fish oil (FO) modulated any observed effects of olanzapine. METHODS Male and female mice were fed a high-fat, high-sugar (HF-HS) diet or an HF-HS diet supplemented with fish oil (HF-HS-FO) and were treated with olanzapine or vehicle for 29 days beginning on postnatal day 37. RESULTS In male mice, adolescent olanzapine treatment suppressed weight gain during and after treatment and improved metabolic function in adulthood; dietary fish oil reduced weight gain, increased expression of fatty acid oxidation genes, and decreased expression of genes associated with fatty acid synthesis and inflammation. In contrast, few effects were observed in female mice. CONCLUSIONS The current results suggest that adolescent olanzapine exposure can produce long-term alterations in weight and metabolic function in male mice and that dietary fish oil can reduce adverse effects of lifelong consumption of an HF-HS diet. Because expected adverse effects of adolescent olanzapine treatment were not observed, the potential beneficial effects of dietary fish oil for SGA-induced weight gain and metabolic dysfunction could not be evaluated.
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4
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Zhang C, Li H, Yan Y, Zhang X, Tu Z. 5:2 intermittent fasting tapers food intake in the refeeding state and ameliorates metabolic disturbances in mice exposed to olanzapine. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:926251. [PMID: 35958660 PMCID: PMC9358252 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.926251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable number of patients suffer from adverse metabolic reactions caused by atypical antipsychotics (AAPs), however, current management strategies are disappointing to clinicians. Preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated that intermittent fasting (IF) has robust disease-modifying efficacy in animal models in a wide range of pathological conditions, especially obesity and diabetes. However, it is unclear what role IF can play in addressing AAPs-induced metabolic disturbances. In our study, we found that a 5:2 IF regimen significantly ameliorated the metabolic disturbances induced by olanzapine (a drug representative of AAPs) in animal models. Meanwhile, our research suggests that IF altering food intake during the refeeding phase may account for the metabolic benefit. This study provides supporting evidence regarding a potentially cost-effective intervention strategy for AAPs-induced metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfang Zhang
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chinese-German Institute of Mental Health, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yabin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyan Zhang
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Chinese-German Institute of Mental Health, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilan Tu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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5
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Binge Eating Disorders in Antipsychotic-Treated Patients With Schizophrenia: Prevalence, Antipsychotic Specificities, and Changes Over Time. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 41:114-120. [PMID: 33587392 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive energy intake likely favors metabolic dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia and may be, in part, the consequence of antipsychotic treatments. However, previous studies on the prevalence of bulimia and binge eating symptoms in antipsychotic-treated patients are contradictory and not sufficiently informative. METHODS The prevalence of bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and subsyndromal binge eating disorder was studied using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria in 156 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder treated with antipsychotic monotherapy. The effects of different antipsychotics were compared. RESULTS The prevalence of full syndromal binge eating disorder was 4.4% and that of subsyndromal binge eating disorder was 18.7% in patients (23.1% for binge eating spectrum disorder), and there were no cases of bulimia nervosa. Compared with the whole sample, binge eating spectrum disorders were significantly more prevalent in clozapine- and olanzapine-treated patients. Comparisons of patients having undergone treatment for 2 years or less with patients treated for more than 2 years showed that binge eating spectrum disorders decrease significantly over time, the difference being significant in clozapine- and olanzapine-treated patients. Night eating, simply assessed by a single question, showed a prevalence of 30% and was more prevalent in women treated with clozapine and olanzapine, with no significant change over time. CONCLUSIONS Binge eating disorders should be considered as important factors involved in the development of weight gain and metabolic syndrome in antipsychotic-treated patients with schizophrenia. The difficulty to reliably assess binge eating spectrum disorders in patients with psychosis is highlighted.
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Sylvester E, Yi W, Han M, Deng C. Exercise intervention for preventing risperidone-induced dyslipidemia and gluco-metabolic disorders in female juvenile rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173064. [PMID: 33127383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Risperidone use in children and adolescents is associated with the development of metabolic disorders including increased accumulation of body fat, dyslipidemia, and glucose and insulin metabolism dysregulation. As pharmacological interventions are often limited in their ability to treat a range of side-effects, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of daily voluntary exercise intervention to prevent metabolic side-effects induced by risperidone in juveniles. Thirty-two juvenile female Sprague Dawley rats were treated with risperidone (0.9 mg/kg; b.i.d; n = 16) or vehicle (0.3 g cookie dough pellet; n = 16). These rats were then assigned to a sedentary or voluntary exercise intervention (three hours daily access to running wheels) group (n = 8/group) for a period of four weeks. An intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test was performed after three weeks of risperidone treatment and exercise intervention to assess glucose tolerance. During the exercise intervention, risperidone-treated rats ran significantly less than vehicle-treated rats. Risperidone treatment of sedentary rats resulted in significantly increased white adipose tissue, fasting triglyceride and fasting insulin compared to vehicle-treated sedentary rats. Exercise intervention of risperidone-treated rats prevented significant increases in these metabolic parameters compared to risperidone-treated sedentary rats. These results support voluntary exercise as an effective mitigator of metabolic side-effects associated with risperidone treatment in juvenile rats. Dyslipidemia and dysregulation of glucose and insulin metabolism are significant risk factors for morbidities and mortality later in life, therefore a focus on strategies to mitigate these adverse effects is critical. Our findings support clinical trials in exercise intervention to prevent metabolic disorders associated with antipsychotic medication in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sylvester
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Weijie Yi
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Mei Han
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Medicine and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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7
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Moriya S, Takahashi H, Masukawa D, Yamada M, Ishigooka J, Nishimura K. Ziprasidone, a second-generation antipsychotic, affects core clock gene mRNA expression in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 144:57-59. [PMID: 32624301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Some psychiatric diseases are associated with disruptions in the circadian clock system. Ziprasidone (ZIP), a second-generation antipsychotic, is widely used for psychiatry-related pharmacotherapy but its mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. We measured clock gene fluctuation patterns in the hippocampus and the amygdala in ZIP-treated mice. ZIP significantly increased Per1, Per2, and Bmal1 mRNA 2 h after the lights were turned off (ZT14) in the hippocampus, but not in the amygdala. These results suggest that ZIP might affect clock gene regulation, which could represent the pathway underlying symptom amelioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunpei Moriya
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan; Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Makiko Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Jun Ishigooka
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan; CNS Pharmacological Research Institute, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0051, Japan
| | - Katsuji Nishimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
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8
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Chen CYA, Goh KK, Chen CH, Lu ML. The Role of Adiponectin in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Disturbances in Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:605124. [PMID: 33551872 PMCID: PMC7854923 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.605124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbance is a common adverse event occurring in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs. The mechanisms underlying metabolic dysregulation are complex, involving various neurochemical and hormonal systems, the interaction of genetic and lifestyle risk factors, and the antipsychotic drug prescribed. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the relationship between antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances and body weight regulatory hormones such as adiponectin. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein related to insulin sensitivity, weight gain, and anti-inflammation, has attracted great attention because of its potential role of being a biomarker to predict cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Previous studies regarding the effects of antipsychotics on blood adiponectin levels have shown controversial results. Several factors might contribute to those inconsistent results, including different antipsychotic drugs, duration of antipsychotic exposure, age, sex, and ethnicity. Here we summarize the existing evidence on the link between blood adiponectin levels and metabolic disturbances related to antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. We further discuss the effects of individual antipsychotics, patients' gender, ethnicity, age, and treatment duration on those relationships. We propose that olanzapine and clozapine might have a time-dependent biphasic effect on blood adiponectin levels in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Yi-An Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kah Kheng Goh
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Psychiatric Research Center, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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The Novel Perspectives of Adipokines on Brain Health. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225638. [PMID: 31718027 PMCID: PMC6887733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
First seen as a fat-storage tissue, the adipose tissue is considered as a critical player in the endocrine system. Precisely, adipose tissue can produce an array of bioactive factors, including cytokines, lipids, and extracellular vesicles, which target various systemic organ systems to regulate metabolism, homeostasis, and immune response. The global effects of adipokines on metabolic events are well defined, but their impacts on brain function and pathology remain poorly defined. Receptors of adipokines are widely expressed in the brain. Mounting evidence has shown that leptin and adiponectin can cross the blood–brain barrier, while evidence for newly identified adipokines is limited. Significantly, adipocyte secretion is liable to nutritional and metabolic states, where defective circuitry, impaired neuroplasticity, and elevated neuroinflammation are symptomatic. Essentially, neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory properties of adipokines underlie their neuroprotective roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, adipocyte-secreted lipids in the bloodstream can act endocrine on the distant organs. In this article, we have reviewed five adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, apelin, visfatin) and two lipokines (palmitoleic acid and lysophosphatidic acid) on their roles involving in eating behavior, neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors in the brain. Understanding and regulating these adipokines can lead to novel therapeutic strategies to counteract metabolic associated eating disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, thus promote brain health.
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10
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Castellani LN, Costa-Dookhan KA, McIntyre WB, Wright DC, Flowers SA, Hahn MK, Ward KM. Preclinical and Clinical Sex Differences in Antipsychotic-Induced Metabolic Disturbances: A Narrative Review of Adiposity and Glucose Metabolism. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2019; 4:e190013. [PMID: 31555747 PMCID: PMC6760310 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20190013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic (AP) medications are associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic side effects including weight gain, type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, and hypertension. In the majority of clinical studies, females on APs are noted to gain more weight, and are more likely to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome when compared to males. However, the data is less clear when comparing sex disparities associated with other specific AP-induced metabolic risk factors. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated a role for AP-induced adipose tissue accumulation as well as whole body glucose dysregulation in male models that is independent of changes in body weight. The purpose of this narrative review is to explore the susceptibility of males and females to changes in adiposity and glucose metabolism across clinical and preclinical models of AP treatment. It is important that future research examining AP-induced metabolic side effects analyzes outcomes by sex to help clarify risk and identify the mechanisms of adverse event development to improve safe prescribing of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenya A. Costa-Dookhan
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T1L8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3K1, Canada
| | | | - David C. Wright
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G1Y2, Canada
| | | | - Margaret K. Hahn
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T1L8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3K1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON M5G2C4, Canada
| | - Kristen M. Ward
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Vantaggiato C, Panzeri E, Citterio A, Orso G, Pozzi M. Antipsychotics Promote Metabolic Disorders Disrupting Cellular Lipid Metabolism and Trafficking. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:189-210. [PMID: 30718115 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotics frequently cause obesity and related metabolic disorders that current psychopharmacological/endocrinological theories do not explain consistently. An integrative/alternative theory implies metabolic alterations happening at the cellular level. Many observations in vitro and in vivo, and pivotal observations in humans, point towards chemical properties of antipsychotics, independent of receptor binding characteristics. Being amphiphilic weak bases, antipsychotics can disrupt lysosomal function, affecting cholesterol trafficking; moreover, by chemical mimicry, antipsychotics can inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis. These two molecular adverse effects may trigger a cascade of transcriptional and biochemical events, ultimately reducing available cholesterol while increasing cholesterol precursors and fatty acids. The macroscopic manifestation of these molecular alterations includes decreased high-density lipoprotein and increased very low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides that may translate into obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vantaggiato
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), 23842, Italy
| | - Elena Panzeri
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), 23842, Italy
| | - Andrea Citterio
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), 23842, Italy
| | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova (PD), 35131, Italy
| | - Marco Pozzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), 23842, Italy.
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12
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Regulation of obesity-associated metabolic disturbance by the antipsychotic drug olanzapine: Role of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:114-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Cui D, Peng Y, Zhang C, Li Z, Su Y, Qi Y, Xing M, Li J, Kim GE, Su KN, Xu J, Wang M, Ding W, Piecychna M, Leng L, Hirasawa M, Jiang K, Young L, Xu Y, Qi D, Bucala R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor mediates metabolic dysfunction induced by atypical antipsychotic therapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4997-5007. [PMID: 30295645 DOI: 10.1172/jci93090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics are highly effective antischizophrenic medications but their clinical utility is limited by adverse metabolic sequelae. We investigated whether upregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) underlies the insulin resistance that develops during treatment with the most commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotic, olanzapine. Olanzapine monotherapy increased BMI and circulating insulin, triglyceride, and MIF concentrations in drug-naive schizophrenic patients with normal MIF expression, but not in genotypic low MIF expressers. Olanzapine administration to mice increased their food intake and hypothalamic MIF expression, which led to activation of the appetite-related AMP-activated protein kinase and Agouti-related protein pathway. Olanzapine also upregulated MIF expression in adipose tissue, which reduced lipolysis and increased lipogenic pathways. Increased plasma lipid concentrations were associated with abnormal fat deposition in liver and skeletal muscle, which are important determinants of insulin resistance. Global MIF-gene deletion protected mice from olanzapine-induced insulin resistance, as did intracerebroventricular injection of neutralizing anti-MIF antibody, supporting the role of increased hypothalamic MIF expression in metabolic dysfunction. These findings uphold the potential pharmacogenomic value of MIF genotype determination and suggest that MIF may be a tractable target for reducing the metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Yanmin Peng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengfang Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zezhi Li
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yousong Su
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yadan Qi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mengjuan Xing
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Grace E Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin N Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jinjie Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiti Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhua Ding
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Marta Piecychna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michiru Hirasawa
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Kaida Jiang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lawrence Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yifeng Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Dake Qi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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von Wilmsdorff M, Manthey F, Bouvier ML, Staehlin O, Falkai P, Meisenzahl-Lechner E, Schmitt A, Gebicke-Haerter PJ. Effects of haloperidol and clozapine on synapse-related gene expression in specific brain regions of male rats. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:555-563. [PMID: 29404686 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of clozapine and haloperidol, drugs that are widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia, on gene expression in six cortical and subcortical brain regions of adult rats. Drug treatments started at postnatal day 85 and continued over a 12-week period. Ten animals received haloperidol (1 mg/kg bodyweight) and ten received clozapine (20 mg/kg bodyweight) orally each day. Ten control rats received no drugs. The ten genes selected for this study did not belong to the dopaminergic or serotoninergic systems, which are typically targeted by the two substances, but coded for proteins of the cytoskeleton and proteins belonging to the synaptic transmitter release machinery. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed in the prelimbic cortex, cingulate gyrus (CG1) and caudate putamen and in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) and dentate gyrus. Results show distinct patterns of gene expression under the influence of the two drugs, but also distinct gene regulations dependent on the brain regions. Haloperidol-medicated animals showed statistically significant downregulation of SNAP-25 in CA3 (p = 0.0134) and upregulation of STX1A in CA1 (p = 0.0133) compared to controls. Clozapine-treated animals showed significant downregulation of SNAP-25 in CG1 (p = 0.0013). Our results clearly reveal that the drugs' effects are different between brain regions. These effects are possibly indirectly mediated through feedback mechanisms by proteins targeted by the drugs, but direct effects of haloperidol or clozapine on mechanisms of gene expression cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina von Wilmsdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabian Manthey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Alexianer Krefeld GmbH, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Bouvier
- Laboratory of Brain Morphology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University, Bergische Landstr.2, 40629, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Meisenzahl-Lechner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter J Gebicke-Haerter
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Design and in vivo evaluation of solid lipid nanoparticulate systems of Olanzapine for acute phase schizophrenia treatment: Investigations on antipsychotic potential and adverse effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:315-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Atypical antipsychotics and effects on feeding: from mice to men. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2629-53. [PMID: 27251130 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE So-called atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are associated with varying levels of weight gain and associated metabolic disturbances, which in patients with serious mental illness (SMI) have been linked to non-compliance and poor functional outcomes. Mechanisms underlying AAP-induced metabolic abnormalities are only partially understood. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain may occur as a result of increases in food intake and/or changes in feeding. OBJECTIVE In this review, we examine the available human and preclinical literature addressing AAP-related changes in feeding behavior, to determine whether changes in appetite and perturbations in regulation of food intake could be contributing factors to antipsychotic-induced weight gain. RESULTS In general, human studies point to disruption by AAPs of feeding behaviors and food consumption. In rodents, increases in cumulative food intake are mainly observed in females; however, changes in feeding microstructure or motivational aspects of food intake appear to occur independent of sex. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this review indicate that the varying levels of AAP-related weight gain reflect changes in both appetite and feeding behaviors, which differ by type of AAP. However, inconsistencies exist among the studies (both human and rodent) that may reflect considerable differences in study design and methodology. Future studies examining underlying mechanisms of antipsychotic-induced weight gain are recommended in order to develop strategies addressing the serious metabolic side effect of AAPs.
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Effect of wild Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) extract on blood glucose and serum lipid contents in rats with multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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18
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Fernø J, Ersland KM, Duus IH, González-García I, Fossan KO, Berge RK, Steen VM, Skrede S. Olanzapine depot exposure in male rats: Dose-dependent lipogenic effects without concomitant weight gain. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:923-32. [PMID: 25823694 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with second-generation antipsychotic agents such as olanzapine frequently results in metabolic adverse effects, e.g. hyperphagia, weight gain and dyslipidaemia in patients of both genders. The molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic adverse effects are still largely unknown, and studies in rodents represent an important approach in their exploration. However, the validity of the rodent model is hampered by the fact that antipsychotics induce weight gain in female, but not male, rats. When administered orally, the short half-life of olanzapine in rats prevents stable plasma concentrations of the drug. We recently showed that a single intramuscular injection of long-acting olanzapine formulation yields clinically relevant plasma concentrations accompanied by several dysmetabolic features in the female rat. In the current study, we show that depot injections of 100-250 mg/kg olanzapine yielded clinically relevant plasma olanzapine concentrations also in male rats. In spite of transient hyperphagia, however, olanzapine resulted in weight loss rather than weight gain. The resultant negative feed efficiency was accompanied by a slight elevation of thermogenesis markers in brown adipose tissue for the highest olanzapine dose, but the olanzapine-related reduction in weight gain remains to be explained. In spite of the absence of weight gain, an olanzapine dose of 200mg/kg or above induced significantly elevated plasma cholesterol levels and pronounced activation of lipogenic gene expression in the liver. These results confirm that olanzapine stimulates lipogenic effects, independent of weight gain, and raise the possibility that endocrine factors may influence gender specificity of metabolic effects of antipsychotics in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernø
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - K M Ersland
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - I H Duus
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - I González-García
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - K O Fossan
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - R K Berge
- The Lipid Research Group, Section for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Norway; Department of Heart Disease, University of Bergen, 5021 Norway
| | - V M Steen
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - S Skrede
- Dr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; The Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT) and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
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de Brito RB, Ghedini PC. Treatment by asenapine for 5 weeks decreases weight and triglycerides levels of Wistar rats. Schizophr Res 2014; 154:124-5. [PMID: 24566203 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Bernini de Brito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Ghedini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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20
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Abstract
The second-generation antipsychotic drug olanzapine has become a widely prescribed drug in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Unfortunately, its therapeutic benefits are partly outweighed by significant weight gain and other metabolic side effects, which increase the risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Because olanzapine remains superior to other antipsychotic drugs that show less weight gain liability, insight into the mechanisms responsible for olanzapine-induced weight gain is crucial if it is to be effectively addressed. Over the past few decades, several groups have investigated the effects of olanzapine on energy balance using rat models. Unfortunately, results from different studies have not always been consistent and it remains to be determined which paradigms should be used in order to model olanzapine-induced weight gain most accurately. This review summarizes the effects of olanzapine on energy balance observed in different rat models and discusses some of the factors that appear to contribute to the inconsistencies in observed effects. In addition it compares the effects reported in rats with clinical findings to determine the predictive validity of different paradigms.
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Rajkumar R, See LKY, Dawe GS. Acute antipsychotic treatments induce distinct c-Fos expression patterns in appetite-related neuronal structures of the rat brain. Brain Res 2013; 1508:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Modi HR, Taha AY, Kim HW, Chang L, Rapoport SI, Cheon Y. Chronic clozapine reduces rat brain arachidonic acid metabolism by reducing plasma arachidonic acid availability. J Neurochem 2013; 124:376-87. [PMID: 23121637 PMCID: PMC3540173 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic administration of mood stabilizers to rats down-regulates the brain arachidonic acid (AA) cascade. This down-regulation may explain their efficacy against bipolar disorder (BD), in which brain AA cascade markers are elevated. The atypical antipsychotics, olanzapine (OLZ) and clozapine (CLZ), also act against BD. When given to rats, both reduce brain cyclooxygenase activity and prostaglandin E(2) concentration; OLZ also reduces rat plasma unesterified and esterified AA concentrations, and AA incorporation and turnover in brain phospholipid. To test whether CLZ produces similar changes, we used our in vivo fatty acid method in rats given 10 mg/kg/day i.p. CLZ, or vehicle, for 30 days; or 1 day after CLZ washout. [1-(14) C]AA was infused intravenously for 5 min, arterial plasma was collected and high-energy microwaved brain was analyzed. CLZ increased incorporation coefficients ki * and decreased [corrected] rates J(in,i) of plasma unesterified AA into brain phospholipids. [corrected]. These effects disappeared after washout. Thus, CLZ and OLZ similarly down-regulated kinetics and cyclooxygenase expression of the brain AA cascade, likely by reducing plasma unesterified AA availability. Atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilizers may be therapeutic in BD by down-regulating, indirectly or directly respectively, the elevated brain AA cascade of that disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren R Modi
- Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Chronic olanzapine administration in rats: Effect of route of administration on weight, food intake and body composition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 103:717-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Boyda HN, Procyshyn RM, Tse L, Hawkes E, Jin CH, Pang CC, Honer WG, Barr AM. Differential effects of 3 classes of antidiabetic drugs on olanzapine-induced glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance in female rats. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012; 37:407-15. [PMID: 22640703 PMCID: PMC3493097 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.110140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The second-generation antipsychotic drug olanzapine is an effective pharmacological treatment for psychosis. However, use of the drug is commonly associated with a range of metabolic side effects, including glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. These symptoms have been accurately modelled in rodents. METHODS We compared the effects of 3 distinct classes of antidiabetic drugs, metformin (100 and 500 mg/kg, oral), rosiglitazone (6 and 30 mg/kg, oral) and glyburide (2 and 10 mg/kg, oral), on olanzapineinduced metabolic dysregulation. After acutely treating female rats with lower (7.5 mg/kg) or higher (15 mg/kg) doses of olanzapine, we assessed glucose intolerance using the glucose tolerance test and measured insulin resistance using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance equation. RESULTS Both doses of olanzapine caused pronounced glucose dysregulation and insulin resistance, which were significantly reduced by treatment with metformin and rosiglitazone; however, glucose tolerance did not fully return to control levels. In contrast, glyburide failed to reverse the glucose intolerance caused by olanzapine despite increasing insulin levels. LIMITATIONS We evaluated a single antipsychotic drug, and it is unknown whether other antipsychotic drugs are similarly affected by antidiabetic treatments. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that oral hypoglycemic drugs that influence hepatic glucose metabolism, such as metformin and rosiglitazone, are more effective in regulating olanzapine-induced glucose dysregulation than drugs primarily affecting insulin release, such as glyburide. The current model may be used to better understand the biological basis of glucose dysregulation caused by olanzapine and how it can be reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alasdair M. Barr
- Correspondence to: A.M. Barr, Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3;
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25
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Effect of atypical antipsychotics on fetal growth: is the placenta involved? J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:315203. [PMID: 22848828 PMCID: PMC3401548 DOI: 10.1155/2012/315203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently considerable uncertainty regarding prescribing practices for pregnant women with severe and persistent psychiatric disorders. The physician and the mother have to balance the risks of untreated psychiatric illness against the potential fetal toxicity associated with pharmacological exposure. This is especially true for women taking atypical antipsychotics. Although these drugs have limited evidence for teratological risk, there are reports of altered fetal growth, both increased and decreased, with maternal atypical antipsychotic use. These effects may be mediated through changes in the maternal metabolism which in turn impacts placental function. However, the presence of receptors targeted by atypical antipsychotics in cell lineages present in the placenta suggests that these drugs can also have direct effects on placental function and development. The signaling pathways involved in linking the effects of atypical antipsychotics to placental dysfunction, ultimately resulting in altered fetal growth, remain elusive. This paper focuses on some possible pathways which may link atypical antipsychotics to placental dysfunction.
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Skrede S, Fernø J, Vázquez MJ, Fjær S, Pavlin T, Lunder N, Vidal-Puig A, Diéguez C, Berge RK, López M, Steen VM. Olanzapine, but not aripiprazole, weight-independently elevates serum triglycerides and activates lipogenic gene expression in female rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 15:163-79. [PMID: 21854679 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adverse effects such as weight gain and dyslipidaemia represent a major concern in treatment with several antipsychotic drugs, including olanzapine. It remains unclear whether such metabolic side-effects fully depend on appetite-stimulating actions, or whether some dysmetabolic features induced by antipsychotics may arise through direct perturbation of metabolic pathways in relevant peripheral tissues. Recent clinical and preclinical studies indicate that dyslipidaemia could occur independently of weight gain. Using a rat model, we showed that subchronic treatment with olanzapine induces weight gain and increases adipose tissue mass in rats with free access to food. This effect was also observed for aripiprazole, considered metabolically neutral in the clinical setting. In pair-fed rats with limited food access, neither olanzapine nor aripiprazole induced weight gain. Interestingly, olanzapine, but not aripiprazole, induced weight-independent elevation of serum triglycerides, accompanied by up-regulation of several genes involved in lipid biosynthesis, both in liver and in adipose tissues. Our findings support the existence of tissue-specific, weight-independent direct effects of olanzapine on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Skrede
- Dr. Einar Martens' Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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27
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Heal DJ, Gosden J, Jackson HC, Cheetham SC, Smith SL. Metabolic consequences of antipsychotic therapy: preclinical and clinical perspectives on diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, and obesity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:135-64. [PMID: 23129331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25761-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs, particularly second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), have reduced the burden to society of schizophrenia, but many still produce excessive weight gain. A significant number of SGAs also act directly to impair glycemic control causing insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, and also rarely diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Schizophrenia itself is almost certainly causal in many endocrine and metabolic disturbances, making this population especially vulnerable to the adverse metabolic consequences of treatment with SGAs. Hence, there is an urgent need for a new generation of antipsychotic drugs that provide efficacy equal to the best of the SGAs without their liability to cause weight gain or type 2 diabetes. In the absence of such safe and effective alternatives to the SGAs, there is a substantial clinical need for the introduction of new antipsychotics without adverse metabolic effects and new antiobesity drugs to combat these metabolic side effects. We discuss the adverse metabolic consequences of schizophrenia, its exacerbation by a lack of social care, and the additional burden placed on patients by their medication. A critical evaluation of the animal models of antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances is provided with observations on their strengths and limitations. Finally, we discuss novel antipsychotic drugs with a lower propensity to increase metabolic risk and adjunctive medications to mitigate the adverse metabolic actions of the current generation of antipsychotics.
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28
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Smith GC, Vickers MH, Shepherd PR. Olanzapine effects on body composition, food preference, glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in the rat. Arch Physiol Biochem 2011; 117:241-9. [PMID: 21671852 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2011.576681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The atypical antipsychotic drug olanzapine induces weight gain and defects in glucose metabolism in patients. Using a rat model we investigated the effects of acute and long term olanzapine treatment on weight gain, food preference and glucose metabolism. Olanzapine treated rats fed a chow diet grew more slowly than vehicle controls but olanzapine treated animals fed a high fat/sugar diet grew faster than control animals on the same diet. These changes in weight were paralleled by changes in fat mass. Olanzapine also induced a strong preference for a high fat/high sugar diet. Acute exposure to olanzapine rapidly induced severe impairments of glucose tolerance and increased insulin secretion but did not impair insulin tolerance. These results indicate the defect in glucose metabolism induced by acute olanzapine treatment was most likely due to increased hepatic glucose output associated with a reduction in active GLP-1 levels and correspondingly high glucagon levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Smith
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Fernø J, Varela L, Skrede S, Vázquez MJ, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Vidal-Puig A, Steen VM, López M. Olanzapine-induced hyperphagia and weight gain associate with orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling without concomitant AMPK phosphorylation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20571. [PMID: 21695181 PMCID: PMC3113797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of antipsychotic drug treatment in patients with schizophrenia is limited by the propensity of these drugs to induce hyperphagia, weight gain and other metabolic disturbances, particularly evident for olanzapine and clozapine. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in antipsychotic-induced hyperphagia remain unclear. Here, we investigate the effect of olanzapine administration on the regulation of hypothalamic mechanisms controlling food intake, namely neuropeptide expression and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in rats. Our results show that subchronic exposure to olanzapine upregulates neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti related protein (AgRP) and downregulates proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). This effect was evident both in rats fed ad libitum and in pair-fed rats. Of note, despite weight gain and increased expression of orexigenic neuropeptides, subchronic administration of olanzapine decreased AMPK phosphorylation levels. This reduction in AMPK was not observed after acute administration of either olanzapine or clozapine. Overall, our data suggest that olanzapine-induced hyperphagia is mediated through appropriate changes in hypothalamic neuropeptides, and that this effect does not require concomitant AMPK activation. Our data shed new light on the hypothalamic mechanism underlying antipsychotic-induced hyperphagia and weight gain, and provide the basis for alternative targets to control energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Fernø
- Dr. Einar Martens' Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (JF); (ML)
| | - Luis Varela
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silje Skrede
- Dr. Einar Martens' Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - María Jesús Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- Dr. Einar Martens' Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail: (JF); (ML)
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Shobo M, Yamada H, Koakutsu A, Hamada N, Fujii M, Harada K, Ni K, Matsuoka N. Chronic treatment with olanzapine via a novel infusion pump induces adiposity in male rats. Life Sci 2011; 88:761-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Weston-Green K, Huang XF, Deng C. Olanzapine treatment and metabolic dysfunction: a dose response study in female Sprague Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 217:337-46. [PMID: 21056063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Second generation antipsychotics are commonly prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia, however some can induce metabolic dysfunction side-effects such as weight gain, obesity and diabetes. Clinical reports suggest olanzapine alters satiety signals, although findings appear conflicting. Previous animal model studies have utilised a range of olanzapine dosages, however the dosage that better mimics the human scenario of olanzapine-induced weight gain is unclear. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally, three times daily with olanzapine (0.25mg/kg, 0.5mg/kg, 1.0mg/kg, 2.0mg/kg), self-administered in a sweet cookie dough pellet at eight-hourly intervals) or vehicle (n=12/group) for 14-days. Olanzapine orally self-administered in multiple doses (eight-hourly intervals) may circumvent a drop in plasma drug concentration and ensure the maintenance of a consistently high olanzapine level in the rat. Olanzapine increased body weight (0.5mg/kg, 1.0mg/kg, 2.0mg/kg), food intake (2.0mg/kg) and feeding efficiency (0.5-2.0mg/kg), with no effect on water intake. Subcutaneous inguinal (1.0mg/kg, 2.0mg/kg) and intra-abdominal perirenal fat were increased (2.0mg/kg), but not interscapula brown adipose tissue. Olanzapine increased circulating ghrelin and cholecystokinin, but had no effect on peptide YY((3-36)). Olanzapine decreased insulin (0.25-2.0mg/kg) and locomotor activity in the open field arena (0.5-2.0mg/kg). A low dosage of 0.25mg/kg olanzapine had no effect on most parameters measured. Olanzapine-induced weight gain is associated with hyperphagia, enhanced feeding efficiency and adiposity, decreased locomotor activity and altered satiety signaling. The animal model used in the present study of self-administered oral olanzapine treatment (t.i.d.) at a dosage range of 0.5-2.0mg/kg (but not 0.25mg/kg) mimics aspects of the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Weston-Green
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia
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van der Zwaal EM, Luijendijk MC, Evers SS, la Fleur SE, Adan RA. Olanzapine affects locomotor activity and meal size in male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:130-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Martins PJ, Haas M, Obici S. Central nervous system delivery of the antipsychotic olanzapine induces hepatic insulin resistance. Diabetes 2010; 59:2418-25. [PMID: 20682682 PMCID: PMC3279549 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olanzapine (OLZ) is an atypical antipsychotic whose clinical efficacy is hampered by side effects including weight gain and diabetes. Recent evidence shows that OLZ alters insulin sensitivity independent of changes in body weight and composition. The present study addresses whether OLZ-induced insulin resistance is driven by its central actions. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received an intravenous (OLZ-IV group) or intracerebroventricular (OLZ-ICV group) infusion of OLZ or vehicle. Glucose kinetics were assessed before (basal period) and during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies. RESULTS OLZ-IV caused a transient increase in glycemia and a higher rate of glucose appearance (R(a)) in the basal period. During the hyperinsulinemic clamp, the glucose infusion rate (GIR) required to maintain euglycemia and the rate of glucose utilization (R(d)) were decreased in OLZ-IV, whereas endogenous glucose production (EGP) rate was increased compared with vehicle-IV. Consistent with an elevation in EGP, the OLZ-IV group had higher hepatic mRNA levels for the enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Phosphorylation of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was increased in OLZ-IV rats compared with controls. Similarly, an intracerebroventricular infusion of OLZ resulted in a transient increase in glycemia as well as a higher R(a) in the basal period. During the hyperinsulinemic period, OLZ-ICV caused a decreased GIR, an increased EGP, but no change in R(d). Furthermore, OLZ-ICV rats had increased hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes and elevated hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y and agouti-related protein mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Acute central nervous system exposure to OLZ induces hypothalamic AMPK and hepatic insulin resistance, pointing to a hypothalamic site of action for the metabolic dysregulation of atypical antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo J.F. Martins
- From the Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael Haas
- From the Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Silvana Obici
- From the Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Corresponding author: Silvana Obici,
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Metabolic and behavioral effects of chronic olanzapine treatment and cafeteria diet in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:668-75. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833e7f2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Victoriano M, de Beaurepaire R, Naour N, Guerre-Millo M, Quignard-Boulangé A, Huneau JF, Mathé V, Tomé D, Hermier D. Olanzapine-induced accumulation of adipose tissue is associated with an inflammatory state. Brain Res 2010; 1350:167-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Park S, Sang Mee Hong, Il Sung Ahn, Sung Hoon Kim. Olanzapine, not resperidone, exacerbates beta-cell function and mass in ovariectomized diabetic rats and estrogen replacement reverses them. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1105-14. [PMID: 19965940 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109348167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of risperidone and olanzapine on beta-cell function and mass was investigated in 90% pancreatectomized and ovariectomized female rats, of which some were treated with estrogen replacement and some were not. Ovariectomized diabetic rats were divided into two groups: one group received daily estrogen replacement (30 mug 17beta-estradiol/kg body weight) and the other group received a vehicle. Each group was further divided into three subgroups and orally given either a placebo, risperidone (0.5 mg/kg body weight), or olanzapine (2 mg/kg body weight) each day in conjunction with a high-fat diet for eight weeks. Ovariectomy reduced serum prolactin levels, while risperidone and estrogen replacement increased them. Olanzapine, not risperidone, increased body weight gain and epididymal fats, and impaired glucose tolerance in ovariectomized diabetic rats, while estrogen replacement improved them. This was related to changes in insulin secretion capacity. Ovariectomized rats had decreased beta-cell mass, due to decreasing beta-cell proliferation, compared with Sham rats, and olanzapine, but not risperidone, caused further reduction. Olanzapine reduced IRS2 protein levels in the islets of ovariectomized rats. Decreased IRS2 attenuated the phosphorylation of Akt and, subsequently, PDX-1 protein levels were lowered in olanzapine-treated rats. Estrogen replacement activated insulin/IGF-1 signaling regardless of treatment. In conclusion, olanzapine, but not risperidone, exacerbated glucose homeostasis partly by attenuating beta-cell function and mass in ovariectomized diabetic rats, while estrogen replacement reversed its negative impact. Further human studies are needed to support the claim that olanzapine should be avoided in the treatment of schizophrenic postmenopausal patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Diabetes/Obesity Center, College of Natural Science, Hoseo University, ChungNam-Do, Korea.
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Mishra AC, Mohanty B. Effect of lactational exposure of olanzapine on body weight of mice: a comparative study on neonates of both the sexes during post-natal development. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1089-96. [PMID: 19164496 DOI: 10.1177/0269881108100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adverse impact of atypical antipsychotic drugs on body weight of adult and juvenile groups has been well-documented both at clinical and preclinical investigations. However, studies on impact of drug on body weight during fetal or neonatal development received little attention. The present study is the first-ever preclinical investigation demonstrating the effect of lactational exposure of olanzapine (4, 8, and 10 mg/kg) and risperidone (1 and 2 mg/kg), two widely prescribed antipsychotics, on body weight of mice neonates. Body weight gain was observed with both the drugs, although a sex-related differential response was noted. In olanzapine-exposed female neonates, the weight gain was more with the highest dose. Male neonates showed a reverse trend, i.e. the highest gain with the lowest dose. Female neonates exposed to risperidone also showed significant, but less gain as compared to their olanzapine-exposed counterparts. Risperidone-exposed male neonates showed little body weight gain. Waist-to-hip ratio and plasma prolactin level were measured to explain the reason behind the body weight gain, but there were deviations with respect to drug and sex. The body weight gain may be the overall manifestations of drug-induced endocrine and metabolic dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Mishra
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211002, India
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Effects of sub-chronic clozapine and haloperidol administration on brain lipid levels. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:669-73. [PMID: 20227455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal lipid profiles have been reported in the central nervous system (CNS) in individuals with schizophrenia, although the etiology of these changes remains to be elucidated. While treatment with second-generation antipsychotics has been associated with alterations in peripheral lipid levels and changes in erythrocyte membrane composition, the relationship between peripheral and CNS lipid levels is complex and the effect of antipsychotics on CNS lipid regulation is not yet understood. In this study we investigated whether sub-chronic administration of the second-generation antipsychotic clozapine and the first-generation antipsychotic haloperidol alters brain membrane lipid composition in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The relationship between brain membrane lipid composition and plasma cholesterol concentrations was also assessed. Our results indicate that brain lipid composition and plasma cholesterol concentrations are not altered following administration of antipsychotics. No correlation was observed between plasma and brain membrane cholesterol levels. Our findings suggest that observed alterations in brain lipid profiles in individuals with schizophrenia are not a consequence of treatment with antipsychotic medications.
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McAllister EJ, Dhurandhar NV, Keith SW, Aronne LJ, Barger J, Baskin M, Benca RM, Biggio J, Boggiano MM, Eisenmann JC, Elobeid M, Fontaine KR, Gluckman P, Hanlon EC, Katzmarzyk P, Pietrobelli A, Redden DT, Ruden DM, Wang C, Waterland RA, Wright SM, Allison DB. Ten putative contributors to the obesity epidemic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:868-913. [PMID: 19960394 PMCID: PMC2932668 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903372599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is a global issue and shows no signs of abating, while the cause of this epidemic remains unclear. Marketing practices of energy-dense foods and institutionally-driven declines in physical activity are the alleged perpetrators for the epidemic, despite a lack of solid evidence to demonstrate their causal role. While both may contribute to obesity, we call attention to their unquestioned dominance in program funding and public efforts to reduce obesity, and propose several alternative putative contributors that would benefit from equal consideration and attention. Evidence for microorganisms, epigenetics, increasing maternal age, greater fecundity among people with higher adiposity, assortative mating, sleep debt, endocrine disruptors, pharmaceutical iatrogenesis, reduction in variability of ambient temperatures, and intrauterine and intergenerational effects as contributing factors to the obesity epidemic are reviewed herein. While the evidence is strong for some contributors such as pharmaceutical-induced weight gain, it is still emerging for other reviewed factors. Considering the role of such putative etiological factors of obesity may lead to comprehensive, cause specific, and effective strategies for prevention and treatment of this global epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J McAllister
- Department of Infections and Obesity, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Early perturbation in feeding behaviour and energy homeostasy in olanzapine-treated rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 206:167-76. [PMID: 19572122 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The antipsychotic drug, olanzapine, often induces weight gain and glucose metabolism disturbances, which may result from feeding pattern abnormalities. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to examine the effects of a chronic olanzapine treatment on feeding patterns in the rat and to investigate a potential time-related association between feeding patterns and the appearance of glucose metabolism abnormalities and adiposity. METHODS Male rats were treated with olanzapine (2 mg/kg/day), haloperidol (1 mg/kg/day) or a control solution (drugs mixed with the food). In experiment 1, treatments lasted 26 days and feeding patterns were measured on day 21. In experiment 2, treatments lasted for 46 days, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was realised on day 31. At the end of both experiments, plasma parameters and body composition were analysed. RESULTS In experiment 1, olanzapine-treated animals showed increased meal number, decreased ingestion rate, meal size and inter-meal interval, and no change in total food intake. Plasma glucose, OGTT and body composition were not altered. In experiment 2, after 31 days of treatment, fasting blood glucose was increased and OGTT indicated an insulin resistance. After 46 days of treatment, hyperglycaemia was aggravated (compared to 31 days), and adiposity was increased in olanzapine-treated animals. In both experiments, the haloperidol-treated rats did not differ from the control ones. CONCLUSION Chronic olanzapine treatment produces changes in feeding patterns, in a way consistent with an increased incentive drive to eat. As a whole, the results raise the hypothesis that long-term alteration of feeding pattern by olanzapine may predispose to disturbances in the regulation of energy metabolism.
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Hyperphagia and increased meal size are responsible for weight gain in rats treated sub-chronically with olanzapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 203:693-702. [PMID: 19052729 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain is a significant impediment in the treatment of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES In a putative model of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain, we investigated the effects of sub-chronic olanzapine on body weight, meal patterns, the expression of genes encoding for hypothalamic feeding-related neuropeptides and the contribution of hyperphagia to olanzapine-induced weight gain in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In experiment 1, female rats received either olanzapine (1 mg/kg, p.o.) or vehicle, twice daily for 7 days, while meal patterns were recorded. At the end of the treatment regimen, we measured the levels of hypothalamic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding neuropeptide-Y (NPY), hypocretin/orexin (HCRT), melanin concentrating hormone and pro-opiomelanocortin. NPY and HCRT mRNA levels were also assessed in a separate cohort of female rats treated acutely with olanzapine (1 mg/kg, p.o.). In experiment 2, we investigated the effect of a pair-feeding paradigm on sub-chronic (1 mg/kg, p.o.) olanzapine-induced weight gain. RESULTS In experiment 1, sub-chronic olanzapine increased body weight, food intake and meal size. Hypothalamic neuropeptide mRNA levels were unchanged after both acute and sub-chronic olanzapine treatment. In experiment 2, the restriction of food intake to the level of vehicle-treated controls abolished the sub-chronic olanzapine-induced increase in body weight. CONCLUSIONS Hyperphagia mediated by drug-induced impairments in satiety (as evidenced by increased meal size) is a key requirement for olanzapine-induced weight gain in this paradigm. However, olanzapine-induced hyperphagia and weight gain may not be mediated via alterations in the expression of the feeding-related hypothalamic neuropeptides examined in this study.
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Odaci E, Bilen H, Hacimuftuoglu A, Keles ON, Can İ, Bilici M. Long-term Treatments with Low- and High dose Olanzapine Change Hepatocyte Numbers in Rats. A Stereological and Histopathological Study. Arch Med Res 2009; 40:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Acute clozapine exposure in vivo induces lipid accumulation and marked sequential changes in the expression of SREBP, PPAR, and LXR target genes in rat liver. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 203:73-84. [PMID: 18989661 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have high propensity to induce weight gain and dyslipidemia in patients, with clozapine and olanzapine as the most potent drugs. These lipid-related effects have been attributed to drug-mediated blockade or antagonism of histamine H1 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors as well as activation of hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase. We recently showed that APDs activate lipid biosynthesis in cultured liver cells through stimulation of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcription factors. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to search for clozapine-related lipogenic effects in peripheral tissues in vivo using rat liver as target organ. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered single intraperitoneal injections of clozapine (25 and 50 mg/kg). Hepatic lipid levels were measured during a 48-h time course. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to analyze expression of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis, oxidation, efflux, and lipolysis. RESULTS We identified an initial up-regulation of central lipogenic SREBP target genes, followed by a marked and sustained down-regulation. We also observed a sequential transcriptional response for fatty acid beta-oxidation and cholesterol efflux genes, normally controlled by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha and liver X receptor alpha transcription factors, and also down-regulation of genes encoding major lipases. The transcriptional responses were associated with a significant accumulation of triacylglycerol, phospholipids, and cholesterol in the liver. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that acute clozapine exposure affects SREBP-regulated lipid biosynthesis as well as other lipid homeostasis pathways. We suggest that such drug-induced effects on lipid metabolism in peripheral tissues are relevant for the metabolic adverse effects associated with clozapine and possibly other APDs.
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Izumi M, Seki T, Iwasaki K, Sakamoto K. Chinese Herbal Medicine Yi-Gan-San Decreases the Lipid Accumulation in Mouse 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Modulating the Activities of Transcription Factors SREBP-1c and FoxO1. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2009; 219:53-62. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.219.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Izumi
- Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
- Center for Asian Traditional Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Takashi Seki
- Center for Asian Traditional Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Koh Iwasaki
- Center for Asian Traditional Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University
| | - Kazuichi Sakamoto
- Graduate school of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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Wallingford NM, Sinnayah P, Bymaster FP, Gadde KM, Krishnan RK, McKinney AA, Landbloom RP, Tollefson GD, Cowley MA. Zonisamide prevents olanzapine-associated hyperphagia, weight gain, and elevated blood glucose in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:2922-33. [PMID: 18322467 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine (OLZ), one of the second-generation atypical antipsychotics (SGAs), has shown relative advantages in patient adherence and outcomes. However, OLZ has also been associated with a higher incidence of weight gain than most other SGAs. Excessive weight gain may in turn contribute to long-term health concerns for some individuals. Zonisamide (ZNS), a medication approved in the United States as an adjunct in the management of epilepsy, has a diverse pharmacological profile, including sodium channel blockade, monoamine enhancement, and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase. ZNS has also been reported to cause weight loss in both humans and rodents. We hypothesized that this profile might be beneficial when co-administered with OLZ. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of OLZ on body weight, as well as the pathways known to regulate feeding behavior and arousal in the Sprague-Dawley rat. As indicated via c-Fos expression, we found an OLZ-induced activation in the nucleus accumbens and orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. An OLZ-associated development of hyperphagia, weight gain and elevated blood glucose in the rat was also found. These outcomes were attenuated and reversed in the presence of concomitant ZNS. These results suggest the hypothesis that ZNS may effectively treat or prevent weight gain or metabolic changes associated with the SGAs. Future studies of this combination in patients through appropriately designed human clinical studies are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Wallingford
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Effect of chronic treatment of haloperidol on the rat liver: a stereological and histopathological study. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2008; 379:253-61. [PMID: 18936913 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-008-0362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Haloperidol is commonly used in therapy for patients with acute and chronic schizophrenia. Because it can have some adverse effects on specific target organs such as the liver, we analyzed whether haloperidol exerts a toxic effect on rat liver by means of stereological and histopathological methods. Fifteen adult male rats, divided into three groups, were used in the experiments. Once a day for 6 weeks, either saline or 0.4 or 0.8 mg kg(-1) doses of haloperidol were given interperitoneally to the control, low-dose, and high-dose groups, respectively. At the end of the experiment, rats were killed by an overdose of a general anesthetic, and the livers were dissected out, fixed for sectioning, and evaluated using stereological and histopathological methods. Hepatocyte numbers were found to be 271.672, 291.072, and 238.415 hepatocytes per cubic millimeter in the liver of the control, low-dose, and high-dose groups, respectively. The differences between high-dose and control groups and also between high-dose and low-dose groups were significant (p < 0.05). Our histopathological findings at both the structural and the ultra-structural level were confirmed by stereological estimations. Results suggest a relationship between haloperidol dose and toxic effects on the liver, and they indicate that a high dose of haloperidol may result in irreversible liver damage.
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Snigdha S, Thumbi C, Reynolds GP, Neill JC. Ziprasidone and aripiprazole attenuate olanzapine-induced hyperphagia in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2008; 22:567-71. [PMID: 18208914 DOI: 10.1177/0269881107081519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Weight gain induced by some second-generation anti-psychotics such as olanzapine has emerged as a most debilitating side-effect. This study investigates whether co-administration with either ziprasidone or aripiprazole, which have little propensity to induce weight gain, can attenuate the hyperphagic effect of olanzapine. Female hooded-Lister rats (n=8 per group) were treated acutely with either vehicle, olanzapine (1 mg/kg), ziprasidone (1 mg/kg), aripiprazole (2 mg/kg) or olanzapine in combination with ziprasidone or aripiprazole and placed in automated locomotor activity (LMA) boxes with preweighed palatable mash. Food intake and LMA were measured for 60 min postdrug treatment. All olanzapine-treated groups demonstrated significant increases in food intake (P<0.001). This effect was attenuated following co-administration of olanzapine with either ziprasidone or aripiprazole (P<0.001), neither of which affected food intake alone. The lack of hyperphagia induced by aripiprazole and ziprasidone may reflect an inherent pharmacological mechanism preventing weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Snigdha
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK.
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Coccurello R, Caprioli A, Conti R, Ghirardi O, Borsini F, Carminati P, Moles A. Olanzapine (LY170053, 2-Methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5] Benzodiazepine), but Not the Novel Atypical Antipsychotic ST2472 (9-Piperazin-1-ylpyrrolo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazepine), Chronic Administration Induces Weight Gain, Hyperphagia, and Metabolic Dysregulation in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:905-11. [PMID: 18567835 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.137240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coccurello
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64-00143 Rome, Italy
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Disturbances in energy metabolism induced by antipsychotic treatments in a rat model. Proc Nutr Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665108008367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Disturbances in energy metabolism induced by antipsychotic treatments in
a rat model. Proc Nutr Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s002966510059051x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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