1
|
Prashant SP, Bhawana M. An update on biotechnological intervention mediated by plant tissue culture to boost secondary metabolite production in medicinal and aromatic plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14400. [PMID: 38945697 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Since prehistoric times, medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) have been employed for various therapeutic purposes due to their varied array of pharmaceutically relevant bioactive compounds, i.e. secondary metabolites. However, when secondary metabolites are isolated directly from MAPs, there is occasionally very poor yield and limited synthesis of secondary metabolites from particular tissues and certain developmental stages. Moreover, many MAPs species are in danger of extinction, especially those used in pharmaceuticals, as their natural populations are under pressure from overharvesting due to the excess demand for plant-based herbal remedies. The extensive use of these metabolites in a number of industrial and pharmaceutical industries has prompted a call for more research into increasing the output via optimization of large-scale production using plant tissue culture techniques. The potential of plant cells as sources of secondary metabolites can be exploited through a combination of product recovery technology research, targeted metabolite production, and in vitro culture establishment. The plant tissue culture approach provides low-cost, sustainable, continuous, and viable secondary metabolite production that is not affected by geographic or climatic factors. This study covers recent advancements in the induction of medicinally relevant metabolites, as well as the conservation and propagation of plants by advanced tissue culture technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shera Pandit Prashant
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh (CUHP), Kangra, Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh
| | - Mishra Bhawana
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh (CUHP), Kangra, Shahpur, Himachal Pradesh
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yu X, Liao Y, Zhang H, Li L, Wang Y, Liu B, Li W. Telomere-to-telomere reference genome for Panax ginseng highlights the evolution of saponin biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae107. [PMID: 38883331 PMCID: PMC11179851 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a representative of Chinese traditional medicine, also used worldwide, while the triterpene saponin ginsenoside is the most important effective compound within it. Ginseng is an allotetraploid, with complex genetic background, making the study of its metabolic evolution challenging. In this study, we assembled a telomere-to-telomere ginseng reference genome, constructed of 3.45 Gb with 24 chromosomes and 77 266 protein-coding genes. Additionally, the reference genome was divided into two subgenomes, designated as subgenome A and B. Subgenome A contains a larger number of genes, whereas subgenome B has a general expression advantage, suggesting that ginseng subgenomes experienced asymmetric gene loss with biased gene expression. The two subgenomes separated approximately 6.07 million years ago, and subgenome B shows the closest relation to Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus. Comparative genomics revealed an expansion of gene families associated with ginsenoside biosynthesis in both ginseng subgenomes. Furthermore, both tandem duplications and proximal duplications play crucial roles in ginsenoside biosynthesis. We also screened functional genes identified in previous research and found that some of these genes located in colinear regions between subgenomes have divergence functions, revealing an unbalanced evolution in both subgenomes and the saponin biosynthesis pathway in ginseng. Our work provides important resources for future genetic studies and breeding programs of ginseng, as well as the biosynthesis of ginsenosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Song
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Breeding, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Xikai Yu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Yi Liao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingping Wang
- State-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu M, Wang Z, Qin C, Cao H, Kong L, Liu T, Jiang S, Ma L, Liu X, Ren W, Ma W. Cloning, Expression Characteristics of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene from Platycodon grandiflorus and Functional Identification in Triterpenoid Synthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11429-11437. [PMID: 38738769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus is a medicinal plant whose main component is platycodins, which have a variety of pharmacological effects and nutritional values. The farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) is a key enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, which catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). In this study, we cloned the FPS gene from P. grandiflorus (PgFPS) with an ORF of 1260 bp, encoding 419 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight and theoretical pI of 46,200.98 Da and 6.52, respectively. The squalene content of overexpressed PgFPS in tobacco leaves and yeast cells extract was 1.88-fold and 1.21-fold higher than that of the control group, respectively, and the total saponin content was also increased by 1.15 times in yeast cells extract, which verified the biological function of PgFPS in terpenoid synthesis. After 48 h of MeJA treatment and 6 h of ethephon treatment, the expression of the PgFPS gene in roots and stems reached its peak, showing a 3.125-fold and 3.236-fold increase compared to the untreated group, respectively. Interestingly, the expression of the PgFPS gene in leaves showed a decreasing trend after exogenous elicitors treatment. The discovery of this enzyme will provide a novel perspective for enhancing the efficient synthesis of platycodins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chen Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huiyan Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lingyang Kong
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Tingxia Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lengleng Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiubo Liu
- College of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Jiamusi 154002, China
| | - Weichao Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mishra B, Bansal S, Tripathi S, Mishra S, Yadav RK, Sangwan NS. Differential regulation of key triterpene synthase gene under abiotic stress in Withania somnifera L. Dunal and its co-relation to sterols and withanolides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108419. [PMID: 38377888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), is one of the most reputed Indian medicinal plants, having immense pharmacological activities due to the occurrence of withanolides. The withanolides are biosynthesized through triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway with the involvement of WsCAS leading to cyclization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene, which is a key metabolite to further diversify to a myriad of phytochemicals. In contrast to the available reports on the studies of WsCAS in withanolide biosynthesis, its involvement in phytosterol biosynthesis needs investigation. Present work deals with the understanding of role of WsCAS triterpenoid synthase gene in the regulation of biosynthesis of phytosterols & withanolides. Docking studies of WsCAS protein revealed Conserved amino acids, DCATE motif, and QW motif which are involved in efficient substrate binding, structure stabilization, and catalytic activity. Overexpression/silencing of WsCAS leading to increment/decline of phytosterols confers its stringent regulation in phytosterols biosynthesis. Differential regulation of WsCAS on the metabolic flux towards phytosterols and withanolide biosynthesis was observed under abiotic stress conditions. The preferential channelization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene towards withanolides and/or phytosterols occurred under heat/salt stress and cold/water stress, respectively. Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol showed major contribution in high/low temperature and salt stress, and campesterol in water stress management. Overexpression of WsCAS in Arabidopsis thaliana led to the increment in phytosterols in general. Thus, the WsCAS plays important regulatory role in the biosynthetic pathway of phytosterols and withanolides under abiotic stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shilpi Bansal
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smrati Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritesh K Yadav
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alcalde MA, Palazon J, Bonfill M, Hidalgo-Martinez D. Enhancing Centelloside Production in Centella asiatica Hairy Root Lines through Metabolic Engineering of Triterpene Biosynthetic Pathway Early Genes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3363. [PMID: 37836103 PMCID: PMC10574710 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Centella asiatica is a medicinal plant with a rich tradition of use for its therapeutic properties. Among its bioactive compounds are centellosides, a group of triterpenoid secondary metabolites whose potent pharmacological activities have attracted significant attention. Metabolic engineering has emerged as a powerful biotechnological tool to enhance the production of target compounds. In this study, we explored the effects of overexpressing the squalene synthase (SQS) gene and transcription factor TSAR2 on various aspects of C. asiatica hairy root lines: the expression level of centelloside biosynthetic genes, morphological traits, as well as squalene, phytosterol, and centelloside content. Three distinct categories of transformed lines were obtained: LS, harboring At-SQS; LT, overexpressing TSAR2; and LST, simultaneously carrying both transgenes. These lines displayed noticeable alterations in morphological traits, including changes in branching rate and biomass production. Furthermore, we observed that the expression of T-DNA genes, particularly aux2 and rolC genes, significantly modulated the expression of pivotal genes involved in centelloside biosynthesis. Notably, the LS lines boasted an elevated centelloside content but concurrently displayed reduced phytosterol content, a finding that underscores the intriguing antagonistic relationship between phytosterol and triterpene pathways. Additionally, the inverse correlation between the centelloside content and morphological growth values observed in LS lines was countered by the action of TSAR2 in the LST and LT lines. This difference could be attributed to the simultaneous increase in the phytosterol content in the TSAR2-expressing lines, as these compounds are closely linked to root development. Overall, these discoveries offer valuable information for the biotechnological application of C. asiatica hairy roots and their potential to increase centelloside production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Alcalde
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.A.); (M.B.)
- Biotechnology, Health and Education Research Group, Posgraduate School, Cesar Vallejo University, Trujillo 13001, Peru
| | - Javier Palazon
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Diego Hidalgo-Martinez
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.A.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Neupane S, Khadka J, Rayamajhi S, Pandey AS. Binding modes of potential anti-prion phytochemicals to PrP C structures in silico. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2023; 14:100750. [PMID: 37453159 PMCID: PMC10368899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prion diseases involve the conversion of a normal, cell-surface glycoprotein (PrPC) into a misfolded pathogenic form (PrPSc). One possible strategy to inhibit PrPSc formation is to stabilize the native conformation of PrPC and interfere with the conversion of PrPC to PrPSc. Many compounds have been shown to inhibit the conversion process, however, no promising drugs have been identified to cure prion diseases. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify potential anti-prion compounds from plant phytochemicals by integrating traditional ethnobotanical knowledge with modern in silico drug design approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current study medicinal phytochemicals were docked with swapped and non-swapped crystal structures of PrPCin silico to identify potential anti-prions to determine their binding modes and interactions. RESULTS Eleven new phytochemicals were identified based on their binding energies and pharmacokinetic properties. The binding sites and interactions of the known and new anti-prion compounds are similar, and differences in binding modes occur in structures with very subtle differences in side chain conformations. Binding of these compounds poses steric hindrance to neighbouring molecules. Residues shown to be associated with the inhibition of PrPC to PrPSc conversion form interactions with most of the compounds. CONCLUSION Identified compounds might act as potent inhibitors of PrPC to PrPSc conversion. These might be attractive candidates for the development of novel anti-prion therapy although further tests in vitro cell cultures and in vivo mouse models are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Neupane
- Purbanchal University, Department of Biotechnology, SANN International College, Kathmandu, 44616, Nepal.
| | - Jenisha Khadka
- Purbanchal University, Department of Biotechnology, SANN International College, Kathmandu, 44616, Nepal.
| | - Sandesh Rayamajhi
- Purbanchal University, Department of Biotechnology, SANN International College, Kathmandu, 44616, Nepal.
| | - Arti S Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, Kathmandu Medical College (Basic Sciences), Bhaktapur, 44800, Nepal.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu H, Dai W, Xia M, Guo W, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Gao W, You X. Expression of PnSS Promotes Squalene and Oleanolic Acid (OA) Accumulation in Aralia elata via Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) Induction. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1132. [PMID: 37372312 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aralia elata is an important herb due to the abundance of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins whose important precursors are squalene and OA. Here, we found that MeJA treatment promoted both precursors accumulation, especially the latter, in transgenic A. elata, overexpressing a squalene synthase gene from Panax notoginseng(PnSS). In this study, Rhizobium-mediated transformation was used to express the PnSS gene. Gene expression analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to identify the effect of MeJA on squalene and OA accumulation. The PnSS gene was isolated and expressed in A. elata. Transgenic lines showed a very high expression of the PnSS gene and farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene (AeFPS) and a slightly higher squalene content than the wild-type, but endogenous squalene synthase (AeSS), squalene epoxidase (AeSE), and β-amyrin synthase (Aeβ-AS) gene were decreased as well as OA content. Following one day of MeJA treatment, the expression levels of PeSS, AeSS, and AeSE genes increased significantly. On day 3, the maximum content of both products reached 17.34 and 0.70 mg·g-1, which increased 1.39- and 4.90-fold than in the same lines without treatment. Transgenic lines expressing PnSS gene had a limited capability to promote squalene and OA accumulation. MeJA strongly activated their biosynthesis pathways, leading to enhance yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenxue Dai
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Meiling Xia
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shunjie Zhang
- Medical Resources Research Center, Mudanjiang Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Wa Gao
- Application of Nuclear Technology, Heilongjiang Institute of Atomic Energy, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiangling You
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Biotechnological and endophytic-mediated production of centellosides in Centella asiatica. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:473-489. [PMID: 36481800 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro culture of a plant cell, tissue and organ is a marvellous, eco-friendly biotechnological strategy for the production of phytochemicals. With the emergence of recent biotechnological tools, genetic engineering is now widely practiced enhancing the quality and quantity of plant metabolites. Triterpenoid saponins especially asiaticoside and madecassoside of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. are popularly known for their neuroprotective activity. It has become necessary to increase the production of asiaticoside and madecassoside because of their high pharmaceutical and industrial demand. Thus, the review aims to provide efficient biotechnological tools along with proper strategies. This review also included a comparative analysis of various carbon sources and biotic and abiotic elicitors. The vital roles of a variety of plant growth regulators and their combinations have also been evaluated at different in vitro growth stages of Centella asiatica. Selection of explants, direct and callus-mediated organogenesis, root organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seed production etc. are also highlighted in this study. In a nutshell, this review will present the research outcomes of different biotechnological interventions used to increase the yield of triterpenoid saponins in C. asiatica. KEY POINTS: • Critical and updated assessment on in vitro biotechnology in C. asiatica. • In vitro propagation of C. asiatica and elicitation of triterpenoid saponins production. • Methods for mass producing C. asiatica.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sykłowska-Baranek K, Kamińska M, Pączkowski C, Pietrosiuk A, Szakiel A. Metabolic Modifications in Terpenoid and Steroid Pathways Triggered by Methyl Jasmonate in Taxus × media Hairy Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091120. [PMID: 35567120 PMCID: PMC9100385 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro cultures of Taxus spp. were one of the first plant in vitro systems proved to exert the positive effect of elicitation with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. The main aim of the present study is to examine the effect of MeJA treatment on the steroid and triterpenoid content of two genetically different hairy root lines of Taxus × media, KT and ATMA. The results revealed that the two lines differed in the total content of steroids and triterpenoids (in the ATMA root line, their amounts were lower than those in the KT line by 43% and 30%, respectively), but not in the composition of these compounds. The metabolic response to elicitation with MeJA was different: in the KT root line, the content of steroids decreased by 18%, whereas it increased by 38% in the ATMA line. Several metabolic features were common, including the characteristic changes in the ratio of sitosterol to stigmasterol content, caused by the very sharp boost in stigmasterol levels, the increase in the amount of glycoside forms of sterols, as well as in triterpenoid and total phenolic content. It is the first report on modifications of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway in Taxus hairy root cultures triggered by MeJA, concerning steroids and triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sykłowska-Baranek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.-B.); (A.P.)
| | - Monika Kamińska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (C.P.)
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (C.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Pietrosiuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.-B.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (M.K.); (C.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu X, Tang N, Xu F, Chen Z, Zhang X, Ye J, Liao Y, Zhang W, Kim SU, Wu P, Cao Z. SMRT and Illumina RNA sequencing reveal the complexity of terpenoid biosynthesis in Zanthoxylum armatum. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:664-683. [PMID: 34448876 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum armatum DC) is a popular spice and is often prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine to treat vomiting, diarrhea, ascariasis and eczema, among other conditions. Volatile oils from Z. armatum leaves contain active ingredients, with terpenoids being one of the main components. In the present study, the combination of sequencing data of Z. armatum from PacBio single molecule real time (SMRT) and Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) platforms facilitated an understanding of the gene regulatory network of terpenoid biosynthesis in pepper leaves. The leaves of three developmental stages from two Z. armatum cultivars, 'Rongchangwuci' (WC) and 'Zhuye' (ZY), were selected as test materials to construct sequencing libraries. A total of 143,122 predictions of unique coding sequences, 105,465 simple sequence repeats, 20,145 transcription factors and 4719 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified, and 142,829 transcripts were successfully annotated. The occurrence of alternative splicing events was verified by reverse transcription PCR, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to confirm the expression pattern of six randomly selected lncRNAs. A total of 96,931 differentially expressed genes were filtered from different samples. According to functional annotation, a total of 560 candidate genes were involved in terpenoid synthesis, of which 526 were differentially expressed genes (DEGs). To identify the key genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis, the module genes in different samples, including structural and transcription factors genes, were analyzed using the weighted gene co-expression network method, and the co-expression network of genes was constructed. Thirty-one terpenoids were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The correlation between 18 compounds with significantly different contents and genes with high connectivity in the module was jointly analyzed in both cultivars, yielding 12 candidate DEGs presumably involved in the regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis. Our findings showed that full-length transcriptome SMRT and Illumina RNA-Seq can play an important role in studying organisms without reference genomes and elucidating the gene regulation of a biosynthetic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Liu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Ning Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Zexiong Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Life Science, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Biotechnology, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Soo-Un Kim
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Peiyin Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengyan Cao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khan AL, Asaf S, Numan M, AbdulKareem NM, Imran M, Riethoven JJM, Kim HY, Al-Harrasi A, Schachtman DP, Al-Rawahi A, Lee IJ. Transcriptomics of tapping and healing process in frankincense tree during resin production. Genomics 2021; 113:4337-4351. [PMID: 34798281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frankincense tree (Boswellia sacra Fluek) has been poorly known on how it responds to tapping and wound-recovery process at molecular levels. Here, we used RNA-sequencing analysis to profile transcriptome of B. sacra after 30 min, 3 h and 6 h of post-tapping. Results showed 5525 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were related to terpenoid biosynthesis, phytohormonal regulation, cellular transport, and cell-wall synthesis. Plant-growth-regulators were applied exogenously which showed regulation of endogenous jasmonates and resulted in rapid recovery of cell-wall integrity by significantly up-regulated gene expression of terpenoid biosynthesis (germacrene-D synthase, B-amyrin synthase, and squalene epioxidase-1) and cell-wall synthesis (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, cellulose synthase-A, and cell-wall hydrolase) compared to control. These findings suggest that tapping immediately activated several cell-developmental and regeneration processes, alongwith defense-induced terpenoid metabolism, to improve the healing process in epidermis. Exogenous growth regulators, especially jasmonic acid, can drastically help tree recovery from tissue degeneration and might help in tree conservation purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Latif Khan
- Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston 77479, TX, United States of America; Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - Muhammad Numan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 363 Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States of America
| | | | - Muhammad Imran
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean-Jack M Riethoven
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman.
| | - Daniel P Schachtman
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States of America.
| | - Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Enhancement of Phytosterol and Triterpenoid Production in Plant Hairy Root Cultures-Simultaneous Stimulation or Competition? PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102028. [PMID: 34685836 PMCID: PMC8541584 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Plant in vitro cultures, including hairy roots, can be applied for controlled production of valuable natural products, such as triterpenoids and sterols. These compounds originate from the common precursor squalene. Sterols and triterpenoids distinctly differ in their functions, and the 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclization step is often regarded as a branch point between primary and secondary (more aptly: general and specialized) metabolism. Considering the crucial role of phytosterols as membrane constituents, it has been postulated that unconstrained biosynthesis of triterpenoids can occur when sterol formation is already satisfied, and these compounds are no longer needed for cell growth and division. This hypothesis seems to follow directly the growth-defense trade-off plant dilemma. In this review, we present some examples illustrating the specific interplay between the two divergent pathways for sterol and triterpenoid biosynthesis appearing in root cultures. These studies were significant for revealing the steps of the biosynthetic pathway, understanding the role of particular enzymes, and discovering the possibility of gene regulation. Currently, hairy roots of many plant species can be considered not only as an efficient tool for production of phytochemicals, but also as suitable experimental models for investigations on regulatory mechanisms of plant metabolism.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tavan M, Sarikhani H, Mirjalili MH, Rigano MM, Azizi A. Triterpenic and phenolic acids production changed in Salvia officinalis via in vitro and in vivo polyploidization: A consequence of altered genes expression. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 189:112803. [PMID: 34144408 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The induction of polyploidy is an efficient technique for creating a diversity of genetic, phenotypic, and phytochemical novelties in plant taxa. Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a well-known medicinal plant rich of valuable bioactive molecules such as triterpenic and phenolic acids. In the present study, the effect of in vitro and in vivo polyploidization on morphological characteristics, anatomical structures, phytochemical traits, and expression level of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of major triterpenic acids (ursolic, betulinic, and oleanolic acids) of the plant was studied. The sterile seeds treated with different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) of colchicine for 24 and 48 h were considered for polyploidy induction. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting were used to confirm the ploidy level of diploid (2n = 2x = 14, 2C DNA = 1.10 pg) and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28, 2C DNA = 2.12 pg) plants after seven months. The highest polyploidy induction was obtained by applying 0.1% (w/v) colchicine for 48 h with an efficiency of 19.05% in vitro tetraploidy. Polyploids showed differences in leaf shape and color, leaf and stem thickness, trichrome density, root length, plant height, and number of leaves compared to diploid plants. There was also a significant decrease in rosmarinic acid content in polyploid (plants) as compared to diploid plants. Although a significant decrease in ursolic acid content was observed in polyploids, betulinic acid content associated with the expression levels of genes encoding enzymes being active in triterpene biosynthesis such as squalene epoxidase (SQE) and lupeol synthase (LUS). The expression of SQE and LUS was significantly increased in in vitro tertaploids (2.9-fold) and in vivo mixoploids (2.4-fold). The results confirm the idea that induced polyploidy can randomly alter breeding traits of plants as well as the content of bioactive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Tavan
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, 65174, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Hassan Sarikhani
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, 65174, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maria Manuela Rigano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy.
| | - Ali Azizi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, 65174, Hamedan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li C, Wang M. Application of Hairy Root Culture for Bioactive Compounds Production in Medicinal Plants. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:592-608. [PMID: 32416672 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200516155146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are rich sources of natural bioactive compounds used to treat many diseases. With the development of the health industry, the market demands for Chinese medicine have been rapidly increasing in recent years. However, over-utilization of herbal plants would cause serious ecological problems. Therefore, an effective approach should be developed to produce the pharmaceutically important natural drugs. Hairy root culture induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes has been considered to be an effective tool to produce secondary metabolites that are originally biosynthesized in the roots or even in the aerial organs of mature plants. This review aims to summarize current progress on medicinal plant hairy root culture for bioactive compounds production. It presents the stimulating effects of various biotic and abiotic elicitors on the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Synergetic effects by combination of different elicitors or with other strategies are also included. Besides, the transgenic system has promising prospects to increase bioactive compounds content by introducing their biosynthetic or regulatory genes into medicinal plant hairy root. It offers great potential to further increase secondary metabolites yield by the integration of manipulating pathway genes with elicitors and other strategies. Then advances on two valuable pharmaceuticals production in the hairy root cultures are illustrated in detail. Finally, successful production of bioactive compounds by hairy root culture in bioreactors are introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caili Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meizhen Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee MY, Seo HS, Singh D, Lee SJ, Lee CH. Unraveling dynamic metabolomes underlying different maturation stages of berries harvested from Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:413-423. [PMID: 32372863 PMCID: PMC7195594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng berries (GBs) show temporal metabolic variations among different maturation stages, determining their organoleptic and functional properties. METHODS We analyzed metabolic variations concomitant to five different maturation stages of GBs including immature green (IG), mature green (MG), partially red (PR), fully red (FR), and overmature red (OR) using mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolomic profiling and multivariate analyses. RESULTS The partial least squares discriminant analysis score plot based on gas chromatography-MS datasets highlighted metabolic disparity between preharvest (IG and MG) and harvest/postharvest (PR, FR, and OR) GB extracts along PLS1 (34.9%) with MG distinctly segregated across PLS2 (18.2%). Forty-three significantly discriminant primary metabolites were identified encompassing five developmental stages (variable importance in projection > 1.0, p < 0.05). Among them, most amino acids, organic acids, 5-C sugars, ethanolamines, purines, and palmitic acid were detected in preharvest GB extracts, whereas 6-C sugars, phenolic acid, and oleamide levels were distinctly higher during later maturation stages. Similarly, the partial least squares discriminant analysis based on liquid chromatography-MS datasets displayed preharvest and harvest/postharvest stages clustered across PLS1 (11.1 %); however, MG and PR were separated from IG, FR, and OR along PLS2 (5.6 %). Overall, 24 secondary metabolites were observed significantly discriminant (variable importance in projection > 1.0, p < 0.05), with most displaying higher relative abundance during preharvest stages excluding ginsenosides Rg1 and Re. Furthermore, we observed strong positive correlations between total flavonoid and phenolic metabolite contents in GB extracts and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION Comprehending the dynamic metabolic variations associated with GB maturation stages rationalize their optimal harvest time per se the related agroeconomic traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mee Youn Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Seo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Digar Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Damkerngsuntorn W, Rerknimitr P, Panchaprateep R, Tangkijngamvong N, Kumtornrut C, Kerr SJ, Asawanonda P, Tantisira MH, Khemawoot P. The Effects of a Standardized Extract of Centella asiatica on Postlaser Resurfacing Wound Healing on the Face: A Split-Face, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 26:529-536. [PMID: 32310680 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Centella asiatica, a medicinal plant, has been used traditionally to promote wound healing. Its efficacy on promoting postlaser resurfacing wound healing is lacking. Methods: Thirty individuals with facial acne scars underwent a treatment with 2940 nm Er:YAG laser. Half side of the face was randomized to receive 0.05% w/w ECa 233 gel, a standardized extract of C. asiatica, and the other half a placebo gel. The gels were applied four times daily for 7 days then twice daily for 3 months. Erythema, melanin, and texture index (TI) from Antera3D,® and skin biophysics were obtained at baseline, days 2, 4, and 7, then every 2 weeks for the first month, and every month for 3 months. Three blinded dermatologists assessed the photographs and provided a grading scale of wound appearances. Results: The ECa 233 treated side exhibited significantly less erythema index over total follow-up by 0.03 U (coefficient = -0.03 [95% CI -0.06 to -0.0006]; p = 0.046). In keeping with the physicians' assessment that showed significantly higher improvements in skin erythema at days 2, 4, and 7 (p = 0.009, 0.0061, 0.012), crusting at days 2 (p = 0.02), and general wound appearance at days 2, 4, and 7 (p = 0.008, 0.001, 0.044), TI showed a trend toward better outcome in the ECa 233 group. Skin biophysics did not differ between the two groups. Conclusion: ECa 233 might be an option for postlaser treatment to improve wound appearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilawan Damkerngsuntorn
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratchathorn Panchaprateep
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natsinee Tangkijngamvong
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanat Kumtornrut
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- Center for Excellence in Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pravit Asawanonda
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Phisit Khemawoot
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Interspecies Scaling for Drug Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nguyen KV, Pongkitwitoon B, Pathomwichaiwat T, Viboonjun U, Prathanturarug S. Effects of methyl jasmonate on the growth and triterpenoid production of diploid and tetraploid Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. hairy root cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18665. [PMID: 31822691 PMCID: PMC6904556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the phytomass and triterpenoid production of diploid and tetraploid Centella asiatica hairy roots were investigated. Hairy root cultures were obtained from diploid and induced tetraploid plants of C. asiatica infected by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC 43057. MeJA triggered triterpenoid production in both ploidy hairy roots, whereas triterpenoids were not produced in the untreated hairy roots. Among the treatments, the 50 µM MeJA treatment yielded the maximum triterpenoid production in diploid hairy roots of 27.25 ± 0.27 µg/mg Dry weight (DW) total triterpenoid at day 21. For the tetraploid hairy root cultures, the 28th-day hairy root culture produced a maximum amount of triterpenoids of 16.29 ± 6.32 µg/mg DW in response to the 50 µM MeJA treatment, whereas the 100 µM MeJA treatment produced a similar triterpenoid amount (16.31 ± 9.24 µg/mg DW) at day 14. Moreover, in response to 50 µM MeJA, we obtained different ratios of aglycone to glycoside, i.e., 1:7 and 1:2, between the diploid and tetraploid hairy root cultures. Asiaticoside was the dominant phytochemical, followed by asiatic acid and madecassic acid. This study provides valuable information for producing triterpenoids for C. asiatica commercial products and preparations by using hairy root cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khoa Van Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Benyakan Pongkitwitoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanika Pathomwichaiwat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Unchera Viboonjun
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sompop Prathanturarug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-ayuthaya Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Biswas T, Dwivedi UN. Plant triterpenoid saponins: biosynthesis, in vitro production, and pharmacological relevance. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1463-1486. [PMID: 31297656 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The saponins are a diverse class of natural products, with a broad scale distribution across different plant species. Chemically characterized as triterpenoid glycosides, they posses a 30C oxidosqualene precursor-based aglycone moiety (sapogenin), to which glycosyl residues are subsequently attached to yield the corresponding saponin. Based on the chemically distinct aglycone moieties, broadly, they are divided into triterpenoid saponins (dammaranes, ursanes, oleananes, lupanes, hopanes, etc.) and the sterol glycosides. This review aims to present in detail the biosynthesis patterns of the different aglycones from a common precursor and their glycosylation patterns to yield the functionally active glycoside. The review also presents recent advances in the pharmacological activities of these saponins, particularly as potent anti-neoplastic pharmacophores, antioxidants, or anti-viral/antibacterial agents. Since alternate production pedestals for these pharmacologically important triterpenes via cell and tissue cultures are an attractive option for their sustainable production, recent trends in the variety and scale of in vitro production of plant triterpenoids have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Upendra N Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
- Institute for Development of Advanced Computing, ONGC Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aminfar Z, Rabiei B, Tohidfar M, Mirjalili MH. Identification of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenic acids in the mint family. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15826. [PMID: 31676750 PMCID: PMC6825174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenic acids (TAs), a large group of natural compounds with diverse biological activity, are produced by several plant taxa. Betulinic, oleanolic, and ursolic acids are the most medicinally important TAs and are mainly found in plants of the mint family. Metabolic engineering is strongly dependent on identifying the key genes in biosynthetic pathways toward the products of interest. In this study, gene expression tracking was performed by transcriptome mining, co-expression network analysis, and tissue-specific metabolite-expression analysis in order to identify possible key genes involved in TAs biosynthetic pathways. To this end, taxa-specific degenerate primers of six important genes were designed using an effective method based on the MEME algorithm in a phylogenetically related group of sequences and successfully applied in three members of the Lamiaceae (Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, and Thymus persicus). Based on the results of in-depth data analysis, genes encoding squalene epoxidase and oxido squalene cyclases are proposed as targets for boosting triterpene production. The results emphasize the importance of identifying key genes in triterpene biosynthesis, which may facilitate genetic manipulation or overexpression of target genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aminfar
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Babak Rabiei
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Masoud Tohidfar
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Skrzypczak-Pietraszek E, Urbańska A, Żmudzki P, Pietraszek J. Elicitation with methyl jasmonate combined with cultivation in the Plantform™ temporary immersion bioreactor highly increases the accumulation of selected centellosides and phenolics in Centella asiatica (L.) Urban shoot culture. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:931-943. [PMID: 32624983 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201900051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is an important pharmacopoeial plant used not only in medicine but also in cosmetology. C. asiatica agitated shoot cultures were established to study the influence of ethephon, methyl jasmonate, l-phenylalanine (Eth 50 µM, MeJa 50 µM, L-Phe 2.4 g/L of medium, respectively; seven variants of the supplementation) on the accumulation of secondary metabolites: the main centellosides (asiaticoside and madecassoside) and selected phenolic acids, and flavonoids in the biomass. Microshoots were harvested two and six days after the supplementation. Secondary metabolites were analyzed in methanolic extracts by UPLC-MS/MS (centellosides) and by HPLC-DAD (phenolics). In comparison with the reference cultures, the concentrations of individual secondary metabolites increased as follows: centellosides up to 5.6-fold (asiaticoside), phenolic acids up to 122-fold (p-coumaric acid) and flavonoids up to 22.4-fold (kaempherol). The highest production increase of individual compounds was observed for different variants of supplementation. Variant C (50 µM MeJa), the most optimal for centellosides and flavonoid accumulation, was selected for the experiment with bioreactors. Bioreactor Plantform™, compared to RITA® system and agitated cultures, appeared to be the most advantageous for secondary metabolites production in C. asiatica shoot cultures. The phenolic acid, flavonoid, centelloside, and total secondary metabolite productivity in Plantform™ system is 1.8-fold, 1.7-fold, 2.8-fold, 2.1-fold, respectively, higher than in MeJa elicitated agitated cultures, and 4.3-fold, 7.3-fold, 12.2-fold, 7.2-fold, respectively, higher than in control agitated cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Skrzypczak-Pietraszek
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Aneta Urbańska
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Paweł Żmudzki
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Jacek Pietraszek
- Department of Software Engineering and Applied Statistics Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Cracow University of Technology Krakow Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Selection and validation of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in Rosmarinus officinalis L. in various tissues and under elicitation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
22
|
The Effects of Environmental Factors on Ginsenoside Biosynthetic Enzyme Gene Expression and Saponin Abundance. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010014. [PMID: 30577538 PMCID: PMC6337439 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is one of the most important medicinal plants in Northeast China, and ginsenosides are the main active ingredients found in medicinal ginseng. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides is regulated by environmental factors and the expression of key enzyme genes. Therefore, in this experiment, ginseng in the leaf opened stage, the green fruit stage, the red fruit stage, and the root growth stage was used as the test material, and nine individual ginsenosides and total saponins (the sum of the individual saponins) were detected by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). There was a trend of synergistic increase and decrease, and saponin accumulation and transfer in different tissues. The expression of key enzyme genes in nine synthetic pathways was detected by real-time PCR, and the correlation between saponin content, gene expression, and ecological factors was analyzed. Correlation analysis showed that in root tissue, PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) and soil water potential had a greater impact on ginsenoside accumulation, while in leaf tissue, temperature and relative humidity had a greater impact on ginsenoside accumulation. The results provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the relationship between ecological factors and genetic factors and their impact on the quality of medicinal materials. The results also have guiding significance for realizing the quality of medicinal materials.
Collapse
|
23
|
Effects of topical applications of porcine acellular urinary bladder matrix and Centella asiatica extract on oral wound healing in a rat model. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:2083-2095. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
24
|
Dong L, Pollier J, Bassard JE, Ntallas G, Almeida A, Lazaridi E, Khakimov B, Arendt P, de Oliveira LS, Lota F, Goossens A, Michoux F, Bak S. Co-expression of squalene epoxidases with triterpene cyclases boosts production of triterpenoids in plants and yeast. Metab Eng 2018; 49:1-12. [PMID: 30016654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Triterpene cyclases catalyze the first committed step in triterpene biosynthesis, by forming mono- to pentacyclic backbone structures from oxygenated C30 isoprenoid precursors. Squalene epoxidase precedes this cyclization by providing the oxygenated and activated substrate for triterpene biosynthesis. Three squalene epoxidases from Cucurbita pepo (CpSEs) were isolated and shown to have evolved under purifying selection with signs of sites under positive selection in their N- and C-termini. They all localize to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and produce 2,3-oxidosqualene and 2,3:22,23-dioxidosqualene when expressed in a yeast erg1 (squalene epoxidase) erg7 (lanosterol synthase) double mutant. Co-expression of the CpSEs with four different triterpene cyclases, either transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana or constitutively in yeast, showed that CpSEs boost triterpene production. CpSE2 was the best performing in this regard, which could reflect either increased substrate production or superior channeling of the substrate to the triterpene cyclases. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) analysis with C. pepo cucurbitadienol synthase (CpCPQ) revealed a specific interaction with CpSE2 but not with the other CpSEs. When CpSE2 was transformed into C. pepo hairy root lines, cucurbitacin E production was increased two folds compared to empty vector control lines. This study provides new insight into the importance of SEs in triterpene biosynthesis, suggesting that they may facilitate substrate channeling, and demonstrates that SE overexpression is a new tool for increasing triterpene production in plants and yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Dong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Etienne Bassard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Georgios Ntallas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Alkion Biopharma SAS, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Aldo Almeida
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Eleni Lazaridi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bekzod Khakimov
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 16, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Philipp Arendt
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louisi Souza de Oliveira
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lota
- Alkion Biopharma SAS, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Alain Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Franck Michoux
- Alkion Biopharma SAS, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Srivastava M, Singh G, Sharma S, Shukla S, Misra P. Elicitation Enhanced the Yield of Glycyrrhizin and Antioxidant Activities in Hairy Root Cultures of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2018; 38:373-384. [PMID: 32214632 PMCID: PMC7088221 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-018-9847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. has become an endangered medicinal plant due to the unabated extraction of glycyrrhizin. Glycyrrhizin is a triterpenoid saponin that is a root centric secondary metabolite having numerous pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiallergic, antiulcer, and is found to be effective even against HIV. Harvesting of the roots for high value glycyrrhizin destroys the whole plant causing existential threat to the plant itself and consequent damage to biodiversity. The present study establishes that hairy root cultures of G. glabra, using an optimized elicitor, can dramatically enhance focused production of glycyrrhizin at a much faster pace year-round without causing destruction of the plant. Hairy root cultures of G. glabra were developed using the Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 strain. The glycyrrhizin content was enhanced using different biotic and abiotic elicitors, for example, PEG (polyethylene glycol), CdCl2, cellulase, and mannan at different concentrations and durations. PEG at 1% concentration enhanced the yield of glycyrrhizin up to 5.4-fold after 24 h of exposure, whereas 200 µg mL-1 cellulase enhanced glycyrrhizin yield to 8.6-fold after 7 days of treatment. Mannan at 10 mg L-1 concentration enhanced the production of glycyrrhizin up to 7.8-fold after 10 days of stress. Among different antioxidant enzymes, SOD activity was significantly enhanced under drought, cellulase and mannan stress. This identification of elicitors can result in abundant supply of valuable glycyrrhizin to meet broad spectrum demand through commercial production without endangering G. glabra L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Srivastava
- CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
- Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Gaurav Singh
- CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sudhir Shukla
- CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Pratibha Misra
- CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lu J, Li J, Wang S, Yao L, Liang W, Wang J, Gao W. Advances in ginsenoside biosynthesis and metabolic regulation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018; 65:514-522. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering; Ministry of Education; Tianjin University; Tianjin People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Progress on the Studies of the Key Enzymes of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030589. [PMID: 29509695 PMCID: PMC6017814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main bioactive constituents of Panax species, ginsenosides possess a wide range of notable medicinal effects such as anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activities. However, the increasing medical demand for ginsenosides cannot be met due to the limited resource of Panax species and the low contents of ginsenosides. In recent years, biotechnological approaches have been utilized to increase the production of ginsenosides by regulating the key enzymes of ginsenoside biosynthesis, while synthetic biology strategies have been adopted to produce ginsenosides by introducing these genes into yeast. This review summarizes the latest research progress on cloning and functional characterization of key genes dedicated to the production of ginsenosides, which not only lays the foundation for their application in plant engineering, but also provides the building blocks for the production of ginsenosides by synthetic biology.
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Su P, Yang J, Huang L, Gao W. Genetic Transformation System for Woody Plant Tripterygium wilfordii and Its Application to Product Natural Celastrol. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2221. [PMID: 29375599 PMCID: PMC5767223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii is a perennial woody liana medicinal plant with several crucial biological activities. Although studies on tissue culture have previously been conducted, research on genetic transformation is much more challenging and therefore results in slower progress. In the present study, a highly efficient transformation system involving the particle bombardment of T. wilfordii with the reporter egfp gene using the PDS-1000/He system was established. A total of seven parameters affecting the genetic transformation were investigated using an L18 (6 × 36)-type orthogonal array. The result indicated that DNA delivery conditions of 3-cm target distance, 1100 psi helium pressure, 28 mmHg chamber vacuum pressure, three times number of bombardment, CaCl2 as precipitation agent, 2 μg plasmid DNA concentration and 48 h post-bombardment incubation time were optimal for T. wilfordii cell suspensions transformation. The average transformation efficiency was 19.17%. Based on this transformation system, the overexpression of two T. wilfordii farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase genes (TwFPSs) was performed in cell suspensions. Integration of the TwFPSs in the genome was verified by PCR analysis and also by Southern blotting using hygromycin gene as a probe. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that the expression of TwFPS1&2 was highly up regulated in transgenic cell suspensions compared with control cells. The detection of metabolites showed that TwFPS1&2 could highly increase the celastrol content (973.60 μg/g) in transgenic cells. These results indicated that this transformation system is an effective protocol for characterizing the function of genes in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang Y, Ge F, Sun Y, Liu D, Chen C. Strengthening Triterpene Saponins Biosynthesis by Over-Expression of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene and RNA Interference of Cycloartenol Synthase Gene in Panax notoginseng Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040581. [PMID: 28379198 PMCID: PMC6153935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To conform to the multiple regulations of triterpene biosynthesis, the gene encoding farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) was transformed into Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) cells in which RNA interference (RNAi) of the cycloartenol synthase (CAS) gene had been accomplished. Transgenic cell lines showed both higher expression levels of FPS and lower expression levels of CAS compared to the wild-type (WT) cells. In the triterpene and phytosterol analysis, transgenic cell lines provided a higher accumulation of total triterpene saponins, and a lower amount of phytosterols in comparison with the WT cells. Compared with the cells in which RNAi of the CAS gene was achieved, the cells with simultaneously over-expressed FPS and silenced CAS showed higher triterpene contents. These results demonstrate that over-expression of FPS can break the rate-limiting reaction catalyzed by FPS in the triterpene saponins biosynthetic pathway; and inhibition of CAS expression can decrease the synthesis metabolic flux of the phytosterol branch. Thus, more precursors flow in the direction of triterpene synthesis, and ultimately promote the accumulation of P. notoginseng saponins. Meanwhile, silencing and over-expressing key enzyme genes simultaneously is more effective than just manipulating one gene in the regulation of saponin biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
- School of Biotechnology and Engineering, Dianxi Science and Technology Normal University, Lincang 677000, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Ying Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Chaoyin Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hua W, Kong W, Cao X, Chen C, Liu Q, Li X, Wang Z. Transcriptome analysis of Dioscorea zingiberensis identifies genes involved in diosgenin biosynthesis. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
31
|
Miras-Moreno B, Sabater-Jara AB, Pedreño MA, Almagro L. Bioactivity of Phytosterols and Their Production in Plant in Vitro Cultures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7049-58. [PMID: 27615454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are a kind of plant metabolite belonging to the triterpene family. These compounds are essential biomolecules for human health, and so they must be taken from foods. β-Sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol are the main phytosterols found in plants. Phytosterols have beneficial effects on human health since they are able to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and have antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. However, there are many difficulties in obtaining them, since the levels of these compounds produced from plant raw materials are low and their chemical synthesis is not economically profitable for commercial exploitation. A biotechnological alternative for their production is the use of plant cell and hairy root cultures. This review is focused on the biosynthesis of phytosterols and their function in both plants and humans as well as the different biotechnological strategies to increase phytosterol biosynthesis. Special attention is given to describing new methodologies based on the use of recombinant DNA technology to increase the levels of phytosterols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia , Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Sabater-Jara
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia , Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M A Pedreño
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia , Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia , Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rusanov K, Atanassov A, Atanassov I. Engineering Cell and Organ Cultures from Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Toward Commercial Production of Bioactive Metabolites. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32004-5_8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
33
|
Jiao J, Gai QY, Wang W, Luo M, Zu YG, Fu YJ, Ma W. Enhanced astragaloside production and transcriptional responses of biosynthetic genes in Astragalus membranaceus hairy root cultures by elicitation with methyl jasmonate. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
34
|
Dhar N, Razdan S, Rana S, Bhat WW, Vishwakarma R, Lattoo SK. A Decade of Molecular Understanding of Withanolide Biosynthesis and In vitro Studies in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: Prospects and Perspectives for Pathway Engineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1031. [PMID: 26640469 PMCID: PMC4661287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, a multipurpose medicinal plant is a rich reservoir of pharmaceutically active triterpenoids that are steroidal lactones known as withanolides. Though the plant has been well-characterized in terms of phytochemical profiles as well as pharmaceutical activities, limited attempts have been made to decipher the biosynthetic route and identification of key regulatory genes involved in withanolide biosynthesis. This scenario limits biotechnological interventions for enhanced production of bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, recent emergent trends vis-à-vis, the exploration of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomics, and in vitro studies have opened new vistas regarding pathway engineering of withanolide production. During recent years, various strategic pathway genes have been characterized with significant amount of regulatory studies which allude toward development of molecular circuitries for production of key intermediates or end products in heterologous hosts. Another pivotal aspect covering redirection of metabolic flux for channelizing the precursor pool toward enhanced withanolide production has also been attained by deciphering decisive branch point(s) as robust targets for pathway modulation. With these perspectives, the current review provides a detailed overview of various studies undertaken by the authors and collated literature related to molecular and in vitro approaches employed in W. somnifera for understanding various molecular network interactions in entirety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niha Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Sumeer Razdan
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Satiander Rana
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Wajid W Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Surrinder K Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu Tawi, India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Srivastava S, Sangwan RS, Tripathi S, Mishra B, Narnoliya LK, Misra LN, Sangwan NS. Light and auxin responsive cytochrome P450s from Withania somnifera Dunal: cloning, expression and molecular modelling of two pairs of homologue genes with differential regulation. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1421-37. [PMID: 25687294 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) catalyse a wide variety of oxygenation/hydroxylation reactions that facilitate diverse metabolic functions in plants. Specific CYP families are essential for the biosynthesis of species-specialized metabolites. Therefore, we investigated the role of different CYPs related to secondary metabolism in Withania somnifera, a medicinally important plant of the Indian subcontinent. In this study, complete complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of four different CYP genes were isolated and christened as WSCYP93Id, WSCYP93Sm, WSCYP734B and WSCYP734R. These cDNAs encoded polypeptides comprising of 498, 496, 522 and 550 amino acid residues with their deduced molecular mass of 56.7, 56.9, 59.4 and 62.2 kDa, respectively. Phylogenetic study and molecular modelling analysis of the four cloned WSCYPs revealed their categorization into two CYP families (CYP83B1 and CYP734A1) belonging to CYP71 and CYP72 clans, respectively. BLASTp searches showed similarity of 75 and 56 %, respectively, between the two CYP members of CYP83B1 and CYP734A1 with major variances exhibited in their N-terminal regions. The two pairs of homologues exhibited differential expression profiles in the leaf tissues of selected chemotypes of W. somnifera as well as in response to treatments such as methyl jasmonate, wounding, light and auxin. Light and auxin regulated two pairs of WSCYP homologues in a developing seedling in an interesting differential manner. Their lesser resemblance and homology with other CYP sequences suggested these genes to be more specialized and distinct ones. The results on chemotype-specific expression patterns of the four genes strongly suggested their key/specialized involvement of the CYPs in the biosynthesis of chemotype-specific metabolites, though their further biochemical characterization would reveal the specificity in more detail. It is revealed that WSCYP93Id and WSCYP93Sm may be broadly involved in the oxygenation reactions in the plant and, thereby, control various pathways involving such metabolic reactions in the plant. As a representative experimental validation of this notion, WSCYP93Id was heterologouly expressed in Escherichia coli and catalytic capabilities of the recombinant WSCYP93Id protein were evaluated using withanolides as substrates. Optimized assays with some major withanolides (withanone, withaferin A and withanolide A) involving spectrophotometric as well as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based evaluation (product detection) of the reactions showed conversion of withaferin A to a hydroxylated product. The genes belonging to other CYP group are possibly involved in some specialised synthesis such as that of brassinosteroids.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Biotransformation
- Cloning, Molecular
- Computational Biology
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/chemistry
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Databases, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Hydroxylation
- Indoleacetic Acids/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes
- Light
- Models, Molecular
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Medicinal
- Protein Conformation
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Substrate Specificity
- Withania/drug effects
- Withania/enzymology
- Withania/genetics
- Withania/radiation effects
- Withanolides/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Srivastava
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
- Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Negev, Israel
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India.
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Mohali, 1600 71, Punjab, India.
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Bhawana Mishra
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - L K Narnoliya
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - L N Misra
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India.
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Mohali, 1600 71, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pandreka A, Dandekar DS, Haldar S, Uttara V, Vijayshree SG, Mulani FA, Aarthy T, Thulasiram HV. Triterpenoid profiling and functional characterization of the initial genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis in neem (Azadirachta indica). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:214. [PMID: 26335498 PMCID: PMC4559364 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is one of the richest sources of skeletally diverse triterpenoids and they are well-known for their broad-spectrum pharmacological and insecticidal properties. However, the abundance of Neem triterpenoids varies among the tissues. Here, we delineate quantitative profiling of fifteen major triterpenoids across various tissues including developmental stages of kernel and pericarp, flower, leaf, stem and bark using UPLC-ESI(+)-HRMS based profiling. Transcriptome analysis was used to identify the initial genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Based on transcriptome analysis, two short-chain prenyltransferases and squalene synthase (AiSQS) were cloned and functionally characterized. RESULTS Quantitative profiling revealed differential abundance of both total and individual triterpenoid content across various tissues. RNA from tissues with high triterpenoid content (fruit, flower and leaf) were pooled to generate 79.08 million paired-end reads using Illumina GA ΙΙ platform. 41,140 transcripts were generated by d e novo assembly. Transcriptome annotation led to the identification of the putative genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Two short-chain prenyltransferases, geranyl diphosphate synthase (AiGDS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (AiFDS) and squalene synthase (AiSQS) were cloned and functionally characterized using transcriptome data. RT-PCR studies indicated five-fold and ten-fold higher relative expression level of AiSQS in fruits as compared to leaves and flowers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Triterpenoid profiling indicated that there is tissue specific variation in their abundance. The mature seed kernel and initial stages of pericarp were found to contain the highest amount of limonoids. Furthermore, a wide diversity of triterpenoids, especially C-seco triterpenoids were observed in kernel as compared to the other tissues. Pericarp, flower and leaf contained mainly ring-intact triterpenoids. The initial genes such as AiGDS, AiFDS and AiSQS involved in the isoprenoids biosynthesis have been functionally characterized. The expression levels of AiFDS and AiSQS were found to be in correlation with the total triterpenoid content in individual tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Pandreka
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Devdutta S Dandekar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Saikat Haldar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Vairagkar Uttara
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Shinde G Vijayshree
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Fayaj A Mulani
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Thiagarayaselvam Aarthy
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
| | - Hirekodathakallu V Thulasiram
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi, 110007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sil B, Mukherjee C, Jha S, Mitra A. Metabolic shift from withasteroid formation to phenylpropanoid accumulation in cryptogein-cotransformed hairy roots of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1097-110. [PMID: 25534257 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cotransformed hairy roots containing a gene that encodes a fungal elicitor protein, β-cryptogein, were established in Withania somnifera, a medicinal plant widely used in Indian systems of medicine. To find out whether β-cryptogein protein endogenously elicits the pathway of withasteroid biosynthesis, withaferin A and withanolide A contents along with transcript accumulation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) synthase, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), and sterol glycosyltransferase (SGT) were analyzed in both cryptogein-cotransformed and normal hairy roots of W. somnifera. It was observed that the withaferin A and withanolide A contents were drastically higher in normal hairy roots than cryptogein-cotransformed ones. Similar trends were also observed on the levels of transcript accumulation. Subsequently, the enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), one of the key enzymes of phenylpropanoid pathway, was measured in both cryptogein-cotransformed and normal hairy roots of W. somnifera along with the levels of PAL transcript accumulation. Upliftment of PAL activity was observed in cryptogein-cotransformed hairy roots as compared to the normal ones, and the PAL expression also reflected a similar trend, i.e., enhanced expression in the cryptogein-cotransformed lines. Upliftment of wall-bound ferulic acid accumulation was also observed in the cryptogein-cotransformed lines, as compared to normal hairy root lines. Thus, the outcome of the above studies suggests a metabolic shift from withanolide accumulation to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in cryptogein-cotransformed hairy roots of W. somnifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bipradut Sil
- Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700 019, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Richter A, Seidl-Adams I, Köllner TG, Schaff C, Tumlinson JH, Degenhardt J. A small, differentially regulated family of farnesyl diphosphate synthases in maize (Zea mays) provides farnesyl diphosphate for the biosynthesis of herbivore-induced sesquiterpenes. PLANTA 2015; 241:1351-61. [PMID: 25680349 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Of the three functional FPPS identified in maize, fpps3 is induced by herbivory to produce FDP important for the formation of the volatile sesquiterpenes of plant defense. Sesquiterpenes are not only crucial for the growth and development of a plant but also for its interaction with the environment. The biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes proceeds over farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), which is either used as a substrate for protein prenylation, converted to squalene, or to volatile sesquiterpenes. To elucidate the regulation of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in maize, we identified and characterized the farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) gene family which consists of three genes. Synteny analysis indicates that fpps2 and fpps3 originate from a genome duplication in an ancient tetraploid ancestor. The three FPPSs encode active enzymes that produce predominantly FDP from the isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate substrates. Only fpps1 and fpps3 are induced by elicitor treatment, but induced fpps1 levels are much lower and only increased to the amounts of fpps3 levels in intact leaves. Elicitor-induced fpps3 levels in leaves increase to more than 15-fold of background levels. In undamaged roots, transcript levels of fpps1 are higher than those of fpps3, but only fpps3 transcripts are induced in response to herbivory by Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. A kinetic of transcript abundance in response to herbivory in leaves provided further evidence that the regulation of fpps3 corresponds to that of tps23, a terpene synthase, that converts FDP to the volatile (E)-ß-caryophyllene. Our study indicates that the differential expression of fpps1 and fpps3 provides maize with FDP for both primary metabolism and terpene-based defenses. The expression of fpps3 seems to coincide with the herbivore-induced emission of volatile sesquiterpenes that were demonstrated to be important defense signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annett Richter
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhao YJ, Chen X, Zhang M, Su P, Liu YJ, Tong YR, Wang XJ, Huang LQ, Gao W. Molecular Cloning and Characterisation of Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase from Tripterygium wilfordii. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125415. [PMID: 25938487 PMCID: PMC4418688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesylpyrophosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the biosynthesis of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), which is an important precursor of sesquiterpenoids such as artemisinin and wilfordine. In the present study, we report the molecular cloning and characterization of two full-length cDNAs encoding FPSs from Tripterygium wilfordii (TwFPSs). TwFPSs maintained their capability to synthesise FPP in vitro when purified as recombinant proteins from E. coli. Consistent with the endogenous role of FPS in FPP biosynthesis, TwFPSs were highly expressed in T. wilfordii roots, and were up-regulated upon methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. The global gene expression profiles suggested that the TwFPSs might play an important regulatory role interpenoid biosynthesis in T. wilfordii, laying the groundwork for the future study of the synthetic biology of natural terpene products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Zhao
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LH); (WG)
| | - Meng Zhang
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Su
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jia Liu
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ru Tong
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Juan Wang
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LH); (WG)
| | - Wei Gao
- Capital Medical University School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XC); (LH); (WG)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Singh V, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R, Pati PK. Evaluation and selection of candidate reference genes for normalization of quantitative RT-PCR in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118860. [PMID: 25769035 PMCID: PMC4359125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is now globally used for accurate analysis of transcripts levels in plants. For reliable quantification of transcripts, identification of the best reference genes is a prerequisite in qRT-PCR analysis. Recently, Withania somnifera has attracted lot of attention due to its immense therapeutic potential. At present, biotechnological intervention for the improvement of this plant is being seriously pursued. In this background, it is important to have comprehensive studies on finding suitable reference genes for this high valued medicinal plant. In the present study, 11 candidate genes were evaluated for their expression stability under biotic (fungal disease), abiotic (wounding, salt, drought, heat and cold) stresses, in different plant tissues and in response to various plant growth regulators (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, abscisic acid). The data as analyzed by various software packages (geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper and ΔCt method) suggested that cyclophilin (CYP) is a most stable gene under wounding, heat, methyl jasmonate, different tissues and all stress conditions. T-SAND was found to be a best reference gene for salt and salicylic acid (SA) treated samples, while 26S ribosomal RNA (26S), ubiquitin (UBQ) and beta-tubulin (TUB) were the most stably expressed genes under drought, biotic and cold treatment respectively. For abscisic acid (ABA) treated samples 18S-rRNA was found to stably expressed gene. Finally, the relative expression level of the three genes involved in the withanolide biosynthetic pathway was detected to validate the selection of reliable reference genes. The present work will significantly contribute to gene analysis studies in W. somnifera and facilitate in improving the quality of gene expression data in this plant as well as and other related plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil C. Kaul
- Cell Proliferation Research Group and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 8562, Japan
| | - Renu Wadhwa
- Cell Proliferation Research Group and DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 8562, Japan
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim YJ, Zhang D, Yang DC. Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of ginsenosides. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:717-35. [PMID: 25747290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are essential for improving human health, and around 75% of the population in developing countries relies mainly on herb-based medicines for health care. As the king of herb plants, ginseng has been used for nearly 5,000 years in the oriental and recently in western medicines. Among the compounds studied in ginseng plants, ginsenosides have been shown to have multiple medical effects such as anti-oxidative, anti-aging, anti-cancer, adaptogenic and other health-improving activities. Ginsenosides belong to a group of triterpene saponins (also called ginseng saponins) that are found almost exclusively in Panax species and accumulated especially in the plant roots. In this review, we update the conserved and diversified pathway/enzyme biosynthesizing ginsenosides which have been presented. Particularly, we highlight recent milestone works on functional characterization of key genes dedicated to the production of ginsenosides, and their application in engineering plants and yeast cells for large-scale production of ginsenosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim YK, Kim YB, Uddin MR, Lee S, Kim SU, Park SU. Enhanced triterpene accumulation in Panax ginseng hairy roots overexpressing mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:773-9. [PMID: 24933610 DOI: 10.1021/sb400194g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the function of mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MVD) and farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS) in triterpene biosynthesis, the genes governing the expression of these enzymes were transformed into Panax ginseng hairy roots. All the transgenic lines showed higher expression levels of PgMVD and PgFPS than that by the wild-type control. Among the hairy root lines transformed with PgMVD, M18 showed the highest level of transcription compared to the control (14.5-fold higher). Transcriptions of F11 and F20 transformed with PgFPS showed 11.1-fold higher level compared with control. In triterpene analysis, M25 of PgMVD produced 4.4-fold higher stigmasterol content (138.95 μg/100 mg, dry weight [DW]) than that by the control; F17 of PgFPS showed the highest total ginsenoside (36.42 mg/g DW) content, which was 2.4-fold higher compared with control. Our results indicate that metabolic engineering in P. ginseng was successfully achieved through Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation and that the accumulation of phytosterols and ginsenosides was enhanced by introducing the PgMVD and PgFPS genes into the hairy roots of the plant. Our results suggest that PgMVD and PgFPS play an important role in the triterpene biosynthesis of P. ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kyoung Kim
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Yeon Bok Kim
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Md Romij Uddin
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department
of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - Soo-Un Kim
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gallego A, Ramirez-Estrada K, Vidal-Limon HR, Hidalgo D, Lalaleo L, Khan Kayani W, Cusido RM, Palazon J. Biotechnological production of centellosides in cell cultures ofCentella asiatica(L) Urban. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201300164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gallego
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Barcelona Spain
| | - Karla Ramirez-Estrada
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | | | - Diego Hidalgo
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Liliana Lalaleo
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Waqas Khan Kayani
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Rosa M. Cusido
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Javier Palazon
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Subramaniyam S, Mathiyalagan R, Natarajan S, Kim YJ, Jang MG, Park JH, Yang DC. Transcript expression profiling for adventitious roots of Panax ginseng Meyer. Gene 2014; 546:89-96. [PMID: 24831831 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the major medicinal plants in oriental countries belonging to the Araliaceae family which are the primary source for ginsenosides. However, very few genes were characterized for ginsenoside pathway, due to the limited genome information. Through this study, we obtained a comprehensive transcriptome from adventitious roots, which were treated with methyl jasmonic acids for different time points (control, 2h, 6h, 12h, and 24h) and sequenced by RNA 454 pyrosequencing technology. Reference transcriptome 39,304,529 (0.04GB) was obtained from 5,724,987,880 bases (5.7GB) of 22 libraries by de novo assembly and 35,266 (58.5%) transcripts were annotated with biological schemas (GO and KEGG). The digital gene expression patterns were obtained from in vitro grown adventitious root sequences which mapped to reference, from that, 3813 (6.3%) unique transcripts were involved in ≥2 fold up and downregulations. Finally, candidates for ginsenoside pathway genes were predicted from observed expression patterns. Among them, 30 transcription factors, 20 cytochromes, and 11 glycosyl transferases were predicted as ginsenoside candidates. These data can remarkably expand the existing transcriptome resources of Panax, especially to predict existence of gene networks in P. ginseng. The entity of the data provides a valuable platform to reveal more on secondary metabolism and abiotic stresses from P. ginseng in vitro grown adventitious roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathiyamoorthy Subramaniyam
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea; Insilicogen Inc., #909, Venture Valley, 958, Gosaek-dong, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, South Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Sathishkumar Natarajan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Moon-Gi Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hyung Park
- Insilicogen Inc., #909, Venture Valley, 958, Gosaek-dong, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 441-813, South Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Ginseng Bank, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Production of asiaticoside from centella (Centella asiatica L. Urban) cells in bioreactor. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:806-10. [PMID: 24075346 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of some culture conditions on production of asiaticoside from centella (Centella asiatica L. Urban) cells cultured in 5-L bioreactor. METHODS The centell cell suspension culture was conducted in 5-L bioreactor to investigate the growth and asiaticoside accumulation under various conditions. Asiaticoside content was determined by HPLC analysis. RESULTS The results showed that the cell growth and asiaticoside accumulation peaked after 24 d of culture at an agitation speed of 150 r/min and aeration rate of 2.5 L/min. The cell biomass reached a maximum value of 302.45 g fresh weight (31.45 g dry weight) and growth index of 3.03 with inoculum size of 100 g. However, asiaticoside content was the highest (60.08 mg/g dry weight) when culture was initiated with an inoculum size of 50 g. CONCLUSIONS The present study found the suitable conditions for growth of centella cells and their asiaticoside production in bioreactor.
Collapse
|
46
|
Metabolomic analysis of methyl jasmonate-induced triterpenoid production in the medicinal herb Centella asiatica (L.) urban. Molecules 2013; 18:4267-81. [PMID: 23579994 PMCID: PMC6270148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Centella asiatica is an important source of biologically active pentacyclic triterpenoids. The enhancement of the biosynthesis of the centellosides by manipulation of associated metabolic pathways is receiving much attention. Jasmonates play critical roles in plant metabolism by up-regulating the expression of genes related to secondary metabolites. Here, we investigated the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) in C. asiatica through targeted metabolomic profiling of asiaticoside and madecassoside as well as their aglycones, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Cell suspensions were treated with 0.2 mM MeJa for 2, 4 and 6 days. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to explore induced changes in metabolite profiles, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Principal component analysis (PCA)-derived scores plots revealed clusters of sample replicates for control and treated samples at 2, 4 and 6 days while loading plots aided in identifying signatory biomarkers (asiatic acid and madecassic acid, as well as asiaticoside and madecassoside) that clearly demonstrate the variability between samples. In addition to increased biosynthesis of the targeted centelloids, other differential changes in the intracellular metabolite profiles reflected the response of the C. asiatica cells to the MeJa-treatment as a reprogramming of the metabolome.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kim YK, Kim JK, Kim YB, Lee S, Kim SU, Park SU. Enhanced accumulation of phytosterol and triterpene in hairy root cultures of Platycodon grandiflorum by overexpression of Panax ginseng 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1928-1934. [PMID: 23298228 DOI: 10.1021/jf304911t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway. To elucidate the functions of HMGR in triterpene biosynthesis, Platycodon grandiflorum was transformed with a construct expressing Panax ginseng HMGR (PgHMGR). We used PCR analysis to select transformed hairy root lines and selected six lines for further investigation. Quantitative real-time PCR showed higher expression levels of HMGR and total platycoside levels (1.5-2.5-fold increase) in transgenic lines than in controls. Phytosterols levels were also 1.1-1.6-fold higher in transgenic lines than in controls. Among these lines, line T7 produced the highest level of total platycosides (1.60 ± 0.2 mg g(-1) dry weight) and α-spinasterol (1.78 ± 0.16 mg g(-1) dry weight). These results suggest that metabolic engineering of P. grandiflorum by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation may enhance production of phytosterols and triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Rana S, Lattoo SK, Dhar N, Razdan S, Bhat WW, Dhar RS, Vishwakarma R. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase: molecular cloning and functional characterization of two paralogs from Withania somnifera (L.) dunal. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57068. [PMID: 23437311 PMCID: PMC3578826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, a highly reputed medicinal plant, synthesizes a large array of steroidal lactone triterpenoids called withanolides. Although its chemical profile and pharmacological activities have been studied extensively during the last two decades, limited attempts have been made to decipher the biosynthetic route and identification of key regulatory genes involved in withanolide biosynthesis. Cytochrome P450 reductase is the most imperative redox partner of multiple P450s involved in primary and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. We describe here the cloning and characterization of two paralogs of cytochrome P450 reductase from W. somnifera. The full length paralogs of WsCPR1 and WsCPR2 have open reading frames of 2058 and 2142 bp encoding 685 and 713 amino acid residues, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that grouping of dual CPRs was in accordance with class I and class II of eudicotyledon CPRs. The corresponding coding sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins, purified and characterized. Recombinant proteins of both the paralogs were purified with their intact membrane anchor regions and it is hitherto unreported for other CPRs which have been purified from microsomal fraction. Southern blot analysis suggested that two divergent isoforms of CPR exist independently in Withania genome. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that both genes were widely expressed in leaves, stalks, roots, flowers and berries with higher expression level of WsCPR2 in comparison to WsCPR1. Similar to CPRs of other plant species, WsCPR1 was un-inducible while WsCPR2 transcript level increased in a time-dependent manner after elicitor treatments. High performance liquid chromatography of withanolides extracted from elicitor-treated samples showed a significant increase in two of the key withanolides, withanolide A and withaferin A, possibly indicating the role of WsCPR2 in withanolide biosynthesis. Present investigation so far is the only report of characterization of CPR paralogs from W. somnifera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satiander Rana
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Surrinder K. Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Niha Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Sumeer Razdan
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Wajid Waheed Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Rekha S. Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hairy root cultures: A suitable biological system for studying secondary metabolic pathways in plants. Eng Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
|
50
|
Cai Z, Kastell A, Knorr D, Smetanska I. Exudation: an expanding technique for continuous production and release of secondary metabolites from plant cell suspension and hairy root cultures. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:461-477. [PMID: 21987121 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses methods of obtaining secondary metabolites from plant cell suspension and hairy root cultures and their exudates, particularly the physiological mechanisms of secondary metabolites release and trafficking. The efficiency for product recovery of metabolites can be increased by various methods, based on the principle of continuous product release into the cultivation medium. The most common methods for metabolite recovery are elicitation, influencing membrane permeability, and in situ product removal. The biosynthetic pathways can be influenced by cultivation conditions, transformation, or application of elicitors. The membrane permeability can be altered through the application of chemical or physical treatments. Product removal can be greatly increased through a two-phase system and the introduction of absorbents into the cultivation medium. In this review, we describe some improved approaches that have proven useful in these efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Cai
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Food Chemistry, Berlin University of Technology, Königin-Luise Str. 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|