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Venckunas T, Bruzas V, Snieckus A, Stasiule L, Kniubaite A, Mickevicius M, Kamandulis S, Stasiulis A. Anaerobic Performance Profiling in Elite Amateur Boxers. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:231. [PMID: 39330708 PMCID: PMC11435942 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While anaerobic fitness is highly important for the performance in Olympic (amateur) boxing, the relationship between anaerobic performance metrics is poorly understood, and profiling boxers according to their anaerobic capacity is still a challenge. With the current study in elite amateur boxers, we aimed to compare the metabolic and cardiovascular responses to different maximal tests and the intercorrelations between performance indices (peak and mean power, duration of the test, punching frequency) of several all-out tests and their correlation to physiological response metrics (blood lactate and heart rate, HR). Twelve male Olympic boxers performed a battery of tests, including 30 s Wingate cycling and arm cranking, boxing bag punching, steep uphill treadmill running to exhaustion, and progressive treadmill running VO2max test. Performance indices of different anaerobic tests were not closely correlated except for the duration of uphill running with body weight scaled (relative) peak and mean power produced during Wingate cycling test and absolute mean power of both Wingate tests. The number of punches landed on a bag per 30 s was associated only with relative power achieved during Wingate cycling test. HRpeak but not peak lactate response correlated strongly across exercise tasks. Finally, no correlation between the highly developed aerobic and anaerobic capacity, suggests a complex picture of the adaptation in elite amateur boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vidas Bruzas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loreta Stasiule
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Audinga Kniubaite
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arvydas Stasiulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kowalski T, Wilk A, Rębiś K, Lohse KM, Sadowska D, Klusiewicz A. Influence of voluntary isocapnic hyperpnoea on recovery after high-intensity exercise in elite short-track speedskaters - randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:137. [PMID: 38902811 PMCID: PMC11188215 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory muscle training plays a significant role in reducing blood lactate concentration (bLa) and attenuating negative physiological stress reactions. Therefore, we investigated if voluntary isocapnic hyperpnoea (VIH) performed after a maximum anaerobic effort influences bLa and perceived fatigue level in well-trained speedskaters. 39 elite short-track speedskaters participated in a trial with two parallel groups: experimental and control. All the participants performed the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). The experimental group performed a VIH-based recovery protocol 20 min after exercise, the control group used passive recovery only. Blood samples were taken 3 and 30 min after the WAnT to measure bLa. Fatigue was self-appraised on a 0-10 perceived rating-of-fatigue (ROF) scale 3 and 30 min after the WAnT. Noteworthy, but not statistically significant changes between the experimental and control groups were observed for changes in bLa (p = 0.101). However, statistically significant changes between the groups were found for ROF (p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.211, ω2 = 0.106). Moreover, statistically significant interactions between post-exercise bLa clearance and VO2max (p = 0.028) and inspiratory muscle strength (p = 0.040) were observed. Our findings provided preliminary insight that VIH may be an efficient recovery protocol after anaerobic exercise performed by elite athletes. The association between VO2max and post-exercise bLa clearance indicates the vital role of aerobic fitness in repeated-efforts ability in short-track speedskaters. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT05994092 on 15th August 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adrian Wilk
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Rębiś
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kim-Morgaine Lohse
- Centre for Digital Health Interventions, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorota Sadowska
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Klusiewicz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biala Podlaska, Poland
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Stöggl TL, Strepp T, Wiesinger HP, Haller N. A training goal-oriented categorization model of high-intensity interval training. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1414307. [PMID: 38957216 PMCID: PMC11218030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1414307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There are various categorization models of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the literature that need to be more consistent in definition, terminology, and concept completeness. In this review, we present a training goal-oriented categorization model of HIIT, aiming to find the best possible consensus among the various defined types of HIIT. This categorization concludes with six different types of HIIT derived from the literature, based on the interaction of interval duration, interval intensity and interval:recovery ratio. We discuss the science behind the defined types of HIIT and shed light on the possible effects of the various types of HIIT on aerobic, anaerobic, and neuromuscular systems and possible transfer effects into competition performance. We highlight various research gaps, discrepancies in findings and not yet proved know-how based on a lack of randomized controlled training studies, especially in well-trained to elite athlete cohorts. Our HIIT "toolbox" approach is designed to guide goal-oriented training. It is intended to lay the groundwork for future systematic reviews and serves as foundation for meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of General Practice, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Selmi MA, Ceylan HI, Hammami R, Sassi RH, González-Fernández FT, Morgans R, Bragazzi NL. Repeated-sprint sets test: a new method for evaluating and forecasting fitness in elite young male soccer players. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8542. [PMID: 38609417 PMCID: PMC11014943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to explore the correlation between repeated sprint sets (RSS) ability and several physical attributes, including maximum sprint speed, maximal aerobic speed, maximal anaerobic speed, aerobic capacity, and explosive strength. Moreover, the aim was to assess the suitability of RSS as a comprehensive evaluation tool for physical qualities and to determine which physical field tests most accurately predict RSS in elite young male soccer players. A total of thirty-two young elite male soccer players (mean age 14.6 ± 0.3 years; predicted years from peak height velocity (PHV): - 0.4 ± 0.3; years in training: 3.7 ± 0.5) voluntarily participated in the study. The players participated in eight consecutive specific physical tests, with a minimum 72-h recovery between each session to minimize the impact of fatigue during the second trial. The participants completed the tests in the following order: RSS test, Vam-Eval test, a constant velocity test performed until exhaustion at 100% of vVO2max (tlim100), 20-m Multi-Stage Shuttle Run test (VMSRT), Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), Maximal Anaerobic Shuttle Running Test (VMASRT), Maximal Sprinting Speed Test (20-m flying sprint), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), and Standing Long Jump test (SLJ). The results of the study showed that there were very large negative correlations between tlim100 and SST (sum of sprint times), and large negative correlations between Yo-Yo IR1, Vam-Eval, and SST during RSS in young elite male soccer players (p < 0.05). Additionally, VMASRT and SLJ demonstrated a moderate negative correlation with SST (p < 0.05). In contrast, significant positive correlations were found between 20-m flying sprint and the SST (p < 0.05). According to the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, the primary predictors of SST, ranked by importance, were tlim100 and Yo-Yo IR1. These two predictors collectively accounted for 72% of the variance in players' SST (p < 0.0001). Due to the importance of aerobic capacity and short repeated accelerations/sprint sets for overall competitive performance in soccer, in conclusion, our results suggest that elite young male soccer players should perform both high intensity interval training and aeorobic capactity exercises as part of soccer training if the primary outcome is to improve repeated sprint ability performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Amin Selmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory 'Sports Performance Optimization', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Manouba University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory 'Sports Performance Optimization', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Radhouane Haj Sassi
- Tunisian Research Laboratory 'Sports Performance Optimization', National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Canada.
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, Medical School, University of Parma, Building C, Via Volturno, 39, 43125, Parma, Italy.
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Kuru D, Aktitiz S, Atakan MM, Köse MG, Turnagöl HH, Koşar ŞN. Effect of Pre-exercise Sodium Citrate Ingestion on Repeated Sprint Performance in Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:556-562. [PMID: 38241467 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kuru, D, Aktitiz, S, Atakan, MM, Köse, MG, Turnagöl, HH, and Koşar, ŞN. Effect of pre-exercise sodium citrate ingestion on repeated sprint performance in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 556-562, 2024-This study aimed to test the hypothesis that sodium citrate (CIT) administered 180 minutes before exercise improves repeated sprint performance in athletes within a field-based setting. Twenty male soccer players (mean ± SD : age = 20.9 ± 2.3 years; body mass [BM] = 73.8 ± 5.9 kg) performed a running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) with 0.5 g·kg -1 BM of CIT or with placebo (PLC; NaCl) ingestion 180 minutes before exercise in a randomized, crossover, and double-blind design, with at least 6 days between the trials. Blood samples were collected before exercise and at first, third, fifth, and seventh minutes after exercise to analyze blood pH, bicarbonate, and lactate levels. Gastrointestinal symptoms were also monitored at 30-minute intervals for 180 minutes after CIT and PLC ingestion. Pre-exercise blood pH (CIT = 7.49 ± 0.03 vs. PLC = 7.41 ± 0.02) and bicarbonate (CIT = 30.57 ± 1.33 vs. PLC = 25.25 ± 1.52) increased with CIT compared with PLC ( p < 0.001). Blood pH, bicarbonate, and lactate at the first, third, fifth, and seventh minutes after RAST with CIT were higher than PLC ( p < 0.05), except for lactate at first minute ( p > 0.05). Compared with PLC, CIT ingestion significantly improved minimum power output ( p = 0.024) and percentage decrement score ( p = 0.023). Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher after CIT ingestion vs. PLC at 30th ( p = 0.003) and 60th minutes ( p = 0.010). However, there were no significant differences at 90th, 120th, 150th, or 180th minutes ( p > 0.05). The ingestion of 0.5 g·kg -1 BM of CIT 180 minutes before exercise is an effective ergogenic aid for improving repeated sprint ability as evidenced by improvements in minimum power output and percentage decrement score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Kuru
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Selin Aktitiz
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Muhammed M Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Mehmet G Köse
- Division of Movement and Training Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin H Turnagöl
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; and
| | - Şükran N Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; and
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Mangine GT, Zeitz EK, Dexheimer JD, Hines A, Lively B, Kliszczewicz BM. Pacing Strategies Differ by Sex and Rank in 2020 CrossFit ® Open Tests. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:199. [PMID: 37888526 PMCID: PMC10611042 DOI: 10.3390/sports11100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study collected video recordings of a random selection of eighty men and women (n = 160) completing all five tests of the 2020 CrossFit® Open. All competitors were ranked within the top 10,000 overall but were sub-divided based on whether they ranked within the top 10% of their respective divisions. To examine the effect of sex and rank on pacing strategy, video analysis quantified the overall repetition completion rate on each test, as well as per minute (or round) repetition completion rates for each test's individual exercises, quantity of failed repetitions, break times, and transition times. All per minute (or round) data were aggregated into first- and last-half or total test average, slopes, and coefficient of variation. Sex and rank analyses of variance were performed on averages, slopes, and coefficients of variation for each variable calculated over the first and last halves of each test, except test 5 (total only). The top 10% of men were 17.5% faster (p < 0.001) than everyone else in tests 1, 3, and 5. The top 10% of women and remaining men were ~9.5% faster than remaining women in tests 1 and 3. In test 5, the remaining men were faster than top 10% of women (~11.2%, p < 0.001), and both were faster than the remaining women. In tests 2 and 4, the top 10% of athletes were 9.7% faster (p < 0.001) than remaining athletes, and at the same time, men were 7.7% faster (p < 0.001) than women. Analysis of each test's components revealed the top 10% of competitors to be faster and more consistent in most areas, while men were generally faster than women in gymnastics components and more consistent with their pace for resistance training exercises. These data provide insight into the differential factors linked to success in the men's and women's CFO divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T. Mangine
- Exercise Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (A.H.); (B.L.); (B.M.K.)
| | | | | | - Ashley Hines
- Exercise Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (A.H.); (B.L.); (B.M.K.)
| | - Brandon Lively
- Exercise Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (A.H.); (B.L.); (B.M.K.)
| | - Brian M. Kliszczewicz
- Exercise Science, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA; (A.H.); (B.L.); (B.M.K.)
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Ruscello B, Pantanella L, Iemme P, Filetti C, Porta M, D'Ottavio S, Marcelli L, Apollaro G, Morganti G, Grossi A, Esposito M, Padua E. Temporal patterns of fatigue in repeated sprint ability testing in soccer players and acute effects of different IHRs: a comparison between genders. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:213-222. [PMID: 35816140 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated sprint ability (RSA) in soccer is deemed fundamental to ensure high level of performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of two different Initial Heart Rates (IHR) on fatigue when testing RSA in males and females' soccer players and to compare the respective patterns of fatigue. METHODS Nineteen female soccer players (age: 22.5±3.3 years, height 163.9±7.3 cm, body weight 54.3±6.4 kg, BMI 20.6±1.5 kg·m-2) and 15 male soccer players (age: 17.9±1.5 years, height 175.9±5.8 cm, body weight 68.5±9.6 kg, BMI 22.3±1.5 kg·m-2) participated in this study. HRs reached at the end of two different warm-up protocols (~90 vs. ~ 60% HR<inf>max</inf>), have been selected and the respective RSA performances were compared, within and between the groups of participants. Two sets of ten shuttle-sprints (15+15 m) with a 1:3 exercise to rest ratio with different IHR% were administered, in different days, in randomized order. To compare the different sprint performances, we employed the calculated Fatigue Index (FI%). Blood lactate concentration (BLa-) was also measured before and after testing, to compare metabolic energy. RESULTS Significant differences among trials within each set (P<0.01) were found in both genders. Differences between sets were found in male players, (Factorial ANOVA 2x5; P<0.001), not in female. BLa- after warm-up was higher in 90% vs. 60% HR<inf>max</inf> (P<0.05), in both genders but at the completion of RSA tests (after 3 minutes) the differences were not significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS difference between genders were found, suggesting specific approach in testing and training RSA in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruscello
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy - .,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Laura Pantanella
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Iemme
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Filetti
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,Paris Saint Germain Football Club, Paris, France
| | - Marco Porta
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Ottavio
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marcelli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, UNICUSANO, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Apollaro
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Morganti
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Grossi
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Esposito
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Elvira Padua
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Ulupınar S, Özbay S, Gençoğlu C, Hazır T. Low-to-Moderate Correlations Between Repeated Sprint Ability and Aerobic Capacity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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de Asís-Fernández F, Sereno D, Turner AP, González-Mohíno F, González-Ravé JM. Effects of apnoea training on aerobic and anaerobic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:964144. [PMID: 36237527 PMCID: PMC9551563 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.964144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trained breath-hold divers have shown physiological adaptations that might improve athletes’ aerobic and anaerobic performance.Objective This study aimed to systematically review the scientific literature and perform a meta-analysis to assess the effects of voluntary apnoea training on markers of anaerobic and aerobic performance, such as blood lactate and VO2max.Methods A literature search on three databases (Web of Science, PubMed and SCOPUS) was conducted in March 2022. The inclusion criteria were 1) peer-reviewed journal publication; 2) clinical trials; 3) healthy humans; 4) effects of apnoea training; 5) variables included markers of aerobic or anaerobic performance, such as lactate and VO2max.Results 545 manuscripts were identified following database examination. Only seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were, therefore, included in the meta-analysis. 126 participants were allocated to either voluntary apnoea training (ApT; n = 64) or normal breathing (NB; n = 63). Meta-analysis on the included studies demonstrated that ApT increased the peak blood lactate concentration more than NB (MD = 1.89 mmol*L−1 [95% CI 1.05, 2.73], z = 4.40, p < 0.0001). In contrast, there were no statistically significant effects of ApT on VO2max (MD = 0.89 ml*kg−1*min−1 [95% CI −1.23, 3.01], z = 0.82, p = 0.41).Conclusion ApT might be an alternative strategy to enhace anaerobic performance associated with increased maximum blood lactate; however, we did not find evidence of ApT effects on physiological aerobic markers, such as VO2max.Systematic Review Registration: [PRISMA], identifier [registration number].
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco de Asís-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Breatherapy Research Group, Instituto de Neurociencias y Ciencias del Movimiento (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sereno
- Breatherapy Research Group, Instituto de Neurociencias y Ciencias del Movimiento (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Anthony P. Turner
- Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando González-Mohíno
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Fernando González-Mohíno,
| | - José María González-Ravé
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Evaluation of Neuromuscular Fatigue According to Injury History in a Repeat Sprint Ability Test, Countermovement Jump, and Hamstring Test in Elite Female Soccer Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sprinting is a fundamental component of the professional soccer player’s ability to achieve the highest performance in the sport. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of hamstring injury history on the neuromuscular fatigue produced by an RSA test in elite female football players. Nineteen female elite soccer players of the Second Spanish Soccer Division participated in the study. The participants were divided into: (1) a Control group who have not suffered previous muscular injuries and (2) a Hamstring group with previous hamstring injury at least one season prior to the protocol. The players performed a protocol consisting of a Repeat Sprint Ability Test (RSA) (6 × 40 m; 30 s rest), and CMJ and Hamstring tests before and after the RSA. The different variables of the study were compared between groups with a two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. The main findings from the present study were that, in subjects with previous hamstring injury, the performance was impaired compared with the control group: (1) in the initial meters of the sprint during an RSA there was a higher percentage difference between SprintTT and ideal Split in 0–10 m compared to 0–20 m in the hamstring group (p = 0.006; ES = 0.51); and in situations of high fatigue there was a higher %Dif1vs6 compared to %Dif1vs5 (percentage difference between the first sprint and fifth sprint) in the hamstring group (p = 0.005; ES = 0.54) compared with the control group. It seems that in elite female soccer players with previous hamstring injury, RSA-induced fatigue produces a greater decrease in the performance in the first 10 m of the sprint compared to the control uninjured players.
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Di Domenico H, Beaume JB, Peyrard A, Samozino P, Bowen M, Hintzy F, Millet GP, Hayes M, Lapole T, Rupp T. Neuromuscular fatigability during repeated sprints assessed with an innovative cycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1189-1204. [PMID: 35212845 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Repeated sprint ability is an integral component of team sports. This study aimed to evaluate fatigability development and its aetiology during and immediately after a cycle repeated sprint exercise performed until a given fatigability threshold. METHODS On an innovative cycle ergometer, 16 healthy males completed an RSE (10-s sprint/28-s recovery) until task failure (TF): a 30% decrease in sprint mean power (Pmean). Isometric maximum voluntary contraction of the quadriceps (IMVC), central alterations [voluntary activation (VA)], and peripheral alterations [twitch (Pt)] were evaluated before (pre), immediately after each sprint (post), at TF and 3 min after. Sprints were expressed as a percentage of the total number of sprints to TF (TSTF). Individual data were extrapolated at 20, 40, 60, and 80% TSTF. RESULTS Participants completed 9.7 ± 4.2 sprints before reaching a 30% decrease in Pmean. Post-sprint IMVCs were decreased from pre to 60% TSTF and then plateaued (pre: 345 ± 56 N, 60% 247 ± 55 N, TF: 233 ± 57 N, p < 0.001). Pt decreased from 20% and plateaued after 40% TSTF (p < 0.001, pre-TF = - 45 ± 13%). VA was not significantly affected by repeated sprints until 60% TSTF (pre-TF = - 6.5 ± 8.2%, p = 0.036). Unlike peripheral parameters, VA recovered within 3 min (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION During an RSE, Pmean and IMVC decreases were first concomitant to peripheral alterations up to 40% TSTF and central alterations was only observed in the second part of the test, while peripheral alterations plateaued. The distinct recovery kinetics in central versus peripheral components of fatigability further confirm the necessity to reduce traditional delays in neuromuscular fatigue assessment post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Di Domenico
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, Univ Savoie Mont-Blanc, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
| | - J B Beaume
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, Univ Savoie Mont-Blanc, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
| | - A Peyrard
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, Univ Savoie Mont-Blanc, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
| | - P Samozino
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, Univ Savoie Mont-Blanc, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
| | - M Bowen
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, Univ Savoie Mont-Blanc, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
| | - F Hintzy
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, Univ Savoie Mont-Blanc, EA 7424, Chambéry, France
| | - G P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Hayes
- Environmental Extremes Laboratory, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - T Lapole
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, EA 7424, 42023, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Thomas Rupp
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences, Univ Savoie Mont-Blanc, EA 7424, Chambéry, France.
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Massidda M, Flore L, Kikuchi N, Scorcu M, Piras F, Cugia P, Cięszczyk P, Tocco F, Calò CM. Influence of the MCT1-T1470A polymorphism (rs1049434) on repeated sprint ability and blood lactate accumulation in elite football players: a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3399-3408. [PMID: 34480633 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the MCT1 T1470A polymorphism (rs1049434) on repeated sprint ability (RSA) and lactate accumulation after RSA testing. METHODS Twenty-six elite Italian male football players (age: 17.7 ± 0.78 years; height: 179.2 ± 7.40 cm; weight: 72.1 ± 5.38 kg) performed RSA testing (6 × 30-m sprints with an active recovery between sprints), and lactate measurements were obtained at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 min post-exercise. Genotyping for the MCT1 T1470A polymorphism was performed using PCR. RESULTS Genotype distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, being 42% wildtype (A/A), 46% heterozygotes (T/A), and 12% mutated homozygotes (T/T). Significant differences between genotypic groups were found in the two final sprint times of the RSA test. Under a dominant model, carriers of the major A-allele (Glu-490) in the dominant model showed a significantly lower sprint time compared to footballers with the T/T (Asp/Asp) genotype (5th Sprint time: A/A + T/A = 4.60 s vs TT = 4.97 s, 95% CI 0.07-0.67, p = 0.022; 6th Sprint: A/A + T/A = 4.56 s vs T/T = 4.87 s, 95% CI 0.05-0.57, p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS The T1470A (Glu490Asp) polymorphism of MCT1 was associated with RSA. Our findings suggest that the presence of the major A-allele (Glu-490) is favourable for RSA in football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Massidda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine Federation (FMSI), Rome, Italy.
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Sport and Exercise Science Degree Courses, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - L Flore
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - N Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Scorcu
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine Federation (FMSI), Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio Spa, Cagliari, Italy
| | - F Piras
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine Federation (FMSI), Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio Spa, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Cugia
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine Federation (FMSI), Rome, Italy
- Cagliari Calcio Spa, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Cięszczyk
- Department of Physical Education, University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - F Tocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C M Calò
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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13
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Dello Iacono A, Beato M, Unnithan V. Comparative Effects of Game Profile-Based Training and Small-Sided Games on Physical Performance of Elite Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2810-2817. [PMID: 31145386 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dello Iacono, A, Beato, M, and Unnithan, V. Comparative effects of game profile-based training and small-sided games on physical performance of elite young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2810-2817, 2021-This study was designed to investigate and compare the effects of game profile-based training (GPBT) and small-sided game (SSG) training on physical performances of elite youth soccer players during the in-season period. Twenty young soccer players (18.6 ± 0.6) were randomly assigned to either GPBT or SSG protocols performed twice a week for 8 weeks. The GPBT consisted of 2 sets of 6-10 minutes of intermittent soccer-specific circuits. The SSG training consisted of 3-5 sets of 5 vs. 5 SSGs played on a 42 × 30-m pitch. Before and after the training program, the following physical performances were assessed: repeated sprint ability, change of direction (COD), linear sprinting on 10 m and 20 m, countermovement jump, and intermittent running (YYIRL1). Significant improvements were found in all the assessed variables after both training interventions (p < 0.05). The GPBT group improved more than the SSG group in the 10-m and 20-m sprint tests by 2.4% (g = 0.4; small effect) and 4% (g = 0.9; large effect), respectively. Conversely, the SSG group jumped 4% higher (g = 0.4; small effect) and resulted 6.7% quicker than the GPBT (g = 1.5; large effect) in completing the COD task. These results suggest both GPBT and SSGs to be effective for fitness development among elite young soccer players during the competitive season. More importantly, these 2 conditioning methodologies may be considered in terms of specificity for selectively improving or maintaining specific soccer fitness-related performances in the latter phase of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dello Iacono
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Viswanath Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom ; and
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14
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Kojima C, Yamaguchi K, Ito H, Kasai N, Girard O, Goto K. Acute Effect of Repeated Sprint Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction During Rest Periods on Muscle Oxygenation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:665383. [PMID: 34393809 PMCID: PMC8358934 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.665383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to examine the effect of applying BFR during rest periods of repeated cycling sprints on muscle oxygenation. Methods Seven active males performed 5 × 10-s maximal pedaling efforts with 40-s passive rest, with or without BFR application during rest period. BFR was applied for 30 s between sprints (between 5 and 35 s into rest) through a pneumatic pressure cuff inflated at 140 mmHg. Vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation was monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy. In addition, blood lactate concentration and heart rate were also evaluated. Results The BFR trial showed significantly lower oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and tissue saturation (StO2) levels than the CON trial (P < 0.05). However, power output and blood lactate concentration did not significantly differ between the two trials (P > 0.05). Conclusion Applying BFR during rest periods of repeated cycling sprints decreased muscle oxygenation of active musculature, without interfering with power output during sprints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawly, WA, Australia
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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15
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Perim P, Gobbi N, Duarte B, Farias de Oliveira L, Costa LAR, Sale C, Gualano B, Dolan E, Saunders B. Beta-alanine did not improve high-intensity performance throughout simulated road cycling. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1240-1249. [PMID: 34092191 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1940304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of beta-alanine supplementation on short-duration sprints and final 4-km simulated uphill cycling time-trial performance during a comprehensive and novel exercise protocol representative of the demands of road-race cycling, and determined if changes were related to increases in muscle carnosine content. Seventeen cyclists (age 38 ± 9 y, height 1.76 ± 0.07 m, body mass 71.4 ± 8.8 kg, V̇O2max 52.4 ± 8.3 ml·kg-1·min-1) participated in this placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Cyclists undertook a prolonged intermittent cycling protocol lasting 125 min, with a 10-s sprint every 20 min, finishing with a 4-km time-trial at 5% simulated incline. Participants completed two familiarization sessions, and two main sessions, one pre-supplementation and one post-supplementation following 28 days of 6.4 g·day-1 of beta-alanine (N=11) or placebo (N=6; maltodextrin). Muscle biopsies obtained pre- and post-supplementation were analysed for muscle carnosine content. There were no main effects on sprint performance throughout the intermittent cycling test (all P>0.05). There was no group (P=0.69), time (P=0.50) or group x time interaction (P=0.26) on time-to-complete the 4-km time-trial. Time-to-completion did not change from pre- to post-supplementation for BA (-19.2 ± 45.6 s, P=0.43) or PL (+2.8 ± 31.6 s, P=0.99). Beta-alanine supplementation increased muscle carnosine content from pre- to post-supplementation (+9.4 ± 4.0 mmol·kg-1dm; P<0.0001) but was not related to performance changes (r=0.320, P=0.37). Chronic beta-alanine supplementation increased muscle carnosine content but did not improve short-duration sprint performance throughout simulated road race cycling, nor 4-km uphill time-trial performance conducted at the end of this cycling test.Highlights Performance during prolonged cycling events often depends on the ability to maintain an increased power output during higher intensity periods. Thus, cyclists are likely heavily dependent on their ability to resist fatigue during these periods of high-intensity activity.Meta-analytical data show beta-alanine to be an effective supplement to improve exercise outcomes, but little work exists on its efficacy during dynamic actions that are common during prolonged cycling.Beta-alanine supplementation increased muscle carnosine content but did not generate improvements in the performance of high-intensity cycling (10-s sprints or 4-km uphill time-trial) during a simulated road race cycling protocol.These data suggest that short duration sprints (≤10 s) and longer duration (>10 min) high-intensity activity throughout endurance cycling may not be improved with beta-alanine supplementation despite increases in muscle carnosine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Perim
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathan Gobbi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno Duarte
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Riani Costa
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Aerobic capacity and respiratory patterns are better in recreational basketball-engaged university students than age-matched untrained males. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study aim: To asses and compare the aerobic capacity and respiratory parameters in recreational basketball-engaged university students with age-matched untrained young adults.
Material and methods: A total of 30 subjects were selected to took part in the study based on recreational-basketball activity level and were assigned to a basketball (BG: n = 15, age 22.86 ± 1.35 yrs., body height 185.07 ± 5.95 cm, body weight 81.21 ± 6.15 kg) and untrained group (UG: n = 15, age 22.60 ± 1.50 yrs., body height 181.53 ± 6.11 cm, body weight 76.89 ± 7.30 kg). Inspiratory vital capacity (IVC), forced expiration volume (FEV1), FEV1/IVC ratio, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilatory threshold (VO2VT) and time to exhaustion, were measured in all subjects. Student T-test for independent Sample and Cohen’s d as the measure of the effect size were calculated.
Results: Recreational basketball-engaged students (EG) reached significantly greater IVC (t = 7.240, p < 0.001, d = 1.854), FEV1 (t = 10.852, p < 0.001, d = 2.834), FEV1/IVC ratio (t = 6.370, p < 0.001, d = 3.920), maximal oxygen consumption (t = 9.039, p < 0.001, d = 3.310), ventilatory threshold (t = 9.859, p < 0.001, d = 3.607) and time to exhaustion (t = 12.361, p < 0.001, d = 4.515) compared to UG.
Conclusions: Long-term exposure to recreational basketball leads to adaptive changes in aerobic and respiratory parameters in male university students.
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Saunders B, Oliveira LFD, Dolan E, Durkalec-Michalski K, McNaughton L, Artioli GG, Swinton PA. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation and the female athlete: A brief commentary with small scale systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:745-754. [PMID: 33487131 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1880649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate (SB) is considered an effective ergogenic supplement for improving high-intensity exercise capacity and performance, although recent data suggests that women may be less amenable to its ergogenic effects than men. Currently, an apparent paucity of data on women means no consensus exists on whether women benefit from SB supplementation. The aim of the current study was to quantify the proportion of the published literature on SB supplementation that includes women, and to synthesise the evidence regarding its effects on blood bicarbonate and exercise performance in women by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis. Electronic searches of the literature were undertaken using three databases (MEDLINE, Embase, SPORTDiscus) to identify relevant articles. All meta-analyses were performed within a Bayesian framework. A total of 149 SB articles were identified, 11 of which contained individual group data for women. Results indicated a pooled blood bicarbonate increase of 7.4 [95%CrI: 4.2-10.4 mmol·L-1] following supplementation and a pooled standardised exercise effect size of 0.37 [95%CrI: -0.06-0.92]. The SB literature is skewed, with only 20% (30 studies) of studies employing female participants, of which only 11 studies (7.4%) provided group analyses exclusively in women. Despite the small amount of available data, results are consistent in showing that SB supplementation in women leads to large changes in blood bicarbonate and that there is strong evidence for a positive ergogenic effect on exercise performance that is likely to be small to medium in magnitude.Highlights This study aimed to quantify the proportion of the published literature on sodium bicarbonate supplementation that includes women and to synthesise the evidence regarding its ergogenic effect on women, using a systematic review and meta-analytic approach.The sodium bicarbonate literature is skewed, with only 30 studies (20%) employing female participants, of which only 11 studies (7.4%) provided group analyses exclusively in women.Despite the small amount of available data, results are consistent in showing that sodium bicarbonate supplementation in women leads to large changes in blood bicarbonate and that there is strong evidence for a positive ergogenic effect on exercise performance that is likely small to medium in magnitude.Based on these findings, we do not believe there is any evidence to support sex-specific sodium bicarbonate dosing recommendations and that current recommendations of 0.2-0.3 g·kg-1BM of SB taken 60-180 min prior to high-intensity exercise appear appropriate for the female athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Lars McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sánchez M, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Nakamura FY, Clemente FM, Romero-Moraleda B, Ramirez-Campillo R. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training in Female Soccer Player's Physical Fitness: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238911. [PMID: 33266195 PMCID: PMC7731275 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to assess the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on female soccer player’s physical fitness. To this aim, a systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA) was conducted. The electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS were used. To qualify for inclusion, peer-reviewed studies must have included (i) a PJT programme of ≥2 weeks, (ii) healthy athletes, (iii) a control group, and (iv) physical fitness outcomes (e.g., jump; sprint). Studies were excluded if (i) they incorporated injuried female soccer players, (ii) did not involve PJT or an active control group, (iv) lack of baseline and/or follow-up data. Data was meta-analyzed using the inverse variance random-effects model. Ten moderate-to-high quality studies were included in the analyses, comprising 13 training groups (n = 140) and 10 control groups (n = 110). Small to large (ES = 0.60–2.24; p = 0.040 to <0.001) effects were noted for countermovement jump, drop jump, kicking performance, linear sprint, change of direction speed, and endurance. The moderator analyses (i.e., PJT duration, age groups, competitive level, and soccer experience) revealed no significant differences between groups. In conclusion, PJT may improve the physical fitness of female soccer players. Such improvements might be expected after PJT interventions with six or more weeks of duration, and in players with different chronological ages, competitive levels and soccer experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sánchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain; (M.S.); (J.S.-S.)
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain; (M.S.); (J.S.-S.)
| | - Fabio Y. Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB 58051-970, Brazil;
| | - Filipe M. Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Blanca Romero-Moraleda
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Applied Biomechanics and Sports Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 7500000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Cheng CF, Hsu WC, Kuo YH, Chen TW, Kuo YC. Acute effect of inspiratory resistive loading on sprint interval exercise performance in team-sport athletes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 282:103531. [PMID: 32827709 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined acute effects of inspiratory resistive loading (IRL) during rest intervals on sprint interval exercise (SIE) performance. In a randomized crossover design, nine collegiate basketball players performed IRL (15 cmH2O) or passive recovery (CON) at 5-min rest intervals during and immediately after 6 sets of a 30-s SIE test. Performance, muscular oxygenation of vastus lateralis, blood lactate and pH were measured at each condition. Blood lactate at 5-min (-20.5 %) and 20-min (-21.3 %) after SIE were significantly lower in IRL than in CON. The pH at 5-min after SIE was significantly higher in IRL than in CON (+0.8 %, p < 0.05). However, the total work in IRL was significantly lower than in CON (-2.7 %, p < 0.05). Average changes in total hemoglobin at rest intervals in IRL were significantly lower than in CON (-34.5 %, p < 0.05). The IRL could attenuate exercise-induced metabolic acidosis; however, the decreased blood flow at rest intervals might increase the physical challenge in SIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chieh Hsu
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Kuo
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Wei Chen
- Physical Education Office, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Kuo
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
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The Relationship between CrossFit ® Performance and Laboratory-Based Measurements of Fitness. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8080112. [PMID: 32796573 PMCID: PMC7466681 DOI: 10.3390/sports8080112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, research has examined the physiological determinants of performance in standardized CrossFit® (CF) workouts but not without the influence of CF familiarity. Therefore, the purpose of this present study was to examine the predictive value of aerobic fitness, body composition, and total body strength on performance of two standardized CF workouts in CF-naïve participants. Twenty-two recreationally trained individuals (males = 13, females = 9) underwent assessments of peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak), ventilatory thresholds, body composition, and one repetition maximum tests for the back squat, deadlift, and overhead press in which the sum equaled the CF Total. Participants also performed two CF workouts: a scaled version of the CF Open workout 19.1 and a modified version of the CF Benchmark workout Fran to determine scores based on total repetitions completed and time-to-completion, respectively. Simple Pearson’s r correlations were used to determine the relationships between CF performance variables (19.1 and modified Fran) and the independent variables. A forward stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed and significant variables that survived the regression analysis were used to create a predictive model of CF performance. Absolute VO2 peak was a significant predictor of 19.1 performance, explaining 39% of its variance (adjusted R2 = 0.39, p = 0.002). For modified Fran, CF Total was a significant predictor and explained 33% of the variance in performance (adjusted R2 = 0.33, p = 0.005). These results suggest, without any influence of CF familiarity or experience, that performance in these two CF workouts could be predicted by distinct laboratory-based measurements of fitness.
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Palucci Vieira LH, Arins FB, Guglielmo LGA, de Lucas RD, Carminatti LJ, Santiago PRP. Game Running Performance and Fitness in Women’s Futsal. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:74-81. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1202-1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe study aimed to verify possible associations between game-play running
performance and outcomes derived from fitness (running) tests in female futsal
players. Sixteen women professional elite futsal players from a 1st
division league team (19.2±2 years-old, 4.3±2.1 years of
experience) participated. Firstly, a graded incremental treadmill test was
adopted to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Following
72 h of laboratory protocol, players were asked to perform a
repeated-sprint test on a court (8×40 m with two 180°
change-of-directions). Twenty-four hours after, players participated in a
one-off friendly game (two 20-min half-times). A computerized automatic image
recognition software (DVIDEOW; 30 Hz) allowed to determine game running
performance variables. Fatigue index and best time in the court test and
VO2max and its attached speed derived from laboratory-based test
showed significant moderate-to-moderately high correlations
(r=− 0.59–0.76; p<0.05) with some game
running performance outputs, notably related to high-intensity running. In
conclusion, the present study provided initial evidence on associations between
two fitness tests and one-off game running performance in female futsal.
Information derived from the work potentially help conditioning professionals
working with female futsal athletes gain awareness about some properties of
common testing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Palucci Vieira
- Faculty of Sciences, UNESP, Bauru, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto,
University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto,
Brazil
| | - Francimara Budal Arins
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa
Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Dantas de Lucas
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa
Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Ruscello B, Esposito M, Fusco C, Ceccarelli C, Pomponi S, Filetti C, Pantanella L, Gabrielli P, D'ottavio S. Acute effects of two different initial heart rates on testing the repeated sprint ability in elite women soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:527-535. [PMID: 32043343 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated sprint ability (RSA) in women's soccer is crucial to ensure high level of performance during the game. The aim of this study is to investigate the acute effects of two different initial heart rates intensities on fatigue when testing the RSA. METHODS Since there are many kinds of pre-match warming-ups, the heart rate reached at the end of two different warm-up protocols (~90 vs. ≈60% HRmax) as an indicator of internal load has been selected and the respective RSA performances were compared. RSA tests were performed by 19 elite women soccer players (age: 22.5±3.3 years, height 163.9±7.3 cm, body mass 54.3±6.4 kg, BMI 20.6±1.5 kg/m2) with two sets of ten shuttle-sprints (15+15 m) with a 1:3 exercise to rest ratio, in different days (randomized order) with different initial HR% (60% and 90% HRmax). In order to compare the different sprint performances a Fatigue Index (FI%) was computed; the blood lactate concentrations (BLa-) were measured before and after testing, to compare metabolic energy. RESULTS Significant differences among trials within each set (P<0.01) were found, as evidence of fatigue. Differences between sets were not found, (Factorial ANOVA 2x10; P>0.05). Although the BLa- after warm-up was higher between 90% vs. 60% HRmax (P<0.05), at the completion of RSA tests (after 3 minutes) the differences were considerably low and not significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that, contrary to male soccer, the initial heart rates, induced by different modes of warming-up, do not affect the overall performance while testing RSA in women's soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ruscello
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy - .,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Mario Esposito
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fusco
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Pomponi
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Pantanella
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Gabrielli
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D'ottavio
- Interdepartmental Center of Science and Culture of Sport, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,AS Roma Women Football Club, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Milioni F, de Poli RAB, Saunders B, Gualano B, da Rocha AL, Sanchez Ramos da Silva A, Muller PDTG, Zagatto AM. Effect of β-alanine supplementation during high-intensity interval training on repeated sprint ability performance and neuromuscular fatigue. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1599-1610. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00321.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the influence of β-alanine supplementation during a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on repeated sprint ability (RSA) performance. This study was randomized, double-blinded, and placebo controlled. Eighteen men performed an incremental running test until exhaustion (TINC) at baseline and followed by 4-wk HIIT (10 × 1-min runs 90% maximal TINCvelocity [1-min recovery]). Then, participants were randomized into two groups and performed a 6-wk HIIT associated with supplementation of 6.4 g/day of β-alanine (Gβ) or dextrose (placebo group; GP). Pre- and post-6-wk HIIT + supplementation, participants performed the following tests: 1) TINC; 2) supramaximal running test; and 3) 2 × 6 × 35-m sprints (RSA). Before and immediately after RSA, neuromuscular function was assessed by vertical jumps, maximal isometric voluntary contractions of knee extension, and neuromuscular electrical stimulations. Muscle biopsies were performed to determine muscle carnosine content, muscle buffering capacity in vitro (βmin vitro), and content of phosphofructokinase (PFK), monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Both groups showed a significant time effect for maximal oxygen uptake (Gβ: 6.2 ± 3.6% and GP: 6.5 ± 4.2%; P > 0.01); only Gβ showed a time effect for total (−3.0 ± 2.0%; P = 0.001) and best (−3.3 ± 3.0%; P = 0.03) RSA times. A group-by-time interaction was shown after HIIT + Supplementation for muscle carnosine (Gβ: 34.4 ± 2.3 mmol·kg−1·dm−1and GP: 20.7 ± 3.0 mmol·kg−1·dm−1; P = 0.003) and neuromuscular voluntary activation after RSA (Gβ: 87.2 ± 3.3% and GP: 78.9 ± 12.4%; P = 0.02). No time effect or group-by-time interaction was shown for supramaximal running test performance, βm, and content of PFK, MCT4, and HIF-1α. In summary, β-alanine supplementation during HIIT increased muscle carnosine and attenuated neuromuscular fatigue, which may contribute to an enhancement of RSA performance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY β-Alanine supplementation during a high-intensity interval training program increased repeated sprint performance. The improvement of muscle carnosine content induced by β-alanine supplementation may have contributed to an attenuation of central fatigue during repeated sprint. Overall, β-alanine supplementation may be a useful dietary intervention to prevent fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Milioni
- Post Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Araújo Bonetti de Poli
- Post Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paul, Rheumatology Division, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paul, Rheumatology Division, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisson L. da Rocha
- School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo de Tarso Guerrero Muller
- Laboratory of Respiratory Pathophysiology, Mato Grosso do Sul Federal University, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Moura Zagatto
- Post Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Physiology and Human Performance, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Michailidis Y, Chatzimagioglou A, Mikikis D, Ispirlidis I, Metaxas T. Maximal oxygen consumption and oxygen muscle saturation recovery following repeated anaerobic sprint test in youth soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:355-360. [PMID: 31684709 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to examine whether differences in aerobic capacity (VO2max) influence muscle reoxygenation following repeated anaerobic sprint test (RAST) in soccer players. We hypothesized that muscle reoxygenation is faster in players with higher aerobic capacity. METHODS Ten male, youth soccer players participated in the study and performed RAST on a synthetic grass field. Oxygen saturation in muscle (StO2) of the right vastus lateralis muscle was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Half the time that was required for StO2 recovery (T1/2 StO2) after RAST was used to evaluate the reoxygenation in the recovery period after testing. The T1/2 StO2 was defined as the time from the end of RAST testing to the time of reaching 50% of StO2. Aerobic capacity (VO2max) was estimated by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1). RESULTS The T1/2 StO2 had a significant inverse correlation with VO2max (r=-0.71; P=0.021) and with the distance which was covered by players on YYIR1 test (r=-0.71; P=0.021). In contrast, StO2 recovery rate showed no significant correlations with the VO2max in subjects. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that aerobic capacity can influence vastus lateralis reoxygenation following RAST in youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Michailidis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece -
| | - Aristeidis Chatzimagioglou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Mikikis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ispirlidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Thomas Metaxas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Isometric Posterior Chain Peak Force Recovery Response Following Match-Play in Elite Youth Soccer Players: Associations with Relative Posterior Chain Strength. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7100218. [PMID: 31581584 PMCID: PMC6835616 DOI: 10.3390/sports7100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine changes in two tests of lower limb isometric posterior chain force (IPC-F) following 90 min of match-play in elite youth soccer players and the interaction between relative strength and recovery profile. 14 players (age: 16 ± 2 years) performed 3 × 3 second IPC-F tests unilaterally at 30° and 90° of knee and hip flexion pre- and post-match, +24 h, +48 h, and +72 h post-match. Peak force was recorded for both limbs, combined and expressed relative to bodyweight (N/kg). A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to determine differences in force output between joint angles, time intervals and subjects. As there was no interaction between angle and time (p = 0.260), we report the change between timepoints as mean ∆ in 90° + 30° IPC-F. Relative to pre-match IPC-F, there were significant decreases post (∆ = −18%; p > 0.001) and at +24 h (∆ = −8%; p = 0.040), no significant difference at +48 h (∆ = 0%; p = 0.992) and a significant increase at +72 h (∆ = +12%; p = 0.005). There was a large inter-individual variability in recovery profile at both angles and substantial differences between post-match deficits at 90° (−10.8%) compared to 30° (−20.7%). Higher pre-match IPC-F was correlated with the magnitude of IPC-F deficits at both angles and all time points (r = 0.56 to 0.70, p = < 0.01) except for post-match 90°. Regular IPC-F monitoring to determine the magnitude of match-induced fatigue and track recovery may help inform decision-making regarding modifications to individual players training load, particularly as there is a large inter-individual variability in response to competition. Further research is warranted to better understand and address the finding that stronger players showed larger force deficits and slower recovery following match-play.
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26
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Gantois P, Batista GR, Aidar FJ, Nakamura FY, de Lima-Júnior D, Cirilo-Sousa MS, de Matos DG, Cabral BG. Repeated sprint training improves both anaerobic and aerobic fitness in basketball players. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-182212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Gantois
- Research Group Physical Activity and Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, UFPB/UPE – LABOCINE, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe José Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports – GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, UFPB/UPE – LABOCINE, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Maria S. Cirilo-Sousa
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, UFPB/UPE – LABOCINE, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- Group of Studies and Research of Performance, Sport, Health and Paralympic Sports – GEPEPS, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
- Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Breno G.A.T. Cabral
- Research Group Physical Activity and Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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27
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Blood-Flow Restricted Warm-Up Alters Muscle Hemodynamics and Oxygenation during Repeated Sprints in American Football Players. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050121. [PMID: 31117212 PMCID: PMC6572221 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Team-sport athletes and coaches use varied strategies to enhance repeated-sprint ability (RSA). Aside from physical training, a well-conducted warm-up enhances RSA via increased oxidative metabolism. Strategies that impede blood flow could potentiate the effects of a warm-up due to their effects on the endothelial and metabolic functions. This study investigated whether performing a warm-up combined with blood-flow restriction (WFR) induces ergogenic changes in blood volume, muscle oxygenation, and RSA. In a pair-matched, single-blind, pre-post parallel group design, 15 American football players completed an RSA test (12 × 20 m, 20 s rest), preceded by WFR or a regular warm-up (SHAM). Pressure was applied on the athletes’ upper thighs for ≈15 min using elastic bands. Both legs were wrapped at a perceived pressure of 7 and 3 out of 10 in WFR and SHAM, respectively. Changes in gastrocnemius muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) and total hemoglobin concentration ([THb]) were monitored with near-infrared spectroscopy. Cohen’s effect sizes (ES) were used to estimate the impact of WFR. WFR did not clearly alter best sprint time (ES −0.25), average speed (ES 0.25), total time (ES −0.12), and percent decrement score (ES 0.39). While WFR did not meaningfully alter average SmO2 and [THb], the intervention clearly increased the maximum [THb] and the minimum and maximum SmO2 during some of the 12 sprint/recovery periods (ES 0.34–1.43). Results indicate that WFR positively alters skeletal muscle hemodynamics during an RSA test. These physiological changes did not improve short-term RSA, but could be beneficial to players during longer activities such as games.
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Neuromuscular evaluation of arm-cycling repeated sprints under hypoxia and/or blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1533-1545. [PMID: 31011807 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of hypoxia and/or blood flow restriction (BFR) on an arm-cycling repeated sprint ability test (aRSA) and its impact on elbow flexor neuromuscular function. METHODS Fourteen volunteers performed an aRSA (10 s sprint/20 s recovery) to exhaustion in four randomized conditions: normoxia (NOR), normoxia plus BFR (NBFR), hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.13, HYP) and hypoxia plus BFR (HBFR). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), resting twitch force (Db10), and electromyographic responses from the elbow flexors [biceps brachii (BB)] to electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulation were obtained to assess neuromuscular function. Main effects of hypoxia, BFR, and interaction were analyzed on delta values from pre- to post-exercise. RESULTS BFR and hypoxia decreased the number of sprints during aRSA with no significant cumulative effect (NOR 16 ± 8; NBFR 12 ± 4; HYP 10 ± 3 and HBFR 8 ± 3; P < 0.01). MVC decrease from pre- to post-exercise was comparable whatever the condition. M-wave amplitude (- 9.4 ± 1.9% vs. + 0.8 ± 2.0%, P < 0.01) and Db10 force (- 41.8 ± 4.7% vs. - 27.9 ± 4.5%, P < 0.01) were more altered after aRSA with BFR compared to without BFR. The exercise-induced increase in corticospinal excitability was significantly lower in hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions (e.g., BB motor evoked potential at 75% of MVC: - 2.4 ± 4.2% vs. + 16.0 ± 5.9%, respectively, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION BFR and hypoxia led to comparable aRSA performance impairments but with distinct fatigue etiology. BFR impaired the muscle excitation-contraction coupling whereas hypoxia predominantly affected corticospinal excitability indicating incapacity of the corticospinal pathway to adapt to fatigue as in normoxia.
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Brisola GMP, Zagatto AM. Ergogenic Effects of β-Alanine Supplementation on Different Sports Modalities: Strong Evidence or Only Incipient Findings? J Strength Cond Res 2018; 33:253-282. [PMID: 30431532 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brisola, GMP and Zagatto, AM. Ergogenic effects of β-alanine supplementation on different sports modalities: strong evidence or only incipient findings? J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 253-282, 2019-β-Alanine supplementation is a popular nutritional ergogenic aid among the sports community. Due to its efficacy, already proven in the literature, to increase the intramuscular carnosine content (β-alanyl-L-histidine), whose main function is intramuscular buffering, β-alanine supplementation has become a nutritional strategy to improve performance, mainly in high-intensity efforts. However, although many studies present evidence of the efficacy of β-alanine supplementation in high-intensity efforts, discrepancies in outcomes are still present and the performance enhancing effects seem to be related to the specificities of each sport discipline, making it difficult for athletes/coaches to interpret the efficacy of β-alanine supplementation. Thus, this study carried out a review of the literature on this topic and summarized, analyzed, and critically discussed the findings with the objective of clarifying the current evidence found in the literature on different types of efforts and sport modalities. The present review revealed that inconsistencies are still found in aerobic parameters determined in incremental tests, except for physical working capacity at the neuromuscular fatigue threshold. Inconsistencies are also found for strength exercises and intermittent high-intensity efforts, whereas in supramaximal continuous mode intermittent exercise, the beneficial evidence is strong. In sports modalities, the evidence should be analyzed separately for each sporting modality. Thus, sports modalities that have strong evidence of the ergogenic effects of β-alanine supplementation are: cycling race of 4 km, rowing race of 2,000 m, swimming race of 100 and 200 m, combat modalities, and water polo. Finally, there is some evidence of slight additional effects on physical performance from cosupplementation with sodium bicarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M P Brisola
- Department of Physical Education, Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), School of Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Bauru, Brazil
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Collins BW, Pearcey GE, Buckle NC, Power KE, Button DC. Neuromuscular fatigue during repeated sprint exercise: underlying physiology and methodological considerations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1166-1175. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue occurs when an individual’s capacity to produce force or power is impaired. Repeated sprint exercise requires an individual to physically exert themselves at near-maximal to maximal capacity for multiple short-duration bouts, is extremely taxing on the neuromuscular system, and consequently leads to the rapid development of neuromuscular fatigue. During repeated sprint exercise the development of neuromuscular fatigue is underlined by a combination of central and peripheral fatigue. However, there are a number of methodological considerations that complicate the quantification of the development of neuromuscular fatigue. The main goal of this review is to synthesize the results from recent investigations on the development of neuromuscular fatigue during repeated sprint exercise. Hence, we summarize the overall development of neuromuscular fatigue, explain how recovery time may alter the development of neuromuscular fatigue, outline the contributions of peripheral and central fatigue to neuromuscular fatigue, and provide some methodological considerations for quantifying neuromuscular fatigue during repeated sprint exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W. Collins
- BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Gregory E.P. Pearcey
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory and Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Natasha C.M. Buckle
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kevin E. Power
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Duane C. Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation and BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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31
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Dolan E, Saunders B, Dantas WS, Murai IH, Roschel H, Artioli GG, Harris R, Bicudo JEPW, Sale C, Gualano B. A Comparative Study of Hummingbirds and Chickens Provides Mechanistic Insight on the Histidine Containing Dipeptide Role in Skeletal Muscle Metabolism. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14788. [PMID: 30283073 PMCID: PMC6170442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidine containing dipeptides (HCDs) have numerous ergogenic and therapeutic properties, but their primary role in skeletal muscle remains unclear. Potential functions include pH regulation, protection against reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, or Ca2+ regulation. In recognition of the challenge of isolating physiological processes in-vivo, we employed a comparative physiology approach to investigate the primary mechanism of HCD action in skeletal muscle. We selected two avian species (i.e., hummingbirds and chickens), who represented the extremes of the physiological processes in which HCDs are likely to function. Our findings indicate that HCDs are non-essential to the development of highly oxidative and contractile muscle, given their very low content in hummingbird skeletal tissue. In contrast, their abundance in the glycolytic chicken muscle, indicate that they are important in anaerobic bioenergetics as pH regulators. This evidence provides new insights on the HCD role in skeletal muscle, which could inform widespread interventions, from health to elite performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - B Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - W S Dantas
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - I H Murai
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - H Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - G G Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R Harris
- Junipa Ltd; Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - J E P W Bicudo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - C Sale
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre; Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group; School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - B Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Wang R, Fukuda DH, Hoffman JR, La Monica MB, Starling TM, Stout JR, Kang J, Hu Y. Distinct Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training in Normobaric Hypoxia and β-Alanine Supplementation. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 38:149-161. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1475269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - David H. Fukuda
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Michael B. La Monica
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Tristan M. Starling
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Sport Science Research Center, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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Changes of Strength and Maximum Power of Lower Extremities in Adolescent Handball Players During a Two-year Training Cycle. J Hum Kinet 2018; 63:95-103. [PMID: 30279945 PMCID: PMC6162983 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate changes of strength and power of the lower extremities in adolescent handball players during a two-year training cycle. Thirty-one male handball players (age 16.0 ± 0.2 years, body mass 81.4 ± 9.7 kg, body height 188.2 ± 6.4 cm) took part in this study. All tests were conducted three times at the beginning of a one-year training programme. The maximum joint torque (JT) of flexors and extensors of the elbow, shoulder, hip, knee and trunk was measured under static conditions. Power of lower extremities was assessed with a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test on a cycloergometer and jump tests: akimbo counter-movement jump (ACMJ), counter-movement jump (CMJ) and spike jump tests on a force plate. Peak power (PP) increased from 914.8 ± 93.9 to 970.0 ± 89.2 and 1037.8 ± 114.4 W (p < 0.05) following the RSA test results. Maximum power increased significantly (p < 0.05) in ACMJ (1951.9 ± 359.7 to 2141.9 ± 378.5 and 2268.5 ± 395.9 W) and CMJ tests (2646.3 ± 415.6 to 2831.2 ± 510.8 and 3064.6 ± 444.5 W). Although significant differences in JT (p < 0.05) were observed during the two year period, their values related to body mass for the lower right extremity, sum of the trunk and sum of all muscle groups increased significantly between the first and the second measurement (from 13.7 ± 1.8 to 14.58 ± 1.99 N·m·kg-1, from 9.3 ± 1.5 to 10.39 ± 2.16 N·m·kg-1, from 43.4 ± 5.2 to 46.31 ± 6.83 N·m·kg-1, respectively). The main finding of the study is that PP in the RSA test and maximal power in the ACMJ and CMJ increase in relation to training experience and age in the group of youth handball players.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of plyometric and jump training on physical performance in young male handball players. Twenty-six young male handball players were divided into two sub-groups to perform a five-week pre-season training programme supplemented with two ground-reactive protocols with an equal number of jumping exercises referred as to ground contacts: plyometric training (PLY; n = 14) and standard jump training (CON; n = 12). Before and after training, repeated sprint ability (RSA), jumping ability (JA), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and aerobic power at the anaerobic threshold (PAT) were measured. A two-factor analysis revealed significant time effects with improvements in fat mass (p = 0.012), maximal power during the incremental cycling test (p = 0.001) and PAT (p < 0.001), power decline (PDEC) and maximal power (Pmax) in the 5th repetition (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). The training-induced changes in absolute and relative peak power in the RSA test and absolute VO2max approached significance (p = 0.06, p = 0.053 and p = 0.06). No intervention time × exercise protocol effects were observed for any indices of JA, RSA and aerobic capacity. A five-week pre-season conditioning programme supplemented with only 15 sessions of plyometric exercise did not induce any additional benefits, compared to a matched format of standard jump training, in terms of improving jumping performance and maximal power in the RSA test. Aerobic capacity and the fatigue index in RSA were maintained under these two training conditions.
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Lower Limb Sports Compression Garments Improve Muscle Blood Flow and Exercise Performance During Repeated-Sprint Cycling. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:882-890. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Evidence supporting the use of lower-limb compression garments during repeated-sprint exercise (RSE) with short rest periods, where performance will rely heavily on aerobic metabolism, is lacking. Methods: A total of 20 recreationally active participants completed 2 cycling RSE sessions, with and without lower-limb compression tights. The RSE session consisted of 4 sets of 10 × 6-s maximal sprints on a wind-braked cycle ergometer, interspaced by 24 s of recovery between bouts and 2 min of recovery between sets. Muscle oxygen consumption () of, and blood flow (mBF) to, the right vastus lateralis muscle was measured during exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy and venous/arterial occlusions of the right lower limb. Cycling performance, oxygen consumption (), heart rate, and capillary blood samples (lactate, pH, bicarbonate, and base excess) were also measured/taken throughout the session. Results: Compared with control, peak power (40.7 [19.9] W; mean ± 95% confidence intervals) and mBF (0.101 [0.061] mL·min−1·100 g−1) were higher, and heart rate (2 [1] beats/min) was lower, when participants wore compression (P < .05). , , blood lactate, and heart rate increased as a result of exercise (P < .05), with no differences between conditions. Similarly, blood pH, bicarbonate, and base excess decreased as a result of exercise (P < .05), with no difference between conditions. Conclusions: Wearing lower-limb compression tights during RSE with short intervals of rest improved cycling performance, vastus lateralis mBF, and heart rate. These results provide novel data to support the notion that lower-limb compression garments aid RSE performance, which may be related to local and/or central blood flow.
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Redkva PE, Paes MR, Fernandez R, da-Silva SG. Correlation between Match Performance and Field Tests in Professional Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2018; 62:213-219. [PMID: 29922392 PMCID: PMC6006532 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate possible correlations between aerobic and anaerobic fitness (in field tests) with performance during a 90 min friendly match, through the following variables: total distance covered, maximal running speed, number of high-intensity actions and number of sprints. Eighteen professional soccer players from a Brazilian elite team (age 23 ± 3 years, body mass 77.5 ± 8.9 kg) participated in the study. The athletes performed a Yo-Yo Endurance Test (aerobic fitness) and a Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (six maximal 35 m efforts separated by 10 s of passive recovery, anaerobic fitness). Data were collected during friendly matches using a GPS with 5 Hz technology. To establish the correlation between the variables determined during the matches, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used (significance level of p ≤ 0.05). A high correlation was found between distance covered in the Yo-Yo endurance test and total distance covered (r = 0.72; p < 0.05), number of high-intensity actions (r = 0.78; p < 0.05) and number of sprints (r = 0.88; p < 0.01) in the soccer matches. The RAST variables did not relate to the standards set during the matches (p < 0.05). From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that there is no correlation between RAST and friendly match data variables. However, better results in the Yo-Yo endurance test correlate with total distance, number of high-intensity actions and sprints during matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo E Redkva
- Research Center on Exercise and Sports, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Mauro R Paes
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Fernandez
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sergio G da-Silva
- Research Center on Exercise and Sports, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
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Lamoureux NR, Tomkinson GR, Peterson BJ, Fitzgerald JS. Relationship Between Skating Economy and Performance During a Repeated-Shift Test in Elite and Subelite Ice Hockey Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1109-1113. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Minahan CL, Poke DP, Morrison J, Bellinger PM. Muscle Damage and Metabolic Responses to Repeated-Sprint Running With and Without Deceleration. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 34:3423-3430. [PMID: 29189585 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Minahan, CL, Poke, DP, Morrison, J, and Bellinger, PM. Muscle damage and metabolic responses to repeated-sprint running with and without deceleration. J Strength Cond Res 34(12): 3423-3430, 2020-This study aimed to determine whether repeated-sprint running with deceleration aggravates markers of muscle damage or delays the recovery of performance compared with repeated-sprint running without deceleration. Fourteen male team-sport athletes performed 2 randomly ordered testing sessions on a nonmotorized treadmill with one session requiring subjects to decelerate (TMd) within 4 seconds before stopping or immediately step to the side of the treadmill belt at the completion of each sprint (TMa). Peak and mean velocities, speed decrement, blood lactate concentrations, and oxygen uptake were monitored during the repeated-sprint running protocols. Countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) performance, perceived muscle soreness, sit-and-reach flexibility, plasma creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and myoglobin (Mb) concentrations were quantified immediately before and after and 45 minutes, 24 and 48 hours after repeated-sprint running protocols. Although muscle damage was indicated by increases in CK, LDH, and Mb (p ≤ 0.05) in both groups, there was no significant effect of condition (TMa vs. TMd) on any of the measured performance or physiological variables (p > 0.05). The present study indicated that the removal of deceleration from repeated-sprint running on a nonmotorized treadmill has no effect on metabolism or performance during or after repeated-sprint running or markers of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Minahan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; and.,Griffith Sports Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poke
- Griffith Sports Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jaime Morrison
- Griffith Sports Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phillip M Bellinger
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; and.,Griffith Sports Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Ikutomo A, Kasai N, Goto K. Impact of inserted long rest periods during repeated sprint exercise on performance adaptation. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:47-53. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1383515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiho Ikutomo
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsushi, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Kasai
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsushi, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsushi, Japan
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsushi, Japan
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Dionísio TJ, Thiengo CR, Brozoski DT, Dionísio EJ, Talamoni GA, Silva RB, Garlet GP, Santos CF, Amaral SL. The influence of genetic polymorphisms on performance and cardiac and hemodynamic parameters among Brazilian soccer players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:596-604. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether ACTN3 R577X, AMPD1 C34T, I/D ACE, and M235T AGT polymorphisms can affect performance tests such as jumping, sprinting, and endurance in 220 young male athletes from professional minor league soccer team from São Paulo Futebol Clube, Brazil. I/D ACE and M235T AGT polymorphisms were also analyzed according to cardiac and hemodynamic parameters. Athletes were grouped or not by age. DNA from saliva and Taqman assays were used for genotyping 220 athletes and the results were associated with performance tests. Ventricle mass, ventricle end-diastolic diameter, end-diastolic volume, and ejection fraction were assessed by echocardiogram. Arterial pressure, heart rate, and oximetry were assessed by a cardioscope. The main results of this study were that athletes who carried RR/RX (ACTN3) and DD (ACE) genotypes presented better performance during jump and sprint tests. On the other hand, athletes with ID/II genotype presented better results during endurance test, while AGT genotypes did not seem to favor the athletes during the evaluated physical tests. CC genotype (AMPD1) only favored the athletes during 10-m sprint test. Although there are environmental interactions influencing performance, the present results suggest that RR/RX ACTN3 and ACE DD genotypes may benefit athletes in activities that require strength and speed, while II ACE genotype may benefit athletes in endurance activities. This information could help coaches to plan the training session to improve the athletes’ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago José Dionísio
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Braga Silva
- Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandra Lia Amaral
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences PIPGCF UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
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Badawy MM, Muaidi QI. Cardio respiratory response: Validation of new modifications of Bruce protocol for exercise testing and training in elite Saudi triathlon and soccer players. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 26:105-111. [PMID: 30622413 PMCID: PMC6319022 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bruce protocol is the traditional method used to assess maximal fitness level, although it may have limitations, such as its short duration and large work rate increases, with very high levels of exertion that consist of speed/incline combinations. Modifications have been added to elicit similar maximal fitness achievements. The authors of this experimental trial have proposed a new treadmill protocol that allows optimal test duration in conjunction with peak oxygen consumption 'VO2max', and with appropriate patient comfort and safety during both exercise testing and training. Subjects Twenty-two elite Saudi players, comprising eleven Saudi triathlon athletes, and eleven Saudi elite soccer players, BMI, body fat mass percentage, body fat free mass percentage. cardiovascular parameter; including, absolute and relative "VO2max" as well as maximal heart rate "HR max", were assessed during a graded treadmill running modified protocol, using a Quark Cardio Pulmonary Exercise Testing Unit (CPET). Results Descriptive statistics were used to obtain the anthropometric characteristics, including comparisons between the means, independent sample T-test and a regression analysis, to test the association of the protocol duration and the corresponding, dependent variables. Conclusions clinical relevance It is often difficult to achieve a high cardiorespiratory response, VO2max, without an association to high values of HR max, and peak perceived exertion. This may lead to cardiovascular risk. Our new modifications can provide a practical, valid alternative protocol to be used comfortably both during exercise testing and training, rather than performance testing only, to achieve high VO2max with minimal cardiovascular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M Badawy
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qassim I Muaidi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam City, Saudi Arabia
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Viaño-Santasmarinas J, Rey E, Carballeira S, Padrón-Cabo A. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training With Different Interval Durations on Physical Performance in Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:3389-3397. [PMID: 28195979 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Viaño-Santasmarinas, J, Rey, E, Carballeira, S, and Padrón-Cabo, A. Effects of high-intensity interval training with different interval durations on physical performance in handball players. J Strength Cond Res 32(12): 3398-3406, 2018-The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 2 high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols with different interval durations (short [SI] vs. long [LI]) based on peak running velocity in 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT) in handball players. Eighteen highly-trained players (age: 22.7 ± 3.9 years; height: 181.5 ± 6.6 cm; body mass: 84.7 ± 14.1 kg) were randomly assigned to SI (2 sets of 22 intervals of 10-second runs at 95% VIFT) or LI (5 sets of 3-minute intervals at 85% VIFT) group. The intervention program had to be carried out 2 times a week over 6 weeks. Before and after training period, 10-m sprint, countermovement jump, repeated sprint ability (RSA), and 30-15IFT were assessed. In the within-group analysis, significant improvements in VIFT were found in SI (8.18%) and LI (8.19%) from pretest to posttest. Players in both SI and LI also showed significant enhancements in RSA average time (effect size [ES] = 0.72 and 0.38, respectively), total time (ES = 0.72 and 0.38, respectively), and percentage of decrement (ES = 1.08 and 0.77, respectively) from pretest to posttest. Percentage changes in VIFT, for both groups combined, had a very large correlation with percentage changes in percentage of decrement of RSA (r = 0.857). In the between-groups, there were no differences between the training groups (SI and LI) in any variable (p > 0.05). These results indicate that both HIIT protocols are effective for fitness development during preseason period in handball players. However, SI should be considered as preferred HIIT method because of its higher specificity.
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Kilding AE, Dobson BP, Ikeda E. Effects of Acutely Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure on Running Economy and Physical Performance in Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2033-42. [PMID: 26677826 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kilding, AE, Dobson, BP, and Ikeda, E. Effects of acutely intermittent hypoxic exposure on running economy and physical performance in basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 2033-2042, 2016-The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short duration intermittent hypoxic exposure (IHE) on physical performance in basketball players. Using a single-blind placebo-controlled group design, 14 trained basketball players were subjected to 15 days of passive short duration IHE (n = 7), or normoxic control (CON, n = 7), using a biofeedback nitrogen dilution device. A range of physiological, performance, and hematological variables were measured at baseline, and 10 days after IHE. After intervention, the IHE group, relative to the CON group, exhibited improvements in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (+4.8 ± 1.6%; effect size [ES]: 1.0 ± 0.4) and repeated high-intensity exercise test performance (-3.5 ± 1.6%; ES: -0.4 ± 0.2). Changes in hematological parameters were minimal, although soluble transferrin receptor increased after IHE (+9.2 ± 10.1%; ES: 0.3 ± 0.3). Running economy at 11 km·h (-9.0 ± 9.7%; ES: -0.7 ± 0.7) and 13 km·h was improved (-8.2 ± 6.9%; ES: -0.7 ± 0.5), but changes to V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak, HRpeak, and lactate were unclear. In summary, acutely IHE resulted in worthwhile changes in physical performance tests among competitive basketball players. However, physiological measures explaining the performance enhancement were in most part unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. Limitations in intense exercise performance of athletes - effect of speed endurance training on ion handling and fatigue development. J Physiol 2016; 595:2897-2913. [PMID: 27673449 DOI: 10.1113/jp273218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying fatigue development and limitations for performance during intense exercise have been intensively studied during the past couple of decades. Fatigue development may involve several interacting factors and depends on type of exercise undertaken and training level of the individual. Intense exercise (½-6 min) causes major ionic perturbations (Ca2+ , Cl- , H+ , K+ , lactate- and Na+ ) that may reduce sarcolemmal excitability, Ca2+ release and force production of skeletal muscle. Maintenance of ion homeostasis is thus essential to sustain force production and power output during intense exercise. Regular speed endurance training (SET), i.e. exercise performed at intensities above that corresponding to maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2, max ), enhances intense exercise performance. However, most of the studies that have provided mechanistic insight into the beneficial effects of SET have been conducted in untrained and recreationally active individuals, making extrapolation towards athletes' performance difficult. Nevertheless, recent studies indicate that only a few weeks of SET enhances intense exercise performance in highly trained individuals. In these studies, the enhanced performance was not associated with changes in V̇O2, max and muscle oxidative capacity, but rather with adaptations in muscle ion handling, including lowered interstitial concentrations of K+ during and in recovery from intense exercise, improved lactate- -H+ transport and H+ regulation, and enhanced Ca2+ release function. The purpose of this Topical Review is to provide an overview of the effect of SET and to discuss potential mechanisms underlying enhancements in performance induced by SET in already well-trained individuals with special emphasis on ion handling in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Respiratory Research, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Willems ME, Cousins L, Williams D, Blacker SD. Beneficial Effects of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Maximal Sprint Speed during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4030042. [PMID: 29910290 PMCID: PMC5968887 DOI: 10.3390/sports4030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract has been shown to enhance high-intensity intermittent treadmill running. We examined the effects of NZBC extract during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) which involves 5 × 15 min blocks with intermittent 15-m maximal sprints, interspersed by moderate and high-intensity running to simulate team sport activity, and a subsequent run to exhaustion. Thirteen males (age: 22 ± 1 year, V˙O2max: 50 ± 5 mL·kg−1·min−1) participated in three indoor sessions (T: 24 ± 3 °C, humidity: 52% ± 9%). In the first session, a multistage fitness test was completed to determine peak running speed and estimate V˙O2max. Participants consumed NZBC extract in capsules (300 mg·day−1 CurraNZ™) or placebo (PL) (300 mg·day−1 microcrystalline cellulose M102) for seven days in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design (wash-out at least seven days). NZBC extract did not affect average 15-m sprint times in each block. NZBC reduced slowing of the fastest sprint between block 1 and 5 (PL: 0.12 ± 0.07 s; NZBC: 0.06 ± 0.12 s; p < 0.05). NZBC extract had no effect on heart rate, vertical jump power, lactate and time to exhaustion (PL: 13.44 ± 8.09 min, NZBC: 15.78 ± 9.40 min, p > 0.05). However, eight participants had higher running times to exhaustion when consuming NZBC extract. New Zealand blackcurrant extract may enhance performance in team sports with repeated maximal sprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Et Willems
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE West Sussex, UK.
| | - Luke Cousins
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE West Sussex, UK.
| | - David Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE West Sussex, UK.
| | - Sam D Blacker
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, PO19 6PE West Sussex, UK.
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Ruddock AD, Wilson DC, Thompson SW, Hembrough D, Winter EM. Strength and Conditioning for Professional Boxing. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hoffman MW, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Landua G, Fukuda DH, Sharvit N, Moran DS, Carmon E, Ostfeld I. Critical Velocity Is Associated With Combat-Specific Performance Measures in a Special Forces Unit. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:446-53. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Conte D, Favero TG, Lupo C, Francioni FM, Capranica L, Tessitore A. Time-motion analysis of Italian elite women's basketball games: individual and team analyses. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:144-50. [PMID: 25051006 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess elite women's basketball game performance. Five elite women's games (3 Italian first division and 2 Euroleague) were analyzed for individual and team time-motion analyses. The individual analysis evaluated the players' movement patterns with particular focus on high-intensity activity (HIA), sprint activity, and repeated sprint events (RSEs). Team analysis included live time (LT), stoppage time (ST), and their ratio, transfer (TR) phases, and half court and full court actions. The frequency of occurrence of changes of activities was n = 576 ± 110, one every 2.56 seconds of LT. Total HIA was 8.5 ± 1.8% of LT and no significant differences between quarter periods were observed. In general, players performed linear sprints (48.3 ± 2.9%) over 1-5 m distance (56.8 ± 5.6%). The occurrence of RSE was 4.4 ± 1.7, with 58.6 ± 18.5% passive recovery between sprints. Team analysis showed no significant difference between games for LT and ST phases (ratio = 1.18 ± 0.25). For game analysis, LT and ST were 43.4 ± 7.8% and 51.1 ± 8.4%, respectively. A difference between games was found for half court actions (p < 0.01) and TR phases (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, 1 TR and 2 TR were the most performed (45.3 and 23.9%) actions. These results encourage coaches to include repeated sprint ability with mainly linear and short sprints into a comprehensive training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conte
- 1Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy; 2Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, Oregon; and 3Motor Science Research Center, SUISM Centro Servizi, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Butcher SJ, Neyedly TJ, Horvey KJ, Benko CR. Do physiological measures predict selected CrossFit(®) benchmark performance? Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:241-7. [PMID: 26261428 PMCID: PMC4527742 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s88265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose CrossFit® is a new but extremely popular method of exercise training and competition that involves constantly varied functional movements performed at high intensity. Despite the popularity of this training method, the physiological determinants of CrossFit performance have not yet been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine whether physiological and/or muscle strength measures could predict performance on three common CrossFit “Workouts of the Day” (WODs). Materials and methods Fourteen CrossFit Open or Regional athletes completed, on separate days, the WODs “Grace” (30 clean and jerks for time), “Fran” (three rounds of thrusters and pull-ups for 21, 15, and nine repetitions), and “Cindy” (20 minutes of rounds of five pull-ups, ten push-ups, and 15 bodyweight squats), as well as the “CrossFit Total” (1 repetition max [1RM] back squat, overhead press, and deadlift), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and Wingate anaerobic power/capacity testing. Results Performance of Grace and Fran was related to whole-body strength (CrossFit Total) (r=−0.88 and −0.65, respectively) and anaerobic threshold (r=−0.61 and −0.53, respectively); however, whole-body strength was the only variable to survive the prediction regression for both of these WODs (R2=0.77 and 0.42, respectively). There were no significant associations or predictors for Cindy. Conclusion CrossFit benchmark WOD performance cannot be predicted by VO2max, Wingate power/capacity, or either respiratory compensation or anaerobic thresholds. Of the data measured, only whole-body strength can partially explain performance on Grace and Fran, although anaerobic threshold also exhibited association with performance. Along with their typical training, CrossFit athletes should likely ensure an adequate level of strength and aerobic endurance to optimize performance on at least some benchmark WODs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scotty J Butcher
- Physical Therapy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada ; BOSS Strength Institute, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tyler J Neyedly
- Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Karla J Horvey
- Physical Therapy, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Chad R Benko
- BOSS Strength Institute, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada ; Synergy Strength and Conditioning, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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