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Vigh-Larsen JF, Junge N, Cialdella-Kam L, Tomás R, Young L, Krustrup P, Mohr M, Nybo L. Testing in Intermittent Sports-Importance for Training and Performance Optimization in Adult Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1505-1537. [PMID: 39004796 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Performance in intermittent sports relies on the interplay between multiple physiological systems determining the capacity to perform short explosive efforts as well as repeated intense actions with limited recovery over the course of an entire game. Testing should reflect these demands to allow for sport- and position-specific capacity analyses that eventually may translate into optimized training and improved performance. This may include individual load management and optimized training prescription, intensity targeting for specific positions or individual athletes, as well as benchmarking for monitoring of training progression and enhanced engagement of athletes. This review provides an overview of available tests in different exercise domains identified as relevant (from assessment of single explosive actions to intermittent endurance capacity), forming the basis for recommendations on how to compose a comprehensive yet feasible test battery that may be integrated into the seasonal competition and training plan. The test procedures should cover the performance spectrum of relevance for the individual athlete-also in team sports to account for positional differences. We emphasize the benefits of sport-specific tests, highlight parameters of importance for test standardization, and discuss how the applied test battery may be supplemented with secondary tests directed toward specific energy systems to allow for more in-depth analyses when required (e.g., in terms of an underperforming athlete). The synergy between testing and tracking of match performance (utilizing time-motion or global positioning systems) is highlighted, and although tracking cannot substitute for testing, combining the tools may provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological demands and performance during competition contextualized to the athletes' maximal exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicklas Junge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Lynn Cialdella-Kam
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol Avenida das Seleções, Oeiras, PORTUGAL
| | - Laura Young
- American College of Sports Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | | | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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2
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Oliveira SF, Oliveira JI, Winckler C, Lourenço TF, Haiachi MC, Felder H. Physiological and metabolic responses of Parabadminton athletes to field simulated effort. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:775-783. [PMID: 38602035 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the increase in the number of Parabadminton (PBd) athletes and the lack of scientific knowledge of the sport, it is important to evaluate performance variables in different game stimuli. Thus, this study sought to examine the physiological and metabolic responses in a simulated effort protocol in PBd athletes. METHODS Forty-seven volunteers (WH1=7; WH2=9; SL3=8; SL4=9; SU5=6; SH6=8) performed a simulated effort protocol, consisting of 2 blocks of activities (1st change of direction + 1st simulated effort; 2nd change of direction + 2nd simulated effort). Peak and average oxygen consumption (VO2peak and VO2avg), peak, percentage, and average heart rate (HRmax, %HRmax, and HRavg), percentage of carbohydrates and lipids contributions (%CARB and %FAT), and average and total energy expenditure (EEavg and EEtotal) were evaluated. The data was compared between protocol stages, functional classes (FCs), and court size. It was adopted P<0.05. RESULTS Differences were found between the stages of the protocol in VO2peak (P=0.0008), VO2avg (P=0.0004); HRmax (P<0.0001); %HRmax (P=0.0001), HRavg (P=0.0001), %CARB (P=0.0001), %FAT (P=0.0001), EEavg (P=0.0002), and EEtotal (P=0.008). Among FCs, SL4 athletes were superior to WH1 athletes for VO2peak (P=0.075), VO2avg (P=0.022), EEavg (P=0.011), and EEtotal (P=0.022). Athletes who completed protocol in the full court were greater than half court for VO2peak (P<0.001), VO2avg (P<0.001), %HRmax (P=0.032), HRavg (P=0.018), %CARB (P=0.022), %FAT (P=0.022), and EEavg (P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS PBd athletes belonging to higher FCs (4, 5, and 6) and who cover greater distances on the court exhibit physiological and metabolic responses under greater influence of the type of disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo F Oliveira
- Movement, Sport and Rehabilitation Study Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - José I Oliveira
- School of Physical Education, Applied Kinesiology Laboratory, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil -
| | - Ciro Winckler
- Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Thiago F Lourenço
- Sports Science Department at the Brazilian Paralympic Committee, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Haiachi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - Hanno Felder
- Olympic Training Center Rhineland Palatinate/Saarland, Hermann Neuberger Sportschule, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Brich Q, Casals M, Crespo M, Reid M, Baiget E. Quantifying Hitting Load in Racket Sports: A Scoping Review of Key Technologies. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:519-532. [PMID: 38684208 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This scoping review aims to identify the primary racket and arm-mounted technologies based on inertial measurement units that enable the quantification of hitting load in racket sports. METHODS A comprehensive search of several databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore) and Google search engines was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) extension for scoping reviews guidelines. Included records primarily focused on monitoring hitting load in racket sports using commercialized racket or arm-mounted inertial sensors through noncompetitive and competitive racket-sports players. RESULTS A total of 484 records were identified, and 19 finally met the inclusion criteria. The largest number of systems found were compatible with tennis (n = 11), followed by badminton (n = 4), table tennis (n = 2), padel (n = 1), and squash (n = 1). Four sensor locations were identified: grip-attached (n = 8), grip-embedded (n = 6), wrist (n = 3), and dampener sensors (n = 2). Among the tennis sensors, only 4 out of the 11 (36.4%) demonstrated excellent reliability (>.85) in monitoring the number of shots hit either during analytic drills or during simulated matches. None of the other racket-sports sensors have undergone successful, reliable validation for hitting-volume quantification. CONCLUSIONS Despite recent advancements in this field, the quantification of hitting volume in racket sports remains a challenge, with only a limited number of tennis devices demonstrating reliable results. Thus, further progress in technology and research is essential to develop comprehensive solutions that adequately address these specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quim Brich
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Casals
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, Sport and Physical Activity Studies Center (CEEAF), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Crespo
- Development Department, International Tennis Federation, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ernest Baiget
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Cheng KC, Chiu YL, Tsai CL, Hsu YL, Tsai YJ. Fatigue Affects Body Acceleration During Vertical Jumping and Agility Tasks in Elite Young Badminton Players. Sports Health 2024:19417381241245908. [PMID: 38634629 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241245908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Badminton is a sport demanding both high aerobic and anaerobic fitness levels, and fatigue can significantly impact game performance. However, relevant studies are limited, and none have employed a wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) to investigate the effects of fatigue on athletic performance in the field. HYPOTHESIS Overall performance and body acceleration in both time and frequency domains during the fundamental badminton skills of vertical jumping and changes of direction will be affected by fatigue. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A total of 38 young badminton players competing at the Division I level participated. Body accelerations while performing vertical jump and agility-T tests before and immediately after undergoing a fatigue protocol were measured by an IMU, positioned at the L4 to L5 level. RESULTS Jumping height decreased significantly by 4 cm (P < 0.01) after fatigue with greater downward acceleration (1.03 m/s2, P < 0.05) during the squatting subphase. Finishing time increased significantly by 50 ms only during the 10-m side-shuffling of the agility-T test (P = 0.02) after fatigue with greater peak and mean accelerations (3.83 m/s2, P = 0.04; 0.43 m/s2, P < 0.01), and higher median and mean frequency (0.38 Hz, P = 0.04, 0.11 Hz, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION This study using a wearable IMU demonstrates the effects of fatigue on body acceleration in badminton players. The frequency-domain analysis further indicated that fatigue might lead to loss of voluntary control of active muscles and increased impacts on the passive elastic elements. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings imply that fatigue can lead to diminished athletic performance and highlight the potential for an increased risk of sports injuries. Consequently, maintaining precision in monitoring fatigue is crucial for elite young badminton players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chia Cheng
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lan Chiu
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Hsu
- Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Tsai
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Physical Therapy Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Dominic D, Thirugnana Sambandam S, Anburaj H, Gopalakrishnan N. Correlation Between Heart Rate Variability and Agility Scores of Elite Badminton Players: A Pilot Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e58267. [PMID: 38752072 PMCID: PMC11094346 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heart rate variability (HRV) indexes the autonomic nervous system, and HRV values are found to be higher in elite badminton players. Since an athlete's agility has a direct influence on badminton sporting performance, this study will analyze the correlation between HRV and agility. Aim The study's primary aim is to analyze the correlation between HRV and agility scores of elite badminton players. Methodology Ten elite badminton players who are currently participating at the state and national levels were recruited for the study. The study's participants were aged between 18 and 21 years, had a body mass index (BMI) of less than 22.9 kg/m2, were currently training 10-12 sessions of badminton per week (120-180 minutes per session), and had no comorbidities, injuries, or illnesses. For a duration of 14 days, a cross-sectional study design was utilized to evaluate the badminton players. Participants were tested in two blocks; each block consisted of five days of HRV and agility testing (Southeast Missouri [SEMO] agility test) followed by a break for two days. Higher agility performance was reflected by a lower SEMO agility test score. Results Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). HRV and agility scores had a negative correlation, as indicated by the two-tailed Spearman correlation analysis (rs(8) = -0.82, P < 0.01). Conclusions The results showed that HRV and agility scores are highly correlated in elite badminton players. The results indicate that higher HRV values lead to better agility performance. Future studies need to be conducted on a large scale to evaluate the correlation in a diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobson Dominic
- Sports Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Sneha Thirugnana Sambandam
- Sports Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Harshavardhini Anburaj
- Sports Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Narayanaswamy Gopalakrishnan
- Cardiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
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Turner AJ, Chander H, Kodithuwakku Arachchige SNK, Griffith A, Chen PL, Chen CC(JJ, Knight AC, Bates-Brantley K, Stratton-Gadke K, Smith JC. The Effects of an Inclusive Badminton Program on Static Postural Control for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:210. [PMID: 38397699 PMCID: PMC10887706 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine static postural control/balance in young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and typically developing (TD) young adults before, during, and after an inclusive badminton intervention. Eight participants (four IDD-BADM and four TD-BADM) participated in a 12-week inclusive badminton intervention, with the other eight participants as matched controls (four IDD-CONTR and four TD-CONTR) (74.19 kg ± 9.8 kg, 171.96 cm ± 5.4 cm; 21.7 ± 1.8 years of age; nine females and seven males; eight with IDD and eight TD). The study followed a repeated measures design (pre, mid, post) before the intervention, at 6 weeks, and after 12 weeks. Static postural sway conditions included: bilateral stance eyes open (20 s), eyes closed (10 s), foam eyes open (20 s), foam eyes closed (10 s), and unilateral stance eyes open (10 s) and foam eyes open (10 s). Sway measurements included: average anterior/posterior (A/P) displacement (in), average medial/lateral (M/L) displacement (in), average 95% ellipsoid area (in2), and average velocity (ft/s). Significant time × group interactions were reported for average velocity (EO) (p = 0.030), average length (EO) (p = 0.030), 95% ellipsoid area (EO) (p = 0.049), and average A/P displacement (1LEO) (p = 0.036) for IDD-BADM. Significant time main effects were reported for average A/P displacement (FEO) (p = 0.040) for IDD groups. Significant time main effects were reported for average M/L displacement (EO) (p = 0.001), (EC) (p = 0.004), (FEO) (p = 0.005), (FEC) (p = 0.004), and average A/P displacement (EO) (p = 0.006) and (FEO) (p = 0.005) for TD groups. An inclusive badminton program indicated evidence of improved static postural control for those with IDD. However, no significant differences were reported for TD peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana J. Turner
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29626, USA;
| | - Harish Chander
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA (A.G.); (P.-L.C.); (A.C.K.)
| | | | - Aaron Griffith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA (A.G.); (P.-L.C.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA (A.G.); (P.-L.C.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Chih-Chia (JJ) Chen
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA (A.G.); (P.-L.C.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Adam C. Knight
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA (A.G.); (P.-L.C.); (A.C.K.)
| | - Kayla Bates-Brantley
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Foundations, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.B.-B.)
| | - Kasee Stratton-Gadke
- Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Foundations, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (K.B.-B.)
| | - J. Chadwick Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC 29626, USA;
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Fernandez-Fernandez J, Herrero-Molleda A, Álvarez-Dacal F, Hernandez-Davó JL, Granacher U. The Impact of Sex and Biological Maturation on Physical Fitness in Adolescent Badminton Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:191. [PMID: 37888518 PMCID: PMC10611229 DOI: 10.3390/sports11100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of maturity status and sex on selected measures of physical fitness in adolescent badminton players. Eighty-one badminton players (39 boys, 42 girls; age: 12.7 ± 1.4 years; body height: 153.5 ± 10.5 cm; body mass: 48.3 ± 13.2 kg) participated in the study and were divided into pre-peak height velocity (PHV, n = 31), circa-PHV (n = 29), and post-PHV (n = 21) groups. The assessment of physical fitness included linear sprint (5-m, 10-m) and change-of-direction (CoD) speed tests using a modified 5-0-5 CoD test (CoD deficit [CoDD%]) and an on-court CoD test, as well as the countermovement jump (CMJ) test as a proxy of lower limbs' muscle power. Pre-PHV players presented lower performance levels (p < 0.001; ES: 1.81-1.21) than post-PHV in CMJ, linear sprint (5, 10-m) speed, and both CoD tests. In addition, compared to circa-PHV, pre-PHV players demonstrated moderately lower performances in the 10 m sprint and CoD tests (p < 0.05; ES: 0.65-1.00). Regarding the CoDD%, no between-group differences were found. Irrespective of the maturity status, boys outperformed girls in CMJ (p = 0.01; ES: 0.71), linear sprint speed (p < 0.05, ES: 0.52-0.77), and the modified 505 test (p = 0.01; ES: 0.71). Findings only showed significant sex-by-maturity interactions for the pre-PHV group. In addition, sex-related performance differences were found in favor of the boys for most measures except for CoDD%. Our results imply that maturity status (i.e., PHV) and not chronological age should be used to design training programs. Female adolescent badminton players should receive specifically targeted exercise interventions based on their fitness status and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain; (J.F.-F.); (A.H.-M.)
- AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
- Regional Badminton Technification Center (CTD), 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Alba Herrero-Molleda
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain; (J.F.-F.); (A.H.-M.)
- AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, 24007 León, Spain
| | | | | | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
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Huang Z, Ji H, Chen L, Zhang M, He J, Zhang W, Chen X, Sun J, Song J, Li D. Comparing autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise and velocity-based resistance training on jump performance in college badminton athletes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15877. [PMID: 37576500 PMCID: PMC10414022 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Jumping ability has been identified as a key factor that influences the performance of badminton athletes. Autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise (APRE) and velocity-based resistance training (VBRT) are commonly used approaches to enhance muscle strength and have been shown to accurately monitor the development of explosive power to improve jumping ability. This study aims to investigate the effects of APRE and VBRT on badminton athletes' jumping ability and to provide practical insights into improving their jumping performance during competitions. Methods Upon completing familiarization and pretesting, 18 badminton athletes were included and completed the training intervention (age, 21.4 ± 1.4 years; stature, 170.1 ± 7.3 cm; body mass, 65.9 ± 12 kg); they were randomly divided into the APRE group (n = 9) and VBRT group (n = 9). Jumping performance was assessed during the countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and drop jump (DJ) via SmartJump, with CMJ 's and SJ's jump height, eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), and reactive strength index (RSI). All participants then completed a 4-week in-season resistance training intervention. Results (1) The results of the within-group indicated that only the CMJ (pre: 41.56 ± 7.84 vs post: 43.57 ± 7.85, p < 0.05) of the APRE group had significant differences, whereas the SJ, EUR, and RSI were not significantly different (p > 0.05). (2) The results of the intergroups revealed that all indicators had no significant differences (p > 0.05), but APRE had a moderate effect size on the improvement of the CMJ (η2 = 0.244) and EUR (η2 = 0.068) when compared with VBRT. Conclusions The results showed that, compared to VBRT, APRE can effectively improve the performance of the reactive athletes' lower limb explosive power in the CMJ in a shorter period of time. The findings indicate that APRE may be useful for coaches seeking to improve the CMJ performance of athletes in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Huang
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongshen Ji
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lunxin Chen
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxin He
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junyi Song
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Duanying Li
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Edel A, Weis JL, Ferrauti A, Wiewelhove T. Training drills in high performance badminton-effects of interval duration on internal and external loads. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1189688. [PMID: 37457032 PMCID: PMC10348806 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1189688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of interval duration on training loads and technical skill performance in high performance badminton drills. Methods: On three experimental days, 19 internationally ranked players (13 male: 22.7 ± 3.8 years, 180 ± 6 cm, 71.5 ± 6.1 kg; 6 females: 20.4 ± 2.5 years, 168 ± 4 cm, 59.8 ± 6.0 kg) completed one of three protocols (T10, T30, and T50) of a typical badminton specific drill, the so-called "Multifeeding" (the coach feeds shuttlecock without break in a random order) in a counterbalanced order. The protocols varied in interval duration (10, 30, and 50 s) but were matched for the rally-to-rest-ratio (1:1) and active playing time (600 s). Cardiorespiratory responses (portable spirometry, chest belt), energy metabolism (levels of blood lactate, La), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), player's kinematics (Local Positioning System), and technical skill performance (video analysis) were measured. Results: Average oxygen consumption (T10 45 ± 6; T30 46 ± 7; T50 44 ± 6 mL min-1·kg-1), Energy expenditure (886 ± 209; 919 ± 176; 870 ± 206 kcal h-1), heart rate (164 ± 13; 165 ± 11; 165 ± 10 bpm) and RPE (16 ± 2; 17 ± 2; 17 ± 2) did not differ between the protocols. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and La significantly increased depending on interval duration (RER: 0.90 ± 0.05; 0.93 ± 0.03; 0.96 ± 0.04 and La: 3.6 ± 2.0; 5.6 ± 3.0; 7.3 ± 2.3 mmol l-1). Stroke frequency (SF; 0.58 ± 0.05; 0.57 ± 0.05; 0.55 ± 0.06 strokes·s-1) was similar while distance covered, and average running velocity were significantly lower for T50 compared to T10 (76 ± 17; 70 ± 13; 65 ± 11 m min-1). Moreover, jump frequency in T30 was higher than in T10 (6.7 ± 3.1; 8.8 ± 3.8; 8.5 ± 4.2 jumps·min-1), whereas differences in internal and external loads were not associated with changes in stroke precision (errors: 16 ± 6; 19 ± 4; 18 ± 4%; accuracy: 22 ± 6; 24 ± 8; 23 ± 8%). Conclusion: Anaerobic metabolic stimulus increases while running distance and velocity decrease, in case of longer interval durations. Even though there was no impact on stroke precision, extending the intervals beyond 30 s might impair external training load and skill performance. Consequently, interval duration should be defined carefully depending on the training goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Edel
- Department for Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan-Luka Weis
- Department for Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Ferrauti
- Department for Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thimo Wiewelhove
- Department of Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lin Z, Blazevich AJ, Abbiss CR, Wilkie JC, Nosaka K. Neuromuscular fatigue and muscle damage following a simulated singles badminton match. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1229-1240. [PMID: 36763122 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05148-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand muscle damage in badminton, changes in neuromuscular function were investigated after simulated badminton singles matches performed by ten state-level male players. METHODS Each participant played eight matches and measurements were taken before, immediately after, and 1 and 24 h after each match. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque of the knee extensors and flexors, voluntary activation (VA) during MVC and torques generated by doublet (TDoublet), 20 (T20) and 80 Hz (T80) electrical stimulations of the knee extensors were measured from the dominant leg (the racket-hold arm side). Muscle soreness was assessed by a 100-mm visual analogue scale from both legs. The number of lunges performed by each participant in each match was analysed by videos, and its relations to other measures were examined. RESULTS Pre-match knee extensor and flexor MVC torques were 278.4 ± 50.8 Nm and 143.0 ± 36.2 Nm, respectively. Knee extensor MVC torque of the dominant leg decreased immediately (12.0 ± 2.9%) and 1 h post-match (16.0 ± 3.2%), but returned to baseline at 24 h post-match. VA (11.4 ± 2.9%), TDoublet (13.1 ± 6.0%), T20 (31.1 ± 12.3%) and T80 (25.5 ± 7.9%) decreased (p < 0.01) immediately post-match but recovered by 24 h post-match. A significant correlation (r = - 0.64, p < 0.01) was observed between the total number of lunges performed in a match (160-240 times) and the magnitude of decrease in MVC torque (6.4-14.7%). Muscle soreness developed more (p < 0.05) for the dominant (51.5 ± 11.6 mm) than the non-dominant leg (18.8 ± 8.6 mm). CONCLUSION Muscle damage induced by singles badminton matches was minimal, but the more the lunges are performed, the greater the neuromuscular fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyuan Lin
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
- The Badminton Association of Western Australia, 130 Kingsway, Madeley, WA, 6065, Australia.
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Jodie Cochrane Wilkie
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Huang L, Ng JWC, Lee JKW. Nutrition Recommendations for Table Tennis Players-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030775. [PMID: 36771479 PMCID: PMC9920626 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Table tennis (TT) is the second most popular racket sport globally and was the sixth most widely played Olympic sport in 2005. It is an indoor racket sport requiring a mixture of power, agility, alertness and fast reactions. Players need to move quickly around a table to receive the ball and produce powerful returns. New rules such as increased ball size and a change in ball material have changed the ball's trajectory, increasing the overall duration and intensity of game play. Scientific research on TT is growing but there has been no systematic review of nutrition for the sport. This review provides nutritional recommendations for TT athletes based on the physiological demands of TT, including energy expenditure during training and competitions, and the main metabolic pathways of TT. Guidelines on the daily intakes of carbohydrate, protein and fat are discussed in addition to hydration strategies. Micronutrients of concern for TT athletes include iron, magnesium and vitamin D and their recommended intakes are also provided. The timing and dose of ergogenic aids that may improve TT performance such as caffeine, creatine, lutein and zeaxanthin and beta-alanine are reviewed. Specific nutritional strategies for intakes leading up to competitions, post training and competition recovery and nutritional strategies for travel are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Huang
- Sport Science and Medicine Center, Singapore Sport Institute 3 Stadium Drive, Singapore 397630, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6500-5488
| | - Jeremy W. C. Ng
- High Performance Department, Singapore Table Tennis Association, 297-C Lor 6 Toa Payoh, Singapore 319389, Singapore
| | - Jason K. W. Lee
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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Green R, West AT, Willems MET. Notational Analysis and Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Male Junior Badminton Match Play. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020035. [PMID: 36828320 PMCID: PMC9961854 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the game characteristics of badminton and the physiological and metabolic responses in highly trained male junior players. Players from a Badminton England accredited Performance Centre (n = 10, age: 14.0 ± 1.2 y, height: 1.69 ± 0.06 m, body mass: 59.1 ± 5.0 kg) completed a 20-m shuttle run test (V˙O2max: 64 ± 7 mL·kg-1·min-1) and a simulated ability-matched competitive singles badminton game consisting of two 12-min games with a 2-min break wearing the COSMED K5 metabolic system with notational analysis. In five games, 427 points were contested with a rally time of 5.7 ± 3.7 s, a rest time of 11.2 ± 5.9 s, shots per rally of 5.6 ± 3.6, work density of 0.50 ± 0.21, an effective playing time of 32.3 ± 8.4%, and shots frequency of 1.04 ± 0.29. During badminton play, heart rate was 151 ± 12 b·min-1 (82 ± 10% of maximum heart rate), oxygen uptake was 39.2 ± 3.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 (62 ± 7% of V˙O2max), and energy expenditure was 11.2 ± 1.1 kcal·min-1 with a post-game blood lactate of 3.33 ± 0.83 mmol·L-1. Compared to adult badminton play, the physiological responses of junior badminton are lower and may be due to the shorter rally durations. Male junior badminton players should be exposed to training methodologies which include rally durations in excess of what they encounter during match play so as to develop greater consistency. Our observations on game characteristics and physiological responses during junior badminton can be used to inform training practice.
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13
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Effect of ischemic preconditioning on badminton-specific endurance and subsequent changes in physical performance. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Cádiz Gallardo MP, Pradas de la Fuente F, Moreno-Azze A, Carrasco Páez L. Physiological demands of racket sports: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1149295. [PMID: 37063547 PMCID: PMC10101231 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1149295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The practice of racket sports has had an exponential growth in the last decade, along with it, the scientific interest in researching the different disciplines: badminton, padel, table tennis, tennis, and squash. However, most research has focused on the technical and tactical field. Therefore, the aim of this review is to analyze and compare the indicators of the internal load of each sport: heart rate (HR), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), oxygen consumption (VO2), and lactate (LA) in order to reset physiological references to adjust the training of the players and also use these references to propose the practice of these sports for healthy purposes to the general population. PRISMA Guidelines for Systematic Review were used to search for articles that met the inclusion criteria in three databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, and Sportdiscus. The search was performed between January 2010, and September 2022. Finally, a total 27 records were included for analysis in this study. The main findings were related to the differences in the intensity rates between sports. The highest lactate concentrations and heart values were found in badminton in the intensity of effort values (whose highest values were found in badminton) 10.11 (±4.99) mmol/L and 182.6 (±2.7) bpm respectively, whereas table tennis showed the lowest ones 1.2 (± 0.4) mmol/L, and 103.99 (±15.09) bpm, respectively. The highest mean VO2 was found in table tennis with a value of 36.8 (±13.2) ml/kg/min and the lowest in tennis with a value of 26.6 (±2.7) ml/kg/min. The highest VO2max was found in tennis players 58.0 (±4.6) ml/kg/min, and the lowest value was in table tennis with a value of 42.9 (±4.2) ml/kg/min. Since most of the studies were carried out on elite men players, future research should focus on amateur and women level players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Pradas de la Fuente
- Training, Physical Activity and Sports Performance Research Group (ENFYRED), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco Pradas de la Fuente,
| | | | - Luis Carrasco Páez
- , BIOFANEX Research Group (CTS-972), Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain
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15
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Biomechanical Analysis on Skilled Badminton Players during Take-Off Phase in Forehand Overhead Strokes: A Pilot Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101401. [PMID: 36290305 PMCID: PMC9598458 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Different movement speeds can contribute to different joint loading in sports. Joint contact force is the actual force acting on the articular surface, which could predict performance and injury, but is rarely reported for badminton overhead strokes. From the perspective of sports biomechanics, this paper analyzes the characteristics of kinematics and mechanics at each stage of the fast and moderately paced movements and studies the changes in the force of the lower extremity joints caused by the characteristics of the movements at different speeds so that athletes and enthusiasts can clarify the essentials of the movements and prevent sports injuries. Abstract Different movement speeds can contribute to different joint loading in sports. Joint contact force is the actual force acting on the articular surface, which could predict performance and injury, but is rarely reported for badminton overhead strokes. Through an approach using musculoskeletal modelling, six male elite badminton players performed forehand overhead strokes at different movement speeds (fast (100%) vs. moderate (90%)). The synchronized kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) data were measured using a motion capturing system and a force platform. All kinematics and GRF information were input into the AnyBody musculoskeletal modelling to determine the three-dimensional hip, knee and ankle contact forces. Paired t-tests were performed to assess the significant differences among the GRF, joint kinematics and contact force variables between the movement speed conditions. The results showed that when compared with the moderate movement condition, participants performing faster stroke movements induced larger first and second vertical peaks and larger first horizontal peak but lower second horizontal peak, and it also led to higher peak ankle lateral and distal contact forces, knee lateral and distal contact forces, and hip distal contact forces. Additionally, fast movements corresponded with distinct joint angles and velocities at the instant of initial contact, peak and take-off among the hip, knee and ankle joints compared with moderate movement speeds. The current results suggest that changes in joint kinematics and loading could contribute to changes in movement speeds. However, the relationship between lower limb joint kinematics and contact forces during overhead stroke is unclear and requires further investigation.
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16
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Oliveira SFM, Oliveira JIV, Haiachi M, Felder H. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, and energy expenditure response of an SL3 class parabadminton athlete to a progressive test and simulated training session: a case study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:883-887. [PMID: 35979911 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This investigation demonstrated a routine of evaluation and training of an athlete of the SL3 class of parabadminton for 2 days continuously monitored by a metabolic analyzer with measurements of oxygen consumption (V̇O2), carbon dioxide production, and heart rate (HR). The results showed HR and V̇O2 responses varying between 50% and 99.54% of HRmax (mean HR 80.92 bpm), and 6% and 104% (mean V̇O2 35.25 mL/kg/min) of V̇O2max, during the simulated game. The exercise test and the simulated training session showed significant changes in HR and V̇O2, reinforcing the need for considerable energy input to training and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo F M Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - José Igor V Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Haiachi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Hanno Felder
- Olympic Training Center Rhineland Palatinate/Saarland, Hermann Neuberger Sportschule, Saarbrücken, Germany
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17
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Zhou L, Gong W, Wang S, Guo Z, Liu M, Chuang S, Bao D, Zhou J. Combined balance and plyometric training enhances knee function, but not proprioception of elite male badminton players: A pilot randomized controlled study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:947877. [PMID: 36017428 PMCID: PMC9396213 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.947877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the effect of combined balance and plyometric training on knee function and proprioception of elite badminton athletes. Methods Sixteen elite male badminton players (age: 20.5 ± 1.1 years, height: 177.8 ± 5.1 cm, weight: 68.1 ± 7.2 kg, and training experience: 11.4 ± 1.4 years) volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to a combined balance and plyometric training (CT) (n = 8) and plyometric (PT) group (n = 8). The CT group performed balance combined with plyometric training three times a week over 6 weeks (40 min of plyometrics and 20 min of balance training); while the PT group undertook only plyometric training for the same period (3-4 sets × 8-12 reps for each exercise). Both groups had the same technical training of badminton. Results The knee function and proprioception were assessed at baseline and after the intervention by measuring the performance of single-legged hop tests (LSIO, LSIT, LSIC, LSIS), standing postural sway (COPAP, COPML), and LSI of dominant leg and non-dominant leg. The results showed that as compared to PT, CT induced significantly greater improvements in LSIT and LSIS (p < 0.001) and significant greater percent increase in NAP (p = 0.011). The changes in LSIO, LSIC, DAP, NAP, LSIAP, DML, NML, and LSIML induced by CT did not differ from that induced by PT (p > 0.213). Conclusion In elite badminton players, intervention using CT holds great promise to augment the benefits for knee function compared to the intervention using PT only, and at the same time, with at least comparable benefits for proprioception. Future studies are needed to examine and confirm the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limingfei Zhou
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Wangcheng Gong
- School of Physical Education, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Shixian Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxiang Guo
- Department of Physical Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel Chuang
- Human Biology Major, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Dapeng Bao
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Hebrew Senior Life Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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18
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On-Court Change of Direction Test: An Effective Approach to Assess COD Performance in Badminton Players. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:155-164. [PMID: 36196345 PMCID: PMC9465731 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to assess the reliability of a specific change of direction test (i.e., “On-Court COD test”) in youth badminton players, evaluate the effect of age on On-Court COD performance, and examine its correlations with linear speed, change of direction speed, and vertical jump tests. Forty-two young badminton players (27 males and 15 females; age: 17.3±1.6 years, body height: 170.3±7.5 cm, body mass: 59.0±9.7 kg) were divided into two age groups (Under 17 years and under 19 years). Tests included: linear sprints (5, 10, and 20-m), bilateral/unilateral countermovement jumps, a hexagon test, traditional and modified 505 change of direction tests; and On-court COD. Results showed an excellent intraclass correlation coefficient score (0.90) and a very low coefficient of variation values (1.6%) for the On-Court COD test. Comparing age groups, under 19 players were significantly faster in linear sprints (i.e., 5, 15 and 20-m; small to moderate effect sizes) and in all change of direction tests (moderate to large effect sizes). Moreover, the On-Court COD test showed moderate to large (r=.513-.779) relationships with both acceleration and COD abilities in under 17 players, and with linear sprints, COD, and jump performances in under 19 players. These data indicate that the On-Court COD test is a useful and reliable means to assess COD performance in youth badminton players and it is associated with acceleration, sprint and jump performance.
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Molaeikhaletabadi M, Bagheri R, Hemmatinafar M, Nemati J, Wong A, Nordvall M, Namazifard M, Suzuki K. Short-Term Effects of Low-Fat Chocolate Milk on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Performance in Players on a Women's University Badminton Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063677. [PMID: 35329361 PMCID: PMC8954613 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the short-term effects of low-fat chocolate milk (LFCM) consumption on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and performance in female badminton players. Seven female badminton players (23 ± 1 years; height: 163.8 ± 4.1 cm; body mass: 58.7 ± 0.9 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 week of LFCM (500 mL) or placebo (water, 500 mL) consumption in a crossover design. Participants consumed LFCM or water immediately after each training session during the 1-week intervention. Performance variables (aerobic power, anaerobic power, agility, explosive power, and maximum handgrip strength) were assessed at two separate time points: pre and post-intervention (after 1 week). In addition, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess DOMS before, immediately after, and at 24 and 48 h after each training session. There were significant time effects for aerobic power, upper body explosive power, minimum anaerobic power, and time to exhaustion (TTE), which significantly increased after LFCM consumption (p < 0.05). Moreover, relative and maximum lower body power significantly (p < 0.05) increased, while rating of perceived exertion (RPE) as well as DOMS in lower extremity muscles immediately after exercise significantly decreased after LFCM consumption compared to placebo (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in maximum anaerobic power, agility, and maximum handgrip strength (p > 0.05). LFCM, as a post-exercise beverage, may help speed recovery in female badminton players leading to increased aerobic, anaerobic, and strength performance indices, increased TTE, and decreased muscle soreness and RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Molaeikhaletabadi
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 1585-71345, Iran; (M.M.); (J.N.)
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hemmatinafar
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 1585-71345, Iran; (M.M.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Javad Nemati
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 1585-71345, Iran; (M.M.); (J.N.)
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department Health & Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA; (A.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Michael Nordvall
- Department Health & Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA; (A.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Maryam Namazifard
- Department of Health and Sports Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran;
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (K.S.)
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Tai CC, Chen YL, Kalfirt L, Masodsai K, Su CT, Yang AL. Differences between Elite Male and Female Badminton Athletes Regarding Heart Rate Variability, Arterial Stiffness, and Aerobic Capacity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063206. [PMID: 35328902 PMCID: PMC8956041 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular health and aerobic capacity play crucial roles in determining the performance of athletes in the highly competitive sport of badminton. Few studies have directly compared heart rate variability (HRV), arterial stiffness, and aerobic capacity between male and female athletes, especially among badminton athletes. This study investigated sex differences in HRV, arterial stiffness, and aerobic capacity in badminton athletes. Elite badminton athletes were recruited and divided into male (n = 20, 21.0 ± 1.8 years old) and female (n = 16, 21.2 ± 2.3 years old) groups. Both groups performed an incremental treadmill running test for the evaluation of maximal oxygen consumption (V.O2max), anaerobic threshold, and time to exhaustion. They started exercising at a treadmill speed of 2.7 km/h and an inclination of 10% gradient for 3 min, and the speed and inclination were gradually increased every 3 min until they were exhausted or fatigued volitionally. HRV was examined using the Polar heart rate monitor over a period of 5 min at rest in the supine position. Subsequently, the index of arterial stiffness was examined under the same condition. Our results revealed significant differences between the male and female athletes in V.O2max (men: 60.38 ± 8.98 mL/kg/min, women: 48.13 ± 7.72 mL/kg/min, p < 0.05), anaerobic threshold (men: 41.50 ± 7.26 mL/kg/min, women: 32.51 ± 6.19 mL/kg/min, p < 0.05), time to exhaustion (men: 902.15 ± 120.15 s, women: 780.56 ± 67.63 s, p < 0.05), systolic blood pressure (men: 125.27 ± 7.76 mmHg, women: 107.16 ± 11.09 mmHg, p < 0.05), and arterial stiffness index (men: 63.56 ± 12.55, women: 53.83 ± 8.03, p < 0.05). However, no significant differences in HRV measures were observed between the two groups. These findings suggested that the male badminton athletes demonstrated significantly higher aerobic capacity than did the female athletes, but there were no significant differences in HRV measures. The female athletes exhibited superior arterial function, compared with their male counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chieh Tai
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Yi-Liang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan; (C.-C.T.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Ludek Kalfirt
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan;
| | - Kunanya Masodsai
- Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Chia-Ting Su
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan;
| | - Ai-Lun Yang
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-228-718-288 (ext. 5815)
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Behrendt T, Kirschnick F, Kröger L, Beileke P, Rezepin M, Brigadski T, Leßmann V, Schega L. Comparison of the effects of open vs. closed skill exercise on the acute and chronic BDNF, IGF-1 and IL-6 response in older healthy adults. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:71. [PMID: 34823469 PMCID: PMC8614060 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence shows that physical exercise has a positive effect on the release of neurotrophic factors and myokines. However, evidence regarding the optimal type of physical exercise for these release is still lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the acute and chronic effects of open-skill exercise (OSE) compared to closed-skill exercise (CSE) on serum and plasma levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNFS, BDNFP), and serum levels of insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in healthy older adults. METHODS To investigate acute effects, thirty-eight participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention (badminton (aOSE) and bicycling (aCSE), n = 24, 65.83 ± 5.98 years) or control group (reading (CG), n = 14, 67.07 ± 2.37 years). Blood samples were taken immediately before and 5 min after each condition. During each condition, heart rate was monitored. The mean heart rate of aOSE and aCSE were equivalent (65 ± 5% of heart rate reserve). In a subsequent 12-week training-intervention, twenty-two participants were randomly assigned to either a sport-games (cOSE, n = 6, 64.50 ± 6.32) or a strength-endurance training (cCSE, n = 9, 64.89 ± 3.51) group to assess for chronic effects. Training intensity for both groups was adjusted to a subjective perceived exertion using the CR-10 scale (value 7). Blood samples were taken within one day after the training-intervention. RESULTS BDNFS, BDNFP, IGF-1, and IL-6 levels increased after a single exercise session of 30 min. After 12 weeks of training BDNFS and IL-6 levels were elevated, whereas IGF-1 levels were reduced in both groups. However, only in the cOSE group these changes were significant. We could not find any significant differences between the exercise types. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that both exercise types are efficient to acutely increase BDNFS, BDNFP, IGF-1 and IL-6 serum levels in healthy older adults. Additionally, our results tend to support that OSE is more effective for improving basal BDNFS levels after 12 weeks of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Kirschnick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Kröger
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Phillip Beileke
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maxim Rezepin
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Volkmar Leßmann
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Millet GP, Brocherie F, Burtscher J. Olympic Sports Science-Bibliometric Analysis of All Summer and Winter Olympic Sports Research. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:772140. [PMID: 34746779 PMCID: PMC8564375 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.772140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The body of scientific literature on sports and exercise continues to expand. The summer and winter Olympic games will be held over a 7-month period in 2021-2022. Objectives: We took this rare opportunity to quantify and analyze the main bibliometric parameters (i.e., the number of articles and citations) across all Olympic sports to weigh and compare their importance and to assess the structure of the "sport sciences" field. The present review aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of Olympic sports research. We quantified the following topics: (1) the most investigated sports; (2) the main journals in which the studies are published; (3) the main factors explaining sport-specific scientific attractiveness; (4) the influence of being in the Olympic programme, economic weight, and local influences on research output; and (5) which research topic is the most investigated across sports. Methods: We searched 116 sport/exercise journals on PubMed for the 40 summer and 10 winter Olympic sports. A total of 34,038 articles were filtered for a final selection of 25,003 articles (23,334 articles on summer sports and 1,669 on winter sports) and a total of 599,820 citations. Results and Discussion: Nine sports [football (soccer), cycling, athletics, swimming, distance & marathon running, basketball, baseball, tennis, and rowing] were involved in 69% of the articles and 75% of the citations. Football was the most cited sport, with 19.7 and 26.3% of the total number of articles and citations, respectively. All sports yielded some scientific output, but 11 sports (biathlon, mountain biking, archery, diving, trampoline, skateboarding, skeleton, modern pentathlon, luge, bobsleigh, and curling) accumulated a total of fewer than 50 publications. While ice hockey is the most prominently represented winter sport in the scientific literature, winter sports overall have produced minor scientific output. Further analyses show a large scientific literature on team sports, particularly American professional sports (i.e., baseball, basketball, and ice hockey) and the importance of inclusion in the Olympic programme to increasing scientific interest in "recent" sports (i.e., triathlon and rugby sevens). We also found local/cultural influence on the occurrence of a sport in a particular "sport sciences" journal. Finally, the relative distribution of six main research topics (i.e., physiology, performance, training and testing, injuries and medicine, biomechanics, and psychology) was large across sports and reflected the specific performance factors of each sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Abián-Vicén J, Bravo-Sánchez A, Abián P. AIR-BT, a new badminton-specific incremental easy-to-use test. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257124. [PMID: 34506548 PMCID: PMC8432818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Badminton is a highly demanding sport characterized by intermittent efforts with energy being provided by both the aerobic and anaerobic systems. To date, no incremental badminton field test has been developed that can be easily used by badminton coaches that requires accessible material for anyone. Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop a practical and reliable easy-to use intermittent endurance badminton test for estimating maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Methods Thirty six Spanish badminton players (age: 24.1±10.3 years) performed, on different days of the same week, four incremental protocols to exhaustion in randomized order: a treadmill incremental test, a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test (Yo-Yo IR1) and twice the Abian intermittent recovery badminton test (AIR-BT). Oxygen uptake was determined with a breath-by-breath gas analyzer during the incremental treadmill test, and performance in the Yo-yo IR1 and AIR-BT was recorded. Results Significant correlations (p<0.001) for Pearson’s product moment coefficient were found between the performance in the AIR-BT and the two non-specific incremental tests (VO2max in the Treadmill Test: r = 0.87, distance in the Yo-Yo IR1: r = 0.86). The regression equation to calculate the VO2max from the AIR-BT time [VO2max = 0.023*(AIR-BT time in seconds)+31.334] showed an adjusted R2 of 0.76 and a SEE of 3.34 ml·kg-1·min-1. There was no significant difference between VO2max obtained by the incremental treadmill test and VO2max calculated using the regression equation (p = 0.644). A paired t-test reported no significant differences between day 1 and day 2 in the AIR-BT time (p = 0.753), the Pearson correlation coefficient between both days was: r = 0.88 (p<0.001) and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.875. Conclusions The AIR-BT is a valid and reliable on-court test for assessing VO2max in badminton players and may be utilized by coaches and physical trainers for cross-sectional comparison of players and for evaluation of longitudinal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Pablo Abián
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
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Piil JF, Kingma B, Morris NB, Christiansen L, Ioannou LG, Flouris AD, Nybo L. Proposed framework for forecasting heat-effects on motor-cognitive performance in the Summer Olympics. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 8:262-283. [PMID: 34485620 PMCID: PMC8409751 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1957367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat strain impairs performance across a broad spectrum of sport disciplines. The impeding effects of hyperthermia and dehydration are often ascribed to compromised cardiovascular and muscular functioning, but expert performance also depends on appropriately tuned sensory, motor and cognitive processes. Considering that hyperthermia has implications for central nervous system (CNS) function and fatigue, it is highly relevant to analyze how heat stress forecasted for the upcoming Olympics may influence athletes. This paper proposes and demonstrates the use of a framework combining expected weather conditions with a heat strain and motor-cognitive model to analyze the impact of heat and associated factors on discipline- and scenario-specific performances during the Tokyo 2021 games. We pinpoint that hyperthermia-induced central fatigue may affect prolonged performances and analyze how hyperthermia may impair complex motor-cognitive performance, especially when accompanied by either moderate dehydration or exposure to severe solar radiation. Interestingly, several short explosive performances may benefit from faster cross-bridge contraction velocities at higher muscle temperatures in sport disciplines with little or no negative heat-effect on CNS fatigue or motor-cognitive performance. In the analyses of scenarios and Olympic sport disciplines, we consider thermal impacts on “motor-cognitive factors” such as decision-making, maximal and fine motor-activation as well as the influence on central fatigue and pacing. From this platform, we also provide perspectives on how athletes and coaches can identify risks for their event and potentially mitigate negative motor-cognitive effects for and optimize performance in the environmental settings projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Feder Piil
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Boris Kingma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,TNO, the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Unit Defense, Safety & Security, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Nathan B Morris
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Christiansen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Leonidas G Ioannou
- FAME Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, School of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section for Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fu Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Li Y, Li B, Wang X, Shu Y, Shang L. Comparison of Energy Contributions and Workloads in Male and Female Badminton Players During Games Versus Repetitive Practices. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640199. [PMID: 34248654 PMCID: PMC8268943 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the energy contributions and workloads in men and women during badminton matches versus frequently used multi-ball smash practices. Methods Fourteen badminton players performed one badminton singles game and one session of smashing practice on separate days. The energy contributions were examined in terms of each individual’s three energy systems and substrate oxidation, while workloads included heart rate (HR), Player Load (PL), accelerations, decelerations, changes of direction, and jumps. Results (1) During games, male players exhibited higher adenosine triphosphate–phosphocreatine system contribution (EPCr, kJ) (p = 0.008) and average rate of carbohydrate oxidation (RCHO, g/min) (p = 0.044) than female players, while female players showed greater absolute PL (p = 0.029) and more accelerations (p = 0.005) than male players. Furthermore, players who lost performed higher relative PL (p = 0.017) than those who won. (2) Higher energy system contributions, including EPCr (kJ) (p = 0.028), EHLa (kJ) (p = 0.024), EAer (kJ) (p = 0.012), ETot (kJ) (p = 0.007), and RCHO (g/min) (p = 0.0002), were seen in male players during repetitive spike practices. Male players also made greater number of jumps (p = 0.0002). (3) Players exhibited higher aerobic energy contribution (p < 0.001), mean HR (p = 0.002), and HRmax (p = 0.029) during games, while exhibiting greater anaerobic energy contribution (p < 0.001) and relative PL (p = 0.001) during repetitive practices. Conclusion The similarities between male and female badminton players in proportional use of the three energy systems during games and repetitive spike training indicate similar relative energy demands for both genders. However, considering the need for higher aerobic capacity in competition, it might be advisable to design appropriate work:rest ratios for repetitive practices in daily training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yongming Li
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Shu
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Shang
- School of Competitive Sport, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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26
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Hacker S, Reichel T, Hecksteden A, Weyh C, Gebhardt K, Pfeiffer M, Ferrauti A, Kellmann M, Meyer T, Krüger K. Recovery-Stress Response of Blood-Based Biomarkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115776. [PMID: 34072201 PMCID: PMC8199256 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate blood-based biomarkers and their regulation with regard to different recovery-stress states. A total of 35 male elite athletes (13 badminton, 22 soccer players) were recruited, and two venous blood samples were taken: one in a ‘recovered’ state (REC) after a minimum of one-day rest from exercise and another one in a ‘non-recovered’ state (NOR) after a habitual loading microcycle. Overall, 23 blood-based biomarkers of different physiologic domains, which address inflammation, muscle damage, and tissue repair, were analyzed by Luminex assays. Across all athletes, only creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL-) 6, and IL-17A showed higher concentrations at NOR compared to REC time points. In badminton players, higher levels of CK and IL-17A at NOR were found. In contrast, a higher value for S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) at REC was found in badminton players. Similar differences were found for BDNF in soccer players. Soccer players also showed increased levels of CK, and IL-6 at NOR compared to REC state. Several molecular markers were shown to be responsive to differing recovery-stress states, but their suitability as biomarkers in training must be further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hacker
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Anne Hecksteden
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Christopher Weyh
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Kristina Gebhardt
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
| | - Mark Pfeiffer
- Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Alexander Ferrauti
- Department of Training & Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Michael Kellmann
- Unit of Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sport Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany; (S.H.); (T.R.); (C.W.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-641-9925-211
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Lee EJ, So WY, Youn HS, Kim J. Effects of School-Based Physical Activity Programs on Health-Related Physical Fitness of Korean Adolescents: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062976. [PMID: 33799424 PMCID: PMC7998220 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As adolescents spend the majority of their time focused on exams and assignments, they do not have sufficient time to engage in physical activity; this lack of physical activity is an important public health concern. This study aimed to investigate how school-based physical activity programs affect the health-related physical fitness of adolescents in the Republic of Korea. For this study, a total of 120 high school students participated in a school-based physical activity program that included badminton and table tennis for 15 weeks each (35 min/day, three times a week), with a total of 30 weeks for one academic year. The parameters for health-related physical fitness measured muscle strength (handgrip strength), power (standing long jump), cardiorespiratory fitness (shuttle run test), flexibility (sit and reach), body mass index (BMI), and the total score. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in muscle strength (p < 0.001), power (p < 0.001), cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001), flexibility (p = 0.005), and the overall health-related physical fitness score (p = 0.001). However, students’ BMI showed no significant difference before and after participation (p = 0.825). The results of this study indicated that school-based physical activity programs can have a positive effect on the health-related physical fitness of adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Jae Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea;
| | - Wi-Young So
- Sports Medicine Major, College of Humanities and Arts, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Su Youn
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, WonKwang University, Iksan-si 54538, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.Y.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6623 (H.-S.Y.); +82-43-840-3212 (J.K.); Fax: +82-63-850-6666 (H.-S.Y.)
| | - Jooyoung Kim
- Office of Academic Affairs, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-S.Y.); (J.K.); Tel.: +82-63-850-6623 (H.-S.Y.); +82-43-840-3212 (J.K.); Fax: +82-63-850-6666 (H.-S.Y.)
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28
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Jeong E, Park J, Kim Y, Woo M. Aerobic Exercise Mediates Neural Inefficiency Among Adolescents At Risk for Suicide. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1130-1149. [PMID: 33641504 DOI: 10.1177/0031512521998281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the electroencephalograpy (EEG) coherence and working memory performance effects of a 9-week exercise program on a small group of adolescents at high suicide risk. We randomly assigned 26 adolescents at high suicide risk (based on their scores on the Adolescents Mental Health Inventory- AMHI) into equal sized exercise and no-exercise groups. Before and after the 9-week exercise program, all participants performed the Sternberg working memory task, during which we recorded their EEGs, with electrodes placed at F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, T3, T4, O1, and O2 regions (using the International 10-20 system of EEG electrode placement). We measured working memory performance and inter-hemispheric (F3-F4, C3-C4, T3-T4, P3-P4, O1-O2) and intra-hemispheric (F3-C3, F3-T3, F3-P3, F3-O1, F4-C4, F4-T4, F4-P4, F4-O2) EEG coherence as an index of the participants' underlying neural efficiency. While we found no significant group differences in working memory performances, the exercise group, relative to the no-exercise group, exhibited lower inter- and intra-hemispheric EEG coherence while performing the working memory task. These EEG differences may reflect a mediating effect of aerobic exercise on these participants' neural efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbi Jeong
- School of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jinhan Park
- School of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Sejong University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Minjung Woo
- School of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
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29
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Liu H, Leng B, Li Q, Liu Y, Bao D, Cui Y. The Effect of Eight-Week Sprint Interval Training on Aerobic Performance of Elite Badminton Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020638. [PMID: 33451086 PMCID: PMC7828502 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to: (1) investigate the effects of physiological functions of sprint interval training (SIT) on the aerobic capacity of elite badminton players; and (2) explore the potential mechanisms of oxygen uptake, transport and recovery within the process. Thirty-two elite badminton players volunteered to participate and were randomly divided into experimental (Male-SIT and Female-SIT group) and control groups (Male-CON and Female-CON) within each gender. During a total of eight weeks, SIT group performed three times of SIT training per week, including two power bike trainings and one multi-ball training, while the CON group undertook two Fartlek runs and one regular multi-ball training. The distance of YO-YO IR2 test (which evaluates player’s ability to recover between high intensity intermittent exercises) for Male-SIT and Female-SIT groups increased from 1083.0 ± 205.8 m to 1217.5 ± 190.5 m, and from 725 ± 132.9 m to 840 ± 126.5 m (p < 0.05), respectively, which were significantly higher than both CON groups (p < 0.05). For the Male-SIT group, the ventilatory anaerobic threshold and ventilatory anaerobic threshold in percentage of VO2max significantly increased from 3088.4 ± 450.9 mL/min to 3665.3 ± 263.5 mL/min (p < 0.05),and from 74 ± 10% to 85 ± 3% (p < 0.05) after the intervention, and the increases were significantly higher than the Male-CON group (p < 0.05); for the Female-SIT group, the ventilatory anaerobic threshold and ventilatory anaerobic threshold in percentage of VO2max were significantly elevated from 1940.1 ± 112.8 mL/min to 2176.9 ± 78.6 mL/min, and from 75 ± 4% to 82 ± 4% (p < 0.05) after the intervention, which also were significantly higher than those of the Female-CON group (p < 0.05). Finally, the lactate clearance rate was raised from 13 ± 3% to 21 ± 4% (p < 0.05) and from 21 ± 5% to 27 ± 4% for both Male-SIT and Female-SIT groups when compared to the pre-test, and this increase was significantly higher than the control groups (p < 0.05). As a training method, SIT could substantially improve maximum aerobic capacity and aerobic recovery ability by improving the oxygen uptake and delivery, thus enhancing their rapid repeated sprinting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochong Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bo Leng
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (B.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qian Li
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (B.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Ye Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dapeng Bao
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (H.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yixiong Cui
- AI Sports Engineering Lab, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (Y.C.)
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30
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Sales KCG, Santos MAP, Nakamura FY, Silvino VO, Sena AFDC, Ribeiro SLG, Rodrigues Júnior JFC, Cabido CET, Mendes TT. Official matches and training sessions: physiological demands of elite junior badminton players. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742021021520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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31
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Dieu O, Schnitzler C, Llena C, Potdevin F. Complementing subjective with objective data in analysing expertise: A machine-learning approach applied to badminton. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1943-1952. [PMID: 32546052 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1764812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess which combination of subjective and empirical data might help to identify the expertise level. A group of 10 expert coaches classified 40 participants in 5 different expertise groups based on the video footage of the rallies. The expertise levels were determined using a typology based on a continuum of 5 conative stages: (1) structural, (2) functional, (3) technical, (4) contextual, and (5) expertise. The video allowed empirical measurement of the duration of the rallies, and tri-axial accelerometers measured the intensity of the player's involvement. A principal component analysis showed that two dimensions explained 54.9% of the total variance in the data and that conative stage and empirical parameters during rallies (duration, intensity of the game) were correlated with axis 1, whereas duration and acceleration data between rallies were correlated with axis 2. A random forest algorithm showed that among the parameters considered, acceleration, duration of the rallies, and time between rallies could predict conative stages with a prediction accuracy above possibility. This study suggests that performance analysis benefits from the confrontation of subjective and objective data in order to design training plans according to the expertise level of the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dieu
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société , F-59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Christophe Schnitzler
- Université de Strasbourg, E3S UR 1342, Faculté des Sciences du Sport , F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Clément Llena
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société , F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Potdevin
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société , F-59000 Lille, France
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32
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Escudero-Tena A, Fernández-Cortes J, García-Rubio J, Ibáñez SJ. Use and Efficacy of the Lob to Achieve the Offensive Position in Women's Professional Padel. Analysis of the 2018 WPT Finals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17114061. [PMID: 32517261 PMCID: PMC7312421 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies that analyze the actions carried out by paddle tennis players during the point are scarce. The present investigation characterizes every action in which a stroke by a pair in a defensive position sends the ball over the position of a pair in an offensive position. It is a descriptive and observational study of quantitative methodology. The sample consisted of 1324 actions, statistical analysis units, from the women’s circuit in the 2018 World Padel Tour (WPT) season. For this study, various situational, dependent, and independent variables were analyzed. The results showed the number of times the categories of each variable occurred, as well as the significant relationships between the independent variable kind of hit and the dependent variables “actions that facilitate the possible change of position” (AFPCP) and “incidences in the game” (IG). The conclusion is that the lob is the most effective kind of hit (CSR = 4.9) to achieve the offensive position (CSR = 11.4), even if the point does not finish (CSR = 5.8), leading to more position exchanges during the same point in the AFPCP. These findings are of great interest since they give information about how and why certain behaviors produce a certain result.
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Rojas-Valverde D, Gómez-Carmona CD, Fernández-Fernández J, García-López J, García-Tormo V, Cabello-Manrique D, Pino-Ortega J. Identification of games and sex-related activity profile in junior international badminton. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1745045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro De Investigación Y Diagnóstico En Salud Y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias Del Movimiento Humano Y Calidad De Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Research Group on Advances in Sport Training and Physical Conditioning, Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Optimization of Training and Sport Performance Research Group (GOERD). Sport Science Faculty. University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Jaime Fernández-Fernández
- Human Movement and Sport Performance Research Group (AMRED). Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad De León, Spain
| | - Juan García-López
- Human Movement and Sport Performance Research Group (AMRED). Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad De León, Spain
| | - Vicente García-Tormo
- Human Movement and Sport Performance Research Group (AMRED). Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad De León, Spain
| | - David Cabello-Manrique
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Sport Science Faculty. University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences. International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”. Sport Science Faculty, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
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Marchena-Rodriguez A, Gijon-Nogueron G, Cabello-Manrique D, Ortega-Avila AB. Incidence of injuries among amateur badminton players: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19785. [PMID: 32358350 PMCID: PMC7440239 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aims of this study were, firstly, to investigate the frequency, location, and severity of injuries in amateur badminton players, and then to determine risk factors that may be associated with a higher incidence of injuries.A cross-sectional study, composed of 150 players drawn from the 2018 BWF European Senior Championships, was analyzed. The definitions and types of injury included in the study are based on those published in previous epidemiology studies.Among the 150 players analyzed, 221 injuries were observed, of which the highest proportion (40.3%, n = 89) affected the lower limb. Of these 22.44% were to the knee and 18.3% to the leg. In the upper limb, the shoulder was most frequently affected (11.8%). The mean rate of injuries per 1000 hours of play was 0.134 (standard deviation [SD]: 0.1), with 0.138 (SD: 0.1) among the male players and 0.131 (SD: 0.08) among the female players (P = .981: F = 0.001). The average duration of the injuries suffered exceeded 28 days in 34.5% of the cases.The incidence of injury varied according to sex and age. Most injuries affected the muscles, especially those of the knee (in the lower limbs) and the shoulder (in the upper limbs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga
| | - David Cabello-Manrique
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, iMUDS - University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Valldecabres R, Richards J, De Benito AM. The effect of match fatigue in elite badminton players using plantar pressure measurements and the implications to injury mechanisms. Sports Biomech 2020; 21:940-957. [PMID: 32301399 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1712469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in plantar pressure under the lead and trail foot between two lunge tasks to the net in the dominant (LD) and non-dominant (LND) directions, and to explore how fatigue affects the plantar pressure patterns whilst performing movements before and after a competitive match. Peak and mean pressure were measured with the Biofoot-IBV in-shoe system from five repetitions of each task, with sensors positioned under the calcaneus, midfoot and phalanges on the lead and trail foot. Data were collected pre and immediately post-playing an official first national league competition match. The study was conducted with a sample of thirteen first league badminton players. A 2 × 2 repeated ANOVA found significant differences between the two tasks and between pre- and post-match (fatigued state). Players also had different foot pressure distributions for the LD and LND tasks, which indicated a difference in loading strategy. In a fatigued state, the plantar pressure shifted to the medial aspect of the midfoot in the trail limb, indicating a reduction in control and a higher injury risk during non-dominant lunge tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Valldecabres
- Doctorate School, Valencia Catholic University San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.,Physical Activity and Sports Science Faculty, Valencia Catholic University San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jim Richards
- Allied Health Research Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Ana-María De Benito
- Physical Activity and Sports Science Faculty, Valencia Catholic University San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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Pardiwala DN, Subbiah K, Rao N, Modi R. Badminton Injuries in Elite Athletes: A Review of Epidemiology and Biomechanics. Indian J Orthop 2020; 54:237-245. [PMID: 32399141 PMCID: PMC7205924 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-020-00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Badminton is a popular sport in India and with multiple medal prospects will be closely followed at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Considered the fastest of the racquet sports, players require aerobic stamina, agility, strength, speed, and precision, besides requiring good motor coordination and complex racquet movements. Injuries in badminton are common despite it not being a contact sport, and include overuse injuries, and acute traumatic events. The game is physically challenging and demands complex repetitive upper and lower extremity movements with constant postural variations and poses a high risk of overuse injuries to both the appendicular and axial musculoskeletal systems. Badminton also necessitates short bursts of movement with sudden sharp changes in direction, which places players at risk of non-contact traumatic injuries to joints and muscle-tendon units. Preventing injuries and decreasing time away from training and competition are critical in an elite badminton player's sporting career. This analytical review identifies the incidence, severity, and profile of badminton injuries in elite players, and discusses the biomechanical basis of these injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinshaw N. Pardiwala
- grid.459725.8Centre for Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy Service, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Four Bungalows, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400053 India
| | - Kushalappa Subbiah
- grid.459725.8Centre for Sports Medicine, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Nandan Rao
- grid.459725.8Arthroscopy and Sports Orthopaedic Service, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Modi
- grid.459725.8Centre for Sports Medicine, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the results of the analysis of single and double outdoor badminton men’s matches and to determine the relationship between technical and tactical aspects in a study organized by the BWF (Badminton Word Federation), on a sand surface. Twenty men’s singles matches were recorded using video cameras and analysed with a Dartfish video analysis software package. Along with this, percentages of use of technical elements were analysed by comparing the different modalities. For the single format Lob, Clear, Drop, Smash, Drive were used, different from the double format that used Lob, Clear, Drop, Smash, Drive. The study confirmed the applicability of computerized notation analysis to determine the characteristics of Outdoor Badminton on sand.
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Changes in Duration and Intensity of the World's Top-Level Badminton Matches: A Consideration of the Increased Acute Injuries among Elite Women's Singles Players. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8020019. [PMID: 32046239 PMCID: PMC7077312 DOI: 10.3390/sports8020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify whether there have been any specific changes in the characteristics of the world’s top-level women’s singles badminton matches compared to men’s singles matches after the current badminton scoring system was implemented in 2006. We compared the characteristics of the matches between the Super Series tournaments in 2007 and 2017. Match duration increased as the rally and rest times increased in both men’s and women’s singles matches. Specifically, in women’s singles, it was suggested that a further increase in physical demands because of the increased number of shots per second may have resulted in longer rest time in proportion to rally time. Moreover, increases in match duration (final eight, 53.3 ± 6.6 min; early rounds, 42.1 ± 3.6 min; P < 0.05) and number of shots per rally (final eight, 10.4 ± 1.2; early rounds, 8.7 ± 1.1; P < 0.05) in women’s singles were more prominent in the final eight rounds (quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals) than in the early rounds (rounds 1 and 2). The recent changes in characteristics of the world’s top-level badminton matches may account for the increased acute injuries that are frequently observed in elite women’s singles players. Thus, appropriate training programs are crucial to effectively improve performance and prevent injuries among elite badminton players.
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Chia JS, Chow JY, Barrett LA, Burns SF. Reliability of a Novel Badminton Intermittent Exercise Protocol. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2019; 90:487-496. [PMID: 31184986 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1620911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Badminton is a sport characterized by high-intensity activity interspersed with short rests requiring specific physiological fitness, skills and game tactics. This study aimed to develop, describe and establish the reliability of a novel badminton intermittent exercise protocol, to simulate singles match-play (Part A) and assess match-fitness (Part B). Method: Twelve well-trained male badminton players performed a two-part protocol, mimicking the demands and activity of match-play, on two occasions with at least 72-h recovery. Part A imitated match-play and consisted of 40 stages alternating between 20 s work - receiving shuttlecocks from a launcher and ghosting (simulated) actions - and 40 s rest. Part B was an open-ended period, challenging match-fitness, designed to exhaust participants within 10 min. Physiological responses (heart rate, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion) (Part A and B) and time to exhaustion (Part B) were determined both times. Results: There were no differences in performance and physiological responses between trials (p > .05). The protocol demonstrated excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.89) for all variables. Time to exhaustion (Part B) was 198 ± 98 s and 194 ± 82 s, respectively. Mean (Part A) and peak (Part B) heart rates were 166 ± 9; 191 ± 8 b∙min-1 and 166 ± 9; 191 ± 7 b∙min-1 and blood lactate concentrations (Part B) 11.8 ± 2.3 and 11.5 ± 2.1 mmol∙l-1 for trials 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusion: The protocol reliably induces match-like responses and can be used to assess match-fitness for training/research purposes.
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Huang H, Chatchawan U, Eungpinichpong W, Hunsawong T. Progressive decrease in leg-power performance during a fatiguing badminton field test. J Phys Ther Sci 2019; 31:765-770. [PMID: 31645803 PMCID: PMC6801351 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.31.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to evaluate the changes in leg-power generation that
accompany competitive badminton, as simulated in a badminton field test (FT).
[Participants and Methods] Fifteen male badminton players with 1–2 years of experience
performed five repetitions of an FT involving rapid and randomly assigned shuttle-run
movements between markers distributed around a badminton court. Repetitions were separated
by a 1-minute rest period. Peak mechanical power, obtained from the serial vertical jump
tests, was used to estimate fatigue and performance reduction. [Results] Decreases in
distance and time were significantly different in each of the five FT repetitions while
maintaining the same speed for the condition. The peak mechanical power and fatigue index
significantly declined. The reduction in the peak mechanical power percentage
(11.78–35.49%) was in the acceptable peak mechanical power range for each FT set. These
results were confirmed by the significant increase in the participants’ blood lactate
concentration levels, the rating of perceived exertion, and heart rate. [Conclusion]
Leg-power generation could gradually be decreased in badminton competition as indicated by
a badminton field test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Huang
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University: Mitraphab Highway, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medicine Sciences, Khon Kean University, Thailand.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Gannan Normal University, China
| | - Uraiwan Chatchawan
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University: Mitraphab Highway, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medicine Sciences, Khon Kean University, Thailand
| | - Wichai Eungpinichpong
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University: Mitraphab Highway, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medicine Sciences, Khon Kean University, Thailand
| | - Torkamol Hunsawong
- Research Center in Back, Neck, Other Joint Pain and Human Performance (BNOJPH), Khon Kaen University: Mitraphab Highway, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.,School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medicine Sciences, Khon Kean University, Thailand
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Edel A, Song Y, Wiewelhove T, Ferrauti A. Activity profiles and physiological responses during match play in four popular racquet sports. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wong TK, Ma AW, Liu KP, Chung LM, Bae YH, Fong SS, Ganesan B, Wang HK. Balance control, agility, eye-hand coordination, and sport performance of amateur badminton players: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14134. [PMID: 30633230 PMCID: PMC6336594 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, balance performance, agility, eye-hand coordination, and sports performance were compared between amateur badminton players and active controls.Thirty young adult badminton players and 33 active controls participated in the study. Static single-leg standing balance (with eyes closed) was measured using a force platform, and dynamic balance was measured using the Y Balance Test (lower quarter). Agility was measured using a hexagon agility test, and eye-hand coordination was measured using a computerized finger-pointing task. Sports performance was quantified by the number of times a shuttlecock fell in a designated area following a badminton serve.The badminton players had superior accuracy in badminton serving (P < .001) relative to the active controls. However, no significant between-group differences were noted in all other outcome variables (P > .05).Amateur badminton players had more favorable sports performance, but not balance performance, agility, or eye-hand coordination, than controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Towel K.K. Wong
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam
| | - Ada W.W. Ma
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Karen P.Y. Liu
- School of Science and Health (Occupational Therapy), Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Louisa M.Y. Chung
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Young-Hyeon Bae
- Rehabilitation Clinical Research Center, Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service, Daegu Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shirley S.M. Fong
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Balasankar Ganesan
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Department of FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Hsing-Kuo Wang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University
- Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Lam WK, Lee KK, Park SK, Ryue J, Yoon SH, Ryu J. Understanding the impact loading characteristics of a badminton lunge among badminton players. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205800. [PMID: 30312359 PMCID: PMC6185854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid and repetitive badminton lunges would produce strenuous impact loading on the lower extremities of players and these loading are thought to be the contributing factors of chronic knee injuries. This study examined the impact loading characteristics in various groups of badminton athletes performing extreme lunges. Methods Fifty-two participants classified into male skilled, female skilled, male unskilled, and female unskilled groups performed badminton lunge with their maximum-effort. Shoe-ground kinematics, ground reaction forces, and knee moments were measured by using synchronised force platform and motion analysis system. A 2 (gender) x 2 (skill-level) factorial ANOVA was performed to determine the effects of different gender and different playing levels, as well as the interaction of two factors on all variables. Results Male athletes had faster approaching speed (male 3.87 and female 1.08 m/s), longer maximum lunge distance (male 1.47 and female 1.16 m), larger maximum (male 215.7 and female 121.65 BW/s) and mean loading rate (male 178.43 and female 81.77 BW/s) and larger peak knee flexion moment (male 0.75 and female 0.69) compared with female athletes (P < 0.001). Unskilled athletes exhibited smaller footstrike angle (skilled 45.78 and unskilled 32.35°), longer contact time (skilled 0.69 and unskilled 0.75 s), larger peak horizontal GRF (skilled 1.61 and unskilled 2.40 BW), smaller mean loading rate (skilled 150.15 and unskilled 110.05 BW/s) and larger peak knee flexion moment (P < .05; skilled 0.69 and unskilled 0.75 Nm/BW) than the skilled athletes. In addition, the interaction indicated greater peak GRF impact in female unskilled athletes compared with female skilled athletes (P < 0.001; female skilled 2.01 and female unskilled 2.95 BW), while there was no difference between male participants (P > 0.05; male skilled 2.19 and male unskilled 2.49 BW). Conclusions These data suggested that male athletes and/or unskilled athletes experience greater impact loading rates and peak knee flexion moment during lunge compared with female and skilled athletes, respectively. This may expose them to higher risk of overuse injuries. Furthermore, female unskilled athletes seemed to be more vulnerable to lower extremity injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Kai Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sports Institute, Shenyang, China
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ki-Kwang Lee
- Biomechanics & Sport Engineering Laboratory, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyoon Park
- Motion Innovation Centre, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaejin Ryue
- Biomechanics & Sport Engineering Laboratory, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Hoon Yoon
- Motion Innovation Centre, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiseon Ryu
- Motion Innovation Centre, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
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Rampichini S, Limonta E, Pugliese L, Cè E, Bisconti AV, Gianfelici A, La Torre A, Esposito F. Heart rate and pulmonary oxygen uptake response in professional badminton players: comparison between on-court game simulation and laboratory exercise testing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2339-2347. [PMID: 30121883 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Badminton is characterized by bouts of high intensity interspersed by short recovery periods. Aerobic assessment via indirect calorimetry is impractical on court because of the encumbrance of portable metabolic devices. When the relationship between heart rate (HR) and pulmonary oxygen uptake [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] is linear, HR monitoring can provide an indirect estimation of metabolic demands on court. However, owing to the intermittent nature of badminton, the [Formula: see text] relationship will differ from that obtained in the laboratory, making its use on court questionable. The aims of this study were to (i) assess cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during on-court badminton rally simulations at different intensities and (ii) compare [Formula: see text] relationships obtained from laboratory and on-court measurements. METHODS The study sample was seven professional badminton players (age 16.9 ± 2.1 years; body mass 62.8 ± 9.2 kg; stature 1.71 ± 0.09 m). [Formula: see text] HR, and other respiratory and metabolic parameters were assessed in the laboratory with an incremental intermittent Astrand-type test (IIAT) and on court during rally simulations at three different intensities. RESULTS Cardiorespiratory parameters measured during the rallies reached 95% of maximal IIAT values. The [Formula: see text] slope and intercept differed in the on-court and the IIAT conditions (P = 0.012 and P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The difference in [Formula: see text] regression lines between the IIAT and the on-court condition indicates that HR monitoring may not provide accurate data on the aerobic demands of specific on-court badminton tasks. HR monitoring should be preceded by an indirect calorimetry test on court to assess aerobic demands more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Rampichini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Eloisa Limonta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela V Bisconti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopedic Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Abián-Vicén J, Sánchez L, Abián P. Performance structure analysis of the men’s and women’s badminton doubles matches in the Olympic Games from 2008 to 2016 during playoffs stage. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1502975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Abián-Vicén
- Badminton Federation of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Lorena Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Pablo Abián
- Badminton Federation of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
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Phomsoupha M, Berger Q, Laffaye G. Multiple Repeated Sprint Ability Test for Badminton Players Involving Four Changes of Direction: Validity and Reliability (Part 1). J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:423-431. [PMID: 29084095 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phomsoupha, M, Berger, Q, and Laffaye, G. Multiple repeated sprint ability test for badminton players involving four changes of direction: validity and reliability (part 1). J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 423-431, 2018-The purpose of this study was: (a) to develop a new sport-specific, repeated-sprint ability test involving 4 changes of direction, namely, the multiple repeated sprint ability (MRSAB) test for badminton players; (b) to determine its validity by comparing the results of 5 different skill levels; and (c) to assess the link between the new test and neuromuscular lower limb and physiological variables. For this purpose, 42 participants were separated into 5 groups to perform the MRSAB test at the same time of day, on 2 occasions, separated by at least 48 hours. The MRSAB test consisted of 2 repetitions of 4 movements (4 × 3 m) separated by 30 seconds of passive recovery. This pattern was repeated 10 times. The best time (BT), mean time (MT), and fatigue index (FI) were measured. Heart rate and blood lactate concentration were also recorded to determine the participants' physiological responses to the test. The results show that the MRSAB test is valid, because it differentiates between the 5 skill levels for BT, MT and FI and offers a reliable method (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.95 for BT and MT) for testing badminton players, with no differences between the sessions (p > 0.05). Moreover, the link between MT and neuromuscular variables, such as jump height in squats and countermovements (r = -0.55 and -0.60, respectively) and with V[Combining Dot Above]O2max (r = -0.92) reveals that this test uses a combination of the anaerobic and aerobic systems; thus, it can be used by trainers either to improve movement ability or increase these physical qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phomsoupha
- CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France.,CIAMS, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Quentin Berger
- CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France.,CIAMS, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Guillaume Laffaye
- CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France.,CIAMS, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
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Chiminazzo JGC, Barreira J, Luz LSM, Saraiva WC, Cayres JT. Technical and timing characteristics of badminton men’s single: comparison between groups and play-offs stages in 2016 Rio Olympic Games. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1463785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Madsen CM, Badault B, Nybo L. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Examination of Exercise Capacity in Elite Youth Badminton Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1754-1761. [PMID: 29543701 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Madsen, CM, Badault, B, and Nybo, L. Cross-sectional and longitudinal examination of exercise capacity in elite youth badminton players. J Strength Cond Res 32(6): 1754-1761, 2018-Badminton-specific speed and endurance performance was evaluated in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of elite youth players and compared with the physiological capacities of world top-50 singles players. The cross-sectional study involved 10 males in the category U15 (<15 years), 10 U17, 9 U19, and 4 senior elite players. They performed 30-m sprint, countermovement jump, and badminton-specific speed (B-SPEED) and endurance (B-ENDURANCE) tests. The longitudinal data were collected for 10 U15 players with 1- and 2-year follow-up measures. Compared with seniors, B-SPEED performance was 20 ± 5% slower for U15 (p < 0.001), 7 ± 3% slower for U17 (p < 0.05), and nonsignificantly slower (3 ± 3%; p = 0.27) for U19. B-ENDURANCE performance was 45 ± 11% shorter for U15 (p < 0.001), 25 ± 7% shorter for U17 (p < 0.001), and 17 ± 10% shorter for U19 (p < 0.01). The longitudinal data for U15 revealed that B-SPEED performance improved from a 19 ± 5% (p < 0.001) deficit at baseline to 5 ± 5% (p = 0.23) at first-year, and 2 ± 3% (p = 0.43) at second-year follow-up. B-ENDURANCE performance improved from a 43 ± 11% deficit at baseline to 27 ± 10 and 17 ± 7% at 1- and 2-year follow-up (p < 0.001), respectively. Countermovement jump also improved with aging from 29 ± 5% deficit for U15 to 13 ± 6% deficit for U19 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, B-SPEED improves markedly with aging in youth elite players to achieve, by age 19, values matching world-class players. Endurance improved markedly, but with a significant deficit remaining in comparison with senior elite players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Møller Madsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Stenhus Test and Knowledge Center, Stenhus Gymnasium Holbaek, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Badault
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Examining the Reaction Times of International Level Badminton Players Under 15. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6010020. [PMID: 29910324 PMCID: PMC5969201 DOI: 10.3390/sports6010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was conducted to examine the simple visual and auditory reaction times of badminton players of the national teams and to examine the possible effects of reaction-time average values of badminton players under the age of 15 who participated in the fifth International Rumi Child Sport Games. In total, 48 players (male = 24; female = 24) from six countries (Turkey, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia, Georgia) participated in the study. Stature, bodyweight, BMI, dominant and non-dominant hand visual and auditory reaction time values of the participants were detected. At the end of the study, it was determined that there were statistically significant differences between the countries in terms of male dominant and non-dominant hand visual reaction values, and male dominant hand auditory reaction values. It was also determined that there were statistically significant differences between the countries in terms of female bodyweight, BMI, dominant and non-dominant hand visual reaction values, and female non-dominant hand auditory reaction values. There was statistically significant difference between female and male players with regards to dominant and non-dominant hand visual, and non-dominant hand auditory reaction values. In conclusion, it was determined that the reaction times of the top ranking countries in the fifth International Rumi Child Sport Games under-15 were at a better level, and it can be concluded that this factor played an important role for success alongside with technique and tactic features.
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Bisschoff CA, Coetzee B, Esco MR. Heart rate variability and recovery as predictors of elite, African, male badminton players’ performance levels. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1437868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christo A. Bisschoff
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Ben Coetzee
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Research Focus Area, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michael R. Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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