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Revisiting AGAMOUS-LIKE15, a Key Somatic Embryogenesis Regulator, Using Next Generation Sequencing Analysis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315082. [PMID: 36499403 PMCID: PMC9736886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
AGAMOUS-like 15 (AGL15) is a member of the MADS-domain transcription factor (TF) family. MADS proteins are named for a conserved domain that was originally from an acronym derived from genes expressed in a variety of eukaryotes (MCM1-AGAMOUS-DEFICIENS-SERUM RESPONSE FACTOR). In plants, this family has expanded greatly, with more than one-hundred members generally found in dicots, and the proteins encoded by these genes have often been associated with developmental identity. AGL15 transcript and protein accumulate primarily in embryos and has been found to promote an important process called plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis (SE). To understand how this TF performs this function, we have previously used microarray technologies to assess direct and indirect responsive targets of this TF. We have now revisited this question using next generation sequencing (NGS) to both characterize in vivo binding sites for AGL15 as well as response to the accumulation of AGL15. We compared these data to the prior microarray results to evaluate the different platforms. The new NGS data brought to light an interaction with brassinosteroid (BR) hormone signaling that was "missed" in prior Gene Ontology analysis from the microarray studies.
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2
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Cha OK, Yang S, Lee H. Transcriptomics Using the Enriched Arabidopsis Shoot Apex Reveals Developmental Priming Genes Involved in Plastic Plant Growth under Salt Stress Conditions. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192546. [PMID: 36235412 PMCID: PMC9570865 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the shoot apical meristem (SAM), the homeostasis of the stem cell population supplying new cells for organ formation is likely a key mechanism of multicellular plant growth and development. As plants are sessile organisms and constantly encounter environmental abiotic stresses, postembryonic development from the shoot stem cell population must be considered with surrounding abiotic stresses for plant adaptation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for plant adaptation remain unclear. Previous studies found that the stem-cell-related mutant clv3-2 has the property of salt tolerance without the differential response of typical stress-responsive genes compared to those in WT Ler. Based on these facts, we hypothesized that shoot meristems contain developmental priming genes having comprehensively converged functions involved in abiotic stress response and development. To better understand the biological process of developmental priming genes in the SAM, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and transcriptome analysis through comparing genome-wide gene expression profiles between enriched shoot apex and leaf tissues. As a result, 121 putative developmental priming genes differentially expressed in the shoot apex compared to the leaf were identified under normal and salt stress conditions. RNA-seq experiments also revealed the shoot apex-specific responsive genes for salt stress conditions. Based on combinatorial comparisons, 19 developmental priming genes were finally identified, including developmental genes related to cell division and abiotic/biotic-stress-responsive genes. Moreover, some priming genes showed CLV3-dependent responses under salt stress conditions in the clv3-2. These results presumably provide insight into how shoot meristem tissues have relatively high viability against stressful environmental conditions for the developmental plasticity of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Horim Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-3762-6331
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Leal AR, Sapeta H, Beeckman T, Barros PM, Oliveira MM. Spatiotemporal development of suberized barriers in cork oak taproots. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1269-1285. [PMID: 34970982 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The longevity and high activity of the cork cambium (or phellogen) from Quercus suber L. (cork oak) are the cornerstones for the sustainable exploitation of a unique raw material. Cork oak is a symbolic model to study cork development and cell wall suberization, yet most genetic and molecular studies on these topics have targeted other model plants. In this study, we explored the potential of taproots as a model system to study phellem development and suberization in cork oak, thereby avoiding the time constraints imposed when studying whole plants. In roots, suberin deposition is found in mature endodermis cells during primary development and in phellem cells during secondary development. By investigating the spatiotemporal characteristics of both endodermis and phellem suberization in young seedling taproots, we demonstrated that secondary growth and phellogen activity are initiated very early in cork oak taproots (approx. 8 days after sowing). We further compared the transcriptomic profile of root segments undergoing primary (PD) and secondary development (SD) and identified multiple candidate genes with predicted roles in cell wall modifications, mainly lignification and suberization, in addition to several regulatory genes, particularly transcription factor- and hormone-related genes. Our results indicate that the molecular regulation of suberization and secondary development in cork oak roots is relatively conserved with other species. The provided morphological characterization creates new opportunities to allow a faster assessment of phellogen activity (as compared with studies using stem tissues) and to tackle fundamental questions regarding its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Leal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS Unit, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Helena Sapeta
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS Unit, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Pedro M Barros
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS Unit, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS Unit, Av. da República, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
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Shi QF, Long JM, Yin ZP, Jiang N, Feng MQ, Zheng B, Guo WW, Wu XM. miR171 modulates induction of somatic embryogenesis in citrus callus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1403-1415. [PMID: 35381869 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of miR171 restored SE competence in the recalcitrant citrus callus, and inhibition of miR171 function weakened SE competence in the strongly embryogenic citrus callus. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an important way of in vitro regeneration for plants. For perennial woody crops such as citrus, embryogenic callus is usually induced from unfertilized aborted ovules and widely used in biotechnology aided breeding. However, SE capacity always declines in callus during subculture, which makes regeneration difficult and hinders the application of biotechnology. We previously found that miR171 may be a regulator of SE in citrus, based on the abundant expression of csi-miR171c in the embryogenic callus and during SE of citrus. Here, we report that miR171 promotes SE and is required for SE in citrus. Overexpression of miR171 restored SE competence in the recalcitrant callus of 'Guoqing No.1' Satsuma mandarin (G1), whereas inhibition of miR171 function by Short Tandem Target Mimic (STTM) weakened SE competence in the strongly embryogenic callus of 'Valencia' sweet orange (V). The comparative transcriptomic analysis in miR171 overexpressed callus line (OE) and the wild type callus (WT) indicated that overexpression of miR171 decreased the expression level of its SCARECROW-LIKE (CsSCL) targets, and activated stress response related biological processes and metabolic processes that are required for cell differentiation. However, CsSCLs were up-regulated in the OE callus during SE induction process, which activated the cell division and developmental processes that are required for embryogenesis progress. Our results validate the function of miR171 in regulation of SE and reveal the biological responses provoked by miR171 in citrus that may promote SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Fang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jian-Mei Long
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhao-Ping Yin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wen-Wu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Joshi S, Paul P, Hartman JM, Perry SE. AGL15 Promotion of Somatic Embryogenesis: Role and Molecular Mechanism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:861556. [PMID: 35419012 PMCID: PMC8996056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.861556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants have amazing regenerative properties with single somatic cells, or groups of cells able to give rise to fully formed plants. One means of regeneration is somatic embryogenesis, by which an embryonic structure is formed that "converts" into a plantlet. Somatic embryogenesis has been used as a model for zygotic processes that are buried within layers of maternal tissues. Understanding mechanisms of somatic embryo induction and development are important as a more accessible model for seed development. We rely on seed development not only for most of our caloric intake, but also as a delivery system for engineered crops to meet agricultural challenges. Regeneration of transformed cells is needed for this applied work as well as basic research to understand gene function. Here we focus on a MADS-domain transcription factor, AGAMOUS-Like15 (AGL15) that shows a positive correlation between accumulation levels and capacity for somatic embryogenesis. We relate AGL15 function to other transcription factors, hormones, and epigenetic modifiers involved in somatic embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Joshi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jeanne M. Hartman
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sharyn E. Perry
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Gold Nanoparticles-Induced Modifications in Cell Wall Composition in Barley Roots. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081965. [PMID: 34440734 PMCID: PMC8393560 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased use of nanoparticles (NP) in different industries inevitably results in their release into the environment. In such conditions, plants come into direct contact with NP. Knowledge about the uptake of NP by plants and their effect on different developmental processes is still insufficient. Our studies concerned analyses of the changes in the chemical components of the cell walls of Hordeum vulgare L. roots that were grown in the presence of gold nanoparticles (AuNP). The analyses were performed using the immunohistological method and fluorescence microscopy. The obtained results indicate that AuNP with different surface charges affects the presence and distribution of selected pectic and arabinogalactan protein (AGP) epitopes in the walls of root cells.
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7
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Driesen E, De Proft M, Saeys W. Soil Moisture Levels Affect the Anatomy and Mechanical Properties of Basil Stems ( Ocimum basilicum L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10071320. [PMID: 34203566 PMCID: PMC8309113 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As plants would benefit from adjusting and optimizing their architecture to changing environmental stimuli, ensuring a strong and healthy plant, it was hypothesized that different soil moisture levels would affect xylem and collenchyma development in basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Marian) stems. Four different irrigation set-points (20, 30, 40 and 50% VWC), corresponding respectively to pF values of 1.95, 1.65, 1.30 and 1.15, were applied. Basil plants grown near the theoretical wilting point (pF 2) had a higher xylem vessel frequency and lower mean vessel diameter, promoting water transport under drought conditions. Cultivation at low soil moisture also impacted the formation of collenchyma in the apical stem segments, providing mechanical and structural support to these fast-growing stems and vascular tissues. The proportion of collenchyma area was significantly lower for the pF1.15 treatment (9.25 ± 3.24%) compared to the pF1.95 and pF1.30 treatments (16.04 ± 1.83% and 13.28 ± 1.38%, respectively). Higher fractions of collenchyma resulted in a higher mechanical stem strength against bending. Additionally, tracheids acted as the major support tissues in the basal stem segments. These results confirm that the available soil moisture impacts mechanical stem strength and overall plant quality of basil plants by impacting xylem and collenchyma development during cultivation, ensuring sufficient mechanical support to the fast-growing stem and to the protection of the vascular tissues. To our knowledge, this study is the first to compare the mechanical and anatomical characteristics of plant stems cultivated at different soil moisture levels.
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Tian R, Paul P, Joshi S, Perry SE. Genetic activity during early plant embryogenesis. Biochem J 2020; 477:3743-3767. [PMID: 33045058 PMCID: PMC7557148 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seeds are essential for human civilization, so understanding the molecular events underpinning seed development and the zygotic embryo it contains is important. In addition, the approach of somatic embryogenesis is a critical propagation and regeneration strategy to increase desirable genotypes, to develop new genetically modified plants to meet agricultural challenges, and at a basic science level, to test gene function. We briefly review some of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in establishing primary and apical meristems during zygotic embryogenesis, as well as TFs necessary and/or sufficient to drive somatic embryo programs. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis for which many tools are available, and review as well as speculate about comparisons and contrasts between zygotic and somatic embryo processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tian
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sanjay Joshi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sharyn E. Perry
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
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Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Biolistic Approach for Transient Gene Expression Studies in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2124:125-139. [PMID: 32277451 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0356-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its inception in the late 1980s, the delivery of exogenous nucleic acids into living cells via high-velocity microprojectiles (biolistic, or microparticle bombardment) has been an invaluable tool for both agricultural and fundamental plant research. Here, we review the technical aspects and the major applications of the biolistic method for studies involving transient gene expression in plant cells. These studies cover multiple areas of plant research, including gene expression, protein subcellular localization and cell-to-cell movement, plant virology, silencing, and the more recently developed targeted genome editing via transient expression of customized endonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Vulavala VKR, Fogelman E, Faigenboim A, Shoseyov O, Ginzberg I. The transcriptome of potato tuber phellogen reveals cellular functions of cork cambium and genes involved in periderm formation and maturation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10216. [PMID: 31308437 PMCID: PMC6629697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46681-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The periderm is a protective corky tissue that is formed through the cambial activity of phellogen cells, when the outer epidermis is damaged. Timely periderm formation is critical to prevent pathogen invasion and water loss. The outer layers of the potato periderm, the tuber skin, serves as a model to study cork development. Early in tuber development the phellogen becomes active and produces the skin. During tuber maturation it becomes inactive and the skin adheres to the tuber flesh. The characterization of potato phellogen may contribute to the management of costly agricultural problems related to incomplete skin-set and the resulting skinning injuries, and provide us with new knowledge regarding cork development in planta. A transcriptome of potato tuber phellogen isolated by laser capture microdissection indicated similarity to vascular cambium and the cork from trees. Highly expressed genes and transcription factors indicated that phellogen activation involves cytokinesis and gene reprograming for the establishment of a dedifferentiation state; whereas inactivation is characterized by activity of genes that direct organ identity in meristem and cell-wall modifications. The expression of selected genes was analyzed using qPCR in native and wound periderm at distinct developmental stages. This allowed the identification of genes involved in periderm formation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya K R Vulavala
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P. O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.,The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Edna Fogelman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P. O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P. O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Oded Shoseyov
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Idit Ginzberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P. O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
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Sugimoto K, Temman H, Kadokura S, Matsunaga S. To regenerate or not to regenerate: factors that drive plant regeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:138-150. [PMID: 30703741 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a remarkable regenerative capacity, but it varies widely among species and tissue types. Whether plant cells/tissues initiate regeneration largely depends on the extent to which they are constrained to their original tissue fate. Once cells start the regeneration program, they acquire a new fate, form meristems, and develop into organs. During these processes, the cells must continuously overcome various barriers to the progression of the regeneration program until the organ (or whole plant) is complete. Recent studies have revealed key factors and signals affecting cell fate during plant regeneration. Here, we review recent research on: (i) environmental signal inputs and physical stimuli that act as initial triggers of regeneration; (ii) epigenetic and transcriptional cellular responses to those triggers leading to cellular reprograming; and (iii) molecules that direct the formation and development of the new stem cell niche. We also discuss differences and similarities between regeneration and normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Sugimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Haruka Temman
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kadokura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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12
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Pais MS. Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Woody Species: The Future After OMICs Data Assessment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:240. [PMID: 30984207 PMCID: PMC6447717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Very early somatic embryogenesis has been recognized as a powerful method to propagate plants in vitro. For some woody species and in particular for some coniferous trees, somatic embryogenesis induction has become a routine procedure. For the majority, the application of this technology presents yet many limitations especially due to the genotype, the induction conditions, the number of embryos produced, maturation, and conversion, among other factors that compromise the systematic use of somatic embryogenesis for commercial purposes especially of woody species and forest trees in particular. The advancements obtained on somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis and the development of OMIC technologies allowed the characterization of genes and the corresponding proteins that are conserved in woody species. This knowledge will help in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex regulatory networks that control somatic embryogenesis in woody plants. In this revision, we report on developments of OMICs (genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics) applied to somatic embryogenesis induction and its contribution for understanding the change of fate giving rise to the expression of somatic embryogenesis competence.
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Fehér A. Callus, Dedifferentiation, Totipotency, Somatic Embryogenesis: What These Terms Mean in the Era of Molecular Plant Biology? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:536. [PMID: 31134106 PMCID: PMC6524723 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings call for the critical overview of some incorrectly used plant cell and tissue culture terminology such as dedifferentiation, callus, totipotency, and somatic embryogenesis. Plant cell and tissue culture methods are efficient means to preserve and propagate genotypes with superior germplasm as well as to increase genetic variability for breading. Besides, they are useful research tools and objects of plant developmental biology. The history of plant cell and tissue culture dates back to more than a century. Its basic methodology and terminology were formulated preceding modern plant biology. Recent progress in molecular and cell biology techniques allowed unprecedented insights into the underlying processes of plant cell/tissue culture and regeneration. The main aim of this review is to provide a theoretical framework supported by recent experimental findings to reconsider certain historical, even dogmatic, statements widely used by plant scientists and teachers such as "plant cells are totipotent" or "callus is a mass of dedifferentiated cells," or "somatic embryos have a single cell origin." These statements are based on a confused terminology. Clarification of it might help to avoid further misunderstanding and to overcome potential "terminology-raised" barriers in plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Fehér
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Attila Fehér, ;
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Iwase A, Mita K, Favero DS, Mitsuda N, Sasaki R, Kobayshi M, Takebayashi Y, Kojima M, Kusano M, Oikawa A, Sakakibara H, Saito K, Imamura J, Sugimoto K. WIND1 induces dynamic metabolomic reprogramming during regeneration in Brassica napus. Dev Biol 2018; 442:40-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Chu Z, Chen J, Sun J, Dong Z, Yang X, Wang Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Chen F, Cui D. De novo assembly and comparative analysis of the transcriptome of embryogenic callus formation in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:244. [PMID: 29258440 PMCID: PMC5735865 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During asexual reproduction the embryogenic callus can differentiate into a new plantlet, offering great potential for fostering in vitro culture efficiency in plants. The immature embryos (IMEs) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are more easily able to generate embryogenic callus than mature embryos (MEs). To understand the molecular process of embryogenic callus formation in wheat, de novo transcriptome sequencing was used to generate transcriptome sequences from calli derived from IMEs and MEs after 3d, 6d, or 15d of culture (DC). RESULTS In total, 155 million high quality paired-end reads were obtained from the 6 cDNA libraries. Our de novo assembly generated 142,221 unigenes, of which 59,976 (42.17%) were annotated with a significant Blastx against nr, Pfam, Swissprot, KOG, KEGG, GO and COG/KOG databases. Comparative transcriptome analysis indicated that a total of 5194 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the comparisons of IME vs. ME at the three stages, including 3181, 2085 and 1468 DEGs at 3, 6 and 15 DC, respectively. Of them, 283 overlapped in all the three comparisons. Furthermore, 4731 DEGs were identified in the comparisons between stages in IMEs and MEs. Functional analysis revealed that 271transcription factor (TF) genes (10 overlapped in all 3 comparisons of IME vs. ME) and 346 somatic embryogenesis related genes (SSEGs; 35 overlapped in all 3 comparisons of IME vs. ME) were differentially expressed in at least one comparison of IME vs. ME. In addition, of the 283 overlapped DEGs in the 3 comparisons of IME vs. ME, excluding the SSEGs and TFs, 39 possessed a higher rate of involvement in biological processes relating to response to stimuli, in multi-organism processes, reproductive processes and reproduction. Furthermore, 7 were simultaneously differentially expressed in the 2 comparisons between the stages in IMEs, but not MEs, suggesting that they may be related to embryogenic callus formation. The expression levels of genes, which were validated by qRT-PCR, showed a high correlation with the RNA-seq value. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the role of the transcriptome in embryogenic callus formation in wheat, and will serve as a valuable resource for further studies addressing embryogenic callus formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongli Chu
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
- Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Junying Chen
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyan Sun
- Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464000 China
| | - Zhongdong Dong
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixia Xu
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Zhang
- Agronomy College, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, 712100 China
| | - Feng Chen
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dangqun Cui
- Agronomy College/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046 People’s Republic of China
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16
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Cao A, Zheng Y, Yu Y, Wang X, Shao D, Sun J, Cui B. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of SE initial dedifferentiation in cotton of different SE capability. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8583. [PMID: 28819177 PMCID: PMC5561258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a critical transition from vegetative to embryogenic growth in higher plants; however, few studies have investigated the mechanism that regulates SE initial differentiation. Most cotton varieties have not undergone regeneration by SE, so only a few varieties can be used in genetic engineering. Here, two varieties of cotton with different SE capabilities (HD, higher differentiation and LD, lower differentiation) were analyzed by high throughout RNA-Seq at the pre-induction stage (0h) and two induction stages (3h and 3d) under callus-induction medium (CIM). About 1150 million clean reads were obtained from 98.21% raw data. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that "protein kinase activity" and "oxidoreductase activity" were highly represented GO terms during the same and different treatment stages among HD and LD. Moreover, several stress-related transcription factors might play important roles in SE initiation. The SE-related regulation genes (SERKs) showed different expression patterns between HD and LD. Furthermore, the complex auxin and ethylene signaling pathway contributes to initiation of differentiation in SE. Thus, our RNA-sequencing of comparative transcriptome analysis will lay a foundation for future studies to better define early somatic formation in cotton with different SE capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Cao
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yinying Zheng
- Colleges of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Cotton research Institute, XinJiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, China
| | - Xuwen Wang
- Cotton research Institute, XinJiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, China
| | - Dongnan Shao
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Baiming Cui
- Colleges of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.
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17
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Ramirez-Parra E, Perianez-Rodriguez J, Navarro-Neila S, Gude I, Moreno-Risueno MA, Del Pozo JC. The transcription factor OBP4 controls root growth and promotes callus formation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1787-1801. [PMID: 27859363 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development require a continuous balance between cell division and differentiation. In root meristems, differentiated cells acquire specialized functions, losing their mitotic potential. Some plant cells, such as pericycle cells, have a remarkable plasticity to regenerate new organs. The molecular mechanisms underlying cell reprogramming are not completely known. In this work, a functional screening of transcription factors identified Arabidopsis OBP4 (OBF Binding Protein 4) as a novel regulator of root growth and cell elongation and differentiation. Overexpression of OBP4 regulates the levels of a large number of transcripts in roots, many involved in hormonal signaling and callus formation. OBP4 controls cell elongation and differentiation in root cells. OBP4 does not induce cell division in the root meristem, but promotes pericycle cell proliferation, forming callus-like structures at the root tip, as shown by the expression of stem cell markers. Callus formation is enhanced by ectopic expression of OBP4 in the wild-type or alf4-1, but is significantly reduced in roots that have lower levels of OBP4. Our data provide molecular insights into how differentiated root cells acquire the potential to generate callus, a pluripotent mass of cells that can regenerate fully functional plant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ramirez-Parra
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Perianez-Rodriguez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Navarro-Neila
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gude
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Moreno-Risueno
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Del Pozo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP) INIA-UPM, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Barton KE, Boege K. Future directions in the ontogeny of plant defence: understanding the evolutionary causes and consequences. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:403-411. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasey E. Barton
- Department of Botany University of Hawai'i at Mānoa 3190 Maile Way Room 101 Honolulu Hawai'i 96822 USA
| | - Karina Boege
- Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. A.P. 20‐275. Ciudad Universitaria C.P. 04510 Ciudad De México México
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19
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Berenguer E, Bárány I, Solís MT, Pérez-Pérez Y, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Inhibition of Histone H3K9 Methylation by BIX-01294 Promotes Stress-Induced Microspore Totipotency and Enhances Embryogenesis Initiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1161. [PMID: 28706533 PMCID: PMC5489599 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microspore embryogenesis is a process of cell reprogramming, totipotency acquisition and embryogenesis initiation, induced in vitro by stress treatments and widely used in plant breeding for rapid production of doubled-haploids, but its regulating mechanisms are still largely unknown. Increasing evidence has revealed epigenetic reprogramming during microspore embryogenesis, through DNA methylation, but less is known about the involvement of histone modifications. In this study, we have analyzed the dynamics and possible role of histone H3K9 methylation, a major repressive modification, as well as the effects on microspore embryogenesis initiation of BIX-01294, an inhibitor of histone methylation, tested for the first time in plants, in Brassica napus and Hordeum vulgare. Results revealed that microspore reprogramming and initiation of embryogenesis involved a low level of H3K9 methylation. With the progression of embryogenesis, methylation of H3K9 increased, correlating with gene expression profiles of BnHKMT SUVR4-like and BnLSD1-like (writer and eraser enzymes of H3K9me2). At early stages, BIX-01294 promoted cell reprogramming, totipotency and embryogenesis induction, while diminishing bulk H3K9 methylation. DNA methylation was also reduced by short-term BIX-01294 treatment. By contrast, long BIX-01294 treatments hindered embryogenesis progression, indicating that H3K9 methylation is required for embryo differentiation. These findings open up new possibilities to enhance microspore embryogenesis efficiency in recalcitrant species through pharmacological modulation of histone methylation by using BIX-01294.
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20
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Lee HG, Choi YR, Seo PJ. Increased STM expression is associated with drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 201:79-84. [PMID: 27448723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintains cell division activity in order to give rise to aerial plant organs. Several lines of evidence have suggested that plants ensure stem cell proliferation activity in response to various external stimuli, thereby contributing to plant adaptation and fitness. Here, we report that the abscisic acid (ABA)-inducible R2R3-type MYB96 transcription factor regulates transcript accumulation of SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) possibly to contribute to plant adaptation to environmental stress. STM was up-regulated in MYB96-overexpressing activation-tagging myb96-ox plants, but down-regulated in MYB96-deficient myb96-1 mutant plants, even in the presence of ABA. Notably, the MYB96 transcription factor bound directly to the STM promoter. In addition, consistent with the role of MYB96 in drought tolerance, transgenic plants overexpressing STM (35S:STM-MYC) were more tolerant to drought stress. These observations suggest that the MYB96-STM module contributes to enhancing plant tolerance to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gil Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yee-Ram Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Khan A, Yadav NS, Morgenstern Y, Zemach A, Grafi G. Activation of Tag1 transposable elements in Arabidopsis dedifferentiating cells and their regulation by CHROMOMETHYLASE 3-mediated CHG methylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1289-98. [PMID: 27475038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dedifferentiation, that is, the acquisition of stem cell-like state, commonly induced by stress (e.g., protoplasting), is characterized by open chromatin conformation, a chromatin state that could lead to activation of transposable elements (TEs). Here, we studied the activation of the Arabidopsis class II TE Tag1, in which two copies, situated close to each other (near genes) on chromosome 1 are found in Landsberg erecta (Ler) but not in Columbia (Col). We first transformed protoplasts with a construct in which a truncated Tag1 (ΔTag1 non-autonomous) blocks the expression of a reporter gene AtMBD5-GFP and found a relatively high ectopic excision of ΔTag1 accompanied by expression of AtMBD5-GFP in protoplasts derived from Ler compared to Col; further increase was observed in ddm1 (decrease in DNA methylation1) protoplasts (Ler background). Ectopic excision was associated with transcription of the endogenous Tag1 and changes in histone H3 methylation at the promoter region. Focusing on the endogenous Tag1 elements we found low level of excision in Ler protoplasts, which was slightly and strongly enhanced in ddm1 and cmt3 (chromomethylase3) protoplasts, respectively, concomitantly with reduction in Tag1 gene body (GB) CHG methylation and increased Tag1 transcription; strong activation of Tag1 was also observed in cmt3 leaves. Notably, in cmt3, but not in ddm1, Tag1 elements were excised out from their original sites and transposed elsewhere in the genome. Our results suggest that dedifferentiation is associated with Tag1 activation and that CMT3 rather than DDM1 plays a central role in restraining Tag1 activation via inducing GB CHG methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Khan
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel
| | - Narendra Singh Yadav
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel
| | - Yaakov Morgenstern
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel
| | - Assaf Zemach
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
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22
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Perry SE, Zheng Q, Zheng Y. Transcriptome analysis indicates that GmAGAMOUS-Like 15 may enhance somatic embryogenesis by promoting a dedifferentiated state. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1197463. [PMID: 27302197 PMCID: PMC4991326 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1197463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an important avenue for regeneration of many plants. Although documented over half a century ago, the process of SE remains poorly understood and many factors impact upon competence for SE. We recently reported that a Glycine max ortholog of a MADS-domain transcription factor that promotes SE in Arabidopsis also enhances SE in soybean. We recently assessed transcriptomes in 35Spro:GmAGL15 compared to control during an early time-course of SE and in response to 35Spro:AtAGL15. We expand here upon discussion of the types of genes regulated by overexpression of AGL15 and characterize the step of SE that may be affected by altered accumulation of AGL15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn E. Perry
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Qiaolin Zheng
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - Yumei Zheng
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
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23
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Lee K, Park OS, Seo PJ. RNA-Seq Analysis of the Arabidopsis Transcriptome in Pluripotent Calli. Mol Cells 2016; 39:484-94. [PMID: 27215197 PMCID: PMC4916400 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells have a remarkable ability to induce pluripotent cell masses and regenerate whole plant organs under the appropriate culture conditions. Although the in vitro regeneration system is widely applied to manipulate agronomic traits, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying callus formation is starting to emerge. Here, we performed genome-wide transcriptome profiling of wild-type leaves and leaf explant-derived calli for comparison and identified 10,405 differentially expressed genes (> two-fold change). In addition to the well-defined signaling pathways involved in callus formation, we uncovered additional biological processes that may contribute to robust cellular dedifferentiation. Particular emphasis is placed on molecular components involved in leaf development, circadian clock, stress and hormone signaling, carbohydrate metabolism, and chromatin organization. Genetic and pharmacological analyses further supported that homeostasis of clock activity and stress signaling is crucial for proper callus induction. In addition, gibberellic acid (GA) and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling also participates in intricate cellular reprogramming. Collectively, our findings indicate that multiple signaling pathways are intertwined to allow reversible transition of cellular differentiation and dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyounghee Lee
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Ok-Sun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756,
Korea
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24
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Pilarska M, Malec P, Salaj J, Bartnicki F, Konieczny R. High expression of SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE coincides with initiation of various developmental pathways in in vitro culture of Trifolium nigrescens. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:345-55. [PMID: 25876517 PMCID: PMC4783438 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify and examine the expression pattern of the ortholog of SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE gene from Trifolium nigrescens (TnSERK) in embryogenic and non-regenerative cultures of immature cotyledonary-stage zygotic embryos (CsZEs). In the presence of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and N(6)-[2-isopentenyl]-adenine, the CsZE regenerated embryoids directly and in a lengthy culture produced callus which was embryogenic or remained non-regenerative. As revealed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the TnSERK was expressed in both embryogenic and non-regenerative cultures, but the expression level was significantly higher in embryogenic ones. An in situ RNA hybridization assay revealed that the expression of TnSERK preceded the induction of cell division in explants, and then, it was maintained exclusively in actively dividing cells from which embryoids, embryo-like structures (ELSs), callus or tracheary elements were produced. However, the cells involved in different morphogenic events differed in intensity of hybridization signal which was the highest in embryogenic cells. The TnSERK was up-regulated during the development of embryoids, but in cotyledonary embryos, it was preferentially expressed in the regions of the apical meristems. The occurrence of morphological and anatomical abnormalities in embryoid development was preceded by a decline in TnSERK expression, and this coincided with the parenchymatization of the ground tissue in developing ELSs. TnSERK was also down-regulated during the maturation of parenchyma and xylem elements in CsZE and callus. Altogether, these data suggest the involvement of TnSERK in the induction of various developmental programs related to differentiation/transdifferentiation and totipotent state of cell(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pilarska
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław Malec
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Salaj
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, 950-07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Filip Bartnicki
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Konieczny
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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25
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From Stress to Embryos: Some of the Problems for Induction and Maturation of Somatic Embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1359:523-36. [PMID: 26619886 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3061-6_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although somatic embryogenesis has been successfully achieved in numerous plant species, little is known about the mechanism(s) underlying this process. Changes in the balance of growth regulators of the culture medium, osmolarity, or amino acids as well as the genotype and developmental stage of the tissue used as initial explant may have a pivotal influence on the induction of somatic embryogenic cultures. Moreover, different stress agents (ethylene, activated charcoal, cold or heat or electrical shocks), as well as abscisic acid, can also foster the induction or further development of somatic embryos. In the process, cells first return to a stem cell-like status and then either enter their new program or dye when the stress level exceeds cell tolerance. Recalcitrance to differentiation of somatic cells into embryos is frequently observed, and problems such as secondary or recurrent embryogenesis, embryo growth arrest (at the globular stage or during the transition from torpedo to cotyledonary stage), and development of only the aerial part of somatic embryos can appear, interfering with normal germination and conversion of embryos to plants. Some solutions to solve these problems associated to embryogenesis are proposed and two very efficient somatic embryogenesis protocols for two model plant species are detailed.
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26
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Rapp YG, Ransbotyn V, Grafi G. Senescence Meets Dedifferentiation. PLANTS 2015; 4:356-68. [PMID: 27135333 PMCID: PMC4844402 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Senescence represents the final stage of leaf development but is often induced prematurely following exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses. Leaf senescence is manifested by color change from green to yellow (due to chlorophyll degradation) or to red (due to de novo synthesis of anthocyanins coupled with chlorophyll degradation) and frequently culminates in programmed death of leaves. However, the breakdown of chlorophyll and macromolecules such as proteins and RNAs that occurs during leaf senescence does not necessarily represent a one-way road to death but rather a reversible process whereby senescing leaves can, under certain conditions, re-green and regain their photosynthetic capacity. This phenomenon essentially distinguishes senescence from programmed cell death, leading researchers to hypothesize that changes occurring during senescence might represent a process of trans-differentiation, that is the conversion of one cell type to another. In this review, we highlight attributes common to senescence and dedifferentiation including chromatin structure and activation of transposable elements and provide further support to the notion that senescence is not merely a deterioration process leading to death but rather a unique developmental state resembling dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemima Givaty Rapp
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990 Israel.
| | - Vanessa Ransbotyn
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990 Israel.
| | - Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 84990 Israel.
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Sugiyama M. Historical review of research on plant cell dedifferentiation. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:349-59. [PMID: 25725626 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-015-0706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell dedifferentiation has long attracted interest as a key process for understanding the plasticity of plant development. In early studies, typical examples of plant cell dedifferentiation were described as physiological and cytological changes associated with wound healing or regenerative development. Subsequently, plant tissue and cell culture techniques, in which exciting progress was achieved after discovery of the hormonal control of cell proliferation and organogenesis in vitro in the 1950s, have been used extensively to study dedifferentiation. The pioneer studies of plant tissue/cell culture led to the hypothesis that many mature plant cells retain totipotency and related dedifferentiation to the initial step of the expression of totipotency. Plant tissue/cell cultures have provided experimental systems not only for physiological analysis, but also for genetic and molecular biological analysis, of dedifferentiation. More recently, proteomic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic analyses have been applied to the study of plant cell dedifferentiation. All of these works have expanded our knowledge of plant cell dedifferentiation, and current research is contributing to unraveling the molecular mechanisms. The present article provides a brief overview of the history of research on plant cell dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Sugiyama
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-7-1 Hakusan, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0001, Japan,
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28
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Grandbastien MA. LTR retrotransposons, handy hitchhikers of plant regulation and stress response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:403-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dełeńko K, Niedojadło J, Łabędzka A, Wiśniewska E, Bednarska-Kozakiewicz E. Dedifferentiation of Arabidopsis thaliana cells is accompanied by a strong decrease in RNA polymerase II transcription activity and poly(A+) RNA and 25S rRNA eradication from the cytoplasm. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:537-46. [PMID: 25248757 PMCID: PMC4335095 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of plant cell dedifferentiation and the acquisition of totipotency are poorly understood. One of the methods to induce the dedifferentiation process in plant cells is simple and requires the removal of the cell wall. After cell wall removal in protoplasts, large-scale chromatin decondensation is observed (Tessadori et al. in J Cell Sci 120:1200-1208, 2007). Here, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts, despite chromatin decondensation, RNA polymerase II transcriptional activity is reduced. The subsequent investigated stages displayed a clear decrease in the quantity of 25S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) first and then poly(A+) RNA, particularly in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the reduced transcription activity and the removal of these RNA transcripts from the cytoplasm is a crucial process in obtaining totipotency in plant cells. After the cytoplasm cleaning of transcripts derived from mesophyll cells, we observed the resynthesis of these RNAs. An increase in the amount of examined molecules to a level similar to that in differentiated mesophyll cells precedes the divisions of already undifferentiated cells. In this work, we show changes in RNA polymerase II transcription dynamics and the quantity of poly(A+) RNA and 25S rRNA during dedifferentiation and re-entry into the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Dełeńko
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Janusz Niedojadło
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Agata Łabędzka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Ewa Wiśniewska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medium Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Bednarska-Kozakiewicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Jiang F, Feng Z, Liu H, Zhu J. Involvement of Plant Stem Cells or Stem Cell-Like Cells in Dedifferentiation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1028. [PMID: 26635851 PMCID: PMC4649052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dedifferentiation is the transformation of cells from a given differentiated state to a less differentiated or stem cell-like state. Stem cell-related genes play important roles in dedifferentiation, which exhibits similar histone modification and DNA methylation features to stem cell maintenance. Hence, stem cell-related factors possibly synergistically function to provide a specific niche beneficial to dedifferentiation. During callus formation in Arabidopsis petioles, cells adjacent to procambium cells (stem cell-like cells) are dedifferentiated and survive more easily than other cell types. This finding indicates that stem cells or stem cell-like cells may influence the dedifferentiating niche. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of stem cell maintenance and dedifferentiation regulation. We also summarize current knowledge of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the balance between differentiation and dedifferentiation. Furthermore, we discuss the correlation of stem cells or stem cell-like cells with dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Translational Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hailiang Liu, ; Jian Zhu,
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hailiang Liu, ; Jian Zhu,
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31
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Stress induces cell dedifferentiation in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:378-84. [PMID: 25086338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence lends support to the proposal that a major theme in plant responses to stresses is dedifferentiation, whereby mature cells acquire stem cell features (e.g. open chromatin conformation) prior to acquisition of a new cell fate. In this review, we discuss data addressing plant cell plasticity and provide evidence linking stress, dedifferentiation and a switch in cell fate. We emphasize the epigenetic modifications associated with stress-induced global changes in chromatin structure and conclude with the implications for genetic variation and for induced pluripotent stem cells in animals. It appears that stress is perceived as a signal that directs plant cells to undergo reprogramming (dedifferentiation) as a means for adaptation and in preparation for a stimulus-based acquisition of a new cell fate. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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Somatic embryogenesis - Stress-induced remodeling of plant cell fate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:385-402. [PMID: 25038583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants as sessile organisms have remarkable developmental plasticity ensuring heir continuous adaptation to the environment. An extreme example is somatic embryogenesis, the initiation of autonomous embryo development in somatic cells in response to exogenous and/or endogenous signals. In this review I briefly overview the various pathways that can lead to embryo development in plants in addition to the fertilization of the egg cell and highlight the importance of the interaction of stress- and hormone-regulated pathways during the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis can be initiated in planta or in vitro, directly or indirectly, and the requirement for dedifferentiation as well as the way to achieve developmental totipotency in the various systems is discussed in light of our present knowledge. The initiation of all forms of the stress/hormone-induced in vitro as well as the genetically provoked in planta somatic embryogenesis requires extensive and coordinated genetic reprogramming that has to take place at the chromatin level, as the embryogenic program is under strong epigenetic repression in vegetative plant cells. Our present knowledge on chromatin-based mechanisms potentially involved in the somatic-to-embryogenic developmental transition is summarized emphasizing the potential role of the chromatin to integrate stress, hormonal, and developmental pathways leading to the activation of the embryogenic program. The role of stress-related chromatin reorganization in the genetic instability of in vitro cultures is also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Stress as a fundamental theme in cell plasticity.
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Jaligot E, Hooi WY, Debladis E, Richaud F, Beulé T, Collin M, Agbessi MDT, Sabot F, Garsmeur O, D'Hont A, Alwee SSRS, Rival A. DNA methylation and expression of the EgDEF1 gene and neighboring retrotransposons in mantled somaclonal variants of oil palm. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91896. [PMID: 24638102 PMCID: PMC3956824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mantled floral phenotype of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) affects somatic embryogenesis-derived individuals and is morphologically similar to mutants defective in the B-class MADS-box genes. This somaclonal variation has been previously demonstrated to be associated to a significant deficit in genome-wide DNA methylation. In order to elucidate the possible role of DNA methylation in the transcriptional regulation of EgDEF1, the APETALA3 ortholog of oil palm, we studied this epigenetic mark within the gene in parallel with transcript accumulation in both normal and mantled developing inflorescences. We also examined the methylation and expression of two neighboring retrotransposons that might interfere with EgDEF1 regulation. We show that the EgDEF1 gene is essentially unmethylated and that its methylation pattern does not change with the floral phenotype whereas expression is dramatically different, ruling out a direct implication of DNA methylation in the regulation of this gene. Also, we find that both the gypsy element inserted within an intron of the EgDEF1 gene and the copia element located upstream from the promoter are heavily methylated and show little or no expression. Interestingly, we identify a shorter, alternative transcript produced by EgDEF1 and characterize its accumulation with respect to its full-length counterpart. We demonstrate that, depending on the floral phenotype, the respective proportions of these two transcripts change differently during inflorescence development. We discuss the possible phenotypical consequences of this alternative splicing and the new questions it raises in the search for the molecular mechanisms underlying the mantled phenotype in the oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Yeng Hooi
- UMR DIADE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- FELDA Biotechnology Centre, FASSB, Bandar Enstek, Malaysia
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Medeiros de Araújo Silva M, Ulisses C, Lacerda e Medeiros MJ, Cavalcante Granja MM, Willadino L, Camara T. ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITY IN EMBRYOGENIC AND NON-EMBRYOGENIC TISSUES IN SUGARCANE. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v19n2.39200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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35
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Pogorelko GV, Mokryakova M, Fursova OV, Abdeeva I, Piruzian ES, Bruskin SA. Characterization of three Arabidopsis thaliana immunophilin genes involved in the plant defense response against Pseudomonas syringae. Gene 2014; 538:12-22. [PMID: 24440291 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunophilins are a broadly conserved family of proteins, which carry out a variety of cellular functions. In this study, we investigated three immunophilin genes involved in the Arabidopsis thaliana response to Pseudomonas syringae infection: a cytoplasmic localized AtCYP19, a cytoplasmic and nuclear localized AtCYP57, and one nucleus directed FKBP known as AtFKBP65. Arabidopsis knock-out mutations in these immunophilins result in an increased susceptibility to P. syringae, whereas overexpression of these genes alters the transcription profile of pathogen-related defense genes and led to enhanced resistance. Histochemical analysis revealed local gene expression of AtCYP19, AtCYP57, and AtFKBP65 in response to pathogen infection. AtCYP19 was shown to be involved in reactive oxygen species production, and both AtCYP57 and AtFKBP65 provided callose accumulation in plant cell wall. Identification of the involvement of these genes in biotic stress response brings a new set of data that will advance plant immune system research and can be widely used for further investigation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady V Pogorelko
- 219 Bessey Hall, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames 50014, IA, USA; NI Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Maria Mokryakova
- NI Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Oksana V Fursova
- Geocryology Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Inna Abdeeva
- NI Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Eleonora S Piruzian
- NI Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergey A Bruskin
- NI Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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36
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Barak S, Singh Yadav N, Khan A. DEAD-box RNA helicases and epigenetic control of abiotic stress-responsive gene expression. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e977729. [PMID: 25517295 PMCID: PMC4622835 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.977729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to abiotic stresses are controlled by a complex tier of epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. We have provided evidence that the DEAD-box RNA helicases, STRESS RESPONSE SUPPRESSOR (STRS) 1 and STRS2 are negative regulators of Arabidopsis thaliana stress-responsive transcription factors. Using GFP-STRS fusion proteins, we have demonstrated that the STRSs are localized to the nucleolus and chromocenters, and are rapidly removed to the nucleoplasm upon application of various abiotic stresses. The STRSs appear to act via RNA-directed DNA methylation to suppress Arabidopsis stress responses; this repressive epigenetic mechanism is abrogated by abiotic stress eventually leading to an open chromatin structure allowing expression of stress-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Barak
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
- Correspondence to: Simon Barak;
| | - Narendra Singh Yadav
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Asif Khan
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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37
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Jiang F, Zhu J, Liu HL. Protoplasts: a useful research system for plant cell biology, especially dedifferentiation. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1231-8. [PMID: 23719716 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As protoplasts have the characteristics of no cell walls, rapid population growth, and synchronicity, they are useful tools for research in many fields, especially cellular biology (Table 1). This article is an overview that focuses on the application of protoplasts to investigate the mechanisms of dedifferentiation, including changes in hormone signals, epigenetic changes, and organelle distribution during the dedifferentiation process. The article also emphasizes the wide range of uses for protoplasts in studying protein positions and signaling during different stresses. The examples provided help to show that protoplast systems, for example the mesophyll protoplast system of Arabidopsis, represent promising tools for studying developmental biology. Meanwhile, specific analysis of protoplast, which comes from different tissue, has specific advantages and limitations (Table 2), and it can provide recommendations to use this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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38
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Delporte F, Muhovski Y, Pretova A, Watillon B. Analysis of expression profiles of selected genes associated with the regenerative property and the receptivity to gene transfer during somatic embryogenesis in Triticum aestivum L. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5883-906. [PMID: 24078158 PMCID: PMC3825128 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms regulating the initiation of a regenerative pathway remain partially unknown. Efforts to identify the biological features that confer transformation ability, or the tendency of some cells to induce transgene silencing, would help to improve plant genetic engineering. The objective of our study was to monitor the evolution of plant cell competencies in relation to both in vitro tissue culture regeneration and the genetic transformation properties. We used a simple wheat regeneration procedure as an experimental model for studying the regenerative capacity of plant cells and their receptivity to direct gene transfer over the successive steps of the regenerative pathway. Target gene profiling studies and biochemical assays were conducted to follow some of the mechanisms triggered during the somatic-to-embryogenic transition (i.e. dedifferentiation, cell division activation, redifferentiation) and affecting the accessibility of plant cells to receive and stably express the exogenous DNA introduced by bombardment. Our results seem to indicate that the control of cell-cycle (S-phase) and host defense strategies can be crucial determinants of genetic transformation efficiency. The results from studies conducted at macro-, micro- and molecular scales are then integrated into a holistic approach that addresses the question of tissue culture and transgenesis competencies more broadly. Through this multilevel analysis we try to establish functional links between both regenerative capacity and transformation receptiveness, and thereby to provide a more global and integrated vision of both processes, at the core of defense/adaptive mechanisms and survival, between undifferentiated cell proliferation and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Delporte
- Department of Life Sciences, Bioengineering Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRAw), Chaussée de Charleroi 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yordan Muhovski
- Department of Life Sciences, Bioengineering Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRAw), Chaussée de Charleroi 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Anna Pretova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P.O. Box 39 A, 950 07 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Bernard Watillon
- Department of Life Sciences, Bioengineering Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRAw), Chaussée de Charleroi 234, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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39
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Florentin A, Damri M, Grafi G. Stress induces plant somatic cells to acquire some features of stem cells accompanied by selective chromatin reorganization. Dev Dyn 2013; 242:1121-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Assa Florentin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
| | - Meytal Damri
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Health Sciences; Center for Multidisciplinary Research on Aging; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands; Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Midreshet Ben-Gurion Israel
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40
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Gliwicka M, Nowak K, Balazadeh S, Mueller-Roeber B, Gaj MD. Extensive modulation of the transcription factor transcriptome during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69261. [PMID: 23874927 PMCID: PMC3714258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms controlling plant totipotency are largely unknown and studies on somatic embryogenesis (SE), the process through which already differentiated cells reverse their developmental program and become embryogenic, provide a unique means for deciphering molecular mechanisms controlling developmental plasticity of somatic cells. Among various factors essential for embryogenic transition of somatic cells transcription factors (TFs), crucial regulators of genetic programs, are believed to play a central role. Herein, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to identify TF genes affected during SE induced by in vitro culture in Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression profiles of 1,880 TFs were evaluated in the highly embryogenic Col-0 accession and the non-embryogenic tanmei/emb2757 mutant. Our study revealed 729 TFs whose expression changes during the 10-days incubation period of SE; 141 TFs displayed distinct differences in expression patterns in embryogenic versus non-embryogenic cultures. The embryo-induction stage of SE occurring during the first 5 days of culture was associated with a robust and dramatic change of the TF transcriptome characterized by the drastic up-regulation of the expression of a great majority (over 80%) of the TFs active during embryogenic culture. In contrast to SE induction, the advanced stage of embryo formation showed attenuation and stabilization of transcript levels of many TFs. In total, 519 of the SE-modulated TFs were functionally annotated and transcripts related with plant development, phytohormones and stress responses were found to be most abundant. The involvement of selected TFs in SE was verified using T-DNA insertion lines and a significantly reduced embryogenic response was found for the majority of them. This study provides comprehensive data focused on the expression of TF genes during SE and suggests directions for further research on functional genomics of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gliwicka
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowak
- Department of Genetics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Salma Balazadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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41
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Grafi G. Stress cycles in stem cells/iPSCs development: implications for tissue repair. Biogerontology 2013; 14:603-8. [PMID: 23852045 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-013-9445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have become a major topic, both publicly and scientifically, owing to their potential to cure diseases and repair damaged tissues. Particular attention has been given to the so-called "induced pluripotent stem cells" (iPSCs) in which somatic cells are induced by the expression of transcription factor encoding transgenes-a methodology first established by Takahashi and Yamanaka (Cell 126:663-676, 2006)-to acquire pluripotent state. This methodology has captured researchers' imagination as a potential procedure to obtain patient-specific therapies while also solving both the problem of transplant rejection and the ethical concerns often raised regarding the use of embryonic stem cells in regenerative medicine. The study of the biology of stem cells/iPSCs, in recent years, has uncovered some fundamental weaknesses that undermine their potential use in transplantation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel,
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42
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Chupeau MC, Granier F, Pichon O, Renou JP, Gaudin V, Chupeau Y. Characterization of the early events leading to totipotency in an Arabidopsis protoplast liquid culture by temporal transcript profiling. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2444-63. [PMID: 23903317 PMCID: PMC3753376 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.109538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying plant cell totipotency are largely unknown. Here, we present a protocol for the efficient regeneration of plants from Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts. The specific liquid medium used in our study leads to a high rate of reentry into the cell cycle of most cell types, providing a powerful system to study dedifferentiation/regeneration processes in independent somatic cells. To identify the early events in the establishment of totipotency, we monitored the genome-wide transcript profiles of plantlets and protoplast-derived cells (PdCs) during the first week of culture. Plant cells rapidly dedifferentiated. Then, we observed the reinitiation and reorientation of protein synthesis, accompanied by the reinitiation of cell division and de novo cell wall synthesis. Marked changes in the expression of chromatin-associated genes, especially of those in the histone variant family, were observed during protoplast culture. Surprisingly, the epigenetic status of PdCs and well-established cell cultures differed, with PdCs exhibiting rare reactivated transposons and epigenetic changes. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study are interesting candidates for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying plant cell plasticity and totipotency. One of these genes, the plant-specific transcription factor ABERRANT LATERAL ROOT FORMATION4, is required for the initiation of protoplast division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Chupeau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318–AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Fabienne Granier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318–AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Olivier Pichon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1165, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, F-91057 Évry cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1165, Unité Mixte de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, F-91057 Évry cedex 2, France
| | - Valérie Gaudin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318–AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France
| | - Yves Chupeau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318–AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique–Centre de Versailles-Grignon, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Mehrnia M, Balazadeh S, Zanor MI, Mueller-Roeber B. EBE, an AP2/ERF transcription factor highly expressed in proliferating cells, affects shoot architecture in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:842-57. [PMID: 23616605 PMCID: PMC3668074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.214049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report about ERF BUD ENHANCER (EBE; At5g61890), a transcription factor that affects cell proliferation as well as axillary bud outgrowth and shoot branching in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). EBE encodes a member of the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factor superfamily; the gene is strongly expressed in proliferating cells and is rapidly and transiently up-regulated in axillary meristems upon main stem decapitation. Overexpression of EBE promotes cell proliferation in growing calli, while the opposite is observed in EBE-RNAi lines. EBE overexpression also stimulates axillary bud formation and outgrowth, while repressing it results in inhibition of bud growth. Global transcriptome analysis of estradiol-inducible EBE overexpression lines revealed 48 EBE early-responsive genes, of which 14 were up-regulated and 34 were down-regulated. EBE activates several genes involved in cell cycle regulation and dormancy breaking, including D-type cyclin CYCD3;3, transcription regulator DPa, and BRCA1-ASSOCIATED RING DOMAIN1. Among the down-regulated genes were DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN1 (AtDRM1), AtDRM1 homolog, MEDIATOR OF ABA-REGULATED DORMANCY1, and ZINC FINGER HOMEODOMAIN5. Our data indicate that the effect of EBE on shoot branching likely results from an activation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and dormancy breaking.
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Rival A, Ilbert P, Labeyrie A, Torres E, Doulbeau S, Personne A, Dussert S, Beulé T, Durand-Gasselin T, Tregear JW, Jaligot E. Variations in genomic DNA methylation during the long-term in vitro proliferation of oil palm embryogenic suspension cultures. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:359-368. [PMID: 23179461 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : The long-term proliferation of embryogenic cell suspensions of oil palm is associated with changes in both genomic methylation rates and embryogenic capacities. In the aim of exploring the relationship between epigenetic stability and the long-term in vitro proliferation of plant tissues, we have studied changes in genomic DNA methylation levels in embryogenic suspensions of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Five embryogenic callus lines were obtained from selected hybrid seeds and then proliferated as suspension cultures. Each clonal line obtained from a single genotype was subdivided into three independent subclonal lines. Once established, cultures proliferated for 12 months and genomic DNA was sampled at 4 months intervals for the estimation of global DNA methylation rates through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quantitation of deoxynucleosides. Our results show that in vitro proliferation induces DNA hypermethylation in a time-dependent fashion. Moreover, this trend is statistically significant in several clonal lines and shared between subclonal lines originating from the same genotype. Interestingly, the only clonal line undergoing loss of genomic methylation in the course of proliferation has been found unable to generate somatic embryos. We discuss the possible implications of genome-wide DNA methylation changes in proliferating cells with a view to the maintenance of genomic and epigenomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Rival
- CIRAD, UMR DIADE (IRD, UMSF), 34394, Montpellier, France
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Elvira PR, Sekida S, Okuda K. Inducible growth mode switches influence Valonia rhizoid differentiation. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:407-414. [PMID: 22307207 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell differentiation and cell type commitment are an integral part of plant growth and development. Investigations on how environmental conditions affect the formation of shoots, roots, and rhizoids can help illustrate how plants determine cell fate and overall morphology. In this study, we evaluated the role of substratum and light on rhizoid differentiation in the coenocytic green alga, Valonia aegagropila. Elongating rhizoids displayed varying growth modes and cell shape upon exposure to different substrata and light conditions. It was found that soft substrata and dark incubation promoted rhizoid elongation via tip growth while subsequent exposure to light prevented tip growth and instead induced swelling in the apical region of rhizoids. Swelling was accompanied by the accumulation of protoplasm in the rhizoid tip through expansion of the cell wall and uninhibited cytoplasmic streaming. Subsequent diffuse growth led to the transformation from slender, rod-shaped rhizoids into spherical thallus-like structures that required photosynthesis. Further manipulation of light regimes caused vacillating cell growth redirections. An elongating V. aegagropila rhizoid cell thus appears capable of growth mode switching that is regulated by immediate environmental conditions thereby influencing ultimate cell shape and function. This is the first description of inducible, multiple growth mode shifts in a single intact plant cell that directly impact its differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rommel Elvira
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Kuroshio Science, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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Reusche M, Thole K, Janz D, Truskina J, Rindfleisch S, Drübert C, Polle A, Lipka V, Teichmann T. Verticillium infection triggers VASCULAR-RELATED NAC DOMAIN7-dependent de novo xylem formation and enhances drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3823-37. [PMID: 23023171 PMCID: PMC3480305 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.103374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The soilborne fungal plant pathogen Verticillium longisporum invades the roots of its Brassicaceae hosts and proliferates in the plant vascular system. Typical aboveground symptoms of Verticillium infection on Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana are stunted growth, vein clearing, and leaf chloroses. Here, we provide evidence that vein clearing is caused by pathogen-induced transdifferentiation of chloroplast-containing bundle sheath cells to functional xylem elements. In addition, our findings suggest that reinitiation of cambial activity and transdifferentiation of xylem parenchyma cells results in xylem hyperplasia within the vasculature of Arabidopsis leaves, hypocotyls, and roots. The observed de novo xylem formation correlates with Verticillium-induced expression of the VASCULAR-RELATED NAC DOMAIN (VND) transcription factor gene VND7. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the chimeric repressor VND7-SRDX under control of a Verticillium infection-responsive promoter exhibit reduced de novo xylem formation. Interestingly, infected Arabidopsis wild-type plants show higher drought stress tolerance compared with noninfected plants, whereas this effect is attenuated by suppression of VND7 activity. Together, our results suggest that V. longisporum triggers a tissue-specific developmental plant program that compensates for compromised water transport and enhances the water storage capacity of infected Brassicaceae host plants. In conclusion, we provide evidence that this natural plant-fungus pathosystem has conditionally mutualistic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Reusche
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Karin Thole
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Dennis Janz
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Jekaterina Truskina
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Sören Rindfleisch
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Christine Drübert
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
| | - Thomas Teichmann
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
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de Almeida M, de Almeida CV, Mendes Graner E, Ebling Brondani G, Fiori de Abreu-Tarazi M. Pre-procambial cells are niches for pluripotent and totipotent stem-like cells for organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in the peach palm: a histological study. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1495-515. [PMID: 22534682 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The direct induction of adventitious buds and somatic embryos from explants is a morphogenetic process that is under the influence of exogenous plant growth regulators and its interactions with endogenous phytohormones. We performed an in vitro histological analysis in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) shoot apexes and determined that the positioning of competent cells and their interaction with neighboring cells, under the influence of combinations of exogenously applied growth regulators (NAA/BAP and NAA/TDZ), allows the pre-procambial cells (PPCs) to act in different morphogenic pathways to establish niche competent cells. It is likely that there has been a habituation phenomenon during the regeneration and development of the microplants. This includes promoting the tillering of primary or secondary buds due to culturing in the absence of NAA/BAP or NAA/TDZ after a period in the presence of these growth regulators. Histological analyses determined that the adventitious roots were derived from the dedifferentiation of the parenchymal cells located in the basal region of the adventitious buds, with the establishment of rooting pole, due to an auxin gradient. Furthermore, histological and histochemical analyses allowed us to characterize how the PPCs provide niches for multipotent, pluripotent and totipotent stem-like cells for vascular differentiation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in the peach palm. The histological and histochemical analyses also allowed us to detect the unicellular or multicellular origin of somatic embryogenesis. Therefore, our results indicate that the use of growth regulators in microplants can lead to habituation and to different morphogenic pathways leading to potential niche establishment, depending on the positioning of the competent cells and their interaction with neighboring cells. KEY MESSAGE Our results indicate that the use of growth regulators in microplants can lead to habituation and to different morphogenic pathways leading to potential niche establishment, depending on the positioning of the competent cells and their interaction with neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio de Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas PPG em Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas e PPG em Recursos Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13.418-900, Brazil.
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Grafi G, Florentin A, Ransbotyn V, Morgenstern Y. The stem cell state in plant development and in response to stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:53. [PMID: 22645540 PMCID: PMC3355748 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are commonly defined by their developmental capabilities, namely, self-renewal and multitype differentiation, yet the biology of stem cells and their inherent features both in plants and animals are only beginning to be elucidated. In this review article we highlight the stem cell state in plants with reference to animals and the plastic nature of plant somatic cells often referred to as totipotency as well as the essence of cellular dedifferentiation. Based on recent published data, we illustrate the picture of stem cells with emphasis on their open chromatin conformation. We discuss the process of dedifferentiation and highlight its transient nature, its distinction from re-entry into the cell cycle and its activation following exposure to stress. We also discuss the potential hazard that can be brought about by stress-induced dedifferentiation and its major impact on the genome, which can undergo stochastic, abnormal reorganization leading to genetic variation by means of DNA transposition and/or DNA recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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Kovářová M, Frantík T, Koblihová H, Bartůňková K, Nývltová Z, Vosátka M. Effect of clone selection, nitrogen supply, leaf damage and mycorrhizal fungi on stilbene and emodin production in knotweed. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:98. [PMID: 21624119 PMCID: PMC3123627 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fallopia japonica and its hybrid, F. xbohemica, due to their fast spread, are famous as nature threats rather than blessings. Their fast growth rate, height, coverage, efficient nutrient translocation between tillers and organs and high phenolic production, may be perceived either as dangerous or beneficial features that bring about the elimination of native species or a life-supporting source. To the best of our knowledge, there have not been any studies aimed at increasing the targeted production of medically desired compounds by these remarkable plants. We designed a two-year pot experiment to determine the extent to which stilbene (resveratrol, piceatannol, resveratrolosid, piceid and astringins) and emodin contents of F. japonica, F. sachalinensis and two selected F. xbohemica clones are affected by soil nitrogen (N) supply, leaf damage and mycorrhizal inoculation. RESULTS 1) Knotweeds are able to grow on substrates with extremely low nitrogen content and have a high efficiency of N translocation. The fast-spreading hybrid clones store less N in their rhizomes than the parental species. 2) The highest concentrations of stilbenes were found in the belowground biomass of F. japonica. However, because of the high belowground biomass of one clone of F. xbohemica, this hybrid produced more stilbenes per plant than F. japonica. 3) Leaf damage increased the resveratrol and emodin contents in the belowground biomass of the non-inoculated knotweed plants. 4) Although knotweed is supposed to be a non-mycorrhizal species, its roots are able to host the fungi. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi resulted in up to 2% root colonisation. 5) Both leaf damage and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi elicited an increase of the piceid (resveratrol-glucoside) content in the belowground biomass of F. japonica. However, the mycorrhizal fungi only elicited this response in the absence of leaf damage. Because the leaf damage suppressed the effect of the root fungi, the effect of leaf damage prevailed over the effect of the mycorrhizal fungi on the piceid content in the belowground biomass. CONCLUSIONS Two widely spread knotweed species, F. japonica and F. xbohemica, are promising sources of compounds that may have a positive impact on human health. The content of some of the target compounds in the plant tissues can be significantly altered by the cultivation conditions including stress imposed on the plants, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi and selection of the appropriate plant clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Kovářová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Frantík
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Koblihová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Bartůňková
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | | | - Miroslav Vosátka
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Průhonice 1, 252 43, Czech Republic
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