1
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Nakamura T, Sasaki S, Sato Y, Harashima H. Cancer Immunotherapy with Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with a Stimulator of Interferon Genes Agonist against Renal Tumor Lung Metastasis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:31. [PMID: 38258042 PMCID: PMC10819482 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has a poor prognosis, and the major organ of metastasis is the lung. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is the first-line therapy, but the response rates are low. Thus, the development of a more effective immunotherapy against metastatic RCC would be highly desirable. We previously demonstrated how a stimulator of an interferon gene (STING) agonist-loaded lipid nanoparticles (STING-LNPs) significantly activates natural killer (NK) cells and induces an antitumor effect against cases of melanoma lung metastasis that have shown ICI resistance. In this study, we evaluated the potential of using STING-LNPs in the treatment of lung metastatic RCC (Renca). An intravenous injection of STING-LNPs drastically decreased the amount of Renca tumor colonies. In contrast, monotherapies using ICIs showed no antitumor effect, and even a combination of ICI and STING-LNP therapies failed to enhance the antitumor effects. The main effector cells would be NK cells, and the activation of NK cells by the STING-LNPs may avoid the increased expression of immune checkpoint molecules. These findings provide useful insights into the development of an effective immunotherapy against metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | | | | | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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2
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Lučić I, Kurtović M, Mlinarić M, Piteša N, Čipak Gašparović A, Sabol M, Milković L. Deciphering Common Traits of Breast and Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells and Possible Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10683. [PMID: 37445860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) are among the most common and deadly cancers affecting women worldwide. Both are complex diseases with marked heterogeneity. Despite the induction of screening programs that increase the frequency of earlier diagnosis of BC, at a stage when the cancer is more likely to respond to therapy, which does not exist for OC, more than 50% of both cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Initial therapy can put the cancer into remission. However, recurrences occur frequently in both BC and OC, which are highly cancer-subtype dependent. Therapy resistance is mainly attributed to a rare subpopulation of cells, named cancer stem cells (CSC) or tumor-initiating cells, as they are capable of self-renewal, tumor initiation, and regrowth of tumor bulk. In this review, we will discuss the distinctive markers and signaling pathways that characterize CSC, their interactions with the tumor microenvironment, and the strategies they employ to evade immune surveillance. Our focus will be on identifying the common features of breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) and ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSC) and suggesting potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Lučić
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea Kurtović
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Mlinarić
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Piteša
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Čipak Gašparović
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Sabol
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Milković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Buijs JT, Ünlü B, Laghmani EH, Heestermans M, van Vlijmen BJM, Versteeg HH. Assessment of breast cancer progression and metastasis during a hypercoagulable state induced by silencing of antithrombin in a xenograft mouse model. Thromb Res 2023; 221:51-57. [PMID: 36470070 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Local coagulation activation has been shown to impact both primary tumor growth and metastasis in mice. It is well known that components of the blood clotting cascade such as tissue factor and thrombin play a role in tumor progression by activating cellular receptors and local formation of fibrin. However, whether venous thromboembolism (VTE) or a hypercoagulable state has a direct impact on cancer progression is unknown. Here we have combined an orthotopic murine breast cancer model, using female Nod-SCID mice, with siRNA-mediated silencing of antithrombin (siAT) leading to the induction of a systemic hypercoagulable state. We show that, compared to control siRNA-treated (not experiencing a hypercoagulable state) tumor-bearing mice, siAT treated tumor-bearing mice do not show enhanced tumor growth nor enhanced metastasis. We conclude that, in this murine model for hypercoagulability, induction of a hypercoagulable state does not contribute to breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Buijs
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - B Ünlü
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E H Laghmani
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M Heestermans
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - B J M van Vlijmen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H H Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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4
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Deng X, Terunuma H. Harnessing NK Cells to Control Metastasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122018. [PMID: 36560427 PMCID: PMC9781233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has produced remarkable results in tumor treatment. Nevertheless, its effects are severely limited in patients with low or absent pre-existing T cell immunity. Accordingly, metastasis remains the major cause of tumor-associated death. On the other hand, natural killer (NK) cells have the unique ability to recognize and rapidly act against tumor cells and surveil tumor cell dissemination. The role of NK cells in metastasis prevention is undisputable as an increase in the number of these cells mostly leads to a favorable prognosis. Hence, it is reasonable to consider that successful metastasis involves evasion of NK-cell-mediated immunosurveillance. Therefore, harnessing NK cells to control metastasis is promising. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are the seeds for distant metastasis, and the number of CTCs detected in the blood of patients with tumor is associated with a worse prognosis, whereas NK cells can eliminate highly motile CTCs especially in the blood. Here, we review the role of NK cells during metastasis, particularly the specific interactions of NK cells with CTCs, which may provide essential clues on how to harness the power of NK cells against tumor metastasis. As a result, a new way to prevent or treat metastatic tumor may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Deng
- Biotherapy Institute of Japan Inc., 2-4-8 Edagawa, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0051, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5632-6080; Fax: +81-3-5632-6083
| | - Hiroshi Terunuma
- Biotherapy Institute of Japan Inc., 2-4-8 Edagawa, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0051, Japan
- N2 Clinic Yotsuya, 5F 2-6 Samon-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0017, Japan
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5
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Seliger B, Koehl U. Underlying mechanisms of evasion from NK cells as rational for improvement of NK cell-based immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:910595. [PMID: 36045670 PMCID: PMC9422402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.910595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the family of innate immune cells with the capacity to recognize and kill tumor cells. Different phenotypes and functional properties of NK cells have been described in tumor patients, which could be shaped by the tumor microenvironment. The discovery of HLA class I-specific inhibitory receptors controlling NK cell activity paved the way to the fundamental concept of modulating immune responses that are regulated by an array of inhibitory receptors, and emphasized the importance to explore the potential of NK cells in cancer therapy. Although a whole range of NK cell-based approaches are currently being developed, there are still major challenges that need to be overcome for improved efficacy of these therapies. These include escape of tumor cells from NK cell recognition due to their expression of inhibitory molecules, immune suppressive signals of NK cells, reduced NK cell infiltration of tumors, an immune suppressive micromilieu and limited in vivo persistence of NK cells. Therefore, this review provides an overview about the NK cell biology, alterations of NK cell activities, changes in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment contributing to immune escape or immune surveillance by NK cells and their underlying molecular mechanisms as well as the current status and novel aspects of NK cell-based therapeutic strategies including their genetic engineering and their combination with conventional treatment options to overcome tumor-mediated evasion strategies and improve therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Barbara Seliger,
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Imran KM, Nagai-Singer MA, Brock RM, Alinezhadbalalami N, Davalos RV, Allen IC. Exploration of Novel Pathways Underlying Irreversible Electroporation Induced Anti-Tumor Immunity in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:853779. [PMID: 35372046 PMCID: PMC8972192 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.853779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in medical sciences and technologies have significantly improved the survival of many cancers; however, pancreatic cancer remains a deadly diagnosis. This malignancy is often diagnosed late in the disease when metastases have already occurred. Additionally, the location of the pancreas near vital organs limits surgical candidacy, the tumor's immunosuppressive environment limits immunotherapy success, and it is highly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. Hence, clinicians and patients alike need a treatment paradigm that reduces primary tumor burden, activates systemic anti-tumor immunity, and reverses the local immunosuppressive microenvironment to eventually clear distant metastases. Irreversible electroporation (IRE), a novel non-thermal tumor ablation technique, applies high-voltage ultra-short pulses to permeabilize targeted cell membranes and induce cell death. Progression with IRE technology and an array of research studies have shown that beyond tumor debulking, IRE can induce anti-tumor immune responses possibly through tumor neo-antigen release. However, the success of IRE treatment (i.e. full ablation and tumor recurrence) is variable. We believe that IRE treatment induces IFNγ expression, which then modulates immune checkpoint molecules and thus leads to tumor recurrence. This indicates a co-therapeutic use of IRE and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a promising treatment for pancreatic cancer patients. Here, we review the well-defined and speculated pathways involved in the immunostimulatory effects of IRE treatment for pancreatic cancer, as well as the regulatory pathways that may negate these anti-tumor responses. By defining these underlying mechanisms, future studies may identify improvements to systemic immune system engagement following local tumor ablation with IRE and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Mohammad Imran
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Margaret A. Nagai-Singer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rebecca M. Brock
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Nastaran Alinezhadbalalami
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Irving Coy Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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7
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Sawasdee N, Wattanapanitch M, Thongsin N, Phanthaphol N, Chiawpanit C, Thuwajit C, Yenchitsomanus PT, Panya A. Doxorubicin sensitizes breast cancer cells to natural killer cells in connection with increased Fas receptors. Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:40. [PMID: 35119077 PMCID: PMC8815410 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women. Although standard treatments are successful in patients with BC diagnosed at an early stage, an alternative treatment is required for patients with advanced-stage disease who do not respond to these treatments. The concept of using chemotherapy to sensitize cancer cells to become susceptible to immunotherapy was recently introduced and may be used as an alternative treatment for BC. The chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin has been reported to sensitize cancer cells; however, the efficacy to sensitize the solid spheroids, in addition to its underlying mechanism regarding how doxorubicin sensitizes BC, has not previously been explored. In the present study, the effectiveness of a combined treatment of doxorubicin and natural killer-92 (NK-92) cells against BC in either 2D or 3D spheroid models, and its association with Fas receptor (FasR) expression, was demonstrated. The BC (MCF7) cell line expressing a higher level of FasR was more sensitive to NK-92 cell killing than the MDA-MB-231 cell line, which expressed a lower level of FasR. A sublethal dose of doxorubicin caused a significant improvement in NK cytotoxicity. Concordantly, a significant reduction in cell viability was observed in the doxorubicin-treated MCF7 spheroids. Notably, flow cytometric analysis revealed significantly increased FasR expression in the MCF7 cells, suggesting the underlying sensitization mechanism of doxorubicin in BC was related to the FasR upregulation. The present findings supported the use of combined doxorubicin and NK immunotherapy in BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunghathai Sawasdee
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Methichit Wattanapanitch
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nontaphat Thongsin
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nattaporn Phanthaphol
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Chutipa Chiawpanit
- Department of Biology, Industry and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chanitra Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pa-Thai Yenchitsomanus
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Aussara Panya
- Department of Biology, Industry and Medicine, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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8
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Manoochehri M, Hielscher T, Borhani N, Gerhäuser C, Fletcher O, Swerdlow AJ, Ko YD, Brauch H, Brüning T, Hamann U. Epigenetic quantification of circulating immune cells in peripheral blood of triple-negative breast cancer patients. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:207. [PMID: 34789319 PMCID: PMC8596937 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A shift in the proportions of blood immune cells is a hallmark of cancer development. Here, we investigated whether methylation-derived immune cell type ratios and methylation-derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (mdNLRs) are associated with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). METHODS Leukocyte subtype-specific unmethylated/methylated CpG sites were selected, and methylation levels at these sites were used as proxies for immune cell type proportions and mdNLR estimation in 231 TNBC cases and 231 age-matched controls. Data were validated using the Houseman deconvolution method. Additionally, the natural killer (NK) cell ratio was measured in a prospective sample set of 146 TNBC cases and 146 age-matched controls. RESULTS The mdNLRs were higher in TNBC cases compared with controls and associated with TNBC (odds ratio (OR) range (2.66-4.29), all Padj. < 1e-04). A higher neutrophil ratio and lower ratios of NK cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, monocytes, and B cells were associated with TNBC. The strongest association was observed with decreased NK cell ratio (OR range (1.28-1.42), all Padj. < 1e-04). The NK cell ratio was also significantly lower in pre-diagnostic samples of TNBC cases compared with controls (P = 0.019). CONCLUSION This immunomethylomic study shows that a shift in the ratios/proportions of leukocyte subtypes is associated with TNBC, with decreased NK cell showing the strongest association. These findings improve our knowledge of the role of the immune system in TNBC and point to the possibility of using NK cell level as a non-invasive molecular marker for TNBC risk assessment, early detection, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Manoochehri
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of in-Vitro Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nasim Borhani
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Gerhäuser
- Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivia Fletcher
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.,Division of Genetics and Epidemiology and Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Yon-Dschun Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany.,iFIT Cluster of Excellence, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Jin H, Kim HJ. NK Cells Lose Their Cytotoxicity Function against Cancer Stem Cell-Rich Radiotherapy-Resistant Breast Cancer Cell Populations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9639. [PMID: 34502547 PMCID: PMC8431804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be induced from differentiated cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment or in response to treatments and exhibit chemo- and radioresistance, leading to tumor recurrence and metastasis. We previously reported that triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells with acquired radioresistance exhibited more aggressive features due to an increased CSC population. Therefore, here, we isolated CSCs from radiotherapy-resistant (RT-R)-TNBC cells and investigated the effects of these CSCs on tumor progression and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Compared to MDA-MB-231 and RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells, CD24-/low/CD44+ cells isolated from RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells showed increased proliferation, migration and invasion abilities, and induced expression of tumor progression-related molecules. Moreover, similar to MDA-MB-231 cells, CD24-/low/CD44+ cells recruited NK cells but suppressed NK cell cytotoxicity by regulating ligands for NK cell activation. In an in vivo model, CD24-/low/CD44+ cell-injected mice showed enhanced tumor progression and lung metastasis via upregulation of tumor progression-related molecules and altered host immune responses. Specifically, NK cells were recruited into the peritumoral area tumor but lost their cytotoxicity due to the altered expression of activating and inhibitory ligands on tumors. These results suggest that CSCs may cause tumor evasion of immune cells, resulting in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 816 Beongil 15 Jinjudaero, Jinju 52727, Korea;
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10
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Werner LR, Gibson KA, Goodman ML, Helm DE, Walter KR, Holloran SM, Trinca GM, Hastings RC, Yang HH, Hu Y, Wei J, Lei G, Yang XY, Madan R, Molinolo AA, Markiewicz MA, Chalise P, Axelrod ML, Balko JM, Hunter KW, Hartman ZC, Lange CA, Hagan CR. Progesterone promotes immunomodulation and tumor development in the murine mammary gland. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001710. [PMID: 33958486 PMCID: PMC8103939 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical studies have linked usage of progestins (synthetic progesterone [P4]) to breast cancer risk. However, little is understood regarding the role of native P4, signaling through the progesterone receptor (PR), in breast tumor formation. Recently, we reported a link between PR and immune signaling pathways, showing that P4/PR can repress type I interferon signaling pathways. Given these findings, we sought to investigate whether P4/PR drive immunomodulation in the mammary gland and promote tumor formation. METHODS To determine the effect of P4 on immune cell populations in the murine mammary gland, mice were treated with P4 or placebo pellets for 21 days. Immune cell populations in the mammary gland, spleen, and inguinal lymph nodes were subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. To assess the effect of PR overexpression on mammary gland tumor development as well as immune cell populations in the mammary gland, a transgenic mouse model was used in which PR was overexpressed throughout the entire mouse. Immune cell populations were assessed in the mammary glands, spleens, and inguinal lymph nodes of 6-month-old transgenic and control mice by flow cytometry. Transgenic mice were also monitored for mammary gland tumor development over a 2-year time span. Following development of mammary gland tumors, immune cell populations in the tumors and spleens of transgenic and control mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that mice treated with P4 exhibited changes in the mammary gland indicative of an inhibited immune response compared with placebo-treated mice. Furthermore, transgenic mice with PR overexpression demonstrated decreased numbers of immune cell populations in their mammary glands, lymph nodes, and spleens. On long-term monitoring, we determined that multiparous PR-overexpressing mice developed significantly more mammary gland tumors than control mice. Additionally, tumors from PR-overexpressing mice contained fewer infiltrating immune cells. Finally, RNA sequencing analysis of tumor samples revealed that immune-related gene signatures were lower in tumors from PR-overexpressing mice as compared with control mice. CONCLUSION Together, these findings offer a novel mechanism of P4-driven mammary gland tumor development and provide rationale in investigating the usage of antiprogestin therapies to promote immune-mediated elimination of mammary gland tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/drug effects
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/chemically induced
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Drug Implants
- Female
- Galectin 4/genetics
- Galectin 4/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovariectomy
- Progesterone/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Progesterone/agonists
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Escape/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn R Werner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Katelin A Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Merit L Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Dominika E Helm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Katherine R Walter
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sean M Holloran
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Gloria M Trinca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Richard C Hastings
- Flow Cytometry Core Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Howard H Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gangjun Lei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Yang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rashna Madan
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mary A Markiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Margaret L Axelrod
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Justin M Balko
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kent W Hunter
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Carol A Lange
- Department of Medicine (Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation), University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christy R Hagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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11
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Coexistence of inhibitory and activating killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors to the same cognate HLA-C2 and Bw4 ligands confer breast cancer risk. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7932. [PMID: 33846431 PMCID: PMC8041876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86964-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-specific killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) regulate natural killer (NK) cell function in eliminating malignancy. Breast cancer (BC) patients exhibit reduced NK-cytotoxicity in peripheral blood. To test the hypothesis that certain KIR-HLA combinations impairing NK-cytotoxicity predispose to BC risk, we analyzed KIR and HLA polymorphisms in 162 women with BC and 278 controls. KIR-Bx genotypes increased significantly in BC than controls (83.3% vs. 71.9%, OR 1.95), and the increase was more pronounced in advanced-cancer (OR 5.3). No difference was observed with inhibitory KIR (iKIR) and HLA-ligand combinations. The activating KIR (aKIR) and HLA-ligand combinations, 2DS1 + C2 (OR 2.98) and 3DS1 + Bw4 (OR 2.6), were significantly increased in advanced-BC. All patients with advanced-cancer carrying 2DS1 + C2 or 3DS1 + Bw4 also have their iKIR counterparts 2DL1 and 3DL1, respectively. Contrarily, the 2DL1 + C2 and 3DL1 + Bw4 pairs without their aKIR counterparts are significantly higher in controls. These data suggest that NK cells expressing iKIR to the cognate HLA-ligands in the absence of putative aKIR counterpart are instrumental in antitumor response. These data provide a new framework for improving the utility of genetic risk scores for individualized surveillance.
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12
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Pretzsch E, Bösch F, Renz B, Werner J, Angele M, Chaudry IH. Operative Trauma and Blood Loss - Impact on Tumor Growth and Recurrence. Shock 2020; 55:455-464. [PMID: 32881756 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In cancer patients, surgical removal of the primary tumor is one of the major steps within a multimodal therapy concept toward eliminating the disease and limiting further progression. In this respect, surgical trauma can have potent effects on the patient's immune system. Intraoperative blood loss associated with major surgical trauma leads to reduced blood flow, regional hypoxia, metabolic, and microenvironmental alterations stimulating an inflammatory response characterized by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6) and acute-phase proteins. The inflammatory state is accompanied by and intertwined with a counter-regulatory anti-inflammatory response reflected in the rise of anti-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., transforming growth factor-β) and prostaglandins (i.e., prostaglandin E2) which can lead to a depression of cell-mediated immunity and systemic immunosuppression. This results in a highly vulnerable state with concurrent expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines alternately predominating. The immunosuppressive state is characterized by a reduced antigen-presentation capacity of macrophages, alterations in lymphocyte proliferation, and activation as well as a shift of the Th1/Th2 (T helper cells 1 and 2) balance toward Th2 and a decrease in natural killer cell activity. The severity of the immunosuppression thereby correlates with the extent and the duration of the surgical procedure. Growing evidence suggests that the immunosuppressive state following hemorrhage and surgical trauma might not only be a risk factor for postoperative complications but also facilitate tumor proliferation, metastatic growth, and recurrence. This article provides an overview of the cascade of events and underlying mechanisms resulting in immunosuppression and describes the impact of hemorrhage and major surgical trauma on tumor growth and recurrence. Attempts to control for perioperative inflammation thereby reducing the adverse effects of postoperative immunosuppression could have positive effects on tumor growth, metastasis formation, and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Pretzsch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Florian Bösch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bernhard Renz
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Martin Angele
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Irshad H Chaudry
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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13
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Lotfinejad P, Kazemi T, Mokhtarzadeh A, Shanehbandi D, Jadidi Niaragh F, Safaei S, Asadi M, Baradaran B. PD-1/PD-L1 axis importance and tumor microenvironment immune cells. Life Sci 2020; 259:118297. [PMID: 32822718 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is heterogeneous cancer with poor prognosis among the other breast tumors. Rapid recurrence and increased progression rate could be reasons for the poor prognosis of this type of breast cancer. Recently, because of the lack of specific targets in multiple cancer treatment, immune checkpoint blockade therapies with targeting PD-1/PD-L1 axis have displayed significant advances and improved survival. Among different types of breast cancers, TNBC is considered more immunogenic with high T-cell and other immune cells infiltration compared to other breast cancer subtypes. This immunogenic characteristic of TNBC is a beneficial marker in the immunotherapy of these tumors. Clinical studies with a focus on immune checkpoint therapy have demonstrated promising results in TNBC treatment. In this review, we summarize clinical trials with the immunotherapy-based treatment of different cancers and also discuss the interaction between infiltrating immune cells and breast tumor microenvironment. In addition, we focus on the signaling pathway that controls PD-L1 expression and continues with CAR T-cell therapy and siRNA as novel strategies and potential tools in targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Lotfinejad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Asadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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14
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Witek Janusek L, Tell D, Mathews HL. Mindfulness based stress reduction provides psychological benefit and restores immune function of women newly diagnosed with breast cancer: A randomized trial with active control. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:358-373. [PMID: 30953776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women newly diagnosed with breast cancer experience psychological distress, accompanied by reduced Natural Killer Cell Activity (NKCA) and altered levels of cytokines, which may compromise cancer control. Few studies have evaluated psycho-immune outcomes of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for women newly diagnosed with breast cancer in comparison to an active control condition. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether MBSR benefits psychological, behavioral, and immunological function in women recently diagnosed with breast cancer. DESIGN After confirmation of breast cancer staging, women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer (n = 192) were randomized to an 8-week MBSR program or an 8-week active control condition (ACC). The ACC consisted of a series of cancer recovery and health education classes. Both MBSR and the ACC were administered in group format. METHODS Women completed psychometric instruments and provided blood for NKCA and cytokine levels at pre-, mid-, and completion of program, as well as at 1- and 6-months post-program. One hundred and twenty four women completed all five-assessments (MBSR, n = 63; ACC, n = 61). Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze trajectories of outcomes over time and between groups. RESULTS Compared to the ACC group, women randomized to MBSR exhibited decreasing trajectories of perceived stress, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms. Further, compared to women randomized to ACC, MBSR women exhibited trajectories demonstrating significantly more rapid restoration of NKCA, accompanied by lower circulating TNF-alpha levels, lower IL-6 production, and greater IFN-gamma production. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate early provision of MBSR for women newly diagnosed with breast cancer provides not only psychological benefit, but also optimizes immune function supportive of cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Witek Janusek
- Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Department of Health Promotion, Loyola University Chicago, Health Science Division, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, United States.
| | - Dina Tell
- Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Department of Health Promotion, Loyola University Chicago, Health Science Division, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, United States
| | - Herbert L Mathews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Health Science Division, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, United States
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15
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CD56 expression in breast cancer induces sensitivity to natural killer-mediated cytotoxicity by enhancing the formation of cytotoxic immunological synapse. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8756. [PMID: 31217484 PMCID: PMC6584531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the potential value of the natural killer (NK) cell line; NK-92, as immunotherapy tool for breast cancer (BC) treatment and searched for biomarker(s) of sensitivity to NK-92-mediated cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of NK-92 cells towards one breast precancerous and nine BC cell lines was analyzed using calcein-AM and degranulation assays. The molecules associated with NK-92-responsiveness were determined by differential gene expression analysis using RNA-sequencing and validated by RT-PCR, immunostaining and flow cytometry. NK-target interactions and immunological synapse formation were assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Potential biomarker expression was determined by IHC in 99 patient-derived BC tissues and 10 normal mammary epithelial tissues. Most (8/9) BC cell lines were resistant while only one BC and the precancerous cell lines were effectively killed by NK-92 lymphocytes. NK-92-sensitive target cells specifically expressed CD56, which ectopic expression in CD56-negative BC cells induced their sensitivity to NK-92-mediated killing, suggesting that CD56 is not only a biomarker of responsiveness but actively regulates NK function. CD56 adhesion molecules which are also expressed on NK cells accumulate at the immunological synapse enhancing NK-target interactions, cytotoxic granzyme B transfer from NK-92 to CD56-expressing target cells and induction of caspase 3 activation in targets. Interestingly, CD56 expression was found to be reduced in breast tumor tissues (36%) with strong inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity in comparison to normal breast tissues (80%). CD56 is a potential predictive biomarker for BC responsiveness to NK-92-cell based immunotherapy and loss of CD56 expression might be a mechanism of escape from NK-immunity.
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16
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Buijs JT, Laghmani EH, van den Akker RFP, Tieken C, Vletter EM, van der Molen KM, Crooijmans JJ, Kroone C, Le Dévédec SE, van der Pluijm G, Versteeg HH. The direct oral anticoagulants rivaroxaban and dabigatran do not inhibit orthotopic growth and metastasis of human breast cancer in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:951-963. [PMID: 30929299 PMCID: PMC6849835 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Factor Xa (FXa)-targeting direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) reduce venous thromboembolism (VTE) The effects of FXa-targeting DOACs on cancer progression remain to be studied In xenograft models, a FXa-targeting DOAC did not inhibit breast cancer growth and metastasis A thrombin-targeting DOAC, dabigatran, also did not inhibit breast cancer growth and metastasis ABSTRACT: Background Factor Xa-targeting DOACs were recently found to reduce recurrent VTE efficiently in cancer patients when compared to the standard treatment with low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs). While the anticancer effects of LMWHs have been extensively studied in preclinical cancer models, the effects of FXa-targeting DOACs on cancer progression remain to be studied. Objective We investigated whether the FXa-targeting DOAC rivaroxaban and the thrombin-targeting DOAC dabigatran etexilate (DE) affected human breast cancer growth and metastasis in orthotopic xenograft models. Methods/results Mice that were put on a custom-made chow diet supplemented with rivaroxaban (0.4 or 1.0 mg/g diet) or dabigatran etexilate (DE) (10 mg/g diet) showed prolonged ex vivo coagulation times (prothrombin time [PT] and activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT] assay, respectively). However, rivaroxaban and DE did not inhibit MDA-MB-231 tumor growth and metastasis formation in lungs or livers of 7-week-old fully immunodeficient NOD/SCID/ƴC-/- (NSG) mice. Comparable data were obtained for rivaroxaban-treated mice when using NOD-SCID mice. Rivaroxaban and DE treatment also did not significantly inhibit tumor growth and metastasis formation when using another human triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line (HCC1806) in NOD-SCID mice. The FXa and thrombin-induced gene expression of the downstream target CXCL8 in both cell lines, but FXa and thrombin, did not significantly stimulate migration, proliferation, or stemness in vitro. Conclusion Although effectively inhibiting coagulation, the DOACs rivaroxaban and DE did not inhibit orthotopic growth and metastasis of human TNBC. It remains to be investigated whether DOACs exert antitumorigenic effects in other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen T. Buijs
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineDivision of Thrombosis and HemostasisDepartment of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - El H. Laghmani
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineDivision of Thrombosis and HemostasisDepartment of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Rob F. P. van den Akker
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineDivision of Thrombosis and HemostasisDepartment of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Chris Tieken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineDivision of Thrombosis and HemostasisDepartment of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Esther M. Vletter
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineDivision of Thrombosis and HemostasisDepartment of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Kim M. van der Molen
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineDivision of Thrombosis and HemostasisDepartment of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Juliette J. Crooijmans
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineDivision of Thrombosis and HemostasisDepartment of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Chantal Kroone
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineDivision of Thrombosis and HemostasisDepartment of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E. Le Dévédec
- Division of Drug Discovery and SafetyLeiden Academic Center for Drug ResearchLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Henri H. Versteeg
- Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative MedicineDivision of Thrombosis and HemostasisDepartment of Internal MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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17
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Abraham E, Ahmadian BB, Holderness K, Levinson Y, McAfee E. Platforms for Manufacturing Allogeneic, Autologous and iPSC Cell Therapy Products: An Industry Perspective. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 165:323-350. [PMID: 28534167 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As cell therapy processes mature from benchtop research protocols to industrial processes capable of manufacturing market-relevant numbers of doses, new cell manufacturing platforms are required. Here we give an overview of the platforms and technologies currently available to manufacture allogeneic cell products, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and technologies for mass production of autologous cell therapies via scale-out. These technologies include bioreactors, microcarriers, cell separation and cryopreservation equipment, molecular biology tools for iPSC generation, and single-use controlled-environment systems for autologous cell production. These platforms address the challenges of manufacturing cell products in greater numbers while maintaining process robustness and product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eytan Abraham
- Research and Technology, Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Erika McAfee
- Research and Technology, Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA
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18
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Zhang N, Chen Y, Li S, Yin H, Li L, Shan M, Long Z, Tian J, Li J, Yu H, Xie K, Wu Z, Daria V, Wang F, Zhao Y. Multiple exposure to environmental factors and variations in CYP27B1 and the microRNA-binding site of IL-13 are associated with breast cancer risk. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3237-3249. [PMID: 31041852 PMCID: PMC6558484 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Several molecular epidemiology studies have evidenced an association of environmental factors and genetic polymorphisms with breast cancer (BC) risk. However, most have considered the functions of a single element rather than combined effects. Methods This case‐control study of 693 newly‐diagnosed BC cases and 714 cancer‐free controls evaluated the effect of multiple exposures to environmental factors and polymorphisms in CYP27B1 and IL‐13 on BC risk. Genotypes were detected using TaqMan genotyping. Combinations and interactions were analyzed using cross‐over analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Combining exposure models were assessed using classification and regression tree and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results No significant independent association was observed for any polymorphism in CYP27B1 or IL‐13 with the risk of BC. However, significant combined effects were noted for ≥1 time/wk physical activity with rs10877012 (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.11‐0.39) and rs4646536 (ORadj = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.11‐0.39) in CYP27B1. Furthermore, taking garlic ≥4 times/wk, ≥1 time/wk physical activity, and a psychological index score ≥33 all displayed significant combined effects with three IL‐13 polymorphisms. These relationships remained significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Combining exposure models indicated that compared with consuming garlic ≥4 times/wk, five models (model 5, ORadj = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.07‐8.06; model 6, ORadj = 10.26, 95% CI = 5.81‐18.10; model 7, ORadj = 5.05, 95% CI = 2.78‐9.17; model 8, ORadj = 3.95, 95% CI = 2.79‐5.58; and model 9, ORadj = 7.97, 95% CI = 5.26‐12.07) showed a significant increased risk. Conclusions Our findings suggest that personalized adjustments to diet and behavioral patterns may aid BC prevention in variant carriers of CYP27B1 and IL‐13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Huihui Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhiping Long
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Jingshen Tian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Volontovich Daria
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
| | - Yashuang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P. R. China
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Foulds GA, Vadakekolathu J, Abdel-Fatah TMA, Nagarajan D, Reeder S, Johnson C, Hood S, Moseley PM, Chan SYT, Pockley AG, Rutella S, McArdle SEB. Immune-Phenotyping and Transcriptomic Profiling of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From Patients With Breast Cancer: Identification of a 3 Gene Signature Which Predicts Relapse of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2028. [PMID: 30254632 PMCID: PMC6141692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Interactions between the immune system and tumors are highly reciprocal in nature, leading to speculation that tumor recurrence or therapeutic resistance could be influenced or predicted by immune events that manifest locally, but can be detected systemically. Methods: Multi-parameter flow cytometry was used to examine the percentage and phenotype of natural killer (NK) cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), monocyte subsets and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the peripheral blood of of 85 patients with breast cancer (50 of whom were assessed before and after one cycle of anthracycline-based chemotherapy), and 23 controls. Transcriptomic profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 23 patients were generated using a NanoString gene profiling platform. Results: An increased percentage of immunosuppressive cells such as granulocytic MDSCs, intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocytes and CD127negCD25highFoxP3+ Treg cells was observed in patients with breast cancer, especially patients with stage 3 and 4 disease, regardless of ER status. Following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, B cell numbers decreased significantly, whereas monocyte numbers increased. Although chemotherapy had no effect on the percentage of Treg, MDSC and NK cells, the expression of inhibitory receptors CD85j, LIAR and NKG2A and activating receptors NKp30 and NKp44 on NK cells increased, concomitant with a decreased expression of NKp46 and DNAM-1 activating receptors. Transcriptomic profiling revealed a distinct group of 3 patients in the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cohort who expressed high levels of mRNA encoding genes predominantly involved in inflammation. The analysis of a large transcriptomic dataset derived from the tumors of patients with TNBC revealed that the expression of CD163, CXCR4, THBS1 predicted relapse-free survival. Conclusions: The peripheral blood immunome of patients with breast cancer is influenced by the presence and stage of cancer, but not by molecular subtypes. Furthermore, immune profiling coupled with transcriptomic analyses of peripheral blood cells may identify patients with TNBC that are at risk of relapse after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma A Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jayakumar Vadakekolathu
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tarek M A Abdel-Fatah
- Clinical Oncology Department, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Divya Nagarajan
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Reeder
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Johnson
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hood
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Moseley
- Clinical Oncology Department, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Y T Chan
- Clinical Oncology Department, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - A Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Rutella
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E B McArdle
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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20
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Abouelghar A, Hasnah R, Taouk G, Saad M, Karam M. Prognostic values of the mRNA expression of natural killer receptor ligands and their association with clinicopathological features in breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27171-27196. [PMID: 29930758 PMCID: PMC6007477 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that have potent cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. NK cell recognition and activity towards cancer cells are regulated by an integrated interplay between numerous inhibitory and activating receptors acting in concert to eliminate tumor cells expressing cognate ligands. Despite strong evidence supporting the role of NK cells in breast cancer (BC) control, BC still develops and progresses to form large tumors and metastases. A major mechanism of BC escape from NK immunity is the alteration of the expression of NK receptor ligands. The aim of this study was to determine whether NK receptor ligands' mRNA expression might influence prognosis in BC patients and whether these effects differ by molecular subtypes and clinicopathological features. METHODS We used the KM plotter platform to analyze the correlation between mRNA expression of 32 NK receptor ligands and relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in 3951 and 1402 BC patients, respectively. The association with tumor subtypes and clinicopathological features was determined. BC samples were split into high and low expression groups according to the best cutoff value and the two patient cohorts were compared by Kaplan-Meier survival plots. The hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals and log rank P values were calculated and FDR-adjusted for multiple testing correction. The data was considered to be statistically significant when FDR-adjusted P value < 0.05. RESULTS High mRNA expression of around 80% of ligands for NK activating and inhibitory receptors associated with better RFS, which correlated with longer OS for only about half of the NK-activating ligands but for most NK-inhibitory ligands. Also, five NK-activating ligands correlated with worse prognosis. These prognostic values were differentially associated with the BC clinical criteria. In addition, the favorable prognostic influence of NK-activating ligands' upregulation, as a whole, was mainly significantly associated with HER2-positive and basal-like subtypes, lymph node positive phenotype, and high-grade tumors. CONCLUSIONS NK receptor ligands appear to play an important role in defining BC patient prognosis. Identification of a group of patients with worse prognosis expressing high levels of NK-activating ligands and low levels of NK-inhibitory ligands makes them ideal potential candidates for NK-based immunotherapy to eliminate residual tumor cells, prevent relapse and improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abouelghar
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Reem Hasnah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ghina Taouk
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamad Saad
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manale Karam
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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21
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Nagarajan D, McArdle SEB. Immune Landscape of Breast Cancers. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010020. [PMID: 29439457 PMCID: PMC5874677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease, both at a molecular and a histological level. Five intrinsic subtypes were initially identified-Luminal-A, Luminal-B, HER2⁺, Triple negative/basal like (TNBC) and normal like-subsequently expanded to seven (Basal-like-1 and 2, mesenchymal, mesenchymal stem-like, luminal androgen receptor, immuno-modulatory and unstable). Although genetic and epigenetic changes are key pathogenic events, the immune system plays a substantial role in promoting progression and metastasis. This review will discuss the extent to which immune cells can be detected within the tumor microenvironment, as well as their prognostic role and relationship with the microbiome, with an emphasis on TNBC.
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22
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Abstract
A group of impressive immunotherapies for cancer treatment, including immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies, gene therapy and immune cell adoptive cellular immunotherapy, have been established, providing new weapons to fight cancer. Natural killer (NK) cells are a component of the first line of defense against tumors and virus infections. Studies have shown dysfunctional NK cells in patients with cancer. Thus, restoring NK cell antitumor functionality could be a promising therapeutic strategy. NK cells that are activated and expanded ex vivo can supplement malfunctional NK cells in tumor patients. Therapeutic antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), or bispecific proteins can all retarget NK cells precisely to tumor cells. Therapeutic antibody blockade of the immune checkpoints of NK cells has been suggested to overcome the immunosuppressive signals delivered to NK cells. Oncolytic virotherapy provokes antitumor activity of NK cells by triggering antiviral immune responses. Herein, we review the current immunotherapeutic approaches employed to restore NK cell antitumor functionality for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Li
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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23
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Kerekes D, Visscher DW, Hoskin TL, Radisky DC, Brahmbhatt RD, Pena A, Frost MH, Arshad M, Stallings-Mann M, Winham SJ, Murphy L, Denison L, Carter JM, Knutson KL, Degnim AC. CD56+ immune cell infiltration and MICA are decreased in breast lobules with fibrocystic changes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 167:649-658. [PMID: 29090365 PMCID: PMC5807482 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose While the role of natural killer (NK) cells in breast cancer therapy has been investigated, little information is known about NK cell function and presence in nonmalignant and premalignant breast tissue. Here, we investigate and quantify NK cell marker CD56 and activating ligand MICA in breast tissue with benign breast disease. Methods Serial tissue sections from 88 subjects, 44 with benign breast disease (BBD) who remained cancer-free, and 44 with BBD who later developed cancer, were stained with H&E, anti-MICA, and anti-CD56. Up to ten representative lobules were identified on each section. Using digital image analysis, MICA and CD56 densities were determined for each lobule, reported as percent of pixels in the lobule that registered as stained by each antibody. Analyses were performed on a per-subject and per-lobule basis. Results Per-subject multivariate analyses showed associations of CD56 and MICA with age: CD56 was increased in older subjects (p = 0.03), while MICA was increased in younger subjects (p = 0.005). Per-lobule analyses showed that CD56 and MICA levels were both decreased in lobules with fibrocystic change, with median levels of CD56 and MICA staining, respectively, at 0.31 and 7.0% in fibrocystic lobules compared to 0.76 and 12.2% in lobules without fibrocystic change (p < 0.001 for each). Among fibrocystic lobules, proliferative/atypical lobules showed significantly lower expression compared to nonproliferative lobules for MICA (p = 0.02) but not for CD56 (p = 0.80). Conclusion Levels of CD56+ NK cells and activating ligand MICA were decreased in breast lobules with fibrocystic change, and MICA levels showed a significant stepwise decrease with increasing histopathologic abnormality. MICA levels were also significantly decreased in older subjects, who generally have higher risk of developing cancer. These findings advance a model in which MICA promotes cytotoxic activity in CD56+ NK cells to protect against tumorigenesis in breast lobules, and suggest further research is warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-017-4558-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerekes
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Tanya L Hoskin
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Rushin D Brahmbhatt
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alvaro Pena
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Stacey J Winham
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Linda Murphy
- Women's Cancer Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lori Denison
- Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jodi M Carter
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Amy C Degnim
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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24
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Liang S, Xu K, Niu L, Wang X, Liang Y, Zhang M, Chen J, Lin M. Comparison of autogeneic and allogeneic natural killer cells immunotherapy on the clinical outcome of recurrent breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4273-4281. [PMID: 28894383 PMCID: PMC5584889 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s139986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to compare the clinical outcome of autogeneic and allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells immunotherapy for the treatment of recurrent breast cancer. Between July 2016 and February 2017, 36 patients who met the enrollment criteria were randomly assigned to two groups: autogeneic NK cells immunotherapy group (group I, n=18) and allogeneic NK cells immunotherapy group (group II, n=18). The clinical efficacy, quality of life, immune function, circulating tumor cell (CTC) level, and other related indicators were evaluated. We found that allogeneic NK cells immunotherapy has better clinical efficacy than autogeneic therapy. Moreover, allogeneic NK cells therapy improves the quality of life, reduces the number of CTCs, reduces carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) expression, and significantly enhances immune function. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical trial to compare the clinical outcome of autogeneic and allogeneic NK cells immunotherapy for recurrent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Liang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Fuda Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kecheng Xu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Fuda Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lizhi Niu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Fuda Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingqing Liang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Jibing Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Fuda Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mao Lin
- Department of Central Laboratory, Fuda Cancer Hospital, Jinan University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Fuda Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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25
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Hagstrom AD, Marshall PWM, Lonsdale C, Papalia S, Cheema BS, Toben C, Baune BT, Fiatarone Singh MA, Green S. The effect of resistance training on markers of immune function and inflammation in previously sedentary women recovering from breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 155:471-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Lee SJ, Kang WY, Yoon Y, Jin JY, Song HJ, Her JH, Kang SM, Hwang YK, Kang KJ, Joo KM, Nam DH. Natural killer (NK) cells inhibit systemic metastasis of glioblastoma cells and have therapeutic effects against glioblastomas in the brain. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:1011. [PMID: 26704632 PMCID: PMC4690248 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by extensive local invasion, which is in contrast with extremely rare systemic metastasis of GBM. Molecular mechanisms inhibiting systemic metastasis of GBM would be a novel therapeutic candidate for GBM in the brain. METHODS Patient-derived GBM cells were primarily cultured from surgical samples of GBM patients and were inoculated into the brains of immune deficient BALB/c-nude or NOD-SCID IL2Rgamma(null) (NSG) mice. Human NK cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononucleated cells and expanded in vitro. RESULTS Patient-derived GBM cells in the brains of NSG mice unexpectedly induced spontaneous lung metastasis although no metastasis was detected in BALB/c-nude mice. Based on the difference of the innate immunity between two mouse strains, NK cell activities of orthotopic GBM xenograft models based on BALB/c-nude mice were inhibited. NK cell inactivation induced spontaneous lung metastasis of GBM cells, which indicated that NK cells inhibit the systemic metastasis. In vitro cytotoxic activities of human NK cells against GBM cells indicated that cytotoxic activity of NK cells against GBM cells prevents systemic metastasis of GBM and that NK cells could be effective cell therapeutics against GBM. Accordingly, NK cells transplanted into orthotopic GBM xenograft models intravenously or intratumorally induced apoptosis of GBM cells in the brain and showed significant therapeutic effects. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that innate NK immunity is responsible for rare systemic metastasis of GBM and that sufficient supplementation of NK cells could be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for GBM in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Won Young Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
| | - Yeup Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
| | - Ju Youn Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
| | - Hye Jin Song
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Jung Hyun Her
- Cell Therapy Team, Mogam Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, 16928, South Korea.
| | - Sang Mi Kang
- Cell Therapy Team, Mogam Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, 16928, South Korea.
| | - Yu Kyeong Hwang
- Cell Therapy Team, Mogam Biotechnology Institute, Yongin, 16928, South Korea.
| | - Kyeong Jin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 50 Ilwon-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
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27
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Verma C, Kaewkangsadan V, Eremin JM, Cowley GP, Ilyas M, El-Sheemy MA, Eremin O. Natural killer (NK) cell profiles in blood and tumour in women with large and locally advanced breast cancer (LLABC) and their contribution to a pathological complete response (PCR) in the tumour following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC): differential restoration of blood profiles by NAC and surgery. J Transl Med 2015; 13:180. [PMID: 26040463 PMCID: PMC4467635 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NK cells contribute to tumour surveillance, inhibition of growth and dissemination by cytotoxicity, secretion of cytokines and interaction with immune cells. Their precise role in human breast cancer is unclear and the effect of therapy poorly studied. The purpose of our study was to characterise NK cells in women with large (≥3 cm) and locally advanced (T3–4, N1–2, M0) breast cancers (LLABCs) undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and surgery, and to ascertain their possible contribution to a pathological complete response (pCR). Methods Women with LLABCs (n = 25) and healthy female donors [HFDs (n = 10)] were studied. Pathological responses in the breast were assessed using established criteria. Blood samples were collected pre and post NAC and surgery. Flow cytometry and labelled monoclonal antibodies established absolute numbers (AbNs) and percentages (%) of NK cells, and expressing granzyme B/perforin and NKG2D. In vitro NK cytotoxicity was assessed and NK cells and cytokines (IL-2, INF-γ, TGF-β) documented in tumours using immunohistochemical techniques. Data was analysed by SPSS. Results Women with LLABCs had significantly reduced AbNs (160.00 ± 40.00 cells/µl) but not % of NK cells, compared with HFDs (NK: 266.78 ± 55.00 cells/µl; p = 0.020). NAC enhanced the AbN (p = 0.001) and % (p = 0.006) of NK cells in patients with good pathological responses. Granzyme B+/perforin+ cells were significantly reduced (43.41 ± 4.00%), compared with HFDs (60.26 ± 7.00%; p = 0.003). NAC increased the % in good (p = 0.006) and poor (p = 0.005) pathological responders. Pretreatment NK cytotoxicity was significantly reduced in good (37.80 ± 8.05%) and poor (22.80 ± 7.97%) responders (p = 0.001) but remained unchanged following NAC. NK-NKG2D+ cells were unaltered and unaffected by NAC; NKG2D expression was increased in patients with a pCR (p = 0.001). Surgery following NAC was not beneficial, except in those with a pCR. Tumour-infiltrating NK cells were infrequent but increased peritumourally (p = 0.005) showing a significant correlation (p = 0.004) between CD56+ cells and grade of response. Tumour cytokines had no effect. Conclusion Women with LLABCs have inhibited blood innate immunity, variably reversed by NAC (especially with tumour pCRs), which returned to pretreatment levels following surgery. These and in situ tumour findings suggest a role for NK cells in NAC-induced breast pCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Verma
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, E Floor West Block, Queens Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Viriya Kaewkangsadan
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, E Floor West Block, Queens Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Jennifer M Eremin
- Lincoln Breast Unit, Research and Development Department, Lincoln County Hospital, Greetwell Road, Lincoln, LN2 5QY, UK.
| | - Gerard P Cowley
- Department of Pathology, PathLinks, Lincoln County Hospital, Greetwell Road, Lincoln, LN2 5QY, UK.
| | - Mohammad Ilyas
- Academic Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, A Floor West Block, Queens Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Mohamed A El-Sheemy
- Lincoln Breast Unit, Research and Development Department, Lincoln County Hospital, Greetwell Road, Lincoln, LN2 5QY, UK.
| | - Oleg Eremin
- Division of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, E Floor West Block, Queens Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. .,Lincoln Breast Unit, Research and Development Department, Lincoln County Hospital, Greetwell Road, Lincoln, LN2 5QY, UK.
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28
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Ding X, Cao H, Chen X, Jin H, Liu Z, Wang G, Cai L, Li D, Niu C, Tian H, Yang L, Zhao Y, Li W, Cui J. Cellular immunotherapy as maintenance therapy prolongs the survival of the patients with small cell lung cancer. J Transl Med 2015; 13:158. [PMID: 25968637 PMCID: PMC4446113 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) relapses rapidly after the initial response to chemotherapy and shows drug-resistance. This study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of cellular immunotherapy (CIT) with autologous natural killer (NK), γδT, and cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells as maintenance therapy for SCLC patients. METHODS A pilot prospective cohort study was conducted with SCLC patients who had responded to initial chemotherapy. Patients elected to receive either CIT as maintenance therapy (study group), or to be followed-up without further treatment (control group). Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse effects were investigated. RESULTS We recruited 58 patients (29 in each group). The patient characteristics of the 2 groups were well balanced. PFS was not significantly different between the groups, but OS was significantly longer in the study group than the control (20 vs. 11.5 months, P = 0.005; hazard ratio [HR], 0.434, 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.236-0.797, P = 0.007). Among patients with limited-stage disease, there was no difference in PFS between the groups, but OS was longer in the study group compared to the control (26.5 vs. 11.8 months, P = 0.033; HR, 0.405, 95 % CI, 0.169-0.972, P = 0.043). Among patients with extensive-stage disease, both PFS and OS were longer in the study group than the control (5 vs. 2.7 months, P = 0.037; HR, 0.403, 95 % CI, 0.162-1.003, P = 0.051, and 14.5 vs. 9 months, P = 0.038; HR, 0.403, 95 % CI, 0.165-0.987, P = 0.047, respectively). No significant adverse reactions occurred in patients undergoing CIT. CONCLUSIONS CIT maintenance therapy in SCLC prolonged survival with only minimal side effects. Integrating CIT into current treatment may be a novel strategy for SCLC therapy, although further multi-center randomized studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ding
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - He Cao
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Xiao Chen
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Haofan Jin
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Ziling Liu
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Dan Li
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Chao Niu
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Huimin Tian
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71. Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Combined cellular immunotherapy and chemotherapy improves clinical outcome in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:979-88. [PMID: 25890480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.03.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Despite the availability of multiple treatment strategies, patients with gastric carcinoma (GC) have a dismal prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cellular immunotherapy (CIT) with the use of autologous natural killer cells, γδT cells and cytokine-induced killer cells in combination with chemotherapy in patients with GC. METHODS In this open-label pilot cohort study, patients were treated with the combination therapy (chemo/CIT group) or chemotherapy alone (control group). Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), quality of life (QOL) and adverse events were investigated. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients were analyzed, 30 in the chemo/CIT group and 28 in the control group. The median PFS of the chemo/CIT group was significantly longer compared with the control group (P = 0.021). In subgroup analysis, in patients with stage III GC, node-positive metastasis or poorly differentiated carcinoma, the 2-year PFS rate in chemo/CIT versus control groups was 62.5% versus 26.7% (P = 0.022), 50% versus 27.3% (P = 0.016) and 56.3% versus 28.6% (P = 0.005), respectively. The median OS in either group has not yet been reached, and there was no significant difference in OS between the groups. The QOL was improved in the patients treated with chemo/CIT compared with the control group. CIT was well tolerated and not related to any significant adverse events. CONCLUSIONS A combination of CIT and chemotherapy for patients with GC was safe, improved QOL, and might prevent recurrence, especially in GC patients with advanced stage, poorly differentiated carcinoma or lymph node metastasis.
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Roberti MP, Juliá EP, Rocca YS, Amat M, Bravo AI, Loza J, Coló F, Loza CM, Fabiano V, Maino M, Podhorzer A, Fainboim L, Barrio MM, Mordoh J, Levy EM. Overexpression of CD85j in TNBC patients inhibits Cetuximab-mediated NK-cell ADCC but can be restored with CD85j functional blockade. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1560-9. [PMID: 25726929 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing tumors could benefit from therapy with Cetuximab, which targets EGFR. NK cells are the primary effectors of antibody (Ab)-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and thus play a role in Ab-based therapies. We have previously described diminished levels of Cetuximab-mediated ADCC in vitro in patients with advanced breast cancer. Here, we investigated the potential causes of this NK-cell functional deficiency. We characterized NK-cell activating/inhibitory receptors in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients and found CD85j inhibitory receptor overexpression. The capacity of NK cells to perform Cetuximab-triggered ADCC against TNBC cells correlated inversely with CD85j expression, even in the presence of the stimulatory cytokines IL-2 or IL-15. Hence, patients expressing high levels of CD85j had an impaired ability to lyse TNBC cells in the presence of Cetuximab. We also found that CD85j overexpression was associated with HLA-I and soluble HLA-G expression by tumors. A CD85j functional blockade with a CD85j antagonist Ab restored ADCC levels in breast cancer patients and reverted this negative effect. Our data suggest that strategies that overcome the hurdles of immune activation could improve Cetuximab clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Roberti
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas CIO-FUCA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estefanía P Juliá
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas CIO-FUCA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yamila S Rocca
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mora Amat
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia I Bravo
- Hospital Eva Perón, San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Loza
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Coló
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Loza
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mercedes Maino
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Podhorzer
- Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Fainboim
- Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María M Barrio
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas CIO-FUCA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Mordoh
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas CIO-FUCA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Fundación Instituto Leloir-IIBBA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Alexander Fleming, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estrella M Levy
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas CIO-FUCA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Horowitz M, Neeman E, Sharon E, Ben-Eliyahu S. Exploiting the critical perioperative period to improve long-term cancer outcomes. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2015; 12:213-26. [PMID: 25601442 PMCID: PMC5497123 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the perioperative period and the excision of the primary tumour can promote the development of metastases—the main cause of cancer-related mortality. This Review first presents the assertion that the perioperative timeframe is pivotal in determining long-term cancer outcomes, disproportionally to its short duration (days to weeks). We then analyse the various aspects of surgery, and their consequent paracrine and neuroendocrine responses, which could facilitate the metastatic process by directly affecting malignant tissues, and/or through indirect pathways, such as immunological perturbations. We address the influences of surgery-related anxiety and stress, nutritional status, anaesthetics and analgesics, hypothermia, blood transfusion, tissue damage, and levels of sex hormones, and point at some as probable deleterious factors. Through understanding these processes and reviewing empirical evidence, we provide suggestions for potential new perioperative approaches and interventions aimed at attenuating deleterious processes and ultimately improving treatment outcomes. Specifically, we highlight excess perioperative release of catecholamines and prostaglandins as key deleterious mediators of surgery, and we recommend blockade of these responses during the perioperative period, as well as other low-risk, low-cost interventions. The measures described in this Review could transform the perioperative timeframe from a prominent facilitator of metastatic progression, to a window of opportunity for arresting and/or eliminating residual disease, potentially improving long-term survival rates in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Horowitz
- School of Psychological Sciences, Sharet Building, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Elad Neeman
- School of Psychological Sciences, Sharet Building, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Eran Sharon
- Department of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- School of Psychological Sciences, Sharet Building, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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32
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Toyoshima K, Hayashi A, Kashiwagi M, Hayashi N, Iwatsuki M, Ishimoto T, Baba Y, Baba H, Ohta Y. Analysis of circulating tumor cells derived from advanced gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:991-8. [PMID: 25622566 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have proceeded to be accepted as prognostic markers in several types of cancers. But they are still limited because many are mainly from enumeration of CTCs. Here, we tried to evaluate the tumorigenicity of CTCs from advanced gastric cancer patients (n = 42). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the patients were separated into CD45 negative and positive fractions and both were subcutaneously injected into immunodeficient mice. Within 5 months nine tumor-like-structures from six patients but not from healthy volunteers were established. They were durable for passages and all had been confirmed human origin. Eight of the nine tumor-like-structures were from nonauthorized CTC containing cells expressing CD45 and B-cell markers. On the contrary, one of them was developed from CD45(-) PBMC fraction of a patient with bone marrow metastasis reflecting authorized CTCs. Histopathology showed common features with that of original gastric tumor. The cells isolated from the tumor-like-structure expressed EpCAM and CEA further supporting they were from the original tumor. Moreover the cells were CD44 positive to varying degree and a limiting dilution study showed that the CD44(+/high) fraction had tumorigenicity. The CD44 was dominantly in the form of CD44 variant 8-10. The CD44(+/high) cells had higher expression of the glutamate/cysteine transporter xCT compared with the CD44(-/low) cells. Our results showed the existence of tumor-initiating cells in blood of advanced gastric cancer patients and they could be a therapeutic target and prospective tool for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Toyoshima
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Hayashi
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masahide Kashiwagi
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoko Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ohta
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
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33
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Pampena MB, Levy EM. Natural killer cells as helper cells in dendritic cell cancer vaccines. Front Immunol 2015; 6:13. [PMID: 25674087 PMCID: PMC4309200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy has generated highly variable clinical results due to differing methods of vaccine preparation and variation in patient populations among other lesser factors. Moreover, these clinical responses do not necessarily correspond with the induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Here, we review the participation of natural killer (NK) cells as alternative immune components that could cooperate in successful vaccination treatment. NK cells have been described as helper cells in dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines, but the role in other kinds of vaccination strategies (whole cells, peptide, or DNA-based vaccines) is poorly understood. In this article, we address the following issues regarding the role of NK cells in cancer vaccines: NK cell anti-tumor action sites, and the loci of NK cell interaction with other immune cells; descriptions of new data on the memory characteristics of NK cells described in infectious diseases; and finally phenotypical and functional changes after vaccination measured by immunomonitoring in preclinical and clinical settings.
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34
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Wang B, Wang Q, Wang Z, Jiang J, Yu SC, Ping YF, Yang J, Xu SL, Ye XZ, Xu C, Yang L, Qian C, Wang JM, Cui YH, Zhang X, Bian XW. Metastatic consequences of immune escape from NK cell cytotoxicity by human breast cancer stem cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5746-57. [PMID: 25164008 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSC) are crucial for metastasis but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells failed to limit metastasis and were not associated with improved therapeutic outcome of BCSC-rich breast cancer. Primary BCSCs were resistant to cytotoxicity mediated by autologous/allogeneic NK cells due to reduced expression of MICA and MICB, two ligands for the stimulatory NK cell receptor NKG2D. Furthermore, the downregulation of MICA/MICB in BCSCs was mediated by aberrantly expressed oncogenic miR20a, which promoted the resistance of BCSC to NK cell cytotoxicity and resultant lung metastasis. The breast cancer cell differentiation-inducing agent, all-trans retinoic acid, restored the miR20a-MICA/MICB axis and sensitized BCSC to NK cell-mediated killing, thereby reducing immune escape-associated BCSC metastasis. Together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism for immune escape of human BCSC and identify the miR20a-MICA/MICB signaling axis as a therapeutic target to limit metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Breast Surgery Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Cang Yu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Fang Ping
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen-Lin Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian-Zong Ye
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Lang Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - You-Hong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China.
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35
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Ex vivo-expanded natural killer cells kill cancer cells more effectively than ex vivo-expanded γδ T cells or αβ T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:486-91. [PMID: 25131561 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer is evolving with the development of novel technologies for generating a large number of activated killer cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T cells, and αβ T cells. We have recently established large-scale culture methods to generate activated NK cells from human peripheral blood, and demonstrated that expanded NK cells have higher cytotoxicity against cancer cells than freshly isolated NK cells. In this study, we compared cultured NK cells with cultured γδ T and αβ T cells that were prepared by conventional culture methods regarding the expression of cytotoxic molecules and cytotoxicity against cancer cells. Natural cytotoxicity receptors such as NKp30, NKp44 and NKp46, and perforin were expressed most exclusively on NK cells. Granzyme A, NKG2D, and interferon-γ were dominantly expressed in NK cells and γδ T cells but not in αβ T cells. Consistent with the expression profiles of the cytotoxic molecules, cultured NK cells from both healthy volunteers and cancer patients demonstrated significantly higher cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines, including MHC class I-positive cell lines, compared with cultured γδ T cells and cultured αβ T cells. Additionally, NK cells, unlike γδ T cells or αβ T cells, expressed high levels of CD16, and showed augmented cytotoxicity when co-administered with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody drug, rituximab. These results suggest the excellent efficacy of expanded NK cells for cancer treatment.
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36
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Lamas B, Nachat‐Kappes R, Goncalves‐Mendes N, Mishellany F, Rossary A, Vasson M, Farges M. Dietary fat without body weight gain increases in vivo MCF‐7 human breast cancer cell growth and decreases natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:58-71. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lamas
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, CRNH AuvergneINRA, UMR 1019Clermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Rachida Nachat‐Kappes
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, CRNH AuvergneINRA, UMR 1019Clermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Nicolas Goncalves‐Mendes
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, CRNH AuvergneINRA, UMR 1019Clermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Florence Mishellany
- EA 4677 ERTICa, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Jean PerrinClermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Adrien Rossary
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, CRNH AuvergneINRA, UMR 1019Clermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Marie‐Paule Vasson
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, CRNH AuvergneINRA, UMR 1019Clermont‐FerrandFrance
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Jean PerrinUnité de NutritionClermont‐FerrandFrance
- CHU Clermont‐Ferrand, Unité de NutritionClermont‐FerrandFrance
| | - Marie‐Chantal Farges
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Equipe ECREIN, CLARA, CRNH AuvergneINRA, UMR 1019Clermont‐FerrandFrance
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37
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Milsom CC, Lee CR, Hackl C, Man S, Kerbel RS. Differential post-surgical metastasis and survival in SCID, NOD-SCID and NOD-SCID-IL-2Rγ(null) mice with parental and subline variants of human breast cancer: implications for host defense mechanisms regulating metastasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71270. [PMID: 23967178 PMCID: PMC3743873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We compare for the first time, the metastatic aggressiveness of the parental MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and two luciferase-tagged in vivo-derived and selected pro-metastatic variants (LM2-4/luc+ and 164/8-1B/luc+) in SCID, NOD-SCID and NOD-SCID-IL-2Rγnull (NSG) mice following orthotopic implantation and primary tumour resection. The variants are known to be more aggressively metastatic in SCID mice, compared to the parental line which has limited spontaneous metastatic competence in these mice. When 2×106 cells were injected into the mammary fat pad, the growth of the resultant primary tumours was identical for the various cell lines in the three strains of mice. However, metastatic spread of all three cell lines, including the MDA-MB-231 parental cell line, was strikingly more aggressive in the highly immunocompromised NSG mice compared to both NOD-SCID and SCID mice, resulting in extensive multi-organ metastases and a significant reduction in overall survival. While these studies were facilitated by monitoring post-surgical spontaneous metastases using whole body bioluminescence imaging, we observed that the luciferase-tagged parental line showed altered growth and diminished metastatic properties compared to its untagged counterpart. Our results are the first to show that host immunity can have a profound impact on the spread of spontaneous visceral metastases and survival following resection of a primary tumour in circumstances where the growth of primary tumours is not similarly affected; as such they highlight the importance of immunity in the metastatic process, and by extension, suggest certain therapeutic strategies that may have a significant impact on reducing metastasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Luciferases, Firefly/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/surgery
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe C. Milsom
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (RSK); (CCM)
| | - Christina R. Lee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Hackl
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shan Man
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert S. Kerbel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto and Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (RSK); (CCM)
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38
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Enhancement of natural killer cell cytotoxicity by sodium/iodide symporter gene-mediated radioiodine pretreatment in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70194. [PMID: 23940545 PMCID: PMC3734030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A phase II study of NK cell therapy in treatment of patients with recurrent breast cancer has recently been reported. However, because of the complexities of tumor microenvironments, effective therapeutic effects have not been achieved in NK cell therapy. Radioiodine (I-131) therapy inhibits cancer growth by inducing the apoptosis and necrosis of cancer cells. Furthermore, it can modify cancer cell phenotypes and enhance the effect of immunotherapy against cancer cells. The present study showed that I-131 therapy can modulate microenvironment of breast cancer and improve the therapeutic effect by enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity to the tumor cells. The susceptibility of breast cancer cells to NK cell was increased by precedent I-131 treatment in vitro. Tumor burden in mice treated with I-131 plus NK cell was significantly lower than that in mice treated with NK cell or I-131 alone. The up-regulation of Fas, DR5 and MIC A/B on irradiated tumor cells could be the explanation for the enhancement of NK cell cytotoxicity to tumor cells. It can be applied to breast cancer patients with iodine avid metastatic lesions that are non-responsive to conventional treatments.
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39
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Terunuma H, Deng X, Nishino N, Watanabe K. NK cell-based autologous immune enhancement therapy (AIET) for cancer. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2013. [PMID: 24693203 PMCID: PMC3908307 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.0901003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have been known to enhance the host immune responses against cancer. NK cell number and cytotoxicity in patients with cancer is often low. Therefore, we developed a large-scale ex vivo NK cell expansion method without feeder layers and introduced NK cell-based autologous immune enhancement therapy (AIET). In this paper, we discuss the epidemiological data that show the relationship between NK activity and cancer incidence, monitoring of NK cell number and activity, anti-cancer activities of NK cells in vitro and in vivo and the effects of the combination of expanded NK cells with monoclonal antibody drugs on cancers through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Finally, we also present the clinical cases of NK cell-based AIET and the effect of AIET on advanced stage of pancreatic cancer and on various advanced cancers refractory to conventional therapies. NK cell-based AIET might be a useful strategy in the multidisciplinary approach to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Terunuma
- Tokyo Clinic ; Southern Tohoku General Hospital ; Biotherapy Institute of Japan
| | - X Deng
- Biotherapy Institute of Japan
| | | | - K Watanabe
- Tokyo Clinic ; Southern Tohoku General Hospital
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40
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Rusakiewicz S, Semeraro M, Sarabi M, Desbois M, Locher C, Mendez R, Vimond N, Concha A, Garrido F, Isambert N, Chaigneau L, Le Brun-Ly V, Dubreuil P, Cremer I, Caignard A, Poirier-Colame V, Chaba K, Flament C, Halama N, Jäger D, Eggermont A, Bonvalot S, Commo F, Terrier P, Opolon P, Emile JF, Coindre JM, Kroemer G, Chaput N, Le Cesne A, Blay JY, Zitvogel L. Immune infiltrates are prognostic factors in localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3499-510. [PMID: 23592754 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunosurveillance relies on effector/memory tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells with a T-helper cell 1 (TH1) profile. Evidence for a natural killer (NK) cell-based control of human malignancies is still largely missing. The KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate markedly prolongs the survival of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) by direct effects on tumor cells as well as by indirect immunostimulatory effects on T and NK cells. Here, we investigated the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) expressing CD3, Foxp3, or NKp46 (NCR1) in a cohort of patients with localized GIST. We found that CD3(+) TIL were highly activated in GIST and were especially enriched in areas of the tumor that conserve class I MHC expression despite imatinib mesylate treatment. High densities of CD3(+) TIL predicted progression-free survival (PFS) in multivariate analyses. Moreover, GIST were infiltrated by a homogeneous subset of cytokine-secreting CD56(bright) (NCAM1) NK cells that accumulated in tumor foci after imatinib mesylate treatment. The density of the NK infiltrate independently predicted PFS and added prognostic information to the Miettinen score, as well as to the KIT mutational status. NK and T lymphocytes preferentially distributed to distinct areas of tumor sections and probably contributed independently to GIST immunosurveillance. These findings encourage the prospective validation of immune biomarkers for optimal risk stratification of patients with GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Rusakiewicz
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1015, France
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41
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Vacca P, Martini S, Garelli V, Passalacqua G, Moretta L, Mingari MC. NK cells from malignant pleural effusions are not anergic but produce cytokines and display strong antitumor activity on short-term IL-2 activation. Eur J Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Stefania Martini
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; National Institute for Cancer Research; Genova Italy
| | - Valentina Garelli
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; National Institute for Cancer Research; Genova Italy
- DiMI Department of Internal Medicine; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Giovanni Passalacqua
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; National Institute for Cancer Research; Genova Italy
- DiMI Department of Internal Medicine; University of Genova; Genova Italy
| | | | - Maria Cristina Mingari
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research; University of Genova; Genova Italy
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; National Institute for Cancer Research; Genova Italy
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42
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Roberti MP, Mordoh J, Levy EM. Biological role of NK cells and immunotherapeutic approaches in breast cancer. Front Immunol 2012; 3:375. [PMID: 23248625 PMCID: PMC3520123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, tumor surveillance by the immune system and its impact on disease outcomes in cancer patients in general and in breast cancer (BC) patients in particular has been documented. Natural killer (NK) cells are central components of the innate immunity and existing data indicate that they play a role in preventing and controlling tumor growth and metastasis. Their biological significance was first recognized by their ability to exert direct cellular cytotoxicity without prior sensitization. This is important in tumors, as transforming events are likely to result in downregulation of self-ligands and expression of stress-induced ligands which can be recognized by NK cells. Their activation also leads to secretion of stimulatory cytokines which participate in cancer elimination by several direct mechanisms as well as by stimulating the adaptive immune system. In this regard, it was recently revealed a dendritic cell (DC)-NK-cell crosstalk which provides another novel pathway linking innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, NK cells are feasible targets of stimulation in immunotherapeutic approaches such as antibody-based strategies and adoptive cell transfer. Nevertheless, NK cells display impaired functionality and capability to infiltrate tumors in BC patients. This review compiles information about NK-cell biology in BC and the attempts which aim to manipulate them in novel therapeutic approaches in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Roberti
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Fundación Cáncer FUCA Buenos Aires, Argentina
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43
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IL-2- or IL-15-activated NK cells enhance Cetuximab-mediated activity against triple-negative breast cancer in xenografts and in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136:659-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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44
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Deng X, Terunuma H, Nieda M, Xiao W, Nicol A. Synergistic cytotoxicity of ex vivo expanded natural killer cells in combination with monoclonal antibody drugs against cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:593-605. [PMID: 23063974 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of highly cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells is an emerging tool for cancer immunotherapy. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has recently been identified as one of the critical factors for the clinical efficacy of anticancer antibodies, in which NK cells are the major effectors of ADCC. NK cells were expanded from PBMC by a feeder-cell-free expansion method. NK cell expansion efficiency was evaluated within a period of 21 days. The kinetics of NK cell expansion and the expression of activating and inhibitory receptors on NK cells were monitored. NK cells producing IFN-γ and TNF-α were detected by intracellular cytokine staining. The cytotoxicity of expanded NK cells against various cancer cells was compared with that of freshly isolated NK cells. The ADCC functions of expanded NK cells in combination with rituximab against CD20+ lymphoma cell lines were evaluated. Our method efficiently expanded NK cells ex vivo, which showed a much higher activity to induce the expression of activating receptors and to produce IFN-γ and TNF-α as well as cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines including CD133+ primary cancer cells than freshly isolated NK cells. We observed a synergistic cytotoxicity of our expanded NK cells against CD20+ B lymphoma cell lines as well as higher IFN-γ and TNF-α production when combined with rituximab. Our results suggest that the adoptive transfer of a large number of ex vivo expanded NK cells, particularly in combination with monoclonal antibody drugs, is a useful tool for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Deng
- Biotherapy Institute of Japan, Tokyo 135-0051, Japan.
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45
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Mamessier E, Sylvain A, Bertucci F, Castellano R, Finetti P, Houvenaeghel G, Charaffe-Jaufret E, Birnbaum D, Moretta A, Olive D. Human breast tumor cells induce self-tolerance mechanisms to avoid NKG2D-mediated and DNAM-mediated NK cell recognition. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6621-32. [PMID: 21937679 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for women between the ages of 35 to 65. This is mostly due to intertumor heterogeneity and the lack of specific therapies for all subtypes. However, some breast cancers with an unexpected good prognosis are associated with enhanced antitumor immunity in situ. We studied whether breast cancer subtypes might have different susceptibilities to natural killer (NK) cells' antitumor immunity. We collected a large public set of microarray data for primary breast tumors and determined NK cell ligand expression. We found that despite heterogeneous levels of inhibitory HLA members, NKG2D ligands and DNAM ligands are expressed in virtually all breast tumor subtypes. Functional experiments in breast cancer subtypes expressing various levels of NK cell ligands showed that NK-mediated cytotoxicity is mainly HLA, NKG2D, and DNAM dependent. In parallel, we showed that cell lines and primary breast tumor cells secrete soluble inhibitory factors that alter NK cell functions. Finally, we showed that these mechanisms of escape occur in vivo in the MMTV-Neu model of spontaneous murine breast cancer. Our study shows that breast cancer cells, independent of the subtype, have developed different mechanisms to escape from NK cells' antitumor immunity. These results emphasize the role of NK cells in breast tumor clearance and underlie the importance of devising future therapy aiming at enhancing NK cell-mediated recognition in parallel with the prevention of the tumor-editing process.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/classification
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/classification
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Estrogens
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/classification
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Ligands
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mice
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/immunology
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Progesterone
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Self Tolerance
- Tumor Escape
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mamessier
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Genova, Italy.
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46
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Mamessier E, Sylvain A, Thibult ML, Houvenaeghel G, Jacquemier J, Castellano R, Gonçalves A, André P, Romagné F, Thibault G, Viens P, Birnbaum D, Bertucci F, Moretta A, Olive D. Human breast cancer cells enhance self tolerance by promoting evasion from NK cell antitumor immunity. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3609-22. [PMID: 21841316 DOI: 10.1172/jci45816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are a major component of the antitumor immune response and are involved in controlling tumor progression and metastases in animal models. Here, we show that dysfunction of these cells accompanies human breast tumor progression. We characterized human peripheral blood NK (p-NK) cells and malignant mammary tumor-infiltrating NK (Ti-NK) cells from patients with noninvasive and invasive breast cancers. NK cells isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and normal breast tissue were used as controls. With disease progression, we found that expression of activating NK cell receptors (such as NKp30, NKG2D, DNAM-1, and CD16) decreased while expression of inhibitory receptors (such as NKG2A) increased and that this correlated with decreased NK cell function, most notably cytotoxicity. Importantly, Ti-NK cells had more pronounced impairment of their cytotoxic potential than p-NK cells. We also identified several stroma-derived factors, including TGF-β1, involved in tumor-induced reduction of normal NK cell function. Our data therefore show that breast tumor progression involves NK cell dysfunction and that breast tumors model their environment to evade NK cell antitumor immunity. This highlights the importance of developing future therapies able to restore NK cell cytotoxicity to limit/prevent tumor escape from antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Mamessier
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM UMR U891, Marseille, France.
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47
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Abstract
Explorative knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms of immune function and regulation has provided optimism in developing cancer immunotherapy. However, three decades of experimental and clinical investigations to offer powerful immunotherapeutic strategies against solid tumors, with the possible exception of monoclonal antibody-targeted therapies, have not succeeded in significantly prolonging patient survival. Nonspecific immune approaches, including cytokine-based therapies and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, have so far produced consistent, although limited, results. In this review, we present the developments of cell transfer-based strategies that, in preclinical studies, have demonstrated potential efficacy, but have only established tumor regression in limited numbers of patients. The key to success demands creative combinations of tumor antigens, adjuvance, gene modification and various administration strategies in the development of cell-based therapies together with other cancer-treatment principles, often in a stepwise 'space-rocket-type' approach. Combined efforts of several scientific disciplines, such as tumor biology and immunology, as well as cell and gene research in transplantation, will open new venues. New regulation for clinical trials with advanced therapy medicine products to ensure patient safety will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Barkholt
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge F79, Stockholm, Sweden.
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48
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Takada M, Terunuma H, Deng X, Dewan MZ, Saji S, Kuroi K, Yamamoto N, Toi M. Refractory lung metastasis from breast cancer treated with multidisciplinary therapy including an immunological approach. Breast Cancer 2010; 18:64-7. [PMID: 20354831 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-010-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A suggestive case of metastatic disease from breast cancer is reported. The HER-2-positive tumor was refractory to several agents, including anti-HER-2 therapy, trastuzumab, and lapatinib. After re-induction of trastuzumab in combination with activated natural killer (NK) cell injection therapy, tumor markers decreased, and finally a synergistic effect of taxane and capecitabine led to treatment response. This case suggests that multidisciplinary therapy including an immunological approach might be a breakthrough in the treatment of refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takada
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawaracho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Terunuma H, Deng X, Dewan Z, Fujimoto S, Yamamoto N. Potential Role of NK Cells in the Induction of Immune Responses: Implications for NK Cell–Based Immunotherapy for Cancers and Viral Infections. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 27:93-110. [DOI: 10.1080/08830180801911743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Dewan MZ, Takada M, Terunuma H, Deng X, Ahmed S, Yamamoto N, Toi M. Natural killer activity of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in breast cancer patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2009; 63:703-6. [PMID: 19269774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) activity of immune cells plays a central role in host defense against cancer and virus-infected cells. Natural cytotoxic activity of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells was assessed by a Calcein-AM release assay in 89 subjects. In the present study, we here demonstrated that NK activities of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from breast cancer patients were significantly lower as compared with that of healthy individuals. There were significant differences in the NK activities of PBMCs from HER2-negative breast cancer patients as compared with HER2-positive patients. Our results suggest that NK activity of PBMCs is lower in breast cancer indicating a role for immunological natural host defense mechanisms against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidunnabi Dewan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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