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López-Aybar L, Gonzales L, Dhillon A. Intimate partner violence survivors' reported experiences of discrimination in mental health treatment settings. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 52:835-856. [PMID: 38976375 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Research indicates that survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) face substantial stigma and discrimination, with varying impacts based on demographic factors such as race and income. This study explored perceived discrimination among 88 IPV survivors across different racial backgrounds and income levels in mental health settings. Participants completed a mixed-method electronic survey assessing discrimination experiences related to survivor status, income, and race within mental health treatment. Results revealed high levels of perceived discrimination based on survivor status among both racially minoritized and majoritized survivors. However, racially minoritized survivors reported greater racial discrimination and associated stress within mental healthcare settings. Regardless of income level, all survivors reported significant discrimination experiences. Qualitative analysis highlighted factors perceived as helpful or unhelpful within mental health settings. This study underscores the need for further research on socioeconomic influences on stigma experiences among IPV survivors and suggests implications for provider training to better support survivors, especially those from diverse racial backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Aybar
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
| | - Lauren Gonzales
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Office of Mental Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Dhillon
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA
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Lozano P, Peters A, Southworth A, Mo Y, Lam H, Randal FT, Kim KE. Smoking behavior among Asian Americans during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: The influence of pandemic stressors and depression. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-28. [PMID: 38274001 PMCID: PMC10809060 DOI: 10.18332/tid/176923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heightened levels of distress among Asian Americans during the initial phases of the pandemic may be associated with current smoking behavior. In this study, we examine differences in current smoking among Asian Americans from two different ethnic backgrounds before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional survey data (n=202) from Chinese and South Asian adults in Chicago, collected between February and May 2020. We conducted logistic regression models to estimate the relationship between exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic and current smoking. We tested whether the association varied by Asian American ethnic group, unemployment, racial discrimination, and depression symptoms. RESULTS We found that current smoking increased from 28% to 48% among Asian Americans (i.e. Chinese and South Asians) during the pandemic. We found a statistically significant interaction between the COVID-19 period indicator variable and current smoking by Asian American ethnic groups (p=0.014), such that current smoking was lower for Chinese compared to South Asians before COVID-19, but was comparable for both groups during the pandemic. We also found a statistically significant interaction between the period indicator variable and current smoking by racial discrimination (p=0.047) and depression symptoms (p=0.02). Results from these interactions suggest that Asian Americans who experienced racial discrimination and depression during the pandemic may be more likely to be current smokers compared to their pre-pandemic counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study highlight the need for culturally tailored smoking cessation interventions for Asian American communities that address pandemic-related stressors such as discrimination that may trigger cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lozano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Asian Health Equity - University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Aven Peters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Asian Health Equity - University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | | | - Yicklun Mo
- Asian Health Coalition, Chicago, United States
| | - Helen Lam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Asian Health Equity - University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | | | - Karen E. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Asian Health Equity - University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, United States
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3
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Campo Redondo M, Andrade G. Nightmare experiences and perceived ethnic discrimination amongst female university students in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study. J Sleep Res 2024:e14148. [PMID: 38233953 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Perceived ethnic discrimination is known to be associated with anxiety and depression, and in turn, anxiety and depression are known to be associated with nightmare frequency and distress. This elicits a question: is perceived ethnic discrimination associated with nightmare frequency and distress? In this study, 179 female university students from the United Arab Emirates were assessed to answer that question. Results showed that while anxiety and depression were related to nightmare experiences, perceived ethnic discrimination was a stronger predictor of nightmare experiences. We posit two explanations for this finding: one based on psychoanalytical insights, and the other based on the Disposition-Stress model with neurobiological correlates. No significant differences were found across ethnicity when it comes to nightmare experiences or perceived ethnic discrimination. This is an encouraging sign of optimal societal integration in the United Arab Emirates.
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Green J, Satyen L, Toumbourou JW. Influence of Cultural Norms on Formal Service Engagement Among Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:738-751. [PMID: 37073947 PMCID: PMC10666477 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231162971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
For victim-survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), receiving help from formal services such as specialist family violence, health, or criminal justice services can be critical for their safety and well-being. Previous research has found cross-cultural differences in the rates of help-seeking behavior, with women from non-Anglo-Saxon communities less likely to seek formal help than Anglo-Saxon populations. This qualitative meta-synthesis has integrated qualitative evidence to examine the relationship between specific cultural norms and formal service engagement for female victim-survivors of IPV from non-Anglo-Saxon communities. A comprehensive search of seven databases was conducted for peer-reviewed articles published between 1985 to May 2021, in addition to searching gray literature. Thirty-five articles met the criteria for inclusion, representing 1,286 participants from 20 cultural groups. Based on a thematic synthesis approach, five key themes that captured specific cultural norms that influence formal service engagement were identified: (1) gender roles and social expectations, (2) community recognition and acceptance of abuse, (3) honor-based society, (4) the role of religion, and (5) cultural beliefs and attitudes toward formal services. These findings have important implications for responses to family violence, particularly concerning family violence education for non-Anglo-Saxon ethnically diverse communities and best-practice strategies to improve the cultural relevancy of formal service providers.
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Zvolensky MJ, Shepherd JM, Garey L, Woody M, Otto MW, Clausen B, Smit T, Mayorga NA, Bakhshaie J, Buitron V. Negative emotional reactivity to minority stress: measure development and testing. Cogn Behav Ther 2024; 53:1-28. [PMID: 37766610 PMCID: PMC10840979 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2023.2260560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and test a measure of negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic minoritized stress. In Study 1, we developed item content for a measure of negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic minoritized stress. We then evaluated item performance and produced a refined 15-item scale among a large sample of racial/ethnic minority adults (N = 1,343). Results supported a unidimensional construct and high levels of internal consistency. The factor structure and internal consistency were replicated and extended to a sample of Latinx persons who smoke (N = 338) in Study 2. There was evidence of convergent validity of the Emotional Reactivity to Minoritized Stress (ERMS) total score in terms of theoretically consistent and statistically significant relations with indices of mental health problems, social determinants of health, and substance use processes. There was also evidence that the ERMS demonstrated divergent validity in that it was negatively associated with psychological well-being, health literacy, subjective social status in Study 1, and positive abstinence expectancies in Study 2. Overall, the present study establishes the reliability and validity of measuring individual differences in negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic minority stress with the ERMS and that such responsivity is associated with behavioral health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary Woody
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael W. Otto
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bryce Clausen
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tanya Smit
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nubia A. Mayorga
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jafar Bakhshaie
- Integrated Brain Health Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1 Bowdoin Square, Suite 100, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor Buitron
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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6
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Hennein R, Tiako MJN, Bonumwezi J, Tineo P, Boatright D, Crusto C, Lowe SR. Vicarious Racism, Direct Racism, and Mental Health Among Racialized Minority Healthcare Workers. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01844-7. [PMID: 37935947 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racism-related stress is a root cause of racial and ethnic disparities in mental health outcomes. An individual may be exposed to racism directly or vicariously by hearing about or observing people of the same racial and/or ethnic group experience racism. Although the healthcare setting is a venue by which healthcare workers experience both direct and vicarious racism, few studies have assessed the associations between direct and vicarious racism and mental health outcomes among healthcare workers. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the relationships between direct and vicarious racism and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety among healthcare workers in the USA in 2022. RESULTS Our sample consisted of 259 healthcare workers identifying as a racialized minority, including 68 (26.3%) who identified as mixed-race, 61 (23.6%) East Asian, 36 (13.9%) Black, 33 (12.7%) South Asian, 22 (8.5%) Southeast Asian, 21 (8.1%) Middle Eastern/North African, and 18 (6.9%) another race. The mean age was 37.9 years (SD 10.1). In multivariable linear regression models that adjusted for demographics, work stressors, and social stressors, we found that increased reporting of vicarious racism was associated with greater symptoms of anxiety (B = 0.066, standard error = 0.034, p = .049). We did not identify significant relationships between vicarious and direct racism and symptoms of posttraumatic stress or depression in the fully adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings should be considered by academic health systems to mitigate the negative impact of racism on healthcare workers' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hennein
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Jessica Bonumwezi
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Petty Tineo
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Dowin Boatright
- Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cindy Crusto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sarah R Lowe
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Bravo AJ, Wedell E, Villarosa-Hurlocker MC, Looby A, Dickter CL, Schepis TS. Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination among young adult college students: Prevalence rates and associations with mental health. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:2062-2073. [PMID: 34398695 PMCID: PMC8847537 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1954012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective/Participants: In a large, diverse sample of college students (N = 2,230), this online study investigated racial/ethnic differences on type of discriminatory event experienced and perceived stress, and whether discrimination-related stress was associated with mental health symptoms. Methods: Prevalence of lifetime/past year discriminatory events was assessed and frequency of discrimination-related stress was compared across racial/ethnic groups. Correlations between discrimination-related stress and mental health symptoms were also examined. Results: All racial/ethnic groups reported experiencing all types of discriminatory events, though prevalence was lowest for White students. Racial/ethnic minority (i.e., Asian, Black, Latinx) students reported greater discrimination-related perceived stress compared to White, non-Hispanics. Across all racial/ethnic groups, discrimination-related stress was positively associated with negative mental health outcomes (e.g., anxiety/depressive symptoms). Conclusions: These results highlight the need to continue efforts to reduce discriminatory experiences of racial/ethnic minority students and to incorporate antiracism interventions in universities to mitigate the pervasive negative experiences of minority students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Wedell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary
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Hennein R, Tiako MJN, Tineo P, Lowe SR. Development and Validation of the Vicarious Racism in Healthcare Workers Scale. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2496-2504. [PMID: 36287336 PMCID: PMC9607839 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Vicarious racism occurs when hearing about or observing people of the same racial and/or ethnic group experience racism. Healthcare workers may face unique experiences of vicarious racism through witnessing or hearing about racism that their patients and colleagues face. However, there are no validated measures of vicarious racism for the healthcare worker population. In this study, we developed and conducted an initial evaluation of the Vicarious Racism in Healthcare Workers Scale. We developed the 12-item scale based on a qualitative study exploring the experiences of racism among healthcare workers and existing literature on the topic. We administered the scale to a cohort of 259 healthcare workers identifying as a racialized minority to evaluate its factor structure, internal consistency, and construct validity. Factor analysis yielded two factors: racism in social networks and racism in society at-large. This two-factor solution had good model fit (standardized root mean square residual = 0.061). The internal consistencies of the overall scale, social networks subscale, and society subscale were excellent (α = 0.93, 0.92, and 0.89, respectively). We found evidence in support of convergent validity; scale scores were higher among Black healthcare workers compared with non-Black healthcare workers and those with greater social support needs. Scale scores were positively correlated with directly experienced racism and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety. The scale demonstrated discriminant validity; scale scores did not differ based on gender or job. The Vicarious Racism in Healthcare Workers Scale demonstrated favorable psychometric properties and may be used to assess vicarious racism in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hennein
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | | | - Petty Tineo
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - Sarah R Lowe
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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9
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Ho IK, Çabuk K. The impact of racial discrimination on the health of Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2023; 28:957-982. [PMID: 37160688 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2023.2208312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTObjective: Cases of discrimination and hate crimes against Asian Americans have surged ever since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, with deleterious effects. This scoping review synthesizes the literature on how pandemic-related discrimination is associated with the health of Asian Americans.Design: First, application search terms were entered into selected databases. Next, using a set of inclusion criteria, the articles were screened and assessed for eligibility. Data from the selected articles were extracted and summarized to answer the research questions.Results: Thirty-five studies were included. Almost all the studies examined psychological well-being. The remaining studies examined physical and workplace well-being. All the studies found that discrimination was associated with poorer health outcomes.Conclusion: Further research is needed to address the gaps in knowledge about how pandemic-related discrimination is associated with various domains of health among Asian Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy K Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Kübra Çabuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
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Tsuchiya K, Schulz AJ, Niño MD, Caldwell CH. Perceived Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Citizenship Status, and Self-Rated Health Among Immigrant Young Adults. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01731-1. [PMID: 37566180 PMCID: PMC11134944 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01731-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Both racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status are manifestations of racism. Few empirical studies have examined the role of multiple stressors and how both stressors are interlinked to influence health among immigrant young adults. Informed by the theory of stress proliferation, the current study seeks to examine the interplay between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status on health. We used the third wave of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) to examine the influence of perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status on self-rated health (SRH) among immigrant young adults (N = 3344). Perceived racial/ethnic discrimination was initially associated with SRH. After adjusting for both predictors, those experiencing perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and non-citizen youth were less likely to report better health than youth who did not report perceived racial/ethnic discrimination or citizen youth. In fully adjusted multivariate regression models, racial/ethnic discrimination remained significant, while citizenship status was no longer associated with SRH. To test stress proliferation, an interaction term was included to assess whether the relationship between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and SRH varied by citizenship status. The interaction term was significant; non-citizen young adults who experienced racial/ethnic discrimination were less likely to report better health in comparison to citizen young adults and those who did not report perceived racial/ethnic discrimination. Results suggest that the interplay between perceived racial/ethnic discrimination and citizenship status may be influential for health among immigrant young adults. These findings underscore the need for further assessment of the role of stress proliferation on immigrant young adults' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Tsuchiya
- Social and Behavioural Health Sciences Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Amy Jo Schulz
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
| | - Michael David Niño
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Cleopatra Howard Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA
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Jain JP, Hill M, Gamarel KE, Santos GM, Johnson MO, Neilands TB, Dilworth SE, Reback CJ, Sevelius J. Socio-ecological Barriers to Viral Suppression Among Transgender Women Living with HIV in San Francisco and Los Angeles, California. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:2523-2534. [PMID: 36682008 PMCID: PMC10362091 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-03979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Troubling disparities in viral suppression persist among transgender (trans) women living with HIV in the US. We utilized baseline data from a randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention among trans women living with HIV in San Francisco and Los Angeles, to identify the socio-ecological correlates of biologically confirmed viral suppression (< 200 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL). Among 253 participants, the mean age was 43 (SD = 11), 46% identified as Black or African American and 35% were virally non-suppressed. In adjusted Poisson regression models, the following barriers to viral suppression were identified: injection drug use [adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 0.78, 95% CI 0.65-0.93, Z = - 2.64, p = 0.008], methamphetamine use (aRR 0.65, 95% CI 0.51-0.83, Z = - 3.45, p = 0.001), amphetamine use (aRR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44-0.87, Z = - 2.75, p = 0.006), homelessness (aRR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63-0.98, Z = - 2.06, p = 0.039), and sex work (aRR 0.60, 95% CI 0.41-0.86, Z = - 2.77, p = 0.009). These findings underscore the importance of interventions that address the socio-ecological barriers to viral suppression among trans women in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Jain
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Miranda Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Kristi E Gamarel
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Glenn-Milo Santos
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mallory O Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Torsten B Neilands
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Samantha E Dilworth
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Cathy J Reback
- Friends Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for HIV Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jae Sevelius
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, USA
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12
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Liu T, Phan L, Chen-Sankey J, Ajith A, Hacker K, Jewett B, Choi K. Race, Concern About COVID-19 Discrimination, and Cigarette Smoking Behavior: Comparison Between US Asian and White Adults Who Use Commercial Tobacco. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:1955-1961. [PMID: 35994174 PMCID: PMC9395842 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anti-Asian discrimination incidents in the USA have resurged during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is unclear how concern about being discriminatorily treated due to the COVID-19 pandemic varies between Asian and Asian American (A&AsA) and White adults. We examined A&AsA vs. White differences in concern about COVID-19 discrimination and associations of this concern with changes in cigarette smoking behaviors before and during the pandemic. Data were from a US representative sample of A&AsA and White adults (≥ 21 years) who currently and formerly used commercial tobacco (n = 1052), collected through an online panel oversampling A&AsA adults in January-February 2021. Participants reported their concern, worry, and stress about COVID-19 discrimination and past-30-day cigarette consumption before and during the pandemic. We examined the association between race and overall concern about COVID-19 discrimination, and this concern's associations with changes in past-30-day cigarette smoking consumption, smoking continuation, and return to smoking using weighted multivariable logistic and linear regression models. Overall concern about COVID-19 discrimination was higher (adjusted mean = 1.7, standard error = 0.16) among A&AsA adults who currently and formerly used commercial tobacco than their White counterparts (adjusted mean = 0.60, standard error = 0.04; p < 0.01). Overall concern about COVID-19 discrimination was associated with increased past-30-day cigarette consumption by 26.5 cigarettes (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-51.9) and 4.4 times (95% CI = 2.3-8.5) greater odds of return to smoking among adults who smoke cigarettes. A&AsA adults who currently and formerly used commercial tobacco disproportionately bore higher concern about COVID-19 discrimination, and in turn could lead to increased smoking behavior and related morbidity and mortality among A&AsA adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Liu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard College, Cambridge, MA, USA
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Division of Intramural Research, 9000 Rockville Pike, MD, 20892, Bethesda, USA
| | - Lilianna Phan
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Division of Intramural Research, 9000 Rockville Pike, MD, 20892, Bethesda, USA.
| | - Julia Chen-Sankey
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Aniruddh Ajith
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kiana Hacker
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Division of Intramural Research, 9000 Rockville Pike, MD, 20892, Bethesda, USA
| | - Bambi Jewett
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Division of Intramural Research, 9000 Rockville Pike, MD, 20892, Bethesda, USA
| | - Kelvin Choi
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Division of Intramural Research, 9000 Rockville Pike, MD, 20892, Bethesda, USA
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13
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Xue F, Suh HN, Rice KG, Ashby JS. Cumulative Trauma and Trauma Symptoms: A Three-Way Interaction. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:576. [PMID: 37504023 PMCID: PMC10376125 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test if perceived social support and self-compassion will interact to reduce the magnitude of the bivariate relationship (buffering effect) between cumulative trauma and trauma symptoms after controlling for gender and age among college students. As part of a broader research project conducted between 2018 and 2019, we collected data via online surveys from a sample of 551 undergraduate students at a public university in the southern region of the US. After data cleaning, the study included 538 participants (representing 97.6% of the original dataset), ensuring a diverse representation across various ethnicities and genders. The three-way interaction model accounted for 38.61% of the variance in PTSD symptoms. In detail, with high levels of perceived social support, there was a significant difference in the buffering effects of perceived social support on the trauma-PTSD association between high and low self-compassion. Conversely, at high levels of self-compassion, perceived social support did not significantly influence the buffering effect of self-compassion. This study underscores the critical role of self-compassion in enhancing the protective effect of high-level perceived social support against PTSD symptoms following cumulative trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xue
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Han Na Suh
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Kenneth G Rice
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ashby
- Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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14
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Baiden P, Onyeaka HK, Aneni K, Wood B, LaBrenz CA, Muoghalu C, Peoples JE, Szlyk HS, Gobodzo EC, Baiden JF, Adeku Y, Mets VE, Brown FA, Cavazos-Rehg P. Perceived racial discrimination and polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 248:109894. [PMID: 37167795 PMCID: PMC11003345 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polysubstance use among adolescents is a significant public health concern, yet most studies on adolescent substance use focus on a singular substance. This study is one of the first to investigate the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) in school and polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents using a nationally representative sample. METHODS Data was from the 2021 Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey. The sample included 4145 racial/ethnic minority adolescents (52.8% female). Hierarchical binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between PRD in school and polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents. RESULTS About 12% of racial/ethnic minority adolescents engaged in polysubstance use and 23.4% reported experiencing PRD in school sometimes/most of the time/always. Controlling for other factors, experiencing PRD in school sometimes/most of the time/always was associated with 1.52 times higher odds of polysubstance use when compared to adolescents who never experienced PRD in school (OR=1.52, p=.044, 95% CI=1.01-2.30). Cyberbullying victimization, symptoms of depression, and being emotionally abused by a parent during COVID-19 were also associated with polysubstance use. CONCLUSION Controlling for demographic characteristics and psychosocial stressors, PRD in school was significantly associated with higher odds of polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents. The findings of this study could inform clinicians and policymakers of the association between PRD in school and polysubstance use, which could contribute to early identification of polysubstance use among racial/ethnic minority adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 501 W. Mitchell St., Box 19129ArlingtonTX76019USA.
| | - Henry K Onyeaka
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA02115, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA02115, USA; McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA02478, USA
| | | | - Bethany Wood
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 501 W. Mitchell St., Box 19129ArlingtonTX76019USA
| | - Catherine A LaBrenz
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Social Work, 501 W. Mitchell St., Box 19129ArlingtonTX76019USA
| | - Chioma Muoghalu
- Plains Regional Medical Center, Clovis, New Mexico, NM88101, USA
| | - JaNiene E Peoples
- The Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO63130, USA
| | - Hannah S Szlyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, Box 8134, St. Louis, MO63110, USA
| | | | - John F Baiden
- East Airport International School, P.O. Box KAPM 57, KIA, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yvonne Adeku
- Western University, Department of Sociology, Social Science Centre, Room 5306, London, OntarioN6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Vera E Mets
- University of Ghana, Legon, Department of Social Work, P.O. Box LG 419, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Fawn A Brown
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Psychology, 501 Nedderman Dr, Box 19528, Arlington, TX76019, USA
| | - Patricia Cavazos-Rehg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, Box 8134, St. Louis, MO63110, USA
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15
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Alpert AB, Sayegh SJ, Strawderman M, Cunliffe S, Griggs JJ, Cerulli C. Methodologic Approaches for Using Electronic Medical Records to Identify Experiences of Violence in Transgender and Cisgender People: Closing the Gap Between Diagnostic Coding and Lived Experiences. Med Care 2023; 61:384-391. [PMID: 37072686 PMCID: PMC10168107 DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0000000000001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgender people experience extreme rates of violence and the electronic medical record (EMR) remains a mostly untapped resource to study the medical sequelae of such experiences. OBJECTIVES To develop and test a method for identifying experiences of violence using EMR data. RESEARCH DESIGN Cross-sectional study utilizing EMR data. PEOPLE Transgender and cisgender people seen at a regional referral center in Upstate New York. MEASURES We tested the utility of keyword searches and structured data queries to identify specific types of violence at various ages and in various contexts among cohorts of transgender and cisgender people. We compared the effectiveness of keyword searches to diagnosis codes and a screening question, "Are you safe at home?" using McNemar's test. We compared the prevalence of various types of violence between transgender and cisgender cohorts using the χ 2 test of independence. RESULTS Of the transgender cohort, 47% had experienced some type of violence versus 14% of the cisgender cohort (χ 2P value <0.001). Keywords were significantly more effective than structured data at identifying violence among both cohorts (McNemar P values all <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Transgender people experience extreme amounts of violence throughout their lives, which is better identified and studied using keyword searches than structured EMR data. Policies are urgently needed to stop violence against transgender people. Interventions are also needed to ensure safe documentation of violence in EMRs to improve care across settings and aid research to develop and implement effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ash Blythe Alpert
- Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | | | - Myla Strawderman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Institute
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Scott Cunliffe
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Institute
| | - Jennifer J Griggs
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Catherine Cerulli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center
- The Susan B. Anthony Center, Rochester, NY
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16
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Urcuyo AE, Conroy K, Sanchez AL, Silva K, Furr JM, Bagner DM, Comer JS. Psychometric Evaluation of the Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale (AMAS) in a Treatment-Seeking Sample of First-Generation Immigrant Caregivers. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01525-w. [PMID: 36964458 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The unique needs of first-generation immigrants and their families have not been prioritized in mental healthcare. Cultural tailoring of child services requires valid, reliable, and efficient assessments of family cultural identity. The Abbreviated Multidimension Acculturation Scale (AMAS) is a self-report of acculturation and enculturation that has been evaluated in community, but not clinical, samples. We offer the first AMAS psychometric evaluation in a treatment-seeking sample of first-generation immigrant caregivers presenting for children's mental healthcare (N = 219). Analyses examined the internal consistency, concurrent validity, and factor structures of the long-form AMAS (42 items, six subscales), AMAS-10 (10 items, four subscales), and AMAS-14 (14 items, six subscales). Findings provide support for the AMAS-10 and AMAS-14, but not the full-length AMAS, in the present sample. Given urgent needs for culturally responsive care for first-generation populations, the AMAS-10 and AMAS-14 can be used in clinical settings to support cultural assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya E Urcuyo
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kristina Conroy
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | | | - Karina Silva
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jami M Furr
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Daniel M Bagner
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jonathan S Comer
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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17
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Bokszczanin A, Gladysh O, Bronowicka A, Palace M. Experience of Ethnic Discrimination, Anxiety, Perceived Risk of COVID-19, and Social Support among Polish and International Students during the Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5236. [PMID: 37047852 PMCID: PMC10093790 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our research aimed to assess the experiences of ethnic discrimination among students in Poland (Polish and international) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also tested the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and their relationship with perceived COVID-19 risk, the severity of discrimination, and social support. METHODS The data from Polish (n = 481) and international university students (n = 105) were collected online (November-January 2020). Participants completed measures of ethnic discrimination (GEDS), anxiety scale (GAD-7), COVID-19 risk perception index, and perceived social support scale (MSPSS) questionnaires. RESULTS The results showed that international students reported being much more discriminated than Polish students during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to our expectation, a higher risk of anxiety disorders (GAD) was observed in 42% of Polish students compared to 31% of international students. The predictors of higher anxiety symptoms among both groups were the perceived risk of COVID-19 and the greater severity of ethnic discrimination. In both groups, the perceived social support had a protective role in anxiety symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of discrimination, especially among international students, simultaneously with high symptoms of anxiety, requires vigorous action involving preventive measures and psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bokszczanin
- Institute of Psychology, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | - Olga Gladysh
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 03-378 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bronowicka
- Institute of Psychology, University of Opole, 45-052 Opole, Poland
| | - Marek Palace
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3-5UG, UK
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18
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Zay Hta MK, Ting RSK, Goh PH, Gan QH, Jones L. A systematic review on the cultural factors associated with stigma during pandemics. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-32. [PMID: 37359581 PMCID: PMC10016190 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Both public stigma and perceived self-stigma are prevalent during pandemics threatening a divide among the global community. This systematic review examined the cultural factors associated with viral respiratory-related pandemic stigma. Following PRISMA guidelines, the keywords, "culture, stigma, and pandemic" were searched across relevant databases for empirical papers between January 2000 to March 2022. Quality assessment and coding were adopted in the screening process. Thirty-one articles were included in the final analysis. Themes revealed that collectivistic values, cultural identities, and non-western regions were associated with public (others) stigma; mismatch of cultural values, minority groups, and North America, Asia, Oceania, and African regions were associated with higher perceived and self-stigma. We further mapped the themes into a proposed systemic cultural stigma model to integrate the dynamic intersection of cultural values, identity, and ecology. The cultural factors and their influence on stigma were then explained by drawing on two evolutionary theories: Cultural rationality theory and scapegoating theory. Lastly, we proposed culturally sensitive and responsive practices for stigma management at the community level, especially in non-Western regions during the pandemic recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Kyi Zay Hta
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rachel Sing-Kiat Ting
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei Hwa Goh
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Qian Hui Gan
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Liz Jones
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Selangor, Malaysia
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19
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Hennein R, Gorman H, Chung V, Lowe SR. Gender discrimination among women healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a mixed methods study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281367. [PMID: 36745623 PMCID: PMC9901797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender discrimination among women healthcare workers (HCWs) negatively impacts job satisfaction, mental health, and career development; however, few studies have explored how experiences of gender discrimination change during times of health system strain. Thus, we conducted a survey study to characterize gender discrimination during a time of significant health system strain, i.e., the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We used a convenience sampling approach by inviting department chairs of academic medical centers in the United States to forward our online survey to their staff in January 2021. The survey included one item assessing frequency of gender discrimination, and an open-ended question asking respondents to detail experiences of discrimination. The survey also included questions about social and work stressors, such as needing additional childcare support. We used ordinal logistic regression models to identify predictors of gender discrimination, and grounded theory to characterize themes that emerged from open-ended responses. RESULTS Among our sample of 716 women (mean age = 37.63 years, SD = 10.97), 521 (72.80%) were White, 102 (14.20%) Asian, 69 (9.60%) Black, 53 (7.4%) Latina, and 11 (1.50%) identified as another race. In an adjusted model that included demographic characteristics and social and work stressors as covariates, significant predictors of higher gender discrimination included younger age (OR = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.96, 0.99); greater support needs (OR = 1.26, 95%CI = 1.09,1.47); lower team cohesion (OR = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.91, 0.97); greater racial discrimination (OR = 1.07, 95%CI = 1.05,1.09); identifying as a physician (OR = 6.59, 95%CI = 3.95, 11.01), physician-in-training (i.e., residents and fellows; OR = 3.85, 95%CI = 2.27,6.52), or non-clinical worker (e.g., administrative assistants; OR = 3.08, 95%CI = 1.60,5.90), compared with nurses; and reporting the need for a lot more childcare support (OR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.15, 2.97), compared with reporting no childcare support need. In their open-ended responses, women HCWs described seven themes: 1) belittlement by colleagues, 2) gendered workload distributions, 3) unequal opportunities for professional advancement, 4) expectations for communication, 5) objectification, 6) expectations of motherhood, and 7) mistreatment by patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study underscores the severity of gender discrimination among women HCWs. Hospital systems should prioritize gender equity programs that improve workplace climate during and outside of times of health system strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hennein
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hannah Gorman
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Victoria Chung
- Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Lowe
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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20
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Jensen C, Koerten H, Mattei G, Grant Weinandy J, Froemming M, Dulek E, Dworsky D. Examination of ethnic racial identity exploration and commitment in emerging adults: Group comparisons and specific features of multiracial identity. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:616-625. [PMID: 33760707 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1900197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Building on existing literature on ethnic/racial identity in emerging adulthood, we compared between-group differences for Multiracial and Monoracial participants and relevant within-group relationships for Multiracial participants. Participants: Participants were college students (n = 888; 67% women; Mage = 21.7; SD = 5.58) categorized into three groups: Monoracial White (61%), Multiracial (17%), and Monoracial Minoritized (22%). Methods: Measures included ethnic racial identity (ERI) exploration and commitment, discrimination, and features of Multiracial identity. The survey was sent through campus email and completed electronically. Results: Monoracial Minoritized participants reported higher discrimination and ERI commitment and exploration than Multiracial and Monoracial White participants. Multiracial participants reported higher ERI exploration and discrimination than Monoracial White participants. Multiracial participants' ERI exploration and racial conflict explained ERI commitment in regression models. Conclusions: Multiracial individuals should be researched and intervened with differentially from other racial groups, with variables specific to their unique experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cjersti Jensen
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, & St. Mary's College of Maryland, Lexington Park, MD, USA
| | - Hannah Koerten
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Gina Mattei
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | | | - Maren Froemming
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Erin Dulek
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Dryw Dworsky
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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21
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Williams M, Osman M, Hyon C. Understanding the Psychological Impact of Oppression Using the Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2023; 7:24705470221149511. [PMID: 36683843 PMCID: PMC9850126 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221149511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oppression refers to systemic discrimination where the injustice targets or disproportionately impacts specific groups of people. The Trauma Symptoms of Discrimination Scale (TSDS) is a self-report measure designed to assess the traumatizing impact of discrimination broadly by measuring anxiety-related symptoms of trauma due to discriminatory experiences. This may include symptoms arising from racism, homophobia, sexism, poverty, or other forms of marginalization. Almost all studies of the TSDS have examined its use in marginalized ethnoracial groups, primarily African Americans. This paper will extend prior work to help us better understand racial trauma across groups by reporting and comparing TSDS mean scores across ethnoracial identities in a diverse national sample (n = 923). It also explores trauma with other marginalized identities and demographic dimensions, including gender, sexual minority/LGBQ status, education, and income. The relationship of TSDS scores to clinical psychopathologies are examined, including stress, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. We also examine the unique risks associated with intersectionality, and how having multiple marginalized identities may increase traumatization. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica Williams
- School of Psychology, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,
University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Muna Osman
- School of Psychology, University of
Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada,Monnica T. Williams, PhD, University of
Ottawa, School of Psychology, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Hall, Ottawa,
Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Chrysalis Hyon
- Department of East West Psychology,
California
Institute of Integral Studies, San
Francisco, California, USA
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22
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Predicting Decent Work Among US Black Workers: Examining Psychology of Working Theory. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/10690727221149456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. has a history of marginalizing Black people. Marginalization impedes Black Americans’ ability to secure wealth, education, and meaningful work. The Psychology of Working Theory (PWT) uses a social justice lens to understand how contextual factors inform the labor market experiences of those who work and want to work. PWT highlights the ways economic constraints and marginalization predict access to decent work. We tested the PWT model with two measures of marginalization, general ethnic discrimination, and racial microaggressions, with a sample of 241 Black workers to add to the extant literature about the suitability of the PWT for racial minorities. Diverging from previous studies, we found that marginalization predicted career adaptability. Consistent with previous studies, marginalization and economic constraints predicted Black workers’ work volition and perceived access to decent work. Work volition mediated the relationship between general ethnic discrimination and economic constraints with the perception of attaining decent work.
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23
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Su X, Chan KL. The associations of decent work with wellbeing and career capabilities: a meta-analysis. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1068599. [PMID: 37123286 PMCID: PMC10134860 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1068599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As a global sustainable development goal, the decent work notion has been promoted all over the world at theoretical, practical, and research levels for the purpose of enhancing people's capacity to enjoy freedom, equity, security, and human dignity at work. However, conclusive findings of the impact of decent work on people's wellbeing and longer-term career development are still missing due to a lack of systematic reviews on this topic. This study aims to (a) investigate the associations of decent work with people's wellbeing and their capabilities for sustaining career development and (b) examine the differential associations across different subgroups. Methods Databases of literature archived on or before 4 March 2022 were searched. A total of 46 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis for the combined Pearson correlation coefficient (r) to estimate the associations of decent work with wellbeing and career capabilities, among which 30 studies (16,026 participants) were used for calculating the association between decent work and wellbeing whereas 26 studies (12,384 participants) were used for decent work and career capabilities. Results and discussion First, decent work demonstrates a medium association with wellbeing (r = .48, 95% CI [.45, .51]), and a medium association with career capabilities (r = .44, 95% CI [.40, .49]). Second, no significant differences with respect to the association of decent work with wellbeing and career capabilities were identified across subgroups categorized by developed/developing countries, population type, social status of participants as employee or student, participants from vulnerable/general groups, aspects of wellbeing/career capabilities, and study design. These results pose important implications for informing future research and practice to measure and promote decent work across the world.
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Ching THW, Davis AK, Xin Y, Williams MT. Effects of Psychedelic Use on Racial Trauma Symptoms and Ethnic Identity among Asians in North America. J Psychoactive Drugs 2023; 55:19-29. [PMID: 35012425 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2022.2025960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to understand ways in which Asians in North America attempt to heal from racial trauma, given their well-documented high risk of exposure and associated adverse mental health outcomes. We conducted a secondary analysis of Asians from a survey of people of color in North America who have consumed psychedelics in response to racial discrimination. Ninety-two Asian participants (Mage = 30.25, SD = 6.83) completed online questions assessing demographics, racial discrimination frequency, characteristics and acute effects of their most meaningful psychedelic experience, change in racial trauma symptoms 30 days before and after their psychedelic experience, and current ethnic identity. Participants reported improvements in racial trauma symptoms (d = 0.52). Bootstrapped mediation analyses controlling for racial discrimination frequency and psychedelic dose and duration indicated complete mediation of the link between higher intensity of insightful experiences and stronger ethnic identity, via improvements in racial trauma symptoms (indirect effect = .08, 95% CI = [.004, .19]). There was partial mediation for the independent variable of lower intensity of challenging experiences (indirect effect = -.08, 95% CI = [-.18, -.005]). This study highlights the central role of higher-intensity insightful experiences and both higher- and lower-intensity challenging experiences in alleviating racial trauma symptoms and promoting ethnic identity among Asians in North America who have experienced racial discrimination. Future research should attune to culturally relevant outcomes of psychedelic use in response to racial discrimination among Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence H W Ching
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alan K Davis
- College of Social Work, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yitong Xin
- College of Social Work, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Oshin L, Milan S, Wacha-Montes A. The influence of ethnic-racial identity and discrimination on mental health treatment attitudes among college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022:1-9. [PMID: 36395377 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2145894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: While understanding racial/ethnic disparities in mental health services use is a growing priority in colleges and universities, little is known the attitudes that may contribute to these disparities. Methods: This study investigates the relationship between clinic diversity, ethnic-racial identity, discrimination, and treatment attitudes. College students n = 250 (Asian 21%, Black 11%, Latinx 23%, and White 45%) participated in an online experimental task rating hypothetical clinic websites that varied by clinician diversity and completed a series of self-report questionnaires. Results: Clinician diversity did not influence treatment attitudes, but discrimination and ethnic-racial identity were significantly related to treatment attitudes. Additionally, the relationship between public regard and treatment attitudes was moderated by race/ethnicity. Conclusions: By focusing on treatment attitudes rather than behaviors, this study addresses potential areas of intervention to address racial/ethnic disparities in college mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Oshin
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Stephanie Milan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Annmarie Wacha-Montes
- Center for Traumatic Stress, Resilience and Recovery, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, United States
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Perceived racial discrimination and suicidal behaviors among racial and ethnic minority adolescents in the United States: Findings from the 2021 adolescent behaviors and experiences survey. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114877. [PMID: 36244159 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) the prevalence of perceived racial discrimination (PRD) in school, among racial/ethnic minority adolescents, and (2) the association between PRD and suicidal behaviors among racial/ethnic minority adolescents in the United States. Data from a sample of 3241 racial/ethnic minority adolescents (53.7% female) from the 2021 Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Controlling for other factors, racial/ethnic minority adolescents who experienced PRD had 1.57 times higher odds of experiencing suicidal ideation (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.57, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) = 1.09-2.25), 1.64 times higher odds of making a suicide plan (AOR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.09-2.49), and 1.67 times higher odds of attempting suicide (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.04-2.68) during the past year. Other factors associated with suicidal behaviors included self-identifying as lesbian/gay, bisexual, or other/questioning; experiencing cyberbullying; feeling sad or hopeless; and poor mental health during the pandemic. The findings of this study extend past research and demonstrate that racial/ethnic minority adolescents who experienced PRD were more likely to report suicidal behaviors over and above other well-established risk factors for suicidal behaviors. Future studies that employ longitudinal designs are needed to elucidate mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Keum BT, Wong MJ. Congruence and discrepancy in Asian American women's perception and stress appraisal of gendered racial microaggressions: Relationships with depressive symptoms and internalized racism. Front Public Health 2022; 10:954897. [PMID: 36388393 PMCID: PMC9641222 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.954897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior research demonstrates significant links between discrimination and mental health by assessing either encounters with or stress appraisal of discrimination. However, research has yet to examine the dynamic interplay between frequency and stress appraisal (e.g., high frequency-low stress appraisal) and their linkage to depressive symptoms. Using a sample of 309 Asian American women (M age = 22.81, SD = 0.26), we used a polynomial regression and response surface analysis to model the congruence and discrepancy between frequency and stress appraisal of gendered racial microaggressions experienced by Asian American women and how they are related to depressive symptoms and internalized racism. The dynamics between frequency and stress in relation to depressive symptoms were further probed at low, mean, and high levels of internalized racism. Greater congruence between frequency and stress was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (medium to large effect) and internalized racism (small effect). A discrepancy between higher frequency and lower stress was significantly associated with greater internalized racism. Further, when looking across levels of internalized racism, greater congruence between frequency and stress was significantly associated with greater depressive symptoms at low and mean levels of internalized racism but not at high levels. Gendered racial microaggressions are associated with adverse mental health outcomes among Asian American women, contributing to greater depressive symptoms and internalized racism. Further consideration should be given toward how internalized racism shapes differences in the perceptions and stress appraisal of gendered racial microaggressions, and subsequent mental health outcomes among Asian American women.
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Li CC, Matthews AK, Yen PS, Chen YF, Dong X. The influence of perceived discrimination in healthcare settings on psychological distress among a diverse sample of older Asian Americans. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:1874-1881. [PMID: 34319179 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1958146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between discrimination in healthcare settings and psychological distress. METHOD This study utilized a retrospective cross-sectional study design. The dataset was obtained from 2015-2017 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). Healthcare discrimination experience (yes, no) was measured using the following question "Over your entire lifetime, how often have you been treated unfairly when getting medical care (never, rarely, sometimes, often)?". Psychological distress was the study outcome and was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. A composite score (0-24) was created for psychological distress for the prior 30 days and for the worse most in the past 12 months. A hierarchical multivariate linear regression was conducted to examine the influence of healthcare discrimination experience on psychological distress after adjusting for other covariates. RESULTS Study participants (weighted N = 1,360,487) had a mean age of 64.35 years (SD = 0.61), were primarily female (54.93%), heterosexual (96.61%), and married or living with a partner (73.37%). About 10.00% of older Asian Americans ever perceived healthcare discrimination over their entire lifetime. Perceived discrimination was associated with higher levels of psychological distress for the past 30 days (beta= 2.107, SE = 0.662, p < 0.05) and for the worst month in the past year (beta= 2.099, SE = 0.697, p < 0.05) after controlling for covariates. CONCLUSION Self-reported discrimination was relatively low in this sample of older Asian American adults. However, consistent with prior research, perceived discrimination in the healthcare setting was associated with increased psychological distress. The findings have implications for improving the quality of health care services received.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ching Li
- Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alicia K Matthews
- Department of Population Health Nursing Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Pei-Shan Yen
- Center for Clinical Translational Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- Center for Clinical Translational Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - XinQi Dong
- Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Lei N, Velez BL, Seoud JM, Motulsky WN. A Test of Minority Stress Theory with Asian Americans. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00110000221107554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study extended minority stress theory by testing the associations of racist stressors (racist discrimination, expectations of rejection, and internalized racism) and maladaptive coping strategies (internalization and detachment) with psychological distress and psychological well-being. In addition, expectations of rejection, internalized racism, internalization, and detachment were tested as mediators of the racist discrimination–mental health link. Data were analyzed from 297 Asian American adults. Results indicated that greater levels of all racist stressors and maladaptive coping strategies were each associated with poorer mental health at the bivariate level, but only internalization and detachment were unique predictors of distress and only internalized racism and detachment were unique predictors of well-being. Internalization and detachment mediated the positive indirect association of racist discrimination with distress, and detachment mediated the negative indirect relation of racist discrimination with well-being. Implications of the findings for practice, advocacy, education, training, and research with Asian Americans are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lei
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandon L. Velez
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judy M. Seoud
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei N. Motulsky
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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"They Wanted to Talk to a 'Real Doctor'": Predictors, Perpetrators, and Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Among Healthcare Workers. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:1475-1483. [PMID: 34561823 PMCID: PMC8475391 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-07143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial and ethnic diversity of healthcare workers have benefits on team functioning and patient care. However, a significant barrier to retaining diverse providers is discrimination. OBJECTIVE To assess the predictors, perpetrators, and narratives of racial discrimination among healthcare workers. DESIGN Survey study. PARTICIPANTS Healthcare workers employed at academic hospitals. MAIN MEASURES We assessed prevalence and perpetrators of racial and ethnic discrimination using the General Ethnic Discrimination Scale. We included an open-ended question asking respondents to recount experiences of discrimination and analyzed responses using grounded theory. KEY RESULTS Of the 997 participants, 12.2% were females from backgrounds underrepresented in medicine (URM), 4.0% URM males, 10.1% Asian females, 4.7% Asian males, 49.1% non-Hispanic White females, and 19.8% non-Hispanic White males. Among healthcare workers of color, 85.2% reported discrimination. Over half of URM females (51.4%), URM males (52.6%), and Asian females (62.5%) reported discrimination by patients. About 20-25% of URM females, URM males, and Asian females reported discrimination by teachers, supervisors, co-workers, and institutions. In adjusted binary logistic models, URM females had 10.14 odds (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 5.13, 20.02, p<.001), URM males 6.23 odds (95%CI: 2.59, 14.98, p<.001), Asian females 7.90 odds (95%CI: 4.07, 15.33, p<.001), and Asian males 2.96 odds (95% CI: 1.47, 5.97, p=.002) of reporting discrimination compared with non-Hispanic White males. Needing more support was associated with 2.51 odds (95%CI: 1.54, 4.08, p<.001) of reporting discrimination. Our qualitative findings identified that the murder of George Floyd intensified URM healthcare workers' experiences of discrimination through increased fear of violence and requests for unpaid diversity work. Asian healthcare workers reported that pandemic-related anti-Asian violence shaped their experiences of discrimination through increased fear of violence and care refusal from patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insights into experienced discrimination among healthcare workers and opportunities for hospitals to create programs that improve inclusivity.
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Martinez JH, Eustis EH, Arbid N, Graham-LoPresti JR, Roemer L. The role of experiential avoidance in the relation between racial discrimination and negative mental health outcomes. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:461-468. [PMID: 32369427 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1754221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective Racial discrimination has been shown to be associated with negative mental health outcomes among people of color (POC), and students of color (SOC) specifically. The current study examines experiential avoidance (EA) as a potential moderator in the relation between discrimination and mental health outcomes. Sample: Two-hundred students of color at a large, public university in Northeastern United States. Methods: We evaluated the associations between racial discrimination frequency and stress appraisal (GEDS and GEDS-A), EA (AAQ), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS). Results: Discrimination frequency and appraised stress were associated with each DASS subscale. EA moderated the relation between GEDS and depression, and between GEDS-A and the stress subscale. Conclusions: Discrimination frequency and appraised stress were positively associated with DASS subscales, and at low EA scores, frequency and appraised stress of discrimination were no longer associated with depressive or stress symptoms, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Martinez
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Eustis
- Center for Anxiety & Related Disorders, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natalie Arbid
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Lizabeth Roemer
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lee Y, Tao W, Queenie Li JY. Motivations of online and offline activism against racism and xenophobia among Asian-American publics during the COVID-19 pandemic. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2021.101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Forde AT, Sims M, Wang X, Barber S, Diez Roux AV. The role of perceived discrimination in predicting changes in health behaviours among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 75:1222-1231. [PMID: 34117112 PMCID: PMC8588298 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-215998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined whether perceived discrimination was associated with health behaviours over time and whether associations of discrimination with behaviours varied by attribution of discrimination. METHODS Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate ORs and CIs for the associations of discrimination (everyday, lifetime, stress from lifetime discrimination) with health behaviours (cigarette smoking, alcohol use) over time among 3050 African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study from visit 1 (2000-2004) to visit 3 (2009-2013). Smoking status was classified as persistent current, persistent former, persistent never, current to former and former/never to current smokers. Alcohol use status was classified as persistent heavy, persistent moderate/none, heavy to moderate/none and moderate/none to heavy alcohol users. RESULTS Higher everyday discrimination was associated with persistent current smoking (OR per SD higher discrimination 1.26, 95% CI 1.11,1.43) and with persistent former smoking (high vs low OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.02,1.70) relative to persistent never smoking. Similar findings were observed for lifetime discrimination and persistent current smoking (high vs low OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.15,2.95) and with persistent former smoking (high vs low OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06,1.98). Participants reporting lifetime discrimination as very stressful compared with not stressful were more likely to be persistent former smokers (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.04,1.99). Associations did not vary by discrimination attribution. CONCLUSION Discrimination did not predict changes in smoking status or alcohol use. Discrimination was associated with persistent current smoking status, which may provide a plausible mechanism through which discrimination impacts the health of African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allana T Forde
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- The Urban Health Collaborative, and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sharrelle Barber
- The Urban Health Collaborative, and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- The Urban Health Collaborative, and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Njoroge WFM, Forkpa M, Bath E. Impact of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Minoritized Youth. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23:81. [PMID: 34648076 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The impacts of racism and discrimination on developing minoritized youth are increasingly shown as having the potential to create long-lasting adverse outcomes on children's developmental trajectories. RECENT FINDINGS From the quality of the schools they attend, to the level and amount of toxicants in the air they breathe, to equitable access to health care, and within interpersonal relationships and experiences with their peers, multiple forms of racism, systemic/structural, interpersonal/personally mediated, and internalized shape the health status of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPoC) youth. Accordingly, it is exceedingly important to use a developmental lens to distinguish the various outcomes these multiple forms of racism have on the health of minoritized youth. Critically, the time is now for rapid identification of these harms in all of the mediums and spaces in which they present followed by prevention and intervention strategies that are effective in equitably ensuring the healthy development for all of America's children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjikũ F M Njoroge
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Markolline Forkpa
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Young GN, Gamst G, Meyers LS, Der-Karabetian A, Grills CT. Does African American Women's Racial Identity Mediate Gendered Racism on Anticipated Relationship Threat? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:9749-9769. [PMID: 31455145 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519872300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the question of whether racial identity among African American women mediated the relationship between gendered racism and anticipated relationship threat. Using the Multicultural Assessment Intervention Process (MAIP) framework, we examined the relationship of gendered racism, racial identity, and anticipated relationship threat among a convenience sample of 411 African American women. A structural model was configured with gendered racism directly predicting anticipated relationship threat and racial identity serving as a mediator. Results indicated that greater levels of perceived gendered racism were associated with greater perceptions of anticipated relationship threat. Racial identity was found to not mediate the association with anticipated relationship threat. Individuals with less education experienced higher levels of concern regarding physical safety and controlling behaviors than those with more education. Implications for future relationship threat research with African American women are discussed.
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Racial and Gender Discrimination Predict Mental Health Outcomes among Healthcare Workers Beyond Pandemic-Related Stressors: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179235. [PMID: 34501818 PMCID: PMC8431593 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Racial and gender discrimination are risk factors for adverse mental health outcomes in the general population; however, the effects of discrimination on the mental health of healthcare workers needs to be further explored, especially in relation to competing stressors. Thus, we administered a survey to healthcare workers to investigate the associations between perceived racial and gender discrimination and symptoms of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and burnout during a period of substantial stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic and a national racial reckoning. We used multivariable linear regression models, which controlled for demographics and pandemic-related stressors. Of the 997 participants (Mean Age = 38.22 years, SD = 11.77), 688 (69.01%) were White, 148 (14.84%) Asian, 86 (8.63%) Black, 73 (7.32%) Latinx, and 21 (2.11%) identified as another race. In multivariable models, racial discrimination predicted symptoms of depression (B = 0.04; SE: 0.02; p = .009), anxiety (B = 0.05; SE: 0.02; p = .004), and posttraumatic stress (B = 0.01; SE: 0.01; p = .006) and gender discrimination predicted posttraumatic stress (B = 0.11; SE: 0.05; p = .013) and burnout (B = 0.24; SE: 0.07; p = .001). Discrimination had indirect effects on mental health outcomes via inadequate social support. Hospital-wide diversity and inclusion initiatives are warranted to mitigate the adverse mental health effects of discrimination.
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Williams C, Langston D, Posid T, Scimeca A, Diab D, Lee CT. Voices from the Pipeline: Experiences of Black Medical Students Destined for Urology. Urology 2021; 162:105-107. [PMID: 34480942 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne Williams
- Division of Urology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Devon Langston
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Tasha Posid
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Alicia Scimeca
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Dinah Diab
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Cheryl T Lee
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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Kim J, Song K, Sutin AR. Gender differences in the relationship between perceived discrimination and personality traits in young adulthood: Evidence using sibling fixed effects. Soc Sci Med 2021; 286:114329. [PMID: 34428601 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although perceived discrimination (PD) is known to be associated with personality traits, family background characteristics may confound this association. Moreover, little is known about whether the relationship differs by gender. OBJECTIVE This study investigates whether the association between PD and personality traits is confounded by family background characteristics. Given gender differences in contexts and perceptions of discrimination as well as personality traits, this study also explores whether the association between PD and personality traits differs for men and women. METHODS Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study examines the association between PD and Big Five personality traits among young adults. This study uses sibling fixed effects models with a lagged dependent variable to account for unobservable family-level characteristics, such as genetics, parental characteristics, family environment, and childhood social contexts. RESULTS Sibling fixed effects estimates showed that PD was associated with lower levels of conscientiousness and extraversion and higher levels of neuroticism. There were also gender differences such that PD was associated with lower conscientiousness only for women and lower extraversion only for men. The positive association with neuroticism was apparent for both men and women. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the association between PD and personality traits is generally not confounded by stable family-level characteristics shared by siblings. This study also documents gender differences in the relationship between PD and personality traits. Given substantial implications of personality for a broad range of outcomes, especially among young adults, the findings of this study reaffirm the commitment of the whole society to eradicate any form of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungeun Song
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Angelina R Sutin
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Partow S, Cook R, McDonald R. A Literature Review of the Measurement of Coping with Stigmatization and Discrimination. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1955680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Luu LP, Inman AG. Social justice advocacy: the role of race and gender prejudice, injustice, and diversity experiences. COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2021.1934655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Payne-Sturges DC, Gee GC, Cory-Slechta DA. Confronting Racism in Environmental Health Sciences: Moving the Science Forward for Eliminating Racial Inequities. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:55002. [PMID: 33945300 PMCID: PMC8096378 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The twin pandemics of COVID-19 and systemic racism during 2020 have forced a conversation across many segments of our society, including the environmental health sciences (EHS) research community. We have seen the proliferation of statements of solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement and commitments to fight racism and health inequities from academia, nonprofit organizations, governmental agencies, and private corporations. Actions must now arise from these promises. As public health and EHS scientists, we must examine the systems that produce and perpetuate inequities in exposure to environmental pollutants and associated health effects. OBJECTIVES We outline five recommendations the EHS research community can implement to confront racism and move our science forward for eliminating racial inequities in environmental health. DISCUSSION Race is best considered a political label that promotes inequality. Thus, we should be wary of equating race with biology. Further, EHS researchers should seriously consider racism as a plausible explanation of racial disparities in health and consider structural racism as a factor in environmental health risk/impact assessments, as well as multiple explanations for racial differences in environmental exposures and health outcomes. Last, the EHS research community should develop metrics to measure racism and a set of guidelines on the use and interpretation of race and ethnicity within the environmental sciences. Numerous guidelines exist in other disciplines that can serve as models. By taking action on each of these recommendations, we can make significant progress toward eliminating racial disparities. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8186.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon C. Payne-Sturges
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilbert C. Gee
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Her P, Thompson MN. Examining the Persistence Intentions of College Students of Color. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/10690727211010382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study used the Social Cognitive Career Theory—Career Self-Management Model (SCCT-CSM) to understand the process by which background variables impact students of color’s intentions to persist in college. Findings from 329 students of color revealed that perceived social status related positively to self-efficacy for self-regulated learning, that increased experiences of racism related negatively to self-efficacy for self-regulated learning, and that self-efficacy for self-regulated learning related positively to intentions to persist in college. Further, self-efficacy for self-regulated learning mediated the relationship between perceived social status and persistence intentions among this sample of college students of color. Lastly, SEM analyses provided support for several pathways of the SCCT-CSM model with students of color. Limitations of the current study are discussed. Implications and future directions for practice and research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pa Her
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
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Carey RN, El-Zaemey S, Daly A, Fritschi L, Glass DC, Reid A. Are There Ethnic Disparities in Exposure to Workplace Hazards Among New Zealand Migrants to Australia? Asia Pac J Public Health 2021; 33:870-879. [PMID: 33847173 DOI: 10.1177/10105395211007648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Disparities in exposure to workplace hazards exist between Māori and non-Māori workers in New Zealand, with Māori workers generally incurring poorer conditions. This study aimed to determine if these ethnic disparities are similar after migration to Australia. A national cross-sectional telephone survey asked participants what tasks they undertook in their job to assess exposure to carcinogens as well as whether they experienced ethnic discrimination, bullying, job precariousness, or job strain. A total of 389 New Zealand Caucasians and 152 Māori/Pasifika workers were recruited. After adjustment, 79% of Māori/Pasifika compared with 67% of New Zealand Caucasian workers were assessed as being exposed to at least one carcinogen at work (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-1.4). Māori/Pasifika workers were also more likely to report ethnic discrimination (aPR = 6.9, 95% CI = 2.6-18.3) and fair or poor current health (aPR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1-3.2) than New Zealand Caucasians. Some ethnic disparities in exposure to workplace hazards in New Zealand are apparent after migration to Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee N Carey
- Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sonia El-Zaemey
- Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.,BreastScreen Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alison Daly
- Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lin Fritschi
- Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Alison Reid
- Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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Tineo P, Bonumwezi JL, Lowe SR. Discrimination and Posttraumatic Growth Among Muslim American Youth: Mediation via Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms. J Trauma Dissociation 2021; 22:188-201. [PMID: 33492194 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2020.1869086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Muslim Americans increasingly have been targets of discrimination. Previous research has provided preliminary evidence that higher perceived discrimination is associated with higher symptoms of discrimination-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and higher discrimination-related posttraumatic growth (PTG). Further research in other contexts has shown that PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between event severity and PTG. However, no existing studies have explored discrimination-related PTG and whether PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between perceived discrimination and discrimination-related PTG among Muslim Americans. The current study included 110 Muslim American college students who completed an online survey assessing perceived discrimination, discrimination-related PTSD symptoms, and discrimination-related PTG. Higher perceived discrimination was significantly associated with higher discrimination-related PTG at the bivariate level. In a multivariable mediation model, the indirect effect of perceived discrimination on discrimination-related PTG via discrimination-related PTSD was statistically significant. The results suggest that clinicians working with Muslim American college students should attend to the ways in which their discriminatory experiences could foster PTG, in addition to helping them cope with PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petty Tineo
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jessica L Bonumwezi
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sarah R Lowe
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Davis AK, Xin Y, Sepeda ND, Garcia-Romeu A, Williams MT. Increases in Psychological Flexibility Mediate Relationship Between Acute Psychedelic Effects and Decreases in Racial Trauma Symptoms Among People of Color. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2021; 5:24705470211035607. [PMID: 34377878 PMCID: PMC8342866 DOI: 10.1177/24705470211035607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research showed acute psychedelic effects were associated with decreases in racial trauma (RT) symptoms among black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). Among samples comprised primarily of white participants, positive outcomes of psychedelic experiences have been mediated by increases in psychological flexibility. Therefore, we examined whether changes in psychological flexibility from before to after a psychedelic experience mediated the relationship between acute psychedelic effects and changes in RT symptoms among BIPOC. METHODS This cross-sectional online survey study included 313 BIPOC (mean age = 33.1; SD = 11.2; female = 57%). A multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between acute psychedelic effects and decreases in RT symptoms in a nonclinical setting; a path analysis was used to explore whether changes in psychological flexibility mediated this relationship. RESULTS Acute insight and challenging effects were significantly (p < .001) associated with decreases in RT symptoms following a psychedelic experience. Increases in psychological flexibility partially mediated relationships between greater intensity of psychological insight and less intensity of challenging experiences and decreases in RT symptoms (ps<.001). CONCLUSION This research suggests psychedelics confer potential benefits in decreasing RT symptoms among BIPOC and psychological flexibility may be an important mediator of these effects. Future research should test this hypothesis in a longitudinal clinical trial among BIPOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K. Davis
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yitong Xin
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Monnica T. Williams
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Williams MT, Davis AK, Xin Y, Sepeda ND, Grigas PC, Sinnott S, Haeny AM. People of color in North America report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences. DRUGS-EDUCATION PREVENTION AND POLICY 2020; 28:215-226. [PMID: 34349358 PMCID: PMC8330400 DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2020.1854688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined how psychedelics reduced symptoms of racial trauma among black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) subsequent to an experience of racism. A cross-sectional internet-based survey included questions about experiences with racism, mental health symptoms, and acute and enduring psychedelic effects. Changes in mental health were assessed by retrospective report of symptoms in the 30 days before and 30 days after an experience with psilocybin, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), or 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). We recruited 313 diverse BIPOC in the US and Canada. Results revealed a significant (p < .001) and moderate (d = −.45) reduction in traumatic stress symptoms from before-to-after the psychedelic experience. Similarly, participants reported decreases in depression (p < .001; d = −.52), anxiety (p < .001; d = −.53), and stress (p < .001; d = −.32). There was also a significant relationship (Rc = 0.52, p < .001) between the dimension of acute psychedelic effects (mystical-type, insight, and challenging experiences) and decreases in a cluster of subsequent psychopathology (traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and stress), while controlling for the frequency of prior discrimination and the time since the psychedelic experience. BIPOC have been underrepresented in psychedelic studies. Psychedelics may decrease the negative impact of racial trauma. Future studies should examine the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapy for individuals with a history of race-based trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monnica T Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Alan K Davis
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yitong Xin
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nathan D Sepeda
- Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Colόn Grigas
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Sinead Sinnott
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Angela M Haeny
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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[Racism and mental health]. DER NERVENARZT 2020; 91:1017-1024. [PMID: 32930813 PMCID: PMC7490571 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-020-00990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick zu Rassismusdiskursen in Forschung und Praxis im Gesundheitsbereich und erörtert individuelle und institutionelle Auswirkungen von Rassismus und Diskriminierung auf die psychische Gesundheit. Daran anschließend wird erörtert, welche rassismuskritischen Transformationen in den Versorgungsstrukturen für psychisch erkrankte Personen notwendig sind, um eine gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Menschen, die von Diskriminierung und Rassismus betroffen sind, zu ermöglichen.
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Greater mechanical temporal summation of pain in Latinx-Americans and the role of adverse life experiences. Pain Rep 2020; 5:e842. [PMID: 33134748 PMCID: PMC7467457 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Latinx-Americans showed greater temporal summation, adversity, and adversity correlates relative to non-Hispanic Whites. Discrimination and lifespan social status change inversely related to summation for Latinx-Americans. Introduction: Adverse life experiences disproportionately impact Latinx-Americans and are related to greater chronic pain rates. However, little is known about how adversities interact with central pain mechanisms for the development of later pain among Latinx-Americans. Objectives: The current study examined the relationship between adverse life experiences (eg, trauma and ethnic discrimination) and correlates (eg, social status) with mechanical temporal summation of pain (a proxy measure of central sensitization) between pain-free U.S. native Latinx (n = 65) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) (n = 51) adults. Methods: Participants completed self-report adverse life experience and correlational measures regarding childhood and adulthood and a mechanical temporal summation protocol. Results: Relative to NHWs, Latinx-Americans reported experiencing significantly greater trauma, discrimination, and lower social status during childhood and adulthood, along with greater temporal summation. Contrary to hypotheses, recent and lifetime experiences of ethnic discrimination significantly correlated with less temporal summation among Latinx-Americans. Decreases in objective and subjective social status across the lifespan (childhood to present day) correlated with greater temporal summation for Latinx-Americans. However, r-to-z transformation analyses confirmed that significant adversity and social status correlations observed among the Latinx group did not significantly differ from NHW participants. Conclusions: The present findings highlight the complex association between adverse experiences, adverse experience risk factors, and pain for Latinx-Americans. Given the disproportion of experienced pain and adversity among Latinx-Americans, the current findings suggest that a better understanding of the unique adversities for this sample may help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between adversities, adversity correlates, and pain risk for Latinx-Americans.
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Cultural competency in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: practitioner guidelines. COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s1754470x20000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This article provides clinical guidelines for basic knowledge and skills essential for successful work with clients who have obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) across ethnic, racial and religious differences. We emphasise multiculturalist and anti-racist approaches and the role of culture in shaping the presentation of OCD in clients. Several competencies are discussed to help clinicians differentiate between behaviour that is consistent with group norms versus behaviour that is excessive and psychopathological in nature. Symptom presentation, mental health literacy and explanatory models may differ across cultural groups. The article also highlights the possibility of violating client beliefs and values during cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and subsequently offers strategies to mitigate such problems, such as consulting community members, clergy, religious scholars and other authoritative sources. Finally, there is a discussion of how clinicians can help clients from diverse populations overcome a variety of obstacles and challenges faced in the therapeutic context, including stigma and cultural mistrust.
Key learning aims
(1)
To gain knowledge needed for working with clients with OCD across race, ethnicity and culture.
(2)
To understand how race, ethnicity and culture affect the assessment and treatment of OCD.
(3)
To increase awareness of critical skills needed to implement CBT effectively for OCD in ethnoracially diverse clients.
(4)
To acknowledge potential barriers experienced by minoritized clients and assist in creating accessible spaces for services.
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Davies SL, Smith TL, Murphy B, Crawford MS, Kaiser KA, Clay OJ. CITY Health II - using entertainment education and social media to reduce HIV among emerging adults: A protocol paper for the Beat HIVe project. Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 99:106167. [PMID: 33031956 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite multiple efforts to reduce HIV rates among African American young adults, a significant racial disparity persists and continues to grow among this population. New approaches are needed to reach this at-risk group and engage them in prevention efforts. The Community Influences Transitions of Youth Health (CITY Health II) study aims to increase HIV preventive behaviors to decrease HIV rates among 18-25 year old African American emerging adults living in resource-poor southern urban communities. METHODS CITY Health II is a 5-year HIV prevention study that evaluates the efficacy of a peer-driven entertainment education intervention compared to an attention-control intervention using a cluster randomized trial design. Participants were recruited through respondent-driven sampling (RDS) to participate in a social media intervention. We enlisted eight musicians and groups to help us create an entertaining and educational web-based video series, "The Beat HIVe", for study participants to view on smartphones and share with peers on social media. Data collection interviews at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up assessed socio-demographics, risk and protective behaviors, social networks, and peer norms. Analyses will determine if participation is associated with improved HIV-related outcomes; examine whether intervention changes are mediated by perceived social norms and outcome expectations; determine whether intervention benefits vary by sociodemographic characteristics related to mediators, intervention outcome, or level of engagement; and examine the relationship between participant dose of intervention and outcomes. DISCUSSION Outcomes will inform ways to engage African American emerging adults through entertainment education and other strategies for increasing optimal sexual health behaviors. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04320186.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Davies
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
| | - Tamika L Smith
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Bailey Murphy
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - M Scott Crawford
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Kathryn A Kaiser
- Department of Health Behavior, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Olivio J Clay
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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