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Li W, Yao T, Zhang X, Weng X, Li F, Yue X. Oxylipin profiling analyses reveal that ω-3 PUFA is more susceptible to lipid oxidation in sheep testis under oxidative stress. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 268:107567. [PMID: 39068814 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species causes oxidative stress, which oxidizes polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to form oxidative metabolites. Sertoli cell is an important cellular metabolism of PUFA in testicular cells, and it regulates the testis development and spermatogenesis. However, the oxylipins generated in testes with different developmental statuses are lacking. In this study, twelve 6-month-old Hu sheep were selected and divided into large testicular group (L) and the small testicular group (S) (n=6). UPLC-MS/MS was conducted to screen oxylipins in the testis, and the total oxylipin and ω-3 PUFA-derived oxylipin contents in the S group were higher. A total of 20 differential oxylipins between the two groups were screened. Among them, the contents of ω-3 PUFA, DHA-derived oxylipins were increased in the S group. The arachidonic acid-derived oxylipin was lower in the S group. The mRNA expression levels of genes related to oxylipin regulation (AKR1B1, PTGER2, and PTGDS) were higher in the S group (P < 0.05). In vitro, 200 µM α-linolenic acid alleviated oxidative stress damage to Sertoli cells and improved cell viability by increasing the superoxide dismutase contents and mRNA expression levels of GPX4 and Bcl2. These results indicate that ω-3 PUFA is more susceptible to lipid oxidation in the S group under oxidative stress, which might alleviate the damage of oxidative stress to testis. Moreover, ALA could stimulate the proliferation of Sertoli cells by increasing the capacity of antioxidants. This work may provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the antioxidant properties of the testis for Hu sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhong Li
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China.
| | - Ting Yao
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Xiuxiu Weng
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Fadi Li
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Xiangpeng Yue
- College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
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2
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Zheng W, Guo Y, Kahar A, Bai J, Zhu Q, Huang X, Li Y, Xu B, Jia X, Wu G, Zhang C, Zhu Y. RUNX1-induced upregulation of PTGS2 enhances cell growth, migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11670. [PMID: 38778047 PMCID: PMC11111780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) arises via the progressive accumulation of dysregulation in key genes including oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, also called COX2) acts as an oncogenic driver in CRC. Here, we explored the upstream transcription factors (TFs) responsible for elevating PTGS2 expression in CRC cells. The results showed that PTGS2 silencing repressed cell growth, migration and invasion in HCT116 and SW480 CRC cells. The two fragments (499-981 bp) and (1053-1434 bp) were confirmed as the core TF binding profiles of the PTGS2 promoter. PTGS2 expression positively correlated with RUNX1 level in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) samples using the TCGA-COAD dataset. Furthermore, RUNX1 acted as a positive regulator of PTGS2 expression by promoting transcriptional activation of the PTGS2 promoter via the 1086-1096 bp binding motif. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PTGS2 upregulation induced by the TF RUNX1 promotes CRC cell growth, migration and invasion, providing an increased rationale for the use of PTGS2 inhibitors in CRC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
- Hepatobiliary Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Red Star Hospital of the 13th Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Hami, 839000, The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, China
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Yingchang Guo
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Aihemaiti Kahar
- Hepatobiliary Gastrointestinal Surgery Department, Red Star Hospital of the 13th Division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Hami, 839000, The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, China
| | - Junwei Bai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Qinhui Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shangcai People's Hospital, Zhumadian, 463800, Henan, China
| | - Xinli Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Suiping People's Hospital, Zhumadian, 463100, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Bingyi Xu
- Weihui People's Hospital, Weihui, 453100, Henan, China
| | - Xueshan Jia
- Development Department, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
| | - Yuanzeng Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, Henan, China.
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3
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Dócs K, Balázs A, Papp I, Szücs P, Hegyi Z. Reactive spinal glia convert 2-AG to prostaglandins to drive aberrant astroglial calcium signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1382465. [PMID: 38784707 PMCID: PMC11112260 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1382465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) influences neurotransmission in the central nervous system mainly by activating type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1). Following its release, 2-AG is broken down by hydrolases to yield arachidonic acid, which may subsequently be metabolized by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 converts arachidonic acid and also 2-AG into prostanoids, well-known inflammatory and pro-nociceptive mediators. Here, using immunohistochemical and biochemical methods and pharmacological manipulations, we found that reactive spinal astrocytes and microglia increase the expression of COX-2 and the production of prostaglandin E2 when exposed to 2-AG. Both 2-AG and PGE2 evoke calcium transients in spinal astrocytes, but PGE2 showed 30% more efficacy and 55 times more potency than 2-AG. Unstimulated spinal dorsal horn astrocytes responded to 2-AG with calcium transients mainly through the activation of CB1. 2-AG induced exaggerated calcium transients in reactive astrocytes, but this increase in the frequency and area under the curve of calcium signals was only partially dependent on CB1. Instead, aberrant calcium transients were almost completely abolished by COX-2 inhibition. Our results suggest that both reactive spinal astrocytes and microglia perform an endocannabinoid-prostanoid switch to produce PGE2 at the expense of 2-AG. PGE2 in turn is responsible for the induction of aberrant astroglial calcium signals which, together with PGE2 production may play role in the development and maintenance of spinal neuroinflammation-associated disturbances such as central sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Dócs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anita Balázs
- Department of Theoretical and Integrative Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Papp
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Szücs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- HUN-REN-DE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Zhang C, Su H, Waight E, Poluektova LY, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Dash PK. Accelerated Neuroimmune Dysfunction in Aged HIV-1-Infected Humanized Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:149. [PMID: 38399364 PMCID: PMC10892358 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Disordered immunity, aging, human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection, and responses to antiretroviral therapy are linked. However, how each factor is linked with the other(s) remains incompletely understood. It has been reported that accelerated aging, advanced HIV-1 infection, inflammation, and host genetic factors are associated with host cellular, mitochondrial, and metabolic alterations. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. With these questions in mind, we used chronically HIV-1-infected CD34-NSG humanized mice (hu-mice) to model older people living with HIV and uncover associations between HIV-1 infection and aging. Adult humanized mice were infected with HIV-1 at the age of 20 weeks and maintained for another 40 weeks before sacrifice. Animal brains were collected and subjected to transcriptomics, qPCR, and immunofluorescence assays to uncover immune disease-based biomarkers. CD4+ T cell decline was associated with viral level and age. Upregulated C1QA, CD163, and CXCL16 and downregulated LMNA and CLU were identified as age-associated genes tied to HIV-1 infection. Ingenuity pathway analysis affirmed links to innate immune activation, pyroptosis signaling, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, and neuronal dysfunction. In summary, CD34-NSG humanized mice are identified as a valuable model for studying HIV-1-associated aging. Biomarkers of immune senescence and neuronal signaling are both age- and virus-associated. By exploring the underlying biological mechanisms that are linked to these biomarkers, interventions for next generation HIV-1-infected patients can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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5
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Beura SK, Dhapola R, Panigrahi AR, Yadav P, Kumar R, Reddy DH, Singh SK. Antiplatelet drugs: Potential therapeutic options for the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1835-1877. [PMID: 37132460 DOI: 10.1002/med.21965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The blood platelet plays an important role but often remains under-recognized in several vascular complications and associated diseases. Surprisingly, platelet hyperactivity and hyperaggregability have often been considered the critical risk factors for developing vascular dysfunctions in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, platelet structural and functional impairments promote prothrombotic and proinflammatory environment that can aggravate the progression of several NDDs. These findings provide the rationale for using antiplatelet agents not only to prevent morbidity but also to reduce mortality caused by NDDs. Therefore, we thoroughly review the evidence supporting the potential pleiotropic effects of several novel classes of synthetic antiplatelet drugs, that is, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists, protease-activated receptor blockers, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors in NDDs. Apart from this, the review also emphasizes the recent developments of selected natural antiplatelet phytochemicals belonging to key classes of plant-based bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids as potential therapeutic candidates in NDDs. We believe that the broad analysis of contemporary strategies and specific approaches for plausible therapeutic treatment for NDDs presented in this review could be helpful for further successful research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K Beura
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Rishika Dhapola
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Abhishek R Panigrahi
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Reetesh Kumar
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dibbanti H Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil K Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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6
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Alarcón-Enos J, Muñoz-Núñez E, Gutiérrez M, Quiroz-Carreño S, Pastene-Navarrete E, Céspedes Acuña C. Dyhidro-β-agarofurans natural and synthetic as acetylcholinesterase and COX inhibitors: interaction with the peripheral anionic site (AChE-PAS), and anti-inflammatory potentials. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1845-1856. [PMID: 35815566 PMCID: PMC9278454 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2091554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to find molecules of natural origin with potential biological activities, we isolate and synthesise compounds with agarofuran skeletons (epoxyeudesmanes). From the seeds of Maytenus disticha and Maytenus magellanica we obtained six dihydro-β-agarofurans, and by means of the Robinson annulation reaction we synthesised five compounds with the same skeleton. The structures were established on the basis of NMR, IR, and MS. The evaluated compounds showed inhibitory activity on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and on the COX enzymes. Compound 4 emerged as the most potent in the acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay with IC50 17.0 ± 0.016 µM on acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The compounds evaluated were shown to be selective for AChE. The molecular docking, and the propidium displacement assay suggested that the compounds do not bind to the active site of the enzyme AChE, but rather bind to the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of the enzyme, on the other hand, the natural compound 8, showed the best inhibitory activity on the COX-2 enzyme with an IC50 value of 0.04 ± 0.007 µM. The pharmacokinetic profile calculated in silico using the SWISSADME platform shows that these molecules could be considered as potential drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alarcón-Enos
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Evelyn Muñoz-Núñez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
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7
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Molecular and Cellular Interactions in Pathogenesis of Sporadic Parkinson Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113043. [PMID: 36361826 PMCID: PMC9657547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of the population all around the world suffer from age-associated neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). This disorder presents different signs of genetic, epigenetic and environmental origin, and molecular, cellular and intracellular dysfunction. At the molecular level, α-synuclein (αSyn) was identified as the principal molecule constituting the Lewy bodies (LB). The gut microbiota participates in the pathogenesis of PD and may contribute to the loss of dopaminergic neurons through mitochondrial dysfunction. The most important pathogenetic link is an imbalance of Ca2+ ions, which is associated with redox imbalance in the cells and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors that cause these disorders and their cause-and-effect relationships are considered. As a constituent of environmental factors, the example of organophosphates (OPs) is also reviewed. The role of endothelial damage in the pathogenesis of PD is discussed, and a ‘triple hit hypothesis’ is proposed as a modification of Braak’s dual hit one. In the absence of effective therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, more and more evidence is emerging about the positive impact of nutritional structure and healthy lifestyle on the state of blood vessels and the risk of developing these diseases.
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8
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Wallace CH, Oliveros G, Serrano PA, Rockwell P, Xie L, Figueiredo-Pereira M. Timapiprant, a prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonist, ameliorates pathology in a rat Alzheimer's model. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202201555. [PMID: 36167438 PMCID: PMC9515385 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relevance of the prostaglandin D2 pathway in Alzheimer's disease, because prostaglandin D2 is a major prostaglandin in the brain. Thus, its contribution to Alzheimer's disease merits attention, given the known impact of the prostaglandin E2 pathway in Alzheimer's disease. We used the TgF344-AD transgenic rat model because it exhibits age-dependent and progressive Alzheimer's disease pathology. Prostaglandin D2 levels in hippocampi of TgF344-AD and wild-type littermates were significantly higher than prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin D2 signals through DP1 and DP2 receptors. Microglial DP1 receptors were more abundant and neuronal DP2 receptors were fewer in TgF344-AD than in wild-type rats. Expression of the major brain prostaglandin D2 synthase (lipocalin-type PGDS) was the highest among 33 genes involved in the prostaglandin D2 and prostaglandin E2 pathways. We treated a subset of rats (wild-type and TgF344-AD males) with timapiprant, a potent highly selective DP2 antagonist in development for allergic inflammation treatment. Timapiprant significantly mitigated Alzheimer's disease pathology and cognitive deficits in TgF344-AD males. Thus, selective DP2 antagonists have potential as therapeutics to treat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Wallace
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giovanni Oliveros
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Patricia Rockwell
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Computer Science, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Figueiredo-Pereira
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Nguyen NM, Duong MTH, Nguyen PL, Bui BP, Ahn HC, Cho J. Efonidipine Inhibits JNK and NF-κB Pathway to Attenuate Inflammation and Cell Migration Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Microglial Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2022; 30:455-464. [PMID: 35993250 PMCID: PMC9424335 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efonidipine, a calcium channel blocker, is widely used for the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. In our preliminary study using structure-based virtual screening, efonidipine was identified as a potential inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3). Although its antihypertensive effect is widely known, the role of efonidipine in the central nervous system has remained elusive. The present study investigated the effects of efonidipine on the inflammation and cell migration induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using murine BV2 and human HMC3 microglial cell lines and elucidated signaling molecules mediating its effects. We found that the phosphorylations of JNK and its downstream molecule c-Jun in LPS-treated BV2 cells were declined by efonidipine, confirming the finding from virtual screening. In addition, efonidipine inhibited the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory factors, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide. Similarly, the IL-1β production in LPS-treated HMC3 cells was also inhibited by efonidipine. Efonidipine markedly impeded cell migration stimulated by LPS in both cells. Furthermore, it inhibited the phosphorylation of inhibitor kappa B, thereby suppressing nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in LPS-treated BV2 cells. Taken together, efonidipine exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-migratory effects in LPS-treated microglial cells through inhibition of the JNK/NF-κB pathway. These findings imply that efonidipine may be a potential candidate for drug repositioning, with beneficial impacts on brain disorders associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Men Thi Hoai Duong
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Linh Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Bich Phuong Bui
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chul Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
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10
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Caballero-Villarraso J, Medina FJ, Escribano BM, Agüera E, Santamaría A, Pascual-Leone A, Túnez I. Mechanisms Involved in Neuroprotective Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:557-573. [PMID: 34370648 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210809121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is widely used in neurophysiology to study cortical excitability. Research over the last few decades has highlighted its added value as a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of a broad range of psychiatric disorders. More recently, a number of studies have reported beneficial and therapeutic effects for TMS in neurodegenerative conditions and strokes. Yet, despite its recognised clinical applications and considerable research using animal models, the molecular and physiological mechanisms through which TMS exerts its beneficial and therapeutic effects remain unclear. They are thought to involve biochemical-molecular events affecting membrane potential and gene expression. In this aspect, the dopaminergic system plays a special role. This is the most directly and selectively modulated neurotransmitter system, producing an increase in the flux of dopamine (DA) in various areas of the brain after the application of repetitive TMS (rTMS). Other neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have shown a paradoxical response to rTMS. In this way, their levels increased in the hippocampus and striatum but decreased in the hypothalamus and remained unchanged in the mesencephalon. Similarly, there are sufficient evidence that TMS up-regulates the gene expression of BDNF (one of the main brain neurotrophins). Something similar occurs with the expression of genes such as c-Fos and zif268 that encode trophic and regenerative action neuropeptides. Consequently, the application of TMS can promote the release of molecules involved in neuronal genesis and maintenance. This capacity may mean that TMS becomes a useful therapeutic resource to antagonize processes that underlie the previously mentioned neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Caballero-Villarraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,UGC Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Medina
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Begoña M Escribano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,UGC Neurología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Abel Santamaría
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, S.S.A. Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Instituto Guttman de Neurorrehabilitación, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
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11
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Nakajima H, Fujita S, Kakae M, Nagayasu K, Oh-Hora M, Shirakawa H, Kaneko S. Orai2 channel regulates prostaglandin E 2 production in TNFα/IL1α-stimulated astrocytes. Glia 2022; 70:1666-1680. [PMID: 35506586 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are glial cells that serve homeostatic functions in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent research, however, suggests that under pathological conditions, astrocytes are stimulated by various factors and actively participate in CNS inflammation. In the present study, we found that astrocytes upregulate various inflammatory factors including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) by co-stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1alpha (IL1α). These TNFα/IL1α-stimulated astrocytes also showed increased Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and increased expression of Orai2, a member of the store-operated calcium channel (SOCC) family. To reveal the role of Orai2, we used astrocytes in which Orai2 was knocked-down (KD) or knocked-out (KO). The expression of the prostaglandin E synthase Ptges and the production of PGE2 were higher in Orai2-KD astrocytes than in WT astrocytes when stimulated with TNFα and IL1α. Orai2-KO astrocytes also showed increased expression of Ptges and increased PGE2 production. The expression of Ptgs2, another PGE2 synthetic enzyme, was also upregulated in Orai2-KO astrocytes. Moreover, Orai2-KO astrocytes showed increased store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) and increased Orai1 expression. These results suggest that Orai2 is upregulated in TNFα/IL1α-stimulated astrocytes and reduces PGE2 production to some extent, modulating CNS inflammation. Our findings may aid in understanding how astrocytes are associated with inflammatory responses, and the identification of new targets that modulate astrocytic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayaka Fujita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Kakae
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Oh-Hora
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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12
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El-Ansary A, Alhakbany M, Aldbass A, Qasem H, Al-Mazidi S, Bhat RS, Al-Ayadhi L. Alpha-Synuclein, cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandins-EP2 receptors as neuroinflammatory biomarkers of autism spectrum disorders: Use of combined ROC curves to increase their diagnostic values. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:155. [PMID: 34742290 PMCID: PMC8571879 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Neuroinflammation and abnormal lipid mediators have been identified in multiple investigations as an acknowledged etiological mechanism of ASD that can be targeted for therapeutic intervention. METHODS In this study, multiple regression and combined receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to determine the relationship between the neuroinflammatory marker α-synuclein and lipid mediator markers related to inflammation induction, such as cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin-EP2 receptors, in the etiology of ASD. Additionally, the study aimed to determine the linear combination that maximizes the partial area under ROC curves for a set of markers. Forty children with ASD and 40 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled in the study. Using ELISA, the levels of α-synuclein, cyclo-oxygenase-2, and prostaglandin-EP2 receptors were measured in the plasma of both groups. Statistical analyses using ROC curves and multiple and logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS A remarkable increase in the area under the curve was observed using combined ROC curve analyses. Moreover, higher specificity and sensitivity of the combined markers were reported. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that measurement of the predictive value of selected biomarkers related to neuroinflammation and lipid metabolism in children with ASD using a ROC curve analysis should lead to a better understanding of the etiological mechanism of ASD and its link with metabolism. This information may facilitate early diagnosis and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Center for Medical Studies and Scientific Section, King Saud University, P. O Box 22452, Riyadh, KSA, 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manan Alhakbany
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Aldbass
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Qasem
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Al-Mazidi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Lu X, Lu F, Yu J, Xue X, Jiang H, Jiang L, Yang Y. Gramine promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury via ameliorating microglia activation. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:7980-7992. [PMID: 34382745 PMCID: PMC8358888 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a large number of studies have reported that neuroinflammation aggravates the occurrence of secondary injury after spinal cord injury. Gramine (GM), a natural indole alkaloid, possesses various pharmacological properties; however, the anti-inflammation property remains unclear. In our study, Gramine was investigated in vitro and in vivo to explore the neuroprotection effects. In vitro experiment, our results suggest that Gramine treatment can inhibit release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Moreover, Gramine prevented apoptosis of PC12 cells which was caused by activated HAPI microglia, and the inflammatory secretion ability of microglia was inhibited by Gramine through NF-κB pathway. The in vivo experiment is that 80 mg/kg Gramine was injected orthotopically to rats after spinal cord injury (SCI). Behavioural and histological analyses demonstrated that Gramine treatment may alleviate microglia activation and then boost recovery of motor function after SCI. Overall, our research has demonstrated that Gramine exerts suppressed microglia activation and promotes motor functional recovery after SCI through NF-κB pathway, which may put forward the prospect of clinical treatment of inflammation-related central nervous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolang Lu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Fengfeng Lu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Jiachen Yu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Xinghe Xue
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Hongyi Jiang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Liting Jiang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- The Second School of MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of OrthopedicsWenzhouChina
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14
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Rather MA, Khan A, Alshahrani S, Rashid H, Qadri M, Rashid S, Alsaffar RM, Kamal MA, Rehman MU. Inflammation and Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications by Natural Products. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:9982954. [PMID: 34381308 PMCID: PMC8352708 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9982954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no clear causative event making the disease difficult to diagnose and treat. The pathological hallmarks of AD include amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and widespread neuronal loss. Amyloid-beta has been extensively studied and targeted to develop an effective disease-modifying therapy, but the success rate in clinical practice is minimal. Recently, neuroinflammation has been focused on as the event in AD progression to be targeted for therapies. Various mechanistic pathways including cytokines and chemokines, complement system, oxidative stress, and cyclooxygenase pathways are linked to neuroinflammation in the AD brain. Many cells including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes work together to protect the brain from injury. This review is focused to better understand the AD inflammatory and immunoregulatory processes to develop novel anti-inflammatory drugs to slow down the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashoque Ahmad Rather
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu 608002, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hina Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Qadri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana M. Alsaffar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- West China School of Nursing/Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Kursun O, Karatas H, Bariskaner H, Ozturk S. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in Neurologic Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:150-159. [PMID: 33982658 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210512013648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Arachidonic acid (ARA) is essential for the fluidity, selective permeability, and flexibility of the cell membrane. It is an important factor for the function of all cells, particularly in the nervous system, immune system, and vascular endothelium. ARA, after docosahexaenoic acid, is the second most common polyunsaturated fatty acid in the phospholipids of the nerve cell membrane. ARA metabolites have many kinds of physiologic roles. The major action of ARA metabolites is the promotion of the acute inflammatory response, mediated by the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as PGE2 and PGI2, followed by the formation of lipid mediators, which have pro-resolving effects. Another important action of ARA derivatives, especially COX, is the regulation of vascular reactivity through PGs and TXA2. There is significant involvement of ARA metabolites in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and neuropsychiatric disorders. ARA derivatives also make an important contribution to acute stroke, global ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and anticoagulation- related hemorrhagic transformation. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss experimental and human study results of neurologic disorders related to ARA and its metabolites in line with treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguzhan Kursun
- Ankara City Hospital, Neurology Clinic, Neurointensive Care Unit, Neurology, Turkey
| | - Hulya Karatas
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry Neurology, Turkey
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A Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine-2-Carboxamide Derivative Attenuates Inflammatory Responses and Cell Migration in LPS-Treated BV2 Cells via the Suppression of ROS Generation and TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052527. [PMID: 33802409 PMCID: PMC7959294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel 1,8-naphthyridine-2-carboxamide derivatives with various substituents (HSR2101-HSR2113) were synthesized and evaluated for their effects on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cell migration in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV2 microglial cells. Among the tested compounds, HSR2104 exhibited the most potent inhibitory effects on the LPS-stimulated production of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. Therefore, this compound was chosen for further investigation. We found that HSR2104 attenuated levels of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 in LPS-treated BV2 cells. In addition, it markedly suppressed LPS-induced cell migration as well as the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, HSR2104 abated the LPS-triggered nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) through inhibition of inhibitor kappa Bα phosphorylation. Furthermore, it reduced the expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) in LPS-treated BV2 cells. Similar results were observed with TAK242, a specific inhibitor of TLR4, suggesting that TLR4 is an upstream regulator of NF-κB signaling in BV2 cells. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that HSR2104 exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-migratory activities in LPS-treated BV2 cells via the suppression of ROS and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Based on our observations, HSR2104 may have a beneficial impact on inflammatory responses and microglial cell migration involved in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders.
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17
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Potential anti-neuroinflammatory compounds from Australian plants - A review. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104897. [PMID: 33186611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex response to brain injury involving the activation of glia, release of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, and generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Even though it is considered an event secondary to neuronal death or dysfunction, neuro-inflammation comprises a majority of the non-neuronal contributors to the cause and progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) and others. As a result of the lack of effectiveness of current treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation has become a legitimate therapeutic target for drug discovery, leading to the study of various in vivo and in vitro models of neuroinflammation. Several molecules sourced from plants have displayed anti-inflammatory properties in the study of neurodegenerative diseases. A group of these anti-inflammatory compounds has been classified as cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs), which target the pro-inflammatory AP1 and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways and inhibit the expression of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, or nitric oxide. Australian plants, thriving amid the driest inhabited continent of the world, are an untapped source of chemical diversity in the form of secondary metabolites. These compounds are produced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses that the plants are exposed to in the highly biodiverse environment. This review is an attempt to highlight anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from Australian plants.
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18
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Song SY, Kim IS, Koppula S, Park JY, Kim BW, Yoon SH, Choi DK. 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzoic Anhydride Inhibits Neuroinflammation in Cellular and Experimental Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218195. [PMID: 33147699 PMCID: PMC7662568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the key mechanisms involved in acute brain injury and chronic neurodegeneration. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of 2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzoic anhydride (HMA), a novel synthetic derivative of HTB (3-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid) on neuroinflammation and underlying mechanisms in activated microglia in vitro and an in vivo mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In vitro studies revealed that HMA significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated excessive release of nitric oxide (NO) in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, HMA significantly suppressed both inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the mRNA and protein levels in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells. Moreover, HMA significantly inhibited the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Furthermore, mechanistic studies ensured that the potent anti-neuroinflammatory effects of HMA (0.1, 1.0, and 10 μM) were mediated by phosphorylation of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκBα) in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. In vivo evaluations revealed that intraperitoneal administration of potent neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg, four times a 1 day) in mice resulted in activation of microglia in the brain in association with severe behavioral deficits as assessed using a pole test. However, prevention of microglial activation and attenuation of Parkinson’s disease (PD)-like behavioral changes was obtained by oral administration of HMA (30 mg/kg) for 14 days. Considering the overall results, our study showed that HMA exhibited strong anti-neuroinflammatory effects at lower concentrations than its parent compound. Further work is warranted in other animal and genetic models of PD for evaluating the efficacy of HMA to develop a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory disorders, including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeol Song
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (I.-S.K.); (S.K.); (B.-W.K.)
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (I.-S.K.); (S.K.); (B.-W.K.)
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (I.-S.K.); (S.K.); (B.-W.K.)
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea; (J.-Y.P.); (S.-H.Y.)
| | - Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (I.-S.K.); (S.K.); (B.-W.K.)
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea; (J.-Y.P.); (S.-H.Y.)
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea; (S.-Y.S.); (I.-S.K.); (S.K.); (B.-W.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-840-3616
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19
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Shi YX, Chen WS. Monascin ameliorate inflammation in the lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglial cells via suppressing the NF-κB/p65 pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:461-468. [PMID: 32489561 PMCID: PMC7239424 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.41045.9702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases is complicated, in which inflammatory reactions play a vital role. Microglia cells activation, an essential process of neuroinflammation, can produce neurotoxic molecules and neurotrophic factors, which aggravate inflammation and neuronal injury. Monascin, a major component of red yeast rice, is an azaphilonoid pigment with potential anti-inflammatory effects; however, the effects in central nervous system have not been evaluated. Our goal in this project was to explore the therapeutic effect and the underlying mechanism of Monascin, which may be via anti-inflammatory action. Materials and Methods We used lipopolysaccharide to induce BV-2 microglial cells in order to form an inflammation model in vitro. The anti-inflammatory effects of Monascin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western Blot and Immunofluorescent staining. Results Our data indicated that inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide were suppressed by Monascin treatment. Furthermore, the related pro-inflammatory genes were inhibited consistent with the results of ELISA assay. Western blotting results showed that the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB/p65) was reduced by Monascin treatment may be through suppressing the activation of IκB. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining showed that the translocation of NF-κB/p65 to the cellular nuclear was blockaded after Monascin treatment. Conclusion Taken together, Monascin exerts anti-inflammatory effect and suppressed microglia activation, which suggested its potential therapeutic effect for inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xiang Shi
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Shan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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20
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Do HTT, Bui BP, Sim S, Jung JK, Lee H, Cho J. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Migratory Activities of Isoquinoline-1-Carboxamide Derivatives in LPS-Treated BV2 Microglial Cells via Inhibition of MAPKs/NF-κB Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072319. [PMID: 32230861 PMCID: PMC7177615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eleven novel isoquinoline-1-carboxamides (HSR1101~1111) were synthesized and evaluated for their effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cell migration in BV2 microglial cells. Three compounds (HSR1101~1103) exhibited the most potent suppression of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide (NO), without significant cytotoxicity. Among them, only N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) isoquinoline-1-carboxamide (HSR1101) was found to reverse LPS-suppressed anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, so it was selected for further characterization. HSR1101 attenuated LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Particularly, HSR1101 abated LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB through inhibition of IκB phosphorylation. Furthermore, HSR1101 inhibited LPS-induced cell migration and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK. The specific MAPK inhibitors, U0126, SP600125, and SB203580, suppressed LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory mediators, cell migration, and NF-κB nuclear translocation, indicating that MAPKs may be the upstream kinase of NF-κB signaling. Collectively, these results demonstrate that HSR1101 is a potent and promising compound suppressing LPS-induced inflammation and cell migration in BV2 microglial cells, and that inhibition of the MAPKs/NF-κB pathway mediates its anti-inflammatory and anti-migratory effects. Based on our findings, HSR1101 may have beneficial impacts on various neurodegenerative disorders associated with neuroinflammation and microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Thi Thu Do
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea; (H.T.T.D.); (B.P.B.)
| | - Bich Phuong Bui
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea; (H.T.T.D.); (B.P.B.)
| | - Seongrak Sim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Heesoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Osong, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (J.-K.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea; (H.T.T.D.); (B.P.B.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (J.C.)
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Fan X, Li J, Deng X, Lu Y, Feng Y, Ma S, Wen H, Zhao Q, Tan W, Shi T, Wang Z. Design, synthesis and bioactivity study of N-salicyloyl tryptamine derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of neuroinflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 193:112217. [PMID: 32182488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of the complex etiology in neuroinflammatory process, the design of multifunctional agents is a potent strategy to cure neuroinflammatory diseases including AD and PD. Herein, based on the combination principles, 23 of N-salicyloyl tryptamine derivatives as multifunctional agents were designed and their new application for anti-neuroinflammation was disclosed. In cyclooxygenase assay, two compounds 3 and 16 displayed extremely preferable COX-2 inhibition than N-salicyloyl tryptamine. In LPS-induced C6 and BV2 cell models, some compounds decreased the production of proinflammatory mediators NO, PGE2, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2 and ROS, while increased the production of IL-10. Among them, compound 3 and 16 showed approximately six-fold better inhibition on nitric oxide production than N-salicyloyl tryptamine in C6. Besides, compounds 3, 13 and 16 attenuated the activation of BV2 and C6 cells. More importantly, in vivo, compounds 3 and 16 reduced GFAP and Iba-1 levels in the hippocampus, and displayed neuroprotection in Nissl staining. Besides, both compounds 3 and 16 had high safety (LD50 > 1000 mg/kg). Longer plasma half-life of compounds 3 and 16 than melatonin supported combination strategy. All these results demonstrated that N-salicyloyl tryptamine derivatives are potential anti-neuroinflammation agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Junfang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuemei Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yingmei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yiyue Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shumeng Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huaixiu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810000, China
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tao Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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22
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Neuroinflammation in CNS diseases: Molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of plant derived bioactive molecules. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Phytosterols Suppress Phagocytosis and Inhibit Inflammatory Mediators via ERK Pathway on LPS-Triggered Inflammatory Responses in RAW264.7 Macrophages and the Correlation with Their Structure. Foods 2019; 8:foods8110582. [PMID: 31744147 PMCID: PMC6915509 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols, found in many commonly consumed foods, exhibit a broad range of physiological activities including anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of ergosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, and ergosterol acetate were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Results showed that all phytosterol compounds alleviated the inflammatory reaction in LPS-induced macrophage models; cell phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) production, release of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and expression and activity of pro-inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (p-ERK) were all inhibited. The anti-inflammatory activity of β-sitosterol was higher than stigmasterol and campesterol, which suggests that phytosterols without a double bond on C-22 and with ethyl on C-24 were more effective. However, inconsistent results were observed upon comparison of ergosterol and ergosterol acetate (hydroxy or ester group on C-3), which suggest that additional research is still needed to ascertain the contribution of structure to their anti-inflammatory effects.
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24
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Ahmad AS, Ottallah H, Maciel CB, Strickland M, Doré S. Role of the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1 receptor axis in sleep regulation and neurologic outcomes. Sleep 2019; 42:zsz073. [PMID: 30893431 PMCID: PMC6559173 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet the new challenges of modern lifestyles, we often compromise a good night's sleep. In preclinical models as well as in humans, a chronic lack of sleep is reported to be among the leading causes of various physiologic, psychologic, and neurocognitive deficits. Thus far, various endogenous mediators have been implicated in inter-regulatory networks that collectively influence the sleep-wake cycle. One such mediator is the lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS)-Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-DP1 receptor (L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R) axis. Findings in preclinical models confirm that DP1R are predominantly expressed in the sleep-regulating centers. This finding led to the discovery that the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis is involved in sleep regulation. Furthermore, we showed that the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis is beneficial in protecting the brain from ischemic stroke. Protein sequence homology was also performed, and it was found that L-PGDS and DP1R share a high degree of homology between humans and rodents. Based on the preclinical and clinical data thus far pertaining to the role of the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis in sleep regulation and neurologic conditions, there is optimism that this axis may have a high translational potential in human therapeutics. Therefore, here the focus is to review the regulation of the homeostatic component of the sleep process with a special focus on the L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1R axis and the consequences of sleep deprivation on health outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss whether the pharmacological regulation of this axis could represent a tool to prevent sleep disturbances and potentially improve outcomes, especially in patients with acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Shafique Ahmad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Haneen Ottallah
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Carolina B Maciel
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Michael Strickland
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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25
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Galangin Suppresses Renal Inflammation via the Inhibition of NF- κB, PI3K/AKT and NLRP3 in Uric Acid Treated NRK-52E Tubular Epithelial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3018357. [PMID: 31240210 PMCID: PMC6556363 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3018357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Renal inflammation can result in renal injury. Uric acid (UA) is the final product of purine metabolism in humans and because of the lack of urate oxidase, UA may accumulate in tissues, including kidney, causing inflammation. Galangin was isolated from a traditional Chinese medicine plant and possesses several beneficial effects, working as an anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-viral agent. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the molecular mechanism of galangin in the attenuation of UA induced renal inflammation in normal rat kidney epithelial cells NRK-52E. Our findings suggested that galangin treatment efficiently protected NRK-52E cells against UA induced renal inflammation by decreasing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) release, and it inhibited nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 mRNA expression. In addition, galangin was not exerting any cytotoxicity at the concentrations that were effective against inflammation as assessed by CCK8 assay. Moreover, western blotting showed that galangin treatment effectively inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and nucleotide-binding domain- (NOD-) like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway activation. Taken together, these findings suggested that galangin plays a pivotal role in renal inflammation by suppressing inflammatory responses, which might be closely associated with the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation.
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26
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Korbecki J, Bobiński R, Dutka M. Self-regulation of the inflammatory response by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:443-458. [PMID: 30927048 PMCID: PMC6517359 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family includes three transcription factors: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPAR are nuclear receptors activated by oxidised and nitrated fatty acid derivatives as well as by cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGA2 and 15d-PGJ2) during the inflammatory response. This results in the modulation of the pro-inflammatory response, preventing it from being excessively activated. Other activators of these receptors are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (arachidonic acid, ALA, EPA, and DHA). The main function of PPAR during the inflammatory reaction is to promote the inactivation of NF-κB. Possible mechanisms of inactivation include direct binding and thus inactivation of p65 NF-κB or ubiquitination leading to proteolytic degradation of p65 NF-κB. PPAR also exert indirect effects on NF-κB. They promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, or heme oxygenase-1, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., secondary transmitters in inflammatory reactions. PPAR also cause an increase in the expression of IκBα, SIRT1, and PTEN, which interferes with the activation and function of NF-κB in inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - Rafał Bobiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Dutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
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27
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Zhang Y, Li C, Zhou C, Hong P, Zhang Y, Sun S, Qian ZJ. 2'-Hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone attenuates the inflammatory response in LPS-induced BV-2 and RAW264.7 cells via NF-κB signaling pathway. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 330:143-151. [PMID: 30884275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Seahorse has been used as a traditional medicine in Southeast Asian countries for a long time. A compound, 2'-Hydroxy-5'-Methoxyacetophenone (2H5M) isolated from seahorse, Hippocampus kuda, was tested for its anti-inflammatory effect in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells and RAW264.7 cells. MTT assay indicated that 2H5M has no cytotoxicity on two kinds of cells. The concentration of nitric oxide (NO) measured by Griess Reaction System showed that 2H5M could significantly inhibit the NO concentration. The ELISA results showed that 2H5M could suppress the secretion of TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, western blot analysis was utilized to measure the protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that 2H5M reduced NF-κB DNA binding activity. Furthermore, the molecular docking study showed that 2H5M can form active sites with NF-κB. Collectively, these results indicated that 2H5M possesses anti-inflammatory effects and may have a potential application in inflammatory disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuanYuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environment of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - ChengYong Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
| | - ChunXia Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China
| | - PengZhi Hong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - ShengLi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Environment of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhong-Ji Qian
- School of Chemistry and Environment of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518108, China.
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28
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Corwin C, Nikolopoulou A, Pan AL, Nunez-Santos M, Vallabhajosula S, Serrano P, Babich J, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Prostaglandin D2/J2 signaling pathway in a rat model of neuroinflammation displaying progressive parkinsonian-like pathology: potential novel therapeutic targets. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:272. [PMID: 30236122 PMCID: PMC6146649 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins are products of the cyclooxygenase pathway, which is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Limited knowledge is available on mechanisms by which prostaglandins contribute to PD neurodegeneration. To address this gap, we focused on the prostaglandin PGD2/J2 signaling pathway, because PGD2 is the most abundant prostaglandin in the brain, and the one that increases the most under pathological conditions. Moreover, PGJ2 is spontaneously derived from PGD2. METHODS In this study, we determined in rats the impact of unilateral nigral PGJ2-microinfusions on COX-2, lipocalin-type PGD2 synthase (L-PGDS), PGD2/J2 receptor 2 (DP2), and 15 hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). Nigral dopaminergic (DA) and microglial distribution and expression levels of these key factors of the prostaglandin D2/J2 pathway were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. PGJ2-induced motor deficits were assessed with the cylinder test. We also determined whether oral treatment with ibuprofen improved the PD-like pathology induced by PGJ2. RESULTS PGJ2 treatment induced progressive PD-like pathology in the rats. Concomitant with DA neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), PGJ2-treated rats exhibited microglia and astrocyte activation and motor deficits. In DA neurons, COX-2, L-PGDS, and 15-PGDH levels increased significantly in PGJ2-treated rats compared to controls, while DP2 receptor levels were unchanged. In microglia, DP2 receptors were basically non-detectable, while COX-2 and L-PGDS levels increased upon PGJ2-treatment, and 15-PGDH remained unchanged. 15-PGDH was also detected in oligodendrocytes. Notably, ibuprofen prevented most PGJ2-induced PD-like pathology. CONCLUSIONS The PGJ2-induced rat model develops progressive PD pathology, which is a hard-to-mimic aspect of this disorder. Moreover, prevention of most PGJ2-induced PD-like pathology with ibuprofen suggests a positive feedback mechanism between PGJ2 and COX-2 that could lead to chronic neuroinflammation. Notably, this is the first study that analyzes the nigral dopaminergic and microglial distribution and levels of factors of the PGD2/J2 signaling pathway in rodents. Our findings support the notions that upregulation of COX-2 and L-PGDS may be important in the PGJ2 evoked PD-like pathology, and that neuronal DP2 receptor antagonists and L-PGDS inhibitors may be novel pharmacotherapeutics to relieve neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegeneration in PD, circumventing the adverse side effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhyon Corwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Allen L Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mariela Nunez-Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Peter Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Babich
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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29
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Ali AE, Mahdy HM, Elsherbiny DM, Azab SS. Rifampicin ameliorates lithium-pilocarpine-induced seizures, consequent hippocampal damage and memory deficit in rats: Impact on oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic machineries. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:431-443. [PMID: 30195730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the serious neurological sequelae of bacterial meningitis. Rifampicin, the well-known broad spectrum antibiotic, is clinically used for chemoprophylaxis of meningitis. Besides its antibiotic effects, rifampicin has been proven to be an effective neuroprotective candidate in various experimental models of neurological diseases. In addition, rifampicin was found to have promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Herein, we investigated the anticonvulsant effect of rifampicin at experimental meningitis dose (20 mg/kg, i.p.) using lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Additionally, we studied the effect of rifampicin on seizure induced histopathological, neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities. Our study showed that rifampicin pretreatment attenuated seizure activity and the resulting hippocampal insults marked by hematoxylin and eosin. Markers of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis were evaluated, in the hippocampus, 24 h after SE induction. We found that rifampicin pretreatment suppressed oxidative stress as indicated by normalized malondialdehyde and glutathione levels. Rifampicin pretreatment attenuated SE-induced neuroinflammation and decreased the hippocampal expression of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor kappa-B, and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, rifampicin mitigated SE-induced neuronal apoptosis as indicated by fewer positive cytochrome c immunostained cells and lower caspase-3 activity in the hippocampus. Furthermore, Morris water maze testing at 7 days after SE induction showed that rifampicin pretreatment can improve cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, rifampicin, currently used in the management of meningitis, has a potential additional advantage of ameliorating its epileptic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa E Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba M Mahdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar S Azab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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30
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You P, Fu S, Yu K, Xia Y, Wu H, Yang Y, Ma C, Liu D, Chen X, Wang J, Ye X, Liu Y. Scutellarin suppresses neuroinflammation via the inhibition of the AKT/NF-κB and p38/JNK pathway in LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:743-751. [PMID: 29680917 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that scutellarin (SCU) exerts anti-inflammatory effects in the central nervous system (CNS) and inhibits microglia activation. This study investigated the anti-neuroinflammation molecular mechanisms exerted by scutellarin in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. The results showed that production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NO and TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and iNOS mRNA were inhibited by scutellarin, which was independent of cytotoxicity as assessed by a CCK8 assay. Western blot analysis indicated that NF-κB-p65 phosphorylation was suppressed by scutellarin via inhibition of IκB degradation and IKKβ activation, which coincided with blockage of nuclear translocation of NF-κB as shown by immunofluorescent staining. Consistent with the inhibition of NF-κB, scutellarin inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and AKT without affecting phosphorylation of ERK1/2 or PI3K in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. Overall, the present study suggests that scutellarin inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory mediators via inhibition of the IKK-dependent NF-κB and p38/JNK signaling pathway, which inhibits microglia activation and exerts anti-inflammation, indicating its potential therapeutic effect for neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao You
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China.
| | - San Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Hezhen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, 1 HuangJia Hu Road West, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430065, People's Republic of China
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31
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Mhillaj E, Morgese MG, Tucci P, Furiano A, Luongo L, Bove M, Maione S, Cuomo V, Schiavone S, Trabace L. Celecoxib Prevents Cognitive Impairment and Neuroinflammation in Soluble Amyloid β-treated Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 372:58-73. [PMID: 29306052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that soluble forms of amyloid-β (sAβ) peptide contribute to synaptic and cognitive dysfunctions in early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the other hand, neuroinflammation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme have gained increased interest as key factors involved early in AD, although the signaling pathways and pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying a link between sAβ-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation are still unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of selective COX-2 enzyme inhibition on neuropathological alterations induced by sAβ administration in rats. To this purpose, animals received an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of predominantly monomeric forms of sAβ and, 7 days after, behavioral as well as biochemical parameters and neurotransmitter alterations were evaluated. During this period, rats also received a sub-chronic treatment with celecoxib. Biochemical results demonstrated that icv sAβ injection significantly increased both COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in the hippocampus (Hipp) of treated rats. In addition, the number of hypertrophic microglial cells and astrocytes were upregulated in sAβ-treated group. Interestingly, rats treated with sAβ showed long-term memory deficits, as confirmed by a significant reduction of discrimination index in the novel object recognition test, along with reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and increased noradrenaline levels in the Hipp. Systemic administration of celecoxib prevented behavioral dysfunctions, as well as biochemical and neurotransmitter alterations. In conclusion, our results suggest that sAβ neurotoxicity might be associated to COX-2-mediated inflammatory pathways and that early treatment with selective COX-2 inhibitor might provide potential remedies to counterbalance the sAβ-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Mhillaj
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Furiano
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, The Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, The Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, The Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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Prostaglandin J2 promotes O-GlcNAcylation raising APP processing by α- and β-secretases: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 62:130-145. [PMID: 29149631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing by α- and β-secretases is of special interest to Alzheimer's disease (AD), as these proteases prevent or mediate amyloid beta formation, respectively. Neuroinflammation is also implicated in AD. Our data demonstrate that the endogenous mediator of inflammation prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) promotes full-length APP (FL-APP) processing by α- and β-secretases. The decrease in FL-APP was independent of proteasomal, lysosomal, calpain, caspase, and γ-secretase activities. Moreover, PGJ2-treatment promoted cleavage of secreted APP, specifically sAPPα and sAPPβ, generated by α and β-secretase, respectively. Notably, PGJ2-treatment induced caspase-dependent cleavage of sAPPβ. Mechanistically, PGJ2-treatment selectively diminished mature (O- and N-glycosylated) but not immature (N-glycosylated only) FL-APP. PGJ2-treatment also increased the overall levels of protein O-GlcNAcylation, which occurs within the nucleocytoplasmic compartment. It is known that APP undergoes O-GlcNAcylation and that the latter protects proteins from proteasomal degradation. Our results suggest that by increasing protein O-GlcNAcylation levels, PGJ2 renders mature APP less prone to proteasomal degradation, thus shunting APP toward processing by α- and β-secretases.
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Wang C, Lou Y, Xu J, Feng Z, Chen Y, Tang Q, Wang Q, Jin H, Wu Y, Tian N, Zhou Y, Xu H, Zhang X. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and NF-κB Pathway in Salidroside Mediated Neuroprotection: Potential of Salidroside in Neurodegenerative Diseases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1459-1475. [PMID: 28946765 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation leads to increased production of proinflammatory enzymes and cytokines, which is considered to play crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases, however there are only a few drugs that target microglia activation. Recent studies have indicated that the Traditional Chinese Medicine, salidroside (Sal), exerted anti-inflammatory effects. According to this evidence, our present study aims to explore the effect of the Sal (a phenylpropanoid glycoside compound which is isolated from rhodiola), on microglia activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells. Our results showed that Sal could significantly inhibit the excessive production of Nitric Oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Moreover, Sal treatment could suppress the mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory enzymes, including Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of the activation of Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-[Formula: see text]B) and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our study demonstrated that salidroside could inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation via the inhibition of the NF-[Formula: see text]B pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which makes it a promising therapeutic agent for human neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Lou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Jianxiang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Naifeng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
- Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Ramalingam M, Cheng MH, Kim SJ. Insulin suppresses MPP+-induced neurotoxicity by targeting integrins and syndecans in C6 astrocytes. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:550-559. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1369119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Ramalingam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Aronica E, Bauer S, Bozzi Y, Caleo M, Dingledine R, Gorter JA, Henshall DC, Kaufer D, Koh S, Löscher W, Louboutin JP, Mishto M, Norwood BA, Palma E, Poulter MO, Terrone G, Vezzani A, Kaminski RM. Neuroinflammatory targets and treatments for epilepsy validated in experimental models. Epilepsia 2017; 58 Suppl 3:27-38. [PMID: 28675563 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A large body of evidence that has accumulated over the past decade strongly supports the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of human epilepsy. Specific inflammatory molecules and pathways have been identified that influence various pathologic outcomes in different experimental models of epilepsy. Most importantly, the same inflammatory pathways have also been found in surgically resected brain tissue from patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy. New antiseizure therapies may be derived from these novel potential targets. An essential and crucial question is whether targeting these molecules and pathways may result in anti-ictogenesis, antiepileptogenesis, and/or disease-modification effects. Therefore, preclinical testing in models mimicking relevant aspects of epileptogenesis is needed to guide integrated experimental and clinical trial designs. We discuss the most recent preclinical proof-of-concept studies validating a number of therapeutic approaches against inflammatory mechanisms in animal models that could represent novel avenues for drug development in epilepsy. Finally, we suggest future directions to accelerate preclinical to clinical translation of these recent discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,SEIN-Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Jan A Gorter
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, U.S.A
| | - Sookyong Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Louboutin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.,Gene Therapy Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Michele Mishto
- Charite University Medicine Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Braxton A Norwood
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Neuroscience Division, Expesicor LLC, Kalispell, Montana, U.S.A
| | - Eleonora Palma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael O Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Immune control is associated with nigrostriatal neuroprotection for Parkinson's disease (PD); though its direct cause and effect relationships have not yet been realized and modulating the immune system for therapeutic gain has been openly discussed. While the pathobiology of PD remains in study, neuroinflammation is thought to speed nigrostriatal degeneration. The neuroinflammatory cascade associated with PD begins with aggregation of misfolded or post-translationally modified α-synuclein (α-syn). Such aggregation results in neuronal cell death and the presence of chronically activated glia (microglia and astroglia), leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and enzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). These changes in the glial phenotype can affect the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment by producing a pro-inflammatory milieu that speeds PD pathogenesis. Mucuna pruriens (Mp) is the most popular drug in Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine. Several reports have suggested that it possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, anti-epileptic and anti-microbial activities. Mp contain L-DOPA and ursolic acid which has an anti-inflammatory property. There are very few literatures which show the immunomodulatory activity of Mp in PD, several researchers have tried to work on the immunomodulatory activity of Mp in some other diseases. The results of several studies show that Mp modulate the immune components like TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-λ, IL-1β, iNOS and IL-2 in the CNS. It also modulates the activity of the transcription factor NF-kB which plays an important role in the progression of the PD. Thus, by altering these cytokines or transcription factors, Mp protects or prevents the progression of PD. Thus in this review we try to explore the immunomodulatory activity of Mp in PD.
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Iwasa K, Yamamoto S, Yagishita S, Maruyama K, Yoshikawa K. Excitotoxicity-induced prostaglandin D 2 production induces sustained microglial activation and delayed neuronal death. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:649-655. [PMID: 28174214 PMCID: PMC5392741 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is the pivotal mechanism of neuronal death. Prostaglandins (PGs) produced during excitotoxicity play important roles in neurodegenerative conditions. Previously, we demonstrated that initial burst productions of PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2α are produced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the hippocampus following a single systemic kainic acid (KA) administration. In addition, we showed that blocking of all PG productions ameliorated hippocampal delayed neuronal death at 30 days after KA administration. To investigate the role of individual PGs in the delayed neuronal death, we performed intracerebroventricular injection of PGD2, PGE2, or PGF2α in rats whose hippocampal PG productions were entirely blocked by pretreatment of NS398, a COX-2 selective inhibitor. Administration of PGD2 and PGF2α had a latent contribution to the delayed neuronal death, sustained over 30 days after a single KA treatment. Furthermore, PGD2 enhanced microglial activation, which may be involved in the delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that excitotoxic delayed neuronal death is mediated through microglia activated by PGD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Iwasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sosuke Yagishita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kei Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan.
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38
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Physiological and Pathological Roles of 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 in the Central Nervous System and Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2227-2248. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Emad S, Qadeer S, Sadaf S, Batool Z, Haider S, Perveen T. Attenuation of stress induced memory deficits by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in rats: Role of antioxidant enzymes. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 69:300-305. [PMID: 28178591 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated stress paradigms have been shown to cause devastating alterations on memory functions. Stress is linked with inflammation. Psychological and certain physical stressors could lead to neuroinflammation. Inflammatory process may occur by release of mediators and stimulate the production of prostaglandins through cyclooxygenase (COX). Treatment with COX inhibitors, which restrain prostaglandin production, has enhanced memory in a number of neuroinflammatory states showing a potential function for raised prostaglandins in these memory shortfalls. In the present study, potential therapeutic effects of indomethacin and diclofenac sodium on memory in both unrestraint and restraint rats were observed. METHODS AND RESULTS Two components, long term memory and short term memory were examined by Morris water maze (MWM) and elevated plus maze (EPM) respectively. The present study also demonstrated the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on lipid peroxidation (LPO) and activities of antioxidant enzymes along with the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Results of MWM and EPM showed significant effects of drugs in both unrestraint and restraint rats as escape latency and transfer latency, in respective behavioral models were decreased as compared to that of control. This study also showed NSAIDs administration decreased LPO and increased antioxidant enzymes activity and decreased AChE activity in rats exposed to repeated stress. CONCLUSION In conclusion this study suggests a therapeutic potential of indomethacin and diclofenac against repeated stress-induced memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Emad
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sara Qadeer
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sana Sadaf
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Zehra Batool
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Saida Haider
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Perveen
- Neurochemistry and Biochemical Neuropharmacology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
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Macht VA. Neuro-immune interactions across development: A look at glutamate in the prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:267-280. [PMID: 27593444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the primary role for the immune system is to respond to pathogens, more recently, the immune system has been demonstrated to have a critical role in signaling developmental events. Of particular interest for this review is how immunocompetent microglia and astrocytes interact with glutamatergic systems to influence the development of neural circuits in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Microglia are the resident macrophages of the brain, and astrocytes mediate both glutamatergic uptake and coordinate with microglia to respond to the general excitatory state of the brain. Cross-talk between microglia, astrocytes, and glutamatergic neurons forms a quad-partite synapse, and this review argues that interactions within this synapse have critical implications for the maturation of PFC-dependent cognitive function. Similarly, understanding developmental shifts in immune signaling may help elucidate variations in sensitivities to developmental disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Macht
- University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton St., Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
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41
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Park JH, Park YS, Koh HC. Progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons induced by inflammatory responses to fipronil. Toxicol Lett 2016; 258:36-45. [PMID: 27313094 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are involved in mechanisms of neuronal cell damage in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). We investigated the mechanisms whereby inflammatory responses contribute to loss of dopaminergic neurons in fipronil (FPN)-treated rats. After stereotaxic injection of FPN in the substantia nigra (SN), the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons and the levels of TH expression in the SN decreased at 7days, and a significant decrease was observed at 14days with a subsequent reduction in striatal TH expression. Decreases in dopamine (DA) levels, however, began at 3days post-injection, preceding the changes in TH expression. In contrast, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was significantly increased at 3days and persisted for up to 14days post-lesion; these changes in GFAP expression appeared to be inversely correlated with TH expression. Furthermore, we found that FPN administration induced an inflammatory response characterized by increased levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which was mediated by activated microglia following infusion of FPN unilaterally into the SN. Intranigral injection of FPN underwent an inflammatory response with a resultant ongoing loss of dopaminergic neurons, indicating that pesticides may have important implication for the study of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Sun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Koh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by NS398 attenuates noise-induced hearing loss in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22573. [PMID: 26934825 PMCID: PMC4776277 DOI: 10.1038/srep22573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is an important occupational disorder. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NIHL have not been fully clarified; therefore, the condition lacks effective therapeutic methods. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is an inducible enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins, and has been implicated in many pathophysiological events, such as oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, we investigated the possible role of Cox-2 in the mechanisms of NIHL and the therapeutic effect of the Cox-2 inhibitor NS398 on NIHL using a mouse model. We demonstrated that Cox-2 is constitutively expressed in the mouse cochlea, and its expression could be dramatically up-regulated by high levels of noise exposure. Furthermore, we demonstrated that pre-treatment with the Cox-2 inhibitor NS398 could inhibit Cox-2 expression during noise overstimulation; and could attenuate noise-induced hearing loss and hair cell damage. Our results suggest that Cox-2 is involved in the pathogenesis of NIHL; and pharmacological inhibition of Cox-2 has considerable therapeutic potential in NIHL.
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Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Corwin C, Babich J. Prostaglandin J2: a potential target for halting inflammation-induced neurodegeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1363:125-37. [PMID: 26748744 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are produced via cyclooxygenases, which are enzymes that play a major role in neuroinflammation. Epidemiological studies show that chronic treatment with low levels of cyclooxygenase inhibitors (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) lowers the risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) by as much as 50%. Unfortunately, inhibiting cyclooxygenases with NSAIDs blocks the synthesis of downstream neuroprotective and neurotoxic PGs, thus producing adverse side effects. We focus on prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) because it is highly neurotoxic compared to PGA1, D2, and E2. Unlike other PGs, PGJ2 and its metabolites have a cyclopentenone ring with reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups that form covalent Michael adducts with key cysteines in proteins and GSH. Cysteine-binding electrophiles such as PGJ2 are considered to play an important role in determining whether neurons will live or die. We discuss in vitro and in vivo studies showing that PGJ2 induces pathological processes relevant to neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and PD. Further, we discuss our work showing that increasing intracellular cAMP with the lipophilic peptide PACAP27 counteracts some of the PGJ2-induced detrimental effects. New therapeutic strategies that neutralize the effects of specific neurotoxic PGs downstream from cyclooxygenases could have a significant impact on the treatment of chronic neurodegenerative disorders with fewer adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuhyon Corwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, New York
| | - John Babich
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Pathophysiological Roles of Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandins in the Central Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4754-71. [PMID: 26328537 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COXs) oxidize arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PG) G2 and H2 followed by PG synthases that generates PGs and thromboxane (TX) A2. COXs are divided into COX-1 and COX-2. In the central nervous system, COX-1 is constitutively expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglial cells. COX-2 is upregulated in these cells under pathophysiological conditions. In hippocampal long-term potentiation, COX-2, PGE synthase, and PGE2 are induced in post-synaptic neurons. PGE2 acts pre-synaptic EP2 receptor, generates cAMP, stimulates protein kinase A, modulates voltage-dependent calcium channel, facilitates glutamatergic synaptic transmission, and potentiates long-term plasticity. PGD2, PGE2, and PGI2 exhibit neuroprotective effects via Gs-coupled DP1, EP2/EP4, and IP receptors, respectively. COX-2, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, and TXA2 are elevated in stroke. COX-2 inhibitors exhibit neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro models of stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, suggesting neurotoxicities of COX products. PGE2, PGF2α, and TXA2 can contribute to the neurodegeneration via EP1, FP, and TP receptors, respectively, which are coupled with Gq, stimulate phospholipase C and cleave phosphatidylinositol diphosphate to produce inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol. Inositol triphosphate binds to inositol triphosphate receptor in endoplasmic reticulum, releases calcium, and results in increasing intracellular calcium concentrations. Diacylglycerol activates calcium-dependent protein kinases. PGE2 disrupts Ca(2+) homeostasis by impairing Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchange via EP1, resulting in the excess Ca(2+) accumulation. Neither PGE2, PGF2α, nor TXA2 causes neuronal cell death by itself, suggesting that they might enhance the ischemia-induced neurodegeneration. Alternatively, PGE2 is non-enzymatically dehydrated to a cyclopentenone PGA2, which induces neuronal cell death. Although PGD2 induces neuronal apoptosis after a lag time, neither DP1 nor DP2 is involved in the neurotoxicity. As well as PGE2, PGD2 is non-enzymatically dehydrated to a cyclopentenone 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ2, which induces neuronal apoptosis without a lag time. However, neurotoxicities of these cyclopentenones are independent of their receptors. The COX-2 inhibitor inhibits both the anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth of glioma cell lines regardless of COX-2 expression, suggesting that some COX-2-independent mechanisms underlie the antineoplastic effect of the inhibitor. PGE2 attenuates this antineoplastic effect, suggesting that the predominant mechanism is COX-dependent. COX-2 or EP1 inhibitors show anti-neoplastic effects. Thus, our review presents evidences for pathophysiological roles of cyclooxygenases and prostaglandins in the central nervous system.
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Kim BW, Koppula S, Kumar H, Park JY, Kim IW, More SV, Kim IS, Han SD, Kim SK, Yoon SH, Choi DK. α-Asarone attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by inhibiting NF kappa B activation and mitigates MPTP-induced behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:46-57. [PMID: 25983275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with microglial activation. Therefore, the importance of early therapeutic intervention to inhibit microglial activation would be an effective strategy to alleviate the progression of PD. α-Asarone, an active compound found in Araceae and Annonaceae plant species has been used to improve various disease conditions including central nervous system disorders. In the present study the in vitro and in vivo therapeutic effects of α-asarone isolated from the rhizome of Acorus gramineus Solander was evaluated on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroprotection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells were used to evaluate in vitro effects. 1-methyl-4 phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD was developed to study the neuroprotective effects of α-asarone in vivo. The results indicated that α-asarone significantly attenuated the LPS-stimulated increase in neuroinflammatory responses and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production in BV-2 cells. Mechanistic study revealed that α-asarone inhibited the LPS-stimulated activation via regulation of nuclear factor kappa-B by blocking degradation of inhibitor kappa B-alpha signaling in BV-2 microglial cells. In in vivo studies, MPTP intoxication to mice resulted in brain microglial activation and significant behavioral deficits. Prophylactic treatment with α-asarone suppressed microglial activation and attenuated PD-like behavioral impairments as assessed by the Y-maze and pole tests. Taken together, these data demonstrate that α-asarone is a promising neuroprotective agent that should be further evaluated and developed for future prevention and treatment of microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory conditions including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Il-Woung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Sandeep V More
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Sang-Don Han
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 380-704, South Korea
| | - Si-Kwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 380-701, South Korea.
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Lin C, Lin HY, Chen JH, Tseng WP, Ko PY, Liu YS, Yeh WL, Lu DY. Effects of paeonol on anti-neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8844-60. [PMID: 25906473 PMCID: PMC4425112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing studies suggest that inflammatory processes in the central nervous system mediated by microglial activation plays an important role in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Development of planning for microglial suppression is considered a key strategy in the search for neuroprotection. Paeonol is a major phenolic component of Moutan Cortex, widely used as a nutrient supplement in Chinese medicine. In this study, we investigated the effects of paeonol on microglial cells stimulated by inflammagens. Paeonol significantly inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Treatment with paeonol also reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibited an ATP-induced increased cell migratory activity. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of neuroinflammation by paeonol were found to be regulated by phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α (AMPK-α) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (GSK 3α/β). Treatment with AMPK or GSK3 inhibitors reverse the inhibitory effect of neuroinflammation by paeonol in microglial cells. Furthermore, paeonol treatment also showed significant improvement in the rotarod performance and microglial activation in the mouse model as well. The present study is the first to report a novel inhibitory role of paeonol on neuroinflammation, and presents a new candidate agent for the development of therapies for inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chingju Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Jia-Hong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 42743, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Pei Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Sports and Health, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Ying Ko
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Shu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Tsai CF, Kuo YH, Yeh WL, Wu CYJ, Lin HY, Lai SW, Liu YS, Wu LH, Lu JK, Lu DY. Regulatory effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on neuroinflammation in microglial cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5572-89. [PMID: 25768341 PMCID: PMC4394493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation has been widely demonstrated to mediate inflammatory processes that are crucial in several neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmaceuticals that can deliver direct inhibitory effects on microglia are therefore considered as a potential strategy to counter balance neurodegenerative progression. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a natural phenol in honeybee propolis, is known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Accordingly, the current study intended to probe the effects of CAPE on microglia activation by using in vitro and in vivo models. Western blot and Griess reaction assay revealed CAPE significantly inhibited the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the production of nitric oxide (NO). Administration of CAPE resulted in increased expressions of hemeoxygenase (HO)-1and erythropoietin (EPO) in microglia. The phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α was further found to regulate the anti-inflammatory effects of caffeic acid. In vivo results from immunohistochemistry along with rotarod test also revealed the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of CAPE in microglia activation. The current study has evidenced several possible molecular determinants, AMPKα, EPO, and HO-1, in mediating anti-neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Caren Yu-Ju Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Wei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Shu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Jheng-Kun Lu
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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Role of COX-2/mPGES-1/prostaglandin E2 cascade in kidney injury. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:147894. [PMID: 25729216 PMCID: PMC4333324 DOI: 10.1155/2015/147894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
COX-2/mPGES-1/PGE2 cascade plays critical roles in modulating many physiological and pathological actions in different organs. In the kidney, this cascade is of high importance in regulating fluid metabolism, blood pressure, and renal hemodynamics. Under some disease conditions, this cascade displays various actions in response to the different pathological insults. In the present review, the roles of this cascade in the pathogenesis of kidney injuries including diabetic and nondiabetic kidney diseases and acute kidney injuries were introduced and discussed. The new insights from this review not only increase the understanding of the pathological role of the COX-2/mPGES-1/PGE2 pathway in kidney injuries, but also shed new light on the innovation of the strategies for the treatment of kidney diseases.
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Figueiredo-Pereira ME, Rockwell P, Schmidt-Glenewinkel T, Serrano P. Neuroinflammation and J2 prostaglandins: linking impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and mitochondria to neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 7:104. [PMID: 25628533 PMCID: PMC4292445 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response of the CNS is a defense mechanism activated upon injury to initiate repair mechanisms while chronic over-activation of the CNS immune system (termed neuroinflammation) may exacerbate injury. The latter is implicated in a variety of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, HIV dementia, and prion diseases. Cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), which are key enzymes in the conversion of arachidonic acid into bioactive prostanoids, play a central role in the inflammatory cascade. J2 prostaglandins are endogenous toxic products of cyclooxygenases, and because their levels are significantly increased upon brain injury, they are actively involved in neuronal dysfunction induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms by which J2 prostaglandins (1) exert their actions, (2) potentially contribute to the transition from acute to chronic inflammation and to the spreading of neuropathology, (3) disturb the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and mitochondrial function, and (4) contribute to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and demyelination in Krabbe disease. We conclude by discussing the therapeutic potential of targeting the J2 prostaglandin pathway to prevent/delay neurodegeneration associated with neuroinflammation. In this context, we suggest a shift from the traditional view that cyclooxygenases are the most appropriate targets to treat neuroinflammation, to the notion that J2 prostaglandin pathways and other neurotoxic prostaglandins downstream from cyclooxygenases, would offer significant benefits as more effective therapeutic targets to treat chronic neurodegenerative diseases, while minimizing adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Rockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Schmidt-Glenewinkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York New York, NY, USA
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Hermann PM, Watson SN, Wildering WC. Phospholipase A2 - nexus of aging, oxidative stress, neuronal excitability, and functional decline of the aging nervous system? Insights from a snail model system of neuronal aging and age-associated memory impairment. Front Genet 2014; 5:419. [PMID: 25538730 PMCID: PMC4255604 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging brain undergoes a range of changes varying from subtle structural and physiological changes causing only minor functional decline under healthy normal aging conditions, to severe cognitive or neurological impairment associated with extensive loss of neurons and circuits due to age-associated neurodegenerative disease conditions. Understanding how biological aging processes affect the brain and how they contribute to the onset and progress of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases is a core research goal in contemporary neuroscience. This review focuses on the idea that changes in intrinsic neuronal electrical excitability associated with (per)oxidation of membrane lipids and activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are an important mechanism of learning and memory failure under normal aging conditions. Specifically, in the context of this special issue on the biology of cognitive aging we portray the opportunities offered by the identifiable neurons and behaviorally characterized neural circuits of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis in neuronal aging research and recapitulate recent insights indicating a key role of lipid peroxidation-induced PLA2 as instruments of aging, oxidative stress and inflammation in age-associated neuronal and memory impairment in this model system. The findings are discussed in view of accumulating evidence suggesting involvement of analogous mechanisms in the etiology of age-associated dysfunction and disease of the human and mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shawn N Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Willem C Wildering
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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