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Chui MKK, Schneider K, Miclau K, LaHue SC, Furman D, Leutwyler H, Newman JC. Associations of Systemic Inflammation and Senescent Cell Biomarkers with Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults with Schizophrenia. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.06.24303857. [PMID: 38496401 PMCID: PMC10942530 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.24303857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia suffer from higher morbidity and mortality throughout life partly due to acceleration of aging-related diseases and conditions. Systemic inflammation is a hallmark of aging and is also observed in schizophrenia. An improved understanding of how inflammation and accelerated aging contribute to long-term health outcomes in schizophrenia could provide more effective treatments to preserve long-term cognitive and physical function. In this pilot cross-sectional study, 24 older adults (≥55 years old) with schizophrenia were assessed on symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), neurocognition (Matrics Consensus Cognitive Battery), mobility (Timed Get Up and Go), and general health (SF-12). Serum levels of 112 different cytokines were measured, from which we derived estimated senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) scores for each participant. Two-tailed Pearson's bivariate correlations were computed to test the associations between schizophrenia clinical outcomes with individual cytokines, and SASP. Higher levels of eotaxin, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IFNα are associated with both worse PANSS negative and depressive symptoms scores. IL-1α and IL-1β negatively associated with general physical health whereas eotaxin negatively associated with mobility and global cognition. Overall, we found that specific inflammatory cytokines, but not composite measurements of SASP, are associated with clinical outcomes in older adults with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Kirsten Chui
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Katherine Miclau
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Sara C LaHue
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Furman
- Buck Artificial Intelligence Platform, the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Stanford 1000 Immunomes Project, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral, CONICET, Pilar, Argentina
| | - Heather Leutwyler
- Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - John C Newman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato CA, USA
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
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Gawel K. A Review on the Role and Function of Cinnabarinic Acid, a "Forgotten" Metabolite of the Kynurenine Pathway. Cells 2024; 13:453. [PMID: 38474418 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In the human body, the majority of tryptophan is metabolized through the kynurenine pathway. This consists of several metabolites collectively called the kynurenines and includes, among others, kynurenic acid, L-kynurenine, or quinolinic acid. The wealth of metabolites, as well as the associated molecular targets and biological pathways, bring about a situation wherein even a slight imbalance in the kynurenine levels, both in the periphery and central nervous system, have broad consequences regarding general health. Cinnabarinic acid (CA) is the least known trace kynurenine, and its physiological and pathological roles are not widely understood. Some studies, however, indicate that it might be neuroprotective. Information on its hepatoprotective properties have also emerged, although these are pioneering studies and need to be replicated. Therefore, in this review, I aim to present and critically discuss the current knowledge on CA and its role in physiological and pathological settings to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Gawel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b Str., 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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3
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Marković M, Petronijević N, Stašević M, Stašević Karličić I, Velimirović M, Stojković T, Ristić S, Stojković M, Milić N, Nikolić T. Decreased Plasma Levels of Kynurenine and Kynurenic Acid in Previously Treated and First-Episode Antipsychotic-Naive Schizophrenia Patients. Cells 2023; 12:2814. [PMID: 38132134 PMCID: PMC10741951 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) catabolites exert neuroactive effects, with the plethora of evidence suggesting that kynurenic acid (KYNA), a catabolite of the kynurenine pathway (KP), acts as the regulator of glutamate and acetylcholine in the brain, contributing to the schizophrenia pathophysiology. Newer evidence regarding measures of KP metabolites in the blood of schizophrenia patients and from the central nervous system suggest that blood levels of these metabolites by no means could reflect pathological changes of TRP degradation in the brain. The aim of this study was to investigate plasma concentrations of TRP, kynurenine (KYN) and KYNA at the acute phase and remission of schizophrenia in a prospective, case-control study of highly selected and matched schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals. Our study revealed significantly decreased KYN and KYNA in schizophrenia patients (p < 0.001), irrespective of illness state, type of antipsychotic treatment, number of episodes or illness duration and no differences in the KYN/TRP ratio between schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals. These findings could be interpreted as indices that kynurenine pathway might not be dysregulated in the periphery and that other factors contribute to observed disturbances in concentrations, but as our study had certain limitations, we cannot draw definite conclusions. Further studies, especially those exploring other body compartments that participate in kynurenine pathway, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Marković
- Clinic for Mental Disorders “Dr Laza Lazarević”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (I.S.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (M.V.); (T.S.)
| | - Nataša Petronijević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (M.V.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milena Stašević
- Clinic for Mental Disorders “Dr Laza Lazarević”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Ivana Stašević Karličić
- Clinic for Mental Disorders “Dr Laza Lazarević”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.); (I.S.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Priština—Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
| | - Milica Velimirović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (M.V.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Tihomir Stojković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (M.V.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Slavica Ristić
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Mina Stojković
- Clinic for Neurology, University Clinical Centre of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Nataša Milić
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Department for Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tatjana Nikolić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.P.); (M.V.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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Ou W, Chen Y, Ju Y, Ma M, Qin Y, Bi Y, Liao M, Liu B, Liu J, Zhang Y, Li L. The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder under different disease states: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 339:624-632. [PMID: 37467793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A disruption of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway may exist in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the changing pattern of the KYN pathway across the different disease states in MDD is unclear. Herein, we performed a meta-analysis to examine the differences in KYN metabolites between patients in the current episode of MDD (cMDD) and patients in remission (rMDD), as well as the changes after treatments. METHODS Literature was systematically searched from electronic databases, from inception up to September 2022. Random-effect models were used to quantify the differences in KYN metabolites between patients with MDD across acute depressive episode and remission phases, as well as the changes after treatments. RESULTS Fifty-one studies involving 7056 participants were included. Tryptophan (TRP), KYN, kynurenic acid (KYNA), KYNA/quinolinic acid (QA), KYNA/3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and KYNA/KYN were significantly lower, while KYN/TRP was significantly higher in patients with cMDD. Moreover, these effect sizes were generally larger in medication-free patients. No significant differences were found between patients with rMDD and HCs. Additionally, KYNA was found negatively correlated with depression severity and significantly increased after treatments, while the alteration was not found in QA. LIMITATIONS The number of included studies of patients with rMDD and longitudinal studies investigating the change of the KYN metabolites after treatment with antidepressants was limited. In addition, the heterogeneity across included studies was relatively high. CONCLUSIONS These findings showed a comprehensive image of the unique dysfunction pattern of the KYN pathway across different MDD states and highlighted KYNA as a potentially sensitive biomarker of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Ou
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yumeng Ju
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Mohan Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqi Qin
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Bi
- Xiangya Medical School, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Bangshan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Lingjiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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Shangguan F, Chen Z, Lv Y, Zhang XY. Interaction between high interleukin-2 and high cortisol levels is associated with psychopathology in patients with chronic schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 165:255-263. [PMID: 37541091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both cortisol and interleukins appear at abnormal levels in schizophrenia. Our previous study has shown that cortisol and interleukins are associated with psychopathology and response to antipsychotic medications in a relatively small sample size of patients with schizophrenia. The current study was designed to investigate how cortisol, interleukins (ILs) and their interactions would correlate with clinical presentation in a relatively large sample size of patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We compared serum cortisol, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 levels in 162 medicated schizophrenia patients (including 27 patients in remission) and 62 healthy controls. Serum levels of cortisol and interleukins were measured by radioimmunoassay and quantitative ELISA, respectively. Clinical symptoms were assessed according to the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia had significantly higher levels of cortisol and IL-2 compared to controls. Patients in remission had higher levels of IL-6 than non-remitting patients. PANSS positive symptoms, general psychopathology, cortisol and IL-2 were the most central nodes in the cortisol-IL-symptom network. The interaction between cortisol and IL-2 was associated with PANSS positive symptoms, general psychopathology and depressive factor. For patients with cortisol level above the median, IL-2 was negatively associated with PANSS positive symptoms and general psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the interaction between cytokines and cortisol may be associated with the pathophysiology of some symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. In particular, the interaction between cortisol and IL-2 is associated with the clinical phenotypes of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yue Lv
- Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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6
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Patlola SR, Donohoe G, McKernan DP. Anti-inflammatory effects of 2nd generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 160:126-136. [PMID: 36804109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disorder with unknown aetiology. Recent evidence suggests a potential role for cytokines in its pathophysiology and that antipsychotic medication may alter this. While the aetiology of schizophrenia remains only partly understood, an altered immune function representing an important avenue of further discovery. In this systematic review and meta-analysis we focus on the specific effects of second generation antipsychotics risperidone and clozapine on inflammatory cytokines. METHODS A defined systematic search of PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed to identify relevant studies published between Jan 1900 and May 2022. After screening of 2969 papers, 43 studies (27 single-arm and 8 dual-arm) were included that consisted of a total of 1421 patients with schizophrenia in the systematic review. From these, twenty studies (4 dual-arm; 678 patients) had data available on which a meta-analysis could be carried out. RESULTS Our meta-analysis showed a significant reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines post-risperidone treatment in the absence of a similar association with clozapine. Subgroup analyses (First episode v chronic) demonstrated that duration of illness influenced the extent of cytokine alteration; risperidone treatment produced significant cytokine changes (lowered IL-6 and TNF-α) in chronic patients but not in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients. CONCLUSION Varying treatment effects on cytokines can be observed by the use of different antipsychotic drugs. The cytokine alterations post-treatment are influenced by the specific antipsychotic drugs and patient status. This may explain disease progression in certain patient groups and influence therapeutic choices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saahithh Redddi Patlola
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Gary Donohoe
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan P McKernan
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
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7
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Linking nervous and immune systems in psychiatric illness: A meta-analysis of the kynurenine pathway. Brain Res 2023; 1800:148190. [PMID: 36463958 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid absorbed by the gut depending on a homoeostatic microbiome. Up to 95% of unbound tryptophan is converted into tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) through the kynurenine system. Recent studies identified conflicting associations between altered levels of TRYCATs and genetic polymorphisms in major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and bipolar disorder (BD). This meta-analysis aimed to understand how tryptophan catabolic pathways are altered in MDD, SCZ, and BD. When compared to healthy controls, participants with MDD had moderately lower levels of tryptophan associated with a moderate increase of kynurenine/tryptophan ratios and no differences in kynurenine. While significant differences were found in SCZ for any of the TRYCATs, studies on kynurenic acid found opposing directions of effect sizes depending on the sample source. Unique changes in levels of TRYCATs were also observed in BD. Dynamic changes in levels of cytokines and other immune/inflammatory elements modulate the transcription and activity of kynurenine system enzymes, which lastly seems to be impacting glutamatergic neurotransmission via N-methyl-D-aspartate and α-7 nicotine receptors.
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Skorobogatov K, Autier V, Foiselle M, Richard JR, Boukouaci W, Wu CL, Raynal S, Carbonne C, Laukens K, Meysman P, Coppens V, le Corvoisier P, Barau C, De Picker L, Morrens M, Tamouza R, Leboyer M. Kynurenine pathway abnormalities are state-specific but not diagnosis-specific in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 27:100584. [PMID: 36685639 PMCID: PMC9852293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with immunological dysfunctions that have been hypothesized to lead to clinical symptomatology in particular through kynurenine pathway abnormalities. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the impact of serum kynurenine metabolite levels on diagnosis, clinical state, symptom severity and clinical course in a large French transdiagnostic cohort of SCZ and BD patients. Four patient groups (total n = 507) were included in a cross-sectional observational study: 1) hospitalized acute bipolar patients (n = 205); 2) stable bipolar outpatients (n = 116); 3) hospitalized acute schizophrenia patients (n = 111) and 4) stable schizophrenia outpatients (n = 75), in addition to healthy controls (HC) (n = 185). The quantitative determination of serum kynurenine metabolites was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Kynurenine levels were lower in all patients combined compared to HC while ANCOVA analyses did not reveal inter-diagnostic difference between SCZ and BD. Interestingly, hospitalized patients of both diagnostic groups combined displayed significantly lower kynurenine levels than stabilized outpatients. Psychotic symptoms were associated with lower quinaldic acid (F = 9.18, p=<.001), which is KAT-driven, whereas a longer duration of illness contributed to abnormalities in tryptophan (F = 5.41, p = .023), kynurenine (F = 16.93, p=<.001), xanthurenic acid (F = 9.34, p = .002), quinolinic acid (F = 9.18, p = .003) and picolinic acid (F = 4.15, p = .043), metabolized through the KMO-branch. These data confirm illness state rather than diagnosis to drive KP alterations in SCZ and BD. Lower levels of KP metabolites can thus be viewed as a transdiagnostic feature of SCZ and BD, independently associated with acute symptomatology and a longer duration of illness. Quinaldic acid has seldomly been investigated by previous studies and appears an important state marker in SCZ and BD. As serum samples are used in this study, it is not possible to extrapolate these findings to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Skorobogatov
- Scientific Initiative for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Campus Duffel (UPCD), Duffel, Belgium,Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium,Corresponding author. Scientific Initiative for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Campus Duffel (UPCD), Duffel, Belgium.
| | | | - Marianne Foiselle
- Université Paris Est Creteil, Inserm U955, IMRB Translational Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Creteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France
| | - Jean-Romain Richard
- Université Paris Est Creteil, Inserm U955, IMRB Translational Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Creteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France
| | - Wahid Boukouaci
- Université Paris Est Creteil, Inserm U955, IMRB Translational Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Creteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France
| | - Ching-Lien Wu
- Université Paris Est Creteil, Inserm U955, IMRB Translational Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Creteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France
| | | | | | - Kris Laukens
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center Antwerp (BIOMINA), University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center Antwerp (BIOMINA), University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Violette Coppens
- Scientific Initiative for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Campus Duffel (UPCD), Duffel, Belgium,Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe le Corvoisier
- Inserm, Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1430, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Caroline Barau
- Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques, HU Henri Mondor, F94010, France
| | - Livia De Picker
- Scientific Initiative for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Campus Duffel (UPCD), Duffel, Belgium,Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manuel Morrens
- Scientific Initiative for Neuropsychiatric and Psychopharmacological Studies (SINAPS), University Psychiatric Hospital Campus Duffel (UPCD), Duffel, Belgium,Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- Université Paris Est Creteil, Inserm U955, IMRB Translational Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Creteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Université Paris Est Creteil, Inserm U955, IMRB Translational Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Creteil, France,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, DMU IMPACT, FHU ADAPT, Créteil, France,Fondation FondaMental, Creteil, France
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Quetiapine Ameliorates MIA-Induced Impairment of Sensorimotor Gating: Focus on Neuron-Microglia Communication and the Inflammatory Response in the Frontal Cortex of Adult Offspring of Wistar Rats. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182788. [PMID: 36139363 PMCID: PMC9496681 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The maternal immune activation produced by the systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats provides valuable insights into the basis of behavioural schizophrenia-like disturbances and biochemical changes in the brains of the offspring, such as microglial activation. Regarding therapy, antipsychotics continually constitute the cornerstone of schizophrenia treatment. To their various efficacy and side effects, as well as not fully recognised mechanisms of action, further characteristics have been suggested, including an anti-inflammatory action via the impact on neuron–microglia axes responsible for inhibition of microglial activation. Therefore, in the present study, we sought to determine whether chronic treatment with chlorpromazine, quetiapine or aripiprazole could influence schizophrenia-like behavioural disturbances at the level of sensorimotor gating in male offspring prenatally exposed to LPS. Simultaneously, we wanted to explore if the chosen antipsychotics display a positive impact on the neuroimmunological parameters in the brains of these adult animals with a special focus on the ligand-receptor axes controlling neuron–microglia communication as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory factors related to the microglial activity. The results of our research revealed the beneficial effect of quetiapine on deficits in sensorimotor gating observed in prenatally LPS-exposed offspring. In terms of axes controlling neuron–microglia communication and markers of microglial reactivity, we observed a subtle impact of quetiapine on hippocampal Cx3cl1 and Cx3cr1 levels, as well as cortical Cd68 expression. Hence, further research is required to fully define and explain the involvement of quetiapine and other antipsychotics in Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 and/or Cd200-Cd200r axes modulation and inflammatory processes in the LPS-based model of schizophrenia-like disturbances.
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10
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Almulla AF, Vasupanrajit A, Tunvirachaisakul C, Al-Hakeim HK, Solmi M, Verkerk R, Maes M. The tryptophan catabolite or kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: meta-analysis reveals dissociations between central, serum, and plasma compartments. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3679-3691. [PMID: 35422466 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) since the rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine-dioxygenase (IDO) may be induced by inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators. This systematic review searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for papers published from inception until August 2021 and meta-analyzed the association between SCZ and TRYCATs in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral blood. We included 61 studies comprising 2813 patients and 2948 healthy controls. In the CNS we found a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the kynurenine/tryptophan (KYN/TRP) (standardized mean difference, SMD = 0.769, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.456; 1.082) and kynurenic acid (KA)/KYN + TRP (SMD = 0.697, CI: 0.478-0.917) ratios, KA (SMD = 0.646, CI: 0.422; 0.909) and KYN (SMD = 1.238; CI: 0.590; 1.886), while the 3OH-kynurenine (3HK) + KYN-3-monooxygenase (KMO)/KYN ratio was significantly reduced (SMD = -1.089, CI: -1.682; -0.496). There were significant differences between KYN/TRP, (KYN + KA)/TRP, (3HK + KMO)/KYN, KA, and KYN levels among the CNS and peripheral blood, and among serum and plasma KYN. The only useful peripheral marker of CNS TRYCATs findings was the increased KYN/TRP ratio in serum (SMD = 0.211, CI: 0.056; 0.366, p = 0.007), but not in plasma. There was no significant increase in a neurotoxic composite score based on KYN, 3HK, and picolinic, xanthurenic, and quinolinic acid. SCZ is accompanied by increased IDO activity in the CNS and serum, and reduced KMO activity and a shift towards KA production in the CNS. This CNS TRYCATs profile indicates neuroprotective, negative immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Peripheral blood levels of TRYCATs are dissociated from CNS findings except for a modest increase in serum IDO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas F Almulla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Asara Vasupanrajit
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Clinical Epidemiology Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Verkerk
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. .,Department of Psychiatry, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Tryptophan Challenge in Healthy Controls and People with Schizophrenia: Acute Effects on Plasma Levels of Kynurenine, Kynurenic Acid and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081003. [PMID: 36015151 PMCID: PMC9416551 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal tryptophan (TRP) metabolite kynurenine is converted to several neuroactive compounds, including kynurenic acid (KYNA), which is elevated in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of people with schizophrenia (SZ) and may contribute to cognitive abnormalities in patients. A small proportion of TRP is metabolized to serotonin and further to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Notably, KP metabolism is readily affected by immune stimulation. Here, we assessed the acute effects of an oral TRP challenge (6 g) on peripheral concentrations of kynurenine, KYNA and 5-HIAA, as well as the cytokines interferon-γ, TNF-α and interleukin-6, in 22 participants with SZ and 16 healthy controls (HCs) using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. TRP raised the levels of kynurenine, KYNA and 5-HIAA in a time-dependent manner, causing >20-fold, >130-fold and 1.5-fold increases in kynurenine, KYNA and 5-HIAA concentrations, respectively, after 240 min. According to multivariate analyses, neither baseline levels nor the stimulating effects of TRP differed between participants with SZ and HC. Basal cytokine levels did not vary between groups, and remained unaffected by TRP. Although unlikely to be useful diagnostically, measurements of circulating metabolites following an acute TRP challenge may be informative for assessing the in vivo efficacy of drugs that modulate the neosynthesis of KYNA and other products of TRP degradation.
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12
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Ding W, Wu F, Zhou S, Li H, Wang R, Ning Y. Increased plasma level of kynurenic acid in drug-free patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared to patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy controls: preliminary data. Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 76:451-456. [PMID: 34928781 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2021.1992647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a metabolite of tryptophan (TRP). KYNA levels have been reported with controversial findings in patients with schizophrenia. AIM This study aimed to investigate the probable effects of medication and illness chronicity on peripheral KYNA levels in schizophrenia. METHODS We assessed peripheral (plasma) TRP metabolite levels in 38 drug-free patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES), 65 patients with chronic schizophrenia (CHS), and 70 healthy controls by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The symptom severity of patients was evaluated by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Finally, we analyzed the association of TRP metabolites with symptom severity. RESULTS We found significantly higher KYNA levels in FES patients than in both healthy controls (p < 0.01) and CHS patients (p < 0.05). No significant association was observed between plasma TRP metabolite levels and PANSS scores in either FES or CHS patients. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, elevated plasma KYNA levels may be a promising biomarker in FES patients. Medication and illness chronicity may affect peripheral KYNA levels with a currently unknown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Ding
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sumiao Zhou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hehua Li
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Runhua Wang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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13
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de Arruda CM, Doneda DL, de Oliveira VV, da Silva RAL, de Matos YAV, Fernandes IL, Rohden CAH, Viola GG, Rios-Santos F, de Lima E, da Silva Buss Z, Vandresen-Filho S. Involvement of kynurenine pathway and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the antidepressant-like effect of vilazodone in the tail suspension test in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173433. [PMID: 35901966 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the antidepressant-like effects of vilazodone using the tail suspension test in mice. We also investigated the contribution of kynurenine pathway and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors to this effect. For this purpose, we pretreated animals with sub-effective doses of L-kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, or quinolinic acid. We then assessed the immobility time, an indicative measure of depressive-like behavior, in the tail suspension test. We also evaluated the possible effects of sub-effective doses of vilazodone combined with sub-effective doses of ketamine (N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist) in a separate group. Vilazodone (3mg/kg, intraperitoneal) significantly reduced immobility time in the tail suspension test. L-kynurenine (1.7 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), 3-hydroxykynurenine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and quinolinic acid (3 nmol/site, intracerebroventricular) significantly increased the immobility time in the tail suspension test. The antidepressant-like effects of vilazodone (3mg/kg, intraperitoneal) were inhibited by pre-treatment with non-effective doses of L-kynurenine (0.83 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3.33 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), or quinolinic acid (1 nmol/site, intracerebroventricular). Pretreatment of mice with sub-effective doses of ketamine (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) optimized the action of a sub-effective dose of vilazodone (0.3mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test. None of the drugs used in this study induced any changes in locomotor activity in the open field test. The results showed that vilazodone induced an antidepressant-like effect in the tail suspension test, which may be mediated through an interaction with the kynurenine pathway and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maria de Arruda
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Diego Luiz Doneda
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Vezzi de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Rozielly Aparecida Lemes da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Yohan Alves Victor de Matos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Isadora Luiza Fernandes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Christopher Alecsander Herane Rohden
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Giordano Gubert Viola
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade, Meio Ambiente e Educação, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará-Campus Acopiara, Vila Martins, 63560000 Acopiara, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Rios-Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Eliângela de Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Ziliani da Silva Buss
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Imunologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Samuel Vandresen-Filho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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14
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Demographic and Clinical Factors Related to Severe COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in Patients With Schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:257-263. [PMID: 35212665 PMCID: PMC8963440 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to explore the prevalence and determinants of severe COVID-19 disease and mortality in patients with schizophrenia in this study. We conducted a retrospective observational study of 1620 patients with schizophrenia. Of the 1620 patients, 52 (3.2%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-19. Among SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, 40 patients were hospitalized, and 17 patients required intensive care unit admission due to COVID-19 (76.9% and 32.7%, respectively). Severe COVID-19 disease was noted in 17 patients (32.7%) requiring intubation. In the logistic regression analysis, antipsychotic dose, and comorbidity score were independently associated with a greater risk of severe COVID-19 disease in patients with schizophrenia. Our study suggests that factors such as age, sex, comorbidities, and a daily antipsychotic dose may have effects on the poor outcome of SARS-CoV-2 disease in schizophrenia patients. In addition, the current findings propose that mortality may be associated with an older age, comorbidity score, and a longer duration of psychiatric disease among the SARS-CoV-2-positive patients with schizophrenia. However, the findings of our study should be verified in prospective and larger sample studies.
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15
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Serum kynurenine metabolites might not be associated with risk factors of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 145:339-346. [PMID: 34776248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About a third of patients with schizophrenia do not respond adequately to currently available antipsychotics and thus experiences symptoms of greater severity, known as treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Some evidence suggests that the tryptophan (TRP) pathway (comprising 5-HT and kynurenine sub-pathways) has an important influence on response to antipsychotics. We therefore hypothesized that TRS is linked to metabolites of TRP pathway. METHODS We measured TRP metabolites in 54 patients with TRS and compared them to 49 age- and sex-matched patients who responded to antipsychotics (NTRS), and 62 healthy controls using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Psychopathology and clinical symptoms were assessed by means of schizophrenia positive and negative scales. Working memory abilities, cortical thickness and white matter diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy were appraised in enrolled subjects by neurophysiological tests, as spatial span and digital sequencing tests, and 3T magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Patients with TRS had a significantly higher 5-HT/TRP ratio (p = 0.009) than patients with NTRS. However, the two groups did not differ in kynurenine-pathway metabolites or ratios. Additionally, 5-HT/TRP was positively correlated with disorganized symptoms in TRS (r = 0.59, p < 0.001), and negatively correlated with digit-sequencing test scores (r = -0.34, p = 0.02). These correlations were insignificant among patients with NTRS and healthy controls. In patients with TRS, 5-HT/TRP was strongly linked to the right supramarginal cortex (t = -3.2, p = 0.003), and in healthy controls, to the right transverse temporal (t = 3.40, p = 0.001), but significance disappeared after FDR correction. CONCLUSIONS Present results indicate that an upregulated 5-HT biosynthetic pathway can be associated to TRS, suggesting that targeting mechanisms of 5-HT conversion from tryptophan could shed light on the development of new pharmacological approaches of TRS.
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16
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Zhou S, Huang Y, Kuang Q, Yan S, Li H, Wu K, Wu F, Huang X. Kynurenine pathway metabolites are associated with gray matter volume in subjects with schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:941479. [PMID: 36016974 PMCID: PMC9395706 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.941479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been growing evidence of the existence of abnormalities in the kynurenine pathway (KP) and structural gray matter volume (GMV) in schizophrenia (SCZ). Numerous studies have suggested that abnormal kynurenine metabolism (KM) in the brain is clearly associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and may be one of the pathological mechanisms of SCZ. In this pilot study, we investigated whether there was a correlation between KP and GMV in schizophrenia patients. METHODS The plasma levels of KM were measured in 41 patients who met the Structured Clinical Interview of the Diagnostic IV criteria for schizophrenia and 60 healthy controls by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and cortical thickness (as measured via magnetic resonance imaging) was obtained. RESULTS Our study showed no statistically significant differences in the concentrations of kynurenine (KYN), tryptophan (TRP), and KYNA/TRP (all p > 0.05), but kynurenic acid (KYNA) and the KYNA/KYN ratio were significantly higher in the schizophrenia subjects than in the healthy controls (F = 4.750, p = 0.032; F = 6.153, p = 0.015, respectively) after controlling for age and sex. Spearman's tests showed that KYN concentrations in SCZ patients were negatively correlated with GMV in the left front cingulate belt (r = -0.325, p = 0.046) and that KYN/TRP was negatively correlated with GMV in the left island (r = -0.396, p = 0.014) and right island (r = -0.385, p = 0.017). CONCLUSION Our findings appear to provide new insights into the predisposition of an imbalance in the relative metabolism of KYN/TRP and KYN to GMV in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiao Zhou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qijie Kuang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su Yan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hehua Li
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingbing Huang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Yang Q, Zhang Y, Yang K, Niu Y, Fan F, Chen S, Luo X, Tan S, Wang Z, Tong J, Yang F, Li CSR, Tan Y. Associations of the serum kynurenine pathway metabolites with P50 auditory gating in non-smoking patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1036421. [PMID: 36339840 PMCID: PMC9632432 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1036421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to investigate the associations between the serum level of kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites and P50 auditory gating in non-smoking patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 82 non-smoking patients with FES and 73 healthy controls (HC). P50 auditory gating was measured using a fully functional digital 64-channel EEG system, and the components included S1 amplitude, S2 amplitude, gating ratio (S2/S1), and amplitude difference (S1-S2). Serum levels of kynurenine and kynurenine acid were assessed using a combination of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Psychopathology was assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). RESULTS The serum kynurenine (251.46 ± 65.93 ng/ml vs. 320.65 ± 65.89 ng/ml, t = -6.38, p < 0.001), and kynurenine acid levels (5.19 ± 2.22 ng/ml vs. 13.26 ± 4.23 ng/ml, t = -14.73, p < 0.001), S1 amplitude [2.88 (1.79, 3.78) μV vs. 3.08 (2.46, 4.56) μV, Z = -2.17, p = 0.030] and S1-S2 [1.60 (0.63, 2.49) μV vs. 1.92 (1.12, 2.93) μV, Z = -2.23, p = 0.026] in patients with FES were significantly lower than those in HC. The serum kynurenine and kynurenine acid levels were negatively associated with S1-S2 (r = -0.32, p = 0.004 and r = -0.42, p < 0.001; respectively) and positively correlated with S2/S1 ratio (r = 0.34, p = 0.002 and r = 0.35, p = 0.002; respectively) in patients. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that neuroactive metabolites of the KP might play an important role in sensory gating deficit in first episode patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, metabolites of the KP may be a new target for the treatment of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Yang
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kebing Yang
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yajuan Niu
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Fan
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Song Chen
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shuping Tan
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Tong
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fude Yang
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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18
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The Kynurenine Pathway as a Potential Target for Neuropathic Pain Therapy Design: From Basic Research to Clinical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011055. [PMID: 34681715 PMCID: PMC8537209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the key role of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of the tryptophan metabolism in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Despite extensive research aimed at clarifying the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain, the roles of KP metabolites in this process are still not fully known. Although the function of the peripheral KP has been known for several years, it has only recently been acknowledged that its metabolites within the central nervous system have remarkable consequences related to physiology and behavior. Both the products and metabolites of the KP are involved in the pathogenesis of pain conditions. Apart from the neuroactive properties of kynurenines, the KP regulates several neurotransmitter systems in direct or indirect ways. Some neuroactive metabolites are known to have neuroprotective properties (kynurenic acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor), while others are toxic (3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid). Numerous animal models show that modulation of the KP may turn out to be a viable target for the treatment of diseases. Importantly, some compounds that affect KP enzymes are currently described to possess analgesic properties. Additionally, kynurenine metabolites may be useful for assessing response to therapy or as biomarkers in therapeutic monitoring. The following review describes the molecular site of action and changes in the levels of metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of various conditions, with a particular emphasis on their involvement in neuropathy. Moreover, the potential clinical implications of KP modulation in chronic pain therapy as well as the directions of new research initiatives are discussed.
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19
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Marx W, McGuinness AJ, Rocks T, Ruusunen A, Cleminson J, Walker AJ, Gomes-da-Costa S, Lane M, Sanches M, Diaz AP, Tseng PT, Lin PY, Berk M, Clarke G, O'Neil A, Jacka F, Stubbs B, Carvalho AF, Quevedo J, Soares JC, Fernandes BS. The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of 101 studies. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4158-4178. [PMID: 33230205 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The importance of tryptophan as a precursor for neuroactive compounds has long been acknowledged. The metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway and its involvement in mental disorders is an emerging area in psychiatry. We performed a meta-analysis to examine the differences in kynurenine metabolites in major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ). Electronic databases were searched for studies that assessed metabolites involved in the kynurenine pathway (tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and their associate ratios) in people with MDD, SZ, or BD, compared to controls. We computed the difference in metabolite concentrations between people with MDD, BD, or SZ, and controls, presented as Hedges' g with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 101 studies with 10,912 participants were included. Tryptophan and kynurenine are decreased across MDD, BD, and SZ; kynurenic acid and the kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid ratio are decreased in mood disorders (i.e., MDD and BD), whereas kynurenic acid is not altered in SZ; kynurenic acid to 3-hydroxykynurenine ratio is decreased in MDD but not SZ. Kynurenic acid to kynurenine ratio is decreased in MDD and SZ, and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio is increased in MDD and SZ. Our results suggest that there is a shift in the tryptophan metabolism from serotonin to the kynurenine pathway, across these psychiatric disorders. In addition, a differential pattern exists between mood disorders and SZ, with a preferential metabolism of kynurenine to the potentially neurotoxic quinolinic acid instead of the neuroprotective kynurenic acid in mood disorders but not in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Amelia J McGuinness
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Tetyana Rocks
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anu Ruusunen
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jasmine Cleminson
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adam J Walker
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Susana Gomes-da-Costa
- Bipolar and Depression Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Melissa Lane
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Marsal Sanches
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandre P Diaz
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ping-Tao Tseng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Prospect Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology & Neurology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Felice Jacka
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - André F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - João Quevedo
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brisa S Fernandes
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA. .,Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.
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20
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Enrico P, Delvecchio G, Turtulici N, Pigoni A, Villa FM, Perlini C, Rossetti MG, Bellani M, Lasalvia A, Bonetto C, Scocco P, D’Agostino A, Torresani S, Imbesi M, Bellini F, Veronese A, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Gennarelli M, Balestrieri M, Colombo GI, Finardi A, Ruggeri M, Furlan R, Brambilla P. Classification of Psychoses Based on Immunological Features: A Machine Learning Study in a Large Cohort of First-Episode and Chronic Patients. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1141-1155. [PMID: 33561292 PMCID: PMC8266656 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For several years, the role of immune system in the pathophysiology of psychosis has been well-recognized, showing differences from the onset to chronic phases. Our study aims to implement a biomarker-based classification model suitable for the clinical management of psychotic patients. A machine learning algorithm was used to classify a cohort of 362 subjects, including 160 first-episode psychosis patients (FEP), 70 patients affected by chronic psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder) with psychosis (CRO) and 132 health controls (HC), based on mRNA transcript levels of 56 immune genes. Models distinguished between FEP, CRO, and HC and between the subgroup of drug-free FEP and HC with a mean accuracy of 80.8% and 90.4%, respectively. Interestingly, by using the feature importance method, we identified some immune gene transcripts that contribute most to the classification accuracy, possibly giving new insights on the immunopathogenesis of psychosis. Therefore, our results suggest that our classification model has a high translational potential, which may pave the way for a personalized management of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Enrico
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nunzio Turtulici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pigoni
- MoMiLab Research Unit, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Perlini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Gloria Rossetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcella Bellani
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- AOUI – Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Lasalvia
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- AOUI – Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Scocco
- Department of Mental Health, AULSS 6 Euganea, Padua, Italy
| | - Armando D’Agostino
- Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Torresani
- Department of Psychiatry, ULSS, Bolzano Suedtiroler Sanitaetbetrieb- Azienda Sanitaria dell’Alto Adige, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luisella Bocchio-Chiavetto
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Balestrieri
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gualtiero I Colombo
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Immunology and Functional Genomics Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirella Ruggeri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- AOUI – Verona Hospital Trust, Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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21
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Huang J, Tong J, Zhang P, Zhou Y, Cui Y, Tan S, Wang Z, Yang F, Kochunov P, Chiappelli J, Tian B, Tian L, Tan Y, Hong LE. Effects of neuroactive metabolites of the tryptophan pathway on working memory and cortical thickness in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:198. [PMID: 33795641 PMCID: PMC8016899 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of tryptophan metabolites known to be neuroactive have been examined for their potential associations with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Among these metabolites, kynurenic acid (KYNA), 5-hydroxyindole (5-HI), and quinolinic acid (QUIN) are documented in their diverse effects on α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and/or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), two of the receptor types thought to contribute to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. In this study, serum levels of KYNA, 5-HI, and QUIN were measured in 195 patients with schizophrenia and in 70 healthy controls using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; cognitive performance in MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and cortical thickness measured by magnetic resonance imaging were obtained. Patients with schizophrenia had significantly lower serum KYNA (p < 0.001) and QUIN (p = 0.02) levels, and increased 5-HI/KYNA (p < 0.001) and QUIN/KYNA ratios (p < 0.001) compared with healthy controls. Multiple linear regression showed that working memory was positively correlated with serum 5-HI levels (t = 2.10, p = 0.04), but inversely correlated with KYNA concentrations (t = -2.01, p = 0.05) in patients. Patients with high 5-HI and low KYNA had better working memory than other subgroups (p = 0.01). Higher 5-HI levels were associated with thicker left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (t = 3.71, p = 2.94 × 10-4) in patients. The different effects of 5-HI and KYNA on working memory may appear consistent with their opposite receptor level mechanisms. Our findings appear to provide a new insight into the dynamic roles of tryptophan pathway metabolites on cognition, which may benefit novel therapeutic development that targets cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Huang
- grid.414351.60000 0004 0530 7044Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghui Tong
- grid.414351.60000 0004 0530 7044Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- grid.414351.60000 0004 0530 7044Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfang Zhou
- grid.414351.60000 0004 0530 7044Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- grid.414351.60000 0004 0530 7044Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- grid.414351.60000 0004 0530 7044Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fude Yang
- grid.414351.60000 0004 0530 7044Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Kochunov
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Baopeng Tian
- grid.414351.60000 0004 0530 7044Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Tian
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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22
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Cao B, Chen Y, Ren Z, Pan Z, McIntyre RS, Wang D. Dysregulation of kynurenine pathway and potential dynamic changes of kynurenine in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 123:203-214. [PMID: 33513412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine (KYN) pathway is postulated to play various roles in immune system dysregulation of schizophrenia (SCZ). We conducted a meta-analysis to explore the association between six key metabolites of KYN pathway (i.e., tryptophan (TRP), KYN, quinolinic acid (QUIN), and kynurenic acid (KYNA)) and SCZ. Priori Bonferroni adjustments were conducted for multiple comparisons. In total, 42 studies that examined the relationship between the metabolites in KYN pathway mentioned above and SCZ in 4217 participants and nine studies that examined alterations of these metabolites after antipsychotic treatments were included. The results demonstrate that (1) subjects with prescribed medication had significantly higher KYN levels when compared to controls; (2) higher KYN levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), lower plasma KYN levels and higher CSF KYNA levels were associated with SCZ; (3) the KYN levels were higher in subjects with SCZ after antipsychotic treatments when compared with baseline. The evidence provides valuable insight of the potential underlying involvement of the KYN pathway in the pathogenesis of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Ministry of Education, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, 400715, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Southwest University), Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhongyu Ren
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zihang Pan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dongfang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China.
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23
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Dudzińska E, Szymona K, Kloc R, Kocki T, Gil-Kulik P, Bogucki J, Kocki J, Paduch R, Urbańska EM. Fractalkine, sICAM-1 and Kynurenine Pathway in Restrictive Anorexia Nervosa-Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020339. [PMID: 33498837 PMCID: PMC7910978 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between the kynurenine pathway and immunomodulatory molecules—fractalkine and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1)—in anorexia nervosa (AN) remains unknown. Fractalkine, sICAM-1, tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), neuroprotective kynurenic acid (KYNA), neurotoxic 3-OH-kynurenine (3-OH-KYN), and the expression of mRNA for kynurenine aminotransferases (KAT1-3) were studied in 20 female patients with restrictive AN (mostly drug-free, all during first episode of the disease) and in 24 controls. In AN, serum fractalkine, but not sICAM-1, KYNA, KYN, TRP or 3-OH-KYN, was higher; ratios TRP/KYN, KYN/KYNA, KYN/3-OH-KYN and KYNA/3-OH-KYN were unaltered. The expression of the gene encoding KAT3, but not of genes encoding KAT1 and KAT2 (measured in blood mononuclear cells), was higher in patients with AN. In AN, fractalkine positively correlated with TRP, while sICAM-1 was negatively associated with 3-OH-KYN and positively linked with the ratio KYN/3-OH-KYN. Furthermore, TRP and fractalkine were negatively associated with the body mass index (BMI) in AN. Expression of KAT1, KAT2 and KAT3 did not correlate with fractalkine, sICAM-1 or BMI, either in AN or control. Increased fractalkine may be an independent factor associated with the restrictive type of AN. Excessive physical activity probably underlies increased expression of KAT3 observed among enrolled patients. Further, longitudinal studies on a larger cohort of patients should be aimed to clarify the contribution of fractalkine and KAT3 to the pathogenesis of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dudzińska
- Chair of Public Health, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kinga Szymona
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, 20-439 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Renata Kloc
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Kocki
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Paulina Gil-Kulik
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.G.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jacek Bogucki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.G.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University of Lublin, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa M. Urbańska
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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24
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Izumi R, Hino M, Wada A, Nagaoka A, Kawamura T, Mori T, Sainouchi M, Kakita A, Kasai K, Kunii Y, Yabe H. Detailed Postmortem Profiling of Inflammatory Mediators Expression Revealed Post-inflammatory Alternation in the Superior Temporal Gyrus of Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:653821. [PMID: 33815179 PMCID: PMC8012534 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.653821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have lent support to the possibility that inflammation is associated with the pathology of schizophrenia. In the study of measurement of inflammatory mediators, which are markers of inflammation, elevated inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain and blood have been reported in patients with schizophrenia. Several postmortem brain studies have also reported changes in the expression of inflammatory cytokines. However, it is not clear how these elevated inflammatory cytokines interact with other inflammatory mediators, and their association with the pathology of schizophrenia. We comprehensively investigated the expression of 30 inflammatory mediators in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) of 24 patients with schizophrenia and 26 controls using a multiplex method. Overall, inflammatory mediator expression in the STG was mostly unchanged. However, the expression of interleukin (IL)1-α and interferon-gamma-inducible protein (IP)-10 was decreased [IL-1α, median (IQR), 0.51 (0.37-0.70) vs. 0.87 (0.47-1.23), p = 0.01; IP-10, 13.99 (8.00-36.64) vs. 30.29 (10.23-134.73), p = 0.05], whereas that of IFN-α was increased [2.34 (1.84-4.48) vs. 1.94 (1.39-2.36), p = 0.04] in schizophrenia, although these alterations did not remain significant after multiple testing. Clustering based on inflammatory mediator expression pattern and analysis of upstream transcription factors using pathway analysis revealed that the suppression of IL-1α and IP-10 protein expression may be induced by regulation of a common upstream pathway. Neuroinflammation is important in understanding the biology of schizophrenia. While neuroimaging has been previously used, direct observation to determine the expression of inflammatory mediators is necessary. In this study, we identified protein changes, previously unreported, using comprehensive protein analysis in STG. These results provide insight into post-inflammatory alternation in chronic schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Izumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of Psychology, Takeda General Hospital, Aizuwakamatu, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akira Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nagaoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawamura
- Department of Human Life Sciences, School of Nursing, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Mori
- Department of Human Life Sciences, School of Nursing, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Sainouchi
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuto Kunii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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25
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Pearce BD, Massa N, Goldsmith DR, Gandhi ZH, Hankus A, Alrohaibani A, Goel N, Cuthbert B, Fargotstein M, Barr DB, Panuwet P, Brown VM, Duncan E. Toxoplasma gondii Effects on the Relationship of Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites to Acoustic Startle Latency in Schizophrenia vs. Control Subjects. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:552743. [PMID: 33329089 PMCID: PMC7715008 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.552743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii (TOXO) results in microcysts in the brain that are controlled by inflammatory activation and subsequent changes in the kynurenine pathway. TOXO seropositivity is associated with a heightened risk of schizophrenia (SCZ) and with cognitive impairments. Latency of the acoustic startle response, a putative index of neural processing speed, is slower in SCZ. SCZ subjects who are TOXO seropositive have slower latency than SCZ subjects who are TOXO seronegative. We assessed the relationship between kynurenine pathway metabolites and startle latency as a potential route by which chronic TOXO infection can lead to cognitive slowing in SCZ. Methods: Fourty-seven SCZ subjects and 30 controls (CON) were tested on a standard acoustic startle paradigm. Kynurenine pathway metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were kynurenine (KYN), tryptophan (TRYP), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-OHAA), anthranilic acid (AA), and kynurenic acid (KYNA). TOXO status was determined by IgG ELISA. Results: In univariate ANCOVAs on onset and peak latency with age and log transformed startle magnitude as covariates, both onset latency [F(1,61) = 5.76; p = 0.019] and peak latency [F(1,61) = 4.34; p = 0.041] were slower in SCZ than CON subjects. In stepwise backward linear regressions after stratification by Diagnosis, slower onset latency in SCZ subjects was predicted by higher TRYP (B = 0.42; p = 0.008) and 3-OHAA:AA (B = 3.68; p = 0.007), and lower KYN:TRYP (B = -185.42; p = 0.034). In regressions with peak latency as the dependent variable, slower peak latency was predicted by higher TRYP (B = 0.47; p = 0.013) and 3-OHAA:AA ratio (B = 4.35; p = 0.010), and by lower KYNA (B = -6.67; p = 0.036). In CON subjects neither onset nor peak latency was predicted by any KYN metabolites. In regressions stratified by TOXO status, in TOXO positive subjects, slower peak latency was predicted by lower concentrations of KYN (B = -8.08; p = 0.008), KYNA (B = -10.64; p = 0.003), and lower KYN:TRYP ratios (B = -347.01; p = 0.03). In TOXO negative subjects neither onset nor peak latency was predicted by any KYN metabolites. Conclusions: KYN pathway markers predict slowing of startle latency in SCZ subjects and in those with chronic TOXO infection, but this is not seen in CON subjects nor TOXO seronegative subjects. These findings coupled with prior work indicating a relationship of slower latency with SCZ and TOXO infection suggest that alterations in KYN pathway markers may be a mechanism by which neural processing speed, as indexed by startle latency, is affected in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D. Pearce
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nicholas Massa
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - David R. Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zeal H. Gandhi
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Allison Hankus
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Neha Goel
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bruce Cuthbert
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Molly Fargotstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Victoria M. Brown
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Erica Duncan
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Blood-based kynurenine pathway alterations in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2020; 223:43-52. [PMID: 32981827 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been proposed as indirect link between systemic immune responses and clinical symptom development in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). Empirical evidence for such immune-related KP shifts in SSD has however resulted in divergent findings. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed. Thirty papers (total number of patients n = 1506; controls: n = 1432) reported on peripheral concentrations of KP metabolites in SSD patients versus controls. Six KP metabolites were included in a meta-analysis, with secondary analysis of covariate and subgroup effects of patients' symptomatic state, age and duration of illness. RESULTS Tryptophan (SMD: -0.30; p = .003) and Xanthurenic Acid (SMD: -0.80; p < .001) were significantly decreased in SSD compared to controls, while Quinolinic Acid (SMD: -0.40; p = .08) and Kynurenic Acid (SMD: -0.39; p = .04) were only significantly decreased in patients with acute or highly symptomatic illness. Finally, in relatively older patient cohorts Kynurenine (SMD: -0.31; p = .02) and Kynurenic Acid (SMD: -0.40; p = .002) were found to be decreased. CONCLUSION A partial downregulation of the KP is observed in SSD patients, in particular during acute symptomatic states and in older age, effects that were independent from each other. In contrast, younger and stable or remitted patients display limited to no KP metabolite abnormalities. The current meta-analysis illustrates the dynamic nature of KP abnormalities. It should be noted that all included studies investigated peripheral KP metabolites, which do not necessarily reflect central KP metabolite abnormalities in schizophrenic patients.
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Aortic stiffness-Is kynurenic acid a novel marker? Cross-sectional study in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236413. [PMID: 32735567 PMCID: PMC7394382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although a number of modifiable and non-modifiable causes were implicated in arterial stiffness, its pathogenesis remains elusive, and very little is known about aortic elasticity in supraventricular arrhythmias. The potential role of disturbed kynurenine metabolism in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has been recently suggested. Thus, we studied the correlations of aortic stiffness and echocardiographic parameters with biochemical markers and serum level of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endothelial derivative of tryptophan, formed along the kynurenine pathway, among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Study cohort comprised 100 patients with persistent AF (43 females/57 males). Arterial stiffness index (ASI), structural and functional indices of left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) were evaluated electrocardiographically. Biochemical analyses included the measurements of serum KYNA (HPLC) and of the selected markers of lipids and glucose metabolism, thyroid status, kidney function, inflammation and coagulation. Results KYNA (β = 0.389, P = 0.029), homocysteine (β = 0.256, P = 0.40), total cholesterol (β = 0.814; P = 0.044), LDL (β = 0.663; P = 0.44), TSH (β = 0.262, P = 0.02), fT3 (β = -0.333, P = 0.009), fT4 (β = -0.275, P = 0.043) and creatinine (β = 0.374, P = 0.043) were independently correlated with ASI. ASI was also independently associated with LV end-systolic diameter (LVEDd; β = 1.751, P = 0.045), midwall fractional shortening (mFS; β = -1.266, P = 0.007), ratio mFS/end-systolic stress (mFS/ESS; β = -0.235, P = 0.026), LV shortening fraction (FS; β = -0.254, P = 0.017), and LA volume index (LAVI; β = 0.944, P = 0.022). Conclusions In patients with AF, aortic stiffness correlated positively with KYNA, biochemical risk factors of atherosclerosis and with the indices of diastolic dysfunction of LV and LA. Revealed relationship between ASI and KYNA is an original observation, suggesting a potential role of disturbed kynurenine metabolism in the pathogenesis of arterial stiffening. KYNA, synthesis of which is influenced by homocysteine, emerges as a novel, non-classical factor associated with ASI in patients with AF.
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Zhang Z, Zhang M, Luo Y, Ni X, Lu H, Wen Y, Fan N. Preliminary comparative analysis of kynurenine pathway metabolites in chronic ketamine users, schizophrenic patients, and healthy controls. Hum Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:e2738. [PMID: 32352599 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serum kynurenine pathway metabolites kynurenic acid (KYNA), kynurenine (KYN), and tryptophan (TRP) were examined in chronic ketamine users and in schizophrenic patients. The correlations of the metabolites with sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics, and drug use status were analyzed. METHODS Seventy-nine healthy controls, 78 ketamine users, and 80 schizophrenic patients were recruited. Serum TRP, KYN, and KYNA levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography following tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Psychotic symptoms were evaluated using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). RESULTS Serum levels of TRP, KYNA, and KYN (in ketamine users only) were lower in ketamine users and schizophrenic patients than in controls (p < .05). TRP and KYN were lower in ketamine users than in schizophrenic patients (p < .01). KYNA levels were positively correlated with the current frequency of ketamine use in ketamine users (p = .031), and serum KYNA levels were negatively correlated with the duration of schizophrenia (p = .015). CONCLUSION TRP, KYNA, and KYN were lower in chronic ketamine users than in controls, and the alterations were in the same direction as those observed in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Zhang
- Department of Substance Dependence, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Minling Zhang
- Department of Substance Dependence, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yayan Luo
- Department of Substance Dependence, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Ni
- Department of Substance Dependence, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyang Lu
- Department of Substance Dependence, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuguan Wen
- Department of Substance Dependence, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ni Fan
- Department of Substance Dependence, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
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Pedraz-Petrozzi B, Elyamany O, Rummel C, Mulert C. Effects of inflammation on the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia - a systematic review. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:56. [PMID: 32061259 PMCID: PMC7023707 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decade, there has been growing evidence that an interaction exists between inflammation and the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia. Additionally, many authors found microglial activation in cases of schizophrenia due to inflammatory mechanisms related mostly to an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In order to gain new insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it is important to incorporate the latest published evidence concerning inflammatory mechanisms and kynurenine metabolism. This systematic review aims to collect reliable recent findings within the last decade supporting such a theory. Methods A structured search of electronic databases was conducted for publications between 2008 and 2018 to identify eligible studies investigating patients with schizophrenia/psychosis and the relationship between inflammation and kynurenine pathway. Applicable studies were systematically scored using the NIH Quality Assessment Tools. Two researchers independently extracted data on diagnosis (psychosis/schizophrenia), inflammation, and kynurenine/tryptophan metabolites. Results Ten eligible articles were identified where seven studies assessed blood samples and three assessed cerebrospinal fluid in schizophrenic patients. Of these articles:
Four investigated the relationship between immunoglobulins and the kynurenine pathway and found correlations between IgA-mediated responses and levels of tryptophan metabolites (i.e., kynurenine pathway). Five examined the correlation between cytokines and kynurenine metabolites where three showed a relationship between elevated IL-6, TNF-α concentrations, and the kynurenine pathway. Only one study discovered correlations between IL-8 and the kynurenine pathway. Two studies showed correlations with lower concentrations of IL-4 and the kynurenine pathway. Moreover, this systematic review did not find a significant correlation between CRP (n = 1 study), IFN-γ (n = 3 studies), and the kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia.
Interpretation These results emphasize how different inflammatory markers can unbalance the tryptophan/kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia. Several tryptophan/kynurenine pathway metabolites are produced which can, in turn, underlie different psychotic and cognitive symptoms via neurotransmission modulation. However, due to heterogeneity and the shortage of eligible articles, they do not robustly converge to the same findings. Hence, we recommend further studies with larger sample sizes to elucidate the possible interactions between the various markers, their blood vs. CSF ratios, and their correlation with schizophrenia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pedraz-Petrozzi
- Center of Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany. .,Giessen Graduate School for Life Sciences, Justus-Liebig University, Leihgesterner Weg 52, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany.
| | - Osama Elyamany
- Center of Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany.,Alexandria University, 22 El-Guish Road, Alexandria, 21526, Alexandria, Egypt.,Collaborative Research Center 936 (SFB936) - Project C6 - Third Funding Period, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, Marburg, 35043, Hessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Mulert
- Center of Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany.,Giessen Graduate School for Life Sciences, Justus-Liebig University, Leihgesterner Weg 52, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, Marburg, 35043, Hessen, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center 936 (SFB936) - Project C6 - Third Funding Period, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 36, Giessen, 35392, Hessen, Germany
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30
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Rad Pour S, Morikawa H, Kiani NA, Gomez-Cabrero D, Hayes A, Zheng X, Pernemalm M, Lehtiö J, Mole DJ, Hansson J, Eriksson H, Tegnér J. Immunometabolic Network Interactions of the Kynurenine Pathway in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:51. [PMID: 32117720 PMCID: PMC7017805 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway has been regarded as a mechanism of tumor immune escape by the enzymatic activity of indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase and kynurenine production. However, the immune-modulatory properties of other kynurenine metabolites such as kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and anthranilic acid are poorly understood. In this study, plasma from patients diagnosed with metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) was obtained before (PRE) and during treatment (TRM) with inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPKIs). Immuno-oncology related protein profile and kynurenine metabolites were analyzed by proximity extension assay (PEA) and LC/MS-MS, respectively. Correlation network analyses of the data derived from PEA and LC/MS-MS identified a set of proteins that modulate the differentiation of Th1 cells, which is linked to 3-hydroxykynurenine levels. Moreover, MAPKIs treatments are associated with alteration of 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) concentrations and led to higher "CXCL11," and "KLRD1" expression that are involved in T and NK cells activation. These findings imply that the kynurenine pathway is pathologically relevant in patients with CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Rad Pour
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hiromasa Morikawa
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Narsis A. Kiani
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Algorithmic Dynamics Lab, Department of Medicine Solna, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Gomez-Cabrero
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Sweden
| | - Alistair Hayes
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Pernemalm
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damian J. Mole
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology/Skin Cancer Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Eriksson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology/Skin Cancer Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Tegnér
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Algorithmic Dynamics Lab, Department of Medicine Solna, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute and SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
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De Picker L, Fransen E, Coppens V, Timmers M, de Boer P, Oberacher H, Fuchs D, Verkerk R, Sabbe B, Morrens M. Immune and Neuroendocrine Trait and State Markers in Psychotic Illness: Decreased Kynurenines Marking Psychotic Exacerbations. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2971. [PMID: 32010121 PMCID: PMC6978914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Different patterns of immune system upregulation are present in the acute vs. post-treatment states of psychotic illness. We explored the existence of state and trait markers in the peripheral immune system and two immune-associated neuroendocrine pathways (IDO and GTP-CH1 pathway) in a longitudinal sample of psychosis patients. We also evaluated the association of these markers with neuropsychiatric symptomatology. Method: Plasma concentrations of peripheral blood markers were measured in a transdiagnostic group of 49 inpatients with acute psychosis and 52 matched healthy control subjects. Samples were obtained in patients within 48 h after hospital admission for an acute psychotic episode (before initiation of antipsychotics), after 1-2 weeks and again after 8 weeks of treatment. Kynurenine, kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), quinolinic acid (QA), phenylalanine, tyrosine, nitrite, and neopterin were measured using HPLC and LC-MS/MS analysis. Concentrations of CRP, CCL2 (MCP1) and cytokines were determined with multiplex immunoassay. PANSS interviews and cognitive tests were performed at baseline and follow-up. Mixed model analyses were used to identify trait and state markers. Results: Patients had significantly higher plasma concentrations of CRP, CCL2, IL1RA, and lower concentrations of KA and KA/Kyn at all time points (F7.5-17.5, all p < 0.001). Increased concentrations of IL6, IL8, IL1RA, TNFα, and CCL2 and decreased QA and 3-HK (F8.7-21.0, all p < 0.005) were found in the acute psychotic state and normalized after treatment. Low nitrite concentrations at admission rose sharply after initiation of antipsychotic medication (F42.4, p < 0.001). PANSS positive scale scores during the acute episode correlated with pro-inflammatory immune markers (r ≥ |0.5|), while negative scale scores correlated inversely with IDO pathway markers (r ≥ |0.4|). Normalization of KA and 3-HK levels between admission and follow-up corresponded to a larger improvement of negative symptoms (r = 0.5, p < 0.030) A reverse association was found between relative improvement of SDST scores and decreasing KA levels (r = 0.5, p < 0.010). Conclusion: The acute psychotic state is marked by state-specific increases of immune markers and decreases in peripheral IDO pathway markers. Increased CRP, CCL2, and IL1RA, and decreased KA and KA/Kyn are trait markers of psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia De Picker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Violette Coppens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maarten Timmers
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium.,Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter de Boer
- Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Biocenter, Division of Biological Chemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Verkerk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bernard Sabbe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Manuel Morrens
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Antwerp, Belgium
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Liu JY, Chen HY, Lin JJ, Lu MK, Tan HP, Jang FL, Lin SH. Alterations of plasma cytokine biomarkers for identifying age at onset of schizophrenia with neurological soft signs. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:255-262. [PMID: 32038109 PMCID: PMC6990880 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.38891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been suggested that immunity plays a part in neurodevelopment and schizophrenia pathogenesis. Early age of onset in schizophrenia is associated with genetic factors which affect neurodevelopment. This study aims to identify immune abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental impairments in early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) and adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS) patients. We determined the plasma levels of six cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α) in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Measurements included neurological soft signs (NSS) to distinguish and subgroup those with neurodevelopmental impairments. The study included 210 schizophrenia patients, which were divided into 84 EOS and 126 AOS patients, as well as 122 healthy controls. We observed significant differences in levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 between EOS and AOS patients. The results demonstrated the area under ROC curve (AUC) of the IL-4 in EOS and healthy controls was 0.81. Moreover, these results indicated that AUC of the IL-4 and the combination of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-12 in EOS with NSS and healthy controls were 0.91 and 0.95. These cytokines are altered in EOS and schizophrenia patients with neurodevelopmental impairments and demonstrated good classification abilities. These findings manifested that both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are contributed to the clinical and pathophysiological features of schizophrenia. Future works are expected to explore potential genetic effectors and predictors as well as therapeutic directions in personalized medicine for early-onset schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yun Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Center for Medical Genetics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Jia Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Chimei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kun Lu
- Department of Health, Jianan Mental Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Life Science and Health, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Pin Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Tainan Branch, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Lin Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chimei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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33
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Huang X, Ding W, Wu F, Zhou S, Deng S, Ning Y. Increased Plasma Kynurenic Acid Levels are Associated with Impaired Attention/Vigilance and Social Cognition in Patients with Schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:263-271. [PMID: 32158211 PMCID: PMC6986175 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s239763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preclinical studies have reported that abnormal kynurenic acid (KYNA) may play a role in cognitive deficits. Schizophrenia (SCZ) is characterized by a wide range of cognitive deficits that may evolve from abnormal KYNA. This study aimed to explore the relationship between KYNA and cognitive impairment in SCZ, which has not yet been reported. METHODS We recruited 30 SCZ patients and 34 healthy controls, measured clinical symptoms by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and performed cognitive tests using the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Plasma levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, and KYNA were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS We found that plasma KYNA levels were significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls (p=0.009). The cognitive performance of patients in the total MCCB scores and the scores of all subscales were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (all P < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed that KYNA levels were negatively correlated with attention/vigilance (r=-0.457, p=0.019) and social cognition (r=-0.481, p=0.013) only in SCZ patients. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that elevated plasma KYNA levels may serve as a biomarker of cognitive impairment in SCZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbing Huang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhua Ding
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengchun Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sumiao Zhou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Deng
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Ning
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Quagliato LA, Freire RC, Nardi AE. Elevated peripheral kynurenine/tryptophan ratio predicts poor short-term auditory memory in panic disorder patients. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 113:159-164. [PMID: 30959226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the kynurenine pathway (KP) have been implicated in the cognitive deficits of psychiatry disorders, possibly through cytokines that increase the activity of indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), a key enzyme for tryptophan-to-kynurenine conversion. Some studies on panic disorder (PD) have detected elevated cytokines in blood. We aimed to determine the extent to which elevated peripheral cytokine levels and kynurenine/tryptophan (kyn/tryp) ratio (1) are biological markers for PD patients and (2) are related to cognition in PD. Seventy-eight PD patients and matched healthy controls were assessed for peripheral serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2R, IL-1β, IL-10, kynurenine and tryptophan. The subjects were evaluated for episodic and short-term memory, selective attention and cognitive flexibility. In patients, IL-2R levels, which are involved in the regulation of IDO, were significantly associated with levels of kynurenine (p = .029), but this association was not observed in controls. Importantly, an elevated kyn/tryp ratio significantly predicted poor digit span forward (p = .004) and total (p = .004) scores in individuals with PD. This study is the first to link blood biomarkers of infiammation and the KP with cognitive deficits in PD subjects, suggesting that those with an elevated kyn/tryp ratio might have short-term auditory memory impairment. These findings indicate that treatments targeting the KP may ameliorate cognitive abnormalities in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiana A Quagliato
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Ataulfo de Paiva 135 S. 609, 22440-901, Brazil.
| | - Rafael C Freire
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Ataulfo de Paiva 135 S. 609, 22440-901, Brazil
| | - Antonio E Nardi
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Ataulfo de Paiva 135 S. 609, 22440-901, Brazil
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Skolnick SD, Greig NH. Microbes and Monoamines: Potential Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Dysbiosis. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:151-163. [PMID: 30795845 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
From an evolutionary perspective, the genes of enteric microbes transmitted reliably across generations are nearly as much a part of the human organism as our own genes. Disruption of the microbiome leading to extinction of key 'heirloom' taxa can deprive individuals of metabolic pathways that have been present in their ancestors for millennia. Some of these pathways support essential synthesis and toxin clearance processes, including the generation of blood-brain barrier-crossing metabolic products crucial for normal brain function. Here, we discuss three such pathways: endogenous benzodiazepine synthesis, production of queuine/queuosine, and excretion of dietary mercury. Among them, these pathways have the potential to impact systems relevant to a wide range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions including autism, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skolnick
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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36
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Momtazmanesh S, Zare-Shahabadi A, Rezaei N. Cytokine Alterations in Schizophrenia: An Updated Review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:892. [PMID: 31908647 PMCID: PMC6915198 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a multisystem disorder with an unknown etiology, is associated with several immune dysfunctions, including abnormal levels of circulating cytokines. In this review, we investigated the changes of cytokines in schizophrenic patients, their connection with behavioral symptoms severity and their potential clinical implications. We also assessed the possible causative role of abnormal cytokine levels in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Based on meta-analyses, we categorized cytokines according to their changes in schizophrenic patients into four groups: (1) increased cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-12, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, (2) non-altered cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17, (3) increased or non-altered cytokines, including IL-8 and interferon (IFN)-γ, and (4) IL-10 with increased, decreased, and non-altered levels. Notably, alterations in cytokines may be variable in four different categories of SP, including first-episode and drug-naïve, first-episode and non-drug-naïve, stable chronic, and chronic in acute relapse. Furthermore, disease duration, symptoms severity, incidence of aggression, and cognitive abilities are correlated with levels of certain cytokines. Clinical implications of investigating the levels of cytokine in schizophrenic patients include early diagnosis, novel therapeutic targets development, patient stratification for choosing the best therapeutic protocol, and predicting the prognosis and treatment response. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, IL-2 are related to the treatment response. The available evidence shows a potential causative role for cytokines in schizophrenia development. There is a substantial need for studies investigating the levels of cytokines before disease development and delineating the therapeutic implications of the disrupted cytokine levels in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Momtazmanesh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroimmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Zare-Shahabadi
- Neuroimmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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37
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Chiappelli J, Notarangelo FM, Pocivavsek A, Thomas MAR, Rowland LM, Schwarcz R, Hong LE. Influence of plasma cytokines on kynurenine and kynurenic acid in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43. [PMID: 29520060 PMCID: PMC6006321 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation, leading to the dysfunction of neuroactive KP metabolites in the brain, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SZ). One plausible mechanism involves dysregulation of various pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with the disease, which affect indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a key enzyme for tryptophan to kynurenine conversion. In order to test this hypothesis directly, we measured plasma levels of the major KP metabolites kynurenine and kynurenic acid (KYNA), as well as four major cytokines, in a sample of 106 SZ patients and 104 control participants. In contrast to the replicable findings of elevation of KYNA in the central nervous system in SZ, plasma levels of KYNA were significantly lower in SZ compared to controls (p = .004). Kynurenine levels were significantly correlated with levels of interferon-γ (p < .001), which is involved in the regulation of IDO, in both patients and controls. However, although patients had higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared to controls (p = .012), IL-6 levels were not correlated with kynurenine or KYNA, and did not explain group differences in KYNA. Based on the lack of evidence that pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly related to the KP abnormality in SZ despite an adequate sample size, further studies must consider alternative hypotheses to identify the origins of the KP abnormalities in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chiappelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Francesca M. Notarangelo
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Marian A. R. Thomas
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Laura M. Rowland
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Robert Schwarcz
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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38
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Réus GZ, Becker IRT, Scaini G, Petronilho F, Oses JP, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Ceretta LB, Zugno AI, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J, Barichello T. The inhibition of the kynurenine pathway prevents behavioral disturbances and oxidative stress in the brain of adult rats subjected to an animal model of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:55-63. [PMID: 29030243 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown that the kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a role in the onset of oxidative stress and also in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to use a pharmacological animal model of schizophrenia induced by ketamine to investigate if KP inhibitors could protect the brains of Wistar rats against oxidative stress and behavioral changes. Ketamine, injected at the dose of 25mg/kg, increased spontaneous locomotor activity. However, the inhibitors of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) were able to reverse these changes. In addition, the IDO inhibitor prevented lipid peroxidation, and decreased the levels of protein carbonyl in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and striatum. It also increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hippocampus, as well as increasing the levels of catalase activity in the PFC and hippocampus. The TDO inhibitor prevented lipid damage in the striatum and reduced the levels of protein carbonyl in the hippocampus and striatum. Also, the TDO inhibitor increased the levels of SOD activity in the striatum and CAT activity in the hippocampus of ketamine-induced pro-oxidant effects. Lipid damage was not reversed by the KMO inhibitor. The KMO inhibitor increased the levels of SOD activity in the hippocampus, and reduced the levels of protein carbonyl while elevating the levels of CAT activity in the striatum of rats that had been injected with ketamine. Our findings revealed that the KP pathway could be a potential mechanism by which a schizophrenia animal model induced by ketamine could cause interference by producing behavioral disturbance and inducing oxidative stress in the brain, suggesting that the inhibition of the KP pathway could be a potential target in treating schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | - Indianara R T Becker
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jean P Oses
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciane B Ceretta
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra I Zugno
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Laboratory of Experimental Microbiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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39
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Wirthgen E, Hoeflich A, Rebl A, Günther J. Kynurenic Acid: The Janus-Faced Role of an Immunomodulatory Tryptophan Metabolite and Its Link to Pathological Conditions. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1957. [PMID: 29379504 PMCID: PMC5770815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolites are known to participate in the regulation of many cells of the immune system and are involved in various immune-mediated diseases and disorders. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a product of one branch of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. The influence of KYNA on important neurophysiological and neuropathological processes has been comprehensively documented. In recent years, the link of KYNA to the immune system, inflammation, and cancer has become more apparent. Given this connection, the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions of KYNA are of particular interest. These characteristics might allow KYNA to act as a "double-edged sword." The metabolite contributes to both the resolution of inflammation and the establishment of an immunosuppressive environment, which, for instance, allows for tumor immune escape. Our review provides a comprehensive update of the significant biological functions of KYNA and focuses on its immunomodulatory properties by signaling via G-protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35)- and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated pathways. Furthermore, we discuss the role of KYNA-GPR35 interaction and microbiota associated KYNA metabolism for gut homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Wirthgen
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Juliane Günther
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
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40
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Lv F, Chen S, Wang L, Jiang R, Tian H, Li J, Yao Y, Zhuo C. The role of microbiota in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder and the possibility of targeting microbiota as a treatment option. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100899-100907. [PMID: 29246029 PMCID: PMC5725071 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of interactions between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract has been increasingly recognized in recent years. It has been proposed that dysregulation and abnormalities in the brain-gut axis contribute to the etiology of a variety of central nervous system disorders. Particularly, dysbiosis, or impaired microbiota, has been implicated in multiple neurological and psychological disorders. The present paper reviews current evidence and theories concerning the possible mechanisms by which microbiota dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Clinical trials that investigated the possibility of treating both illnesses by correcting and rebalancing microbiota with probiotics are also reviewed. Overall, despite the accumulated knowledge in this field, more studies are warranted and required to further our understanding of the brain-gut axis and the possibility of targeting microbiota as a treatment option for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Lv
- The department of rehabilition, The Second Affiliated Hosptial of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Suling Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Ronghuan Jiang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army, General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Yudong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin, China
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41
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Corsi-Zuelli FMDG, Brognara F, Quirino GFDS, Hiroki CH, Fais RS, Del-Ben CM, Ulloa L, Salgado HC, Kanashiro A, Loureiro CM. Neuroimmune Interactions in Schizophrenia: Focus on Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Activation of the Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Front Immunol 2017; 8:618. [PMID: 28620379 PMCID: PMC5449450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating mental disorders and is aggravated by the lack of efficacious treatment. Although its etiology is unclear, epidemiological studies indicate that infection and inflammation during development induces behavioral, morphological, neurochemical, and cognitive impairments, increasing the risk of developing schizophrenia. The inflammatory hypothesis of schizophrenia is also supported by clinical studies demonstrating systemic inflammation and microglia activation in schizophrenic patients. Although elucidating the mechanism that induces this inflammatory profile remains a challenge, mounting evidence suggests that neuroimmune interactions may provide therapeutic advantages to control inflammation and hence schizophrenia. Recent studies have indicated that vagus nerve stimulation controls both peripheral and central inflammation via alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Other findings have indicated that vagal stimulation and α7nAChR-agonists can provide therapeutic advantages for neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and epilepsy. This review analyzes the latest results regarding: (I) the immune-to-brain pathogenesis of schizophrenia; (II) the regulation of inflammation by the autonomic nervous system in psychiatric disorders; and (III) the role of the vagus nerve and α7nAChR in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Hiroji Hiroki
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Sobrano Fais
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Marta Del-Ben
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Surgery, Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Helio Cesar Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Camila Marcelino Loureiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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