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Niazi SK, Magoola M, Mariam Z. Innovative Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease: A Synergistic Approach to Neurodegenerative Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:741. [PMID: 38931409 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a significant challenge in the field of neurodegenerative disorders, even nearly a century after its discovery, due to the elusive nature of its causes. The development of drugs that target multiple aspects of the disease has emerged as a promising strategy to address the complexities of AD and related conditions. The immune system's role, particularly in AD, has gained considerable interest, with nanobodies representing a new frontier in biomedical research. Advances in targeting antibodies against amyloid-β (Aβ) and using messenger RNA for genetic translation have revolutionized the production of antibodies and drug development, opening new possibilities for treatment. Despite these advancements, conventional therapies for AD, such as Cognex, Exelon, Razadyne, and Aricept, often have limited long-term effectiveness, underscoring the need for innovative solutions. This necessity has led to the incorporation advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning into the drug discovery process for neurodegenerative diseases. These technologies help identify therapeutic targets and optimize lead compounds, offering a more effective approach to addressing the challenges of AD and similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz K Niazi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60012, USA
| | | | - Zamara Mariam
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Gadhave DG, Sugandhi VV, Jha SK, Nangare SN, Gupta G, Singh SK, Dua K, Cho H, Hansbro PM, Paudel KR. Neurodegenerative disorders: Mechanisms of degeneration and therapeutic approaches with their clinical relevance. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 99:102357. [PMID: 38830548 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are expected to pose a significant challenge for both medicine and public health in the upcoming years due to global demographic changes. NDs are mainly represented by degeneration/loss of neurons, which is primarily accountable for severe mental illness. This neuronal degeneration leads to many neuropsychiatric problems and permanent disability in an individual. Moreover, the tight junction of the brain, blood-brain barrier (BBB)has a protective feature, functioning as a biological barrier that can prevent medicines, toxins, and foreign substances from entering the brain. However, delivering any medicinal agent to the brain in NDs (i.e., Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, etc.) is enormously challenging. There are many approved therapies to address NDs, but most of them only help treat the associated manifestations. The available therapies have failed to control the progression of NDs due to certain factors, i.e., BBB and drug-associated undesirable effects. NDs have extremely complex pathology, with many pathogenic mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression; thereby, a limited survival rate has been observed in ND patients. Hence, understanding the exact mechanism behind NDs is crucial to developing alternative approaches for improving ND patients' survival rates. Thus, the present review sheds light on different cellular mechanisms involved in NDs and novel therapeutic approaches with their clinical relevance, which will assist researchers in developing alternate strategies to address the limitations of conventional ND therapies. The current work offers the scope into the near future to improve the therapeutic approach of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyandev G Gadhave
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dattakala Shikshan Sanstha's, Dattakala College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Swami Chincholi, Daund, Pune, Maharashtra 413130, India; College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Vrashabh V Sugandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dattakala Shikshan Sanstha's, Dattakala College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Swami Chincholi, Daund, Pune, Maharashtra 413130, India; College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Saurav Kumar Jha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sopan N Nangare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun
| | - Hyunah Cho
- College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Faculty of Science, School of Life Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun; Centre for Inflammation, Faculty of Science, School of Life Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia.
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Bäckström T, Doverskog M, Blackburn TP, Scharschmidt BF, Felipo V. Allopregnanolone and its antagonist modulate neuroinflammation and neurological impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105668. [PMID: 38608826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation accompanies several brain disorders, either as a secondary consequence or as a primary cause and may contribute importantly to disease pathogenesis. Neurosteroids which act as Positive Steroid Allosteric GABA-A receptor Modulators (Steroid-PAM) appear to modulate neuroinflammation and their levels in the brain may vary because of increased or decreased local production or import from the systemic circulation. The increased synthesis of steroid-PAMs is possibly due to increased expression of the mitochondrial cholesterol transporting protein (TSPO) in neuroinflammatory tissue, and reduced production may be due to changes in the enzymatic activity. Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in neuroinflammation, and their production of inflammatory mediators can be both activated and inhibited by steroid-PAMs and GABA. What is surprising is the finding that both allopregnanolone, a steroid-PAM, and golexanolone, a novel GABA-A receptor modulating steroid antagonist (GAMSA), can inhibit microglia and astrocyte activation and normalize their function. This review focuses on the role of steroid-PAMs in neuroinflammation and their importance in new therapeutic approaches to CNS and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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Zhao Y, Lv X, Chen Y, Zhang C, Zhou D, Deng Y. Neuroinflammatory response on a newly combinatorial cell-cell interaction chip. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2096-2107. [PMID: 38441146 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00125g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common feature in various neurological disorders. Understanding neuroinflammation and neuro-immune interactions is of significant importance. However, the intercellular interactions in the inflammatory model are intricate. Microfluidic chips, with their complex micrometer-scale structures and real-time observation capabilities, offer unique advantages in tackling these complexities compared to other techniques. In this study, microfluidic chip technology was used to construct a microarray physical barrier structure with 15 μm spacing, providing well-defined cell growth areas and clearly delineated interaction channels. Moreover, an innovative hydrophilic treatment process on the glass surface facilitated long-term co-culture of cells. The developed neuroinflammation model on the chip revealed that SH-SY5Y cytotoxicity was predominantly influenced by co-cultured THP-1 cells. The co-culture model fostered complex interactions that may exacerbate cytotoxicity, including irregular morphological changes of cells, cell viability reduction, THP-1 cell migration, and the release of inflammatory factors. The integration of the combinatorial cell-cell interaction chip not only offers a clear imaging detection platform but also provides diverse data on cell migration distance, migration direction, and migration angle. Furthermore, the designed ample space for cell culture, along with microscale channels with fluid characteristics, allow for the study of inflammatory factor distribution patterns on the chip, offering vital theoretical data on biological relevance that conventional experiments cannot achieve. The fabricated user-friendly, reusable, and durable co-culture chip serves as a valuable in vitro tool, providing an intuitive platform for gaining insights into the complex mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation and other interacting models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xuefei Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Di Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yulin Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Ko J, Song J, Choi N, Kim HN. Patient-Derived Microphysiological Systems for Precision Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303161. [PMID: 38010253 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Patient-derived microphysiological systems (P-MPS) have emerged as powerful tools in precision medicine that provide valuable insight into individual patient characteristics. This review discusses the development of P-MPS as an integration of patient-derived samples, including patient-derived cells, organoids, and induced pluripotent stem cells, into well-defined MPSs. Emphasizing the necessity of P-MPS development, its significance as a nonclinical assessment approach that bridges the gap between traditional in vitro models and clinical outcomes is highlighted. Additionally, guidance is provided for engineering approaches to develop microfluidic devices and high-content analysis for P-MPSs, enabling high biological relevance and high-throughput experimentation. The practical implications of the P-MPS are further examined by exploring the clinically relevant outcomes obtained from various types of patient-derived samples. The construction and analysis of these diverse samples within the P-MPS have resulted in physiologically relevant data, paving the way for the development of personalized treatment strategies. This study describes the significance of the P-MPS in precision medicine, as well as its unique capacity to offer valuable insights into individual patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Ko
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Song
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Theus MH. Neuroinflammation and acquired traumatic CNS injury: a mini review. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1334847. [PMID: 38450073 PMCID: PMC10915049 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1334847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Acquired traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), are devastating conditions with limited treatment options. Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in secondary damage, making it a prime target for therapeutic intervention. Emerging therapeutic strategies are designed to modulate the inflammatory response, ultimately promoting neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. The use of anti-inflammatory agents has yielded limited support in improving outcomes in patients, creating a critical need to re-envision novel approaches to both quell deleterious inflammatory processes and upend the progressive cycle of neurotoxic inflammation. This demands a comprehensive exploration of individual, age, and sex differences, including the use of advanced imaging techniques, multi-omic profiling, and the expansion of translational studies from rodents to humans. Moreover, a holistic approach that combines pharmacological intervention with multidisciplinary neurorehabilitation is crucial and must include both acute and long-term care for the physical, cognitive, and emotional aspects of recovery. Ongoing research into neuroinflammatory biomarkers could revolutionize our ability to predict, diagnose, and monitor the inflammatory response in real time, allowing for timely adjustments in treatment regimens and facilitating a more precise evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. The management of neuroinflammation in acquired traumatic CNS injuries necessitates a paradigm shift in our approach that includes combining multiple therapeutic modalities and fostering a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate neuroinflammatory processes at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H. Theus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Center for Engineered Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Marroquín-Rivera A, Zhao C, Pessoni AM, Bherer J, Mansouri S, Droit A, Labonté B. Immune-related transcriptomic and epigenetic reconfiguration in BV2 cells after lipopolysaccharide exposure: an in vitro omics integrative study. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:211-225. [PMID: 38216730 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular alterations affecting microglia have been consistently associated with the inflammatory response. These cells can have pro- or anti-inflammatory activity, phenotypes thought to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. Still, little is known about the details on how epigenetic marks regulate the expression of genes in the context of an inflammatory response. METHODS Through CUT&RUN, we profiled four genome-wide histone marks (HM) (H3K4me1, H3K4me3, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3) in lipopolysaccharide-exposed cells and compared their distributions to control cells. Transcriptomic profiles were determined through RNA-seq and differentially expressed genes were identified and contrasted with the epigenetic landscapes. Other downstream analyses were also included in this study. RESULTS Our results illustrate an effectively induced M1 phenotype in microglial cells derived from LPS exposure. We observed differential bound regions associated with the genes classically involved in the inflammatory response in the expected direction according to each histone modification. Consistently, our transcriptomic analysis yielded a conspicuous illustration of the LPS-induced immune activity showing the up-regulation of Nf-κB-induced mRNAs (TNF-α, nfκbiz, nfκbia) and other important genes (Marco, Il-6, etc.). Furthermore, we integrated both omics profiles and identified an important reconfiguration of the genome induced by LPS. The latter was depicted by 8 different chromatin states that changed between conditions and that associated with unique clusters of differentially expressed genes, which not only represented regulatory elements, but also underlined distinct biological functions (inhibition of morphogenesis; changes in metabolism, homeostasis, and cytokine regulation; activation of the inflammatory response). CONCLUSION This study exhibits important differences in the distribution of histone modifications in treated and control BV2 cells, constituting an epigenetic reconfiguration that leads to the inflammatory response. Also, it highlights the importance of these marks' regulatory role in gene expression and provides possible targets for further studies in the context of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Marroquín-Rivera
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Chenqi Zhao
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - André Moreira Pessoni
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Samaneh Mansouri
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Labonté
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
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Ma Q, Chen J, Kong X, Zeng Y, Chen Z, Liu H, Liu L, Lu S, Wang X. Interactions between CNS and immune cells in tuberculous meningitis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1326859. [PMID: 38361935 PMCID: PMC10867975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1326859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) harbors its own special immune system composed of microglia in the parenchyma, CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs), dendritic cells, monocytes, and the barrier systems within the brain. Recently, advances in the immune cells in the CNS provided new insights to understand the development of tuberculous meningitis (TBM), which is the predominant form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection in the CNS and accompanied with high mortality and disability. The development of the CNS requires the protection of immune cells, including macrophages and microglia, during embryogenesis to ensure the accurate development of the CNS and immune response following pathogenic invasion. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on the CNS immune cells during the initiation and development of the TBM. We also explore the interactions of immune cells with the CNS in TBM. In the future, the combination of modern techniques should be applied to explore the role of immune cells of CNS in TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shuihua Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Cho HG, Kim DU, Oh JY, Park SJ, Kweon B, Bae GS. Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Arecae pericarpium on LPS-Stimulated BV2 Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:884-895. [PMID: 38275670 PMCID: PMC10814974 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Arecae pericarpium (AP), the fruit peel of the betel palm, is a traditional Oriental herbal medicine. AP is used to treat various diseases and conditions, such as ascites, edema, and urinary retention, in traditional Korean medicine. Recent studies have demonstrated its anti-obesity and antibacterial effects; however, its anti-neuroinflammatory effects have not yet been reported. Therefore, we investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of AP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse microglia in this study. To determine the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of AP on BV2 microglial cells, we examined the production of nitric oxide (NO) using Griess assay and assessed the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators, such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, using a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, we determined the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases and IκBα via Western blotting to understand the regulating mechanisms of AP. AP treatment decreased NO production in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Additionally, AP suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. AP also inhibited the activation of p38 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Therefore, AP exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects via inactivation of the p38 and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-gyu Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (H.-g.C.); (D.-U.K.); (J.-Y.O.)
| | - Dong-Uk Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (H.-g.C.); (D.-U.K.); (J.-Y.O.)
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin-Young Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (H.-g.C.); (D.-U.K.); (J.-Y.O.)
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Joo Park
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Herbology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Bitna Kweon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (H.-g.C.); (D.-U.K.); (J.-Y.O.)
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gi-Sang Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea; (H.-g.C.); (D.-U.K.); (J.-Y.O.)
- Hanbang Cardio-Renal Syndrome Research Center, School of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea;
- Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
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Costantini E, Carrarini C, Calisi D, De Rosa M, Simone M, Di Crosta A, Palumbo R, Cipollone A, Aielli L, De Laurentis M, Colarusso L, Pilotto A, Padovani A, Konstantinidou F, Gatta V, Stuppia L, Cipollone F, Di Nicola M, Reale M, Bonanni L. Search in the Periphery for Potential Inflammatory Biomarkers of Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:1147-1158. [PMID: 38759010 PMCID: PMC11191525 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation, with altered peripheral proinflammatory cytokine production, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the role of inflammation in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is less known and the results of different studies are often in disagreement. Objective The present study aimed to investigate the levels of TNFα and IL-6 in serum and supernatants, and the related DNA methylation in patients affected by DLB and AD compared to healthy controls (HCs), to clarify the role of epigenetic mechanisms of DNA promoter methylation on of pro-inflammatory cytokines overproduction. Methods Twenty-one patients with DLB and fourteen with AD were frequency-matched for age and sex with eleven HCs. Clinical evaluation, TNFα and IL-6 gene methylation status, cytokine gene expression levels and production in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants were performed. Results In AD and DLB patients, higher serum levels of IL-6 and TNFα were detected than in HCs. Differences in LPS-stimulated versus spontaneous PBMCs were observed between DLB, AD, and HC in the levels of TNFα (p = 0.027) and IL-6 (p < 0.001). Higher levels were also revealed for sIL-6R in DLB (p < 0.001) and AD (p < 0.001) in comparison with HC.DNA hypomethylation in IL-6 and TNFα CpG promoter sites was detected for DLB and AD patients compared to the corresponding site in HCs. Conclusions Our preliminary study documented increased levels of IL-6 and TNFα in DLB and AD patients to HCs. This overproduction can be due to epigenetic mechanisms regarding the hypomethylation of DNA promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudia Carrarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Calisi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo De Rosa
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marianna Simone
- Clinics of Neurology SS. Annunziata Hospital of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Adolfo Di Crosta
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Cipollone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Aielli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Pilotto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitation Centre, FERB ONLUS-S, Isidoro Hospital, Trescore Balneario, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Neurology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fani Konstantinidou
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Cipollone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti, Italy
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11
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Fergany A, Zong C, Ekuban FA, Wu B, Ueha S, Shichino S, Matsushima K, Iwakura Y, Ichihara S, Ichihara G. Transcriptome analysis of the cerebral cortex of acrylamide-exposed wild-type and IL-1β-knockout mice. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:181-205. [PMID: 37971544 PMCID: PMC10761544 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide is an environmental electrophile that has been produced in large amounts for many years. There is concern about the adverse health effects of acrylamide exposure due to its widespread industrial use and also presence in commonly consumed foods and others. IL-1β is a key cytokine that protects the brain from inflammatory insults, but its role in acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity remains unknown. We reported recently that deletion of IL-1β gene exacerbates ACR-induced neurotoxicity in mice. The aim of this study was to identify genes or signaling pathway(s) involved in enhancement of ACR-induced neurotoxicity by IL-1β gene deletion or ACR-induced neurotoxicity to generate a hypothesis mechanism explaining ACR-induced neurotoxicity. C57BL/6 J wild-type and IL-1β KO mice were exposed to ACR at 0, 12.5, 25 mg/kg by oral gavage for 7 days/week for 4 weeks, followed by extraction of mRNA from mice cerebral cortex for RNA sequence analysis. IL-1β deletion altered the expression of genes involved in extracellular region, including upregulation of PFN1 gene related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and increased the expression of the opposite strand of IL-1β. Acrylamide exposure enhanced mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation, synapse and ribosome pathways, and activated various pathways of different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and prion disease. Protein network analysis suggested the involvement of different proteins in related to learning and cognitive function, such as Egr1, Egr2, Fos, Nr4a1, and Btg2. Our results identified possible pathways involved in IL-1β deletion-potentiated and ACR-induced neurotoxicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzahraa Fergany
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Building No. 15, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genetic Engineering in Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Cai Zong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Building No. 15, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Frederick Adams Ekuban
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Building No. 15, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Bin Wu
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Gaku Ichihara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Building No. 15, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
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12
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Marin A, Budson AE. Recent advances in understanding Alzheimer's Disease: diagnosis and management strategies. Fac Rev 2023; 12:24. [PMID: 37829574 PMCID: PMC10565909 DOI: 10.12703/r/12-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As the rates of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) increase in the world due to the aging of the population, research has made tremendous advances to target the two hallmark pathologies of AD: amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau. Here, we discuss recent advances in the clinical evaluation and management of AD, with a focus on new hypotheses related to the etiology of AD and new evidence related to AD-mimicking neurodegenerative diseases. Though recent clinical studies suggest anti-amyloid disease modifying agents may slow the progression of AD, there is currently no medication that stops it. Moreover, slowing the progression will result in more individuals in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia stages of AD. Given this reality, we evaluate the development of non-pharmacological strategies to help sustain cognitive function and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marin
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew E Budson
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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13
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Ribeiro R, Silva EG, Moreira FC, Gomes GF, Cussat GR, Silva BSR, da Silva MCM, de Barros Fernandes H, de Sena Oliveira C, de Oliveira Guarnieri L, Lopes V, Ferreira CN, de Faria AMC, Maioli TU, Ribeiro FM, de Miranda AS, Moraes GSP, de Oliveira ACP, Vieira LB. Chronic hyperpalatable diet induces impairment of hippocampal-dependent memories and alters glutamatergic and fractalkine axis signaling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16358. [PMID: 37773430 PMCID: PMC10541447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic consumption of hyperpalatable and hypercaloric foods has been pointed out as a factor associated with cognitive decline and memory impairment in obesity. In this context, the integration between peripheral and central inflammation may play a significant role in the negative effects of an obesogenic environment on memory. However, little is known about how obesity-related peripheral inflammation affects specific neurotransmission systems involved with memory regulation. Here, we test the hypothesis that chronic exposure to a highly palatable diet may cause neuroinflammation, glutamatergic dysfunction, and memory impairment. For that, we exposed C57BL/6J mice to a high sugar and butter diet (HSB) for 12 weeks, and we investigated its effects on behavior, glial reactivity, blood-brain barrier permeability, pro-inflammatory features, glutamatergic alterations, plasticity, and fractalkine-CX3CR1 axis. Our results revealed that HSB diet induced a decrease in memory reconsolidation and extinction, as well as an increase in hippocampal glutamate levels. Although our data indicated a peripheral pro-inflammatory profile, we did not observe hippocampal neuroinflammatory features. Furthermore, we also observed that the HSB diet increased hippocampal fractalkine levels, a key chemokine associated with neuroprotection and inflammatory regulation. Then, we hypothesized that the elevation on glutamate levels may saturate synaptic communication, partially limiting plasticity, whereas fractalkine levels increase as a strategy to decrease glutamatergic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Emanuele Guimarães Silva
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, ICB, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe Caixeta Moreira
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, ICB, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Freitas Gomes
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Reis Cussat
- Department of Pharmacology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Barbara Stehling Ramos Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Machado da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina de Sena Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Victoria Lopes
- Colégio Técnico, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tatiani Uceli Maioli
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, ICB, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Mara Ribeiro
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, ICB, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciene Bruno Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP: 31270-901, Brazil.
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14
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Calafatti M, Cocozza G, Limatola C, Garofalo S. Microglial crosstalk with astrocytes and immune cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1223096. [PMID: 37564648 PMCID: PMC10410456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biomedical research efforts aimed to unravel the mechanisms involved in motor neuron death that occurs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While the main causes of disease progression were first sought in the motor neurons, more recent studies highlight the gliocentric theory demonstrating the pivotal role of microglia and astrocyte, but also of infiltrating immune cells, in the pathological processes that take place in the central nervous system microenvironment. From this point of view, microglia-astrocytes-lymphocytes crosstalk is fundamental to shape the microenvironment toward a pro-inflammatory one, enhancing neuronal damage. In this review, we dissect the current state-of-the-art knowledge of the microglial dialogue with other cell populations as one of the principal hallmarks of ALS progression. Particularly, we deeply investigate the microglia crosstalk with astrocytes and immune cells reporting in vitro and in vivo studies related to ALS mouse models and human patients. At last, we highlight the current experimental therapeutic approaches that aim to modulate microglial phenotype to revert the microenvironment, thus counteracting ALS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Calafatti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Germana Cocozza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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15
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Kong AHY, Wu AJ, Ho OKY, Leung MMK, Huang AS, Yu Y, Zhang G, Lyu A, Li M, Cheung KH. Exploring the Potential of Aptamers in Targeting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11780. [PMID: 37511539 PMCID: PMC10380291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the precursor for several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Targeting neuroinflammation has emerged as a promising strategy to address a wide range of CNS pathologies. These NDDs still present significant challenges in terms of limited and ineffective diagnosis and treatment options, driving the need to explore innovative and novel therapeutic alternatives. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids that offer the potential for addressing these challenges through diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this review, we summarize diagnostic and therapeutic aptamers for inflammatory biomolecules, as well as the inflammatory cells in NDDs. We also discussed the potential of short nucleotides for Aptamer-Based Targeted Brain Delivery through their unique features and modifications, as well as their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, the unprecedented opportunities and substantial challenges of using aptamers as therapeutic agents, such as drug efficacy, safety considerations, and pharmacokinetics, are also discussed. Taken together, this review assesses the potential of aptamers as a pioneering approach for target delivery to the CNS and the treatment of neuroinflammation and NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hau-Yee Kong
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aston Jiaxi Wu
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Olivia Ka-Yi Ho
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maggie Ming-Ki Leung
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alexis Shiying Huang
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Li
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Carata E, Muci M, Di Giulio S, Mariano S, Panzarini E. Looking to the Future of the Role of Macrophages and Extracellular Vesicles in Neuroinflammation in ALS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11251. [PMID: 37511010 PMCID: PMC10379393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common pathological feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although scientific evidence to date does not allow defining neuroinflammation as an ALS trigger, its role in exacerbating motor neuron (MNs) degeneration and disease progression is attracting research interest. Activated CNS (Central Nervous System) glial cells, proinflammatory peripheral and infiltrated T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, as well as the immunoreactive molecules they release, represent the active players for the role of immune dysregulation enhancing neuroinflammation. The crosstalk between the peripheral and CNS immune cells significantly correlates with the survival of ALS patients since the modification of peripheral macrophages can downregulate inflammation at the periphery along the nerves and in the CNS. As putative vehicles for misfolded protein and inflammatory mediators between cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have also drawn particular attention in the field of ALS. Both CNS and peripheral immune cells release EVs, which are able to modulate the behavior of neighboring recipient cells; unfortunately, the mechanisms involved in EVs-mediated communication in neuroinflammation remain unclear. This review aims to synthesize the current literature regarding EV-mediated cell-to-cell communication in the brain under ALS, with a particular point of view on the role of peripheral macrophages in responding to inflammation to understand the biological process and exploit it for ALS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Carata
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marco Muci
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Simona Di Giulio
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stefania Mariano
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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17
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Patani R, Hardingham GE, Liddelow SA. Functional roles of reactive astrocytes in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:395-409. [PMID: 37308616 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in uncovering the mechanisms that underlie neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease, therapies that prevent neuronal loss remain elusive. Targeting of disease-defining markers in conditions such as Alzheimer disease (amyloid-β and tau) or Parkinson disease (α-synuclein) has been met with limited success, suggesting that these proteins do not act in isolation but form part of a pathological network. This network could involve phenotypic alteration of multiple cell types in the CNS, including astrocytes, which have a major neurosupportive, homeostatic role in the healthy CNS but adopt reactive states under acute or chronic adverse conditions. Transcriptomic studies in human patients and disease models have revealed the co-existence of many putative reactive sub-states of astrocytes. Inter-disease and even intra-disease heterogeneity of reactive astrocytic sub-states are well established, but the extent to which specific sub-states are shared across different diseases is unclear. In this Review, we highlight how single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing and other 'omics' technologies can enable the functional characterization of defined reactive astrocyte states in various pathological scenarios. We provide an integrated perspective, advocating cross-modal validation of key findings to define functionally important sub-states of astrocytes and their triggers as tractable therapeutic targets with cross-disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, Human Stem Cells and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Laaksonen S, Saraste M, Sucksdorff M, Nylund M, Vuorimaa A, Matilainen M, Heikkinen J, Airas L. Early prognosticators of later TSPO-PET-measurable microglial activation in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 75:104755. [PMID: 37216883 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Factors driving increased innate immune cell activation in multiple sclerosis (MS) brain are not well understood. As higher prevalence of microglial/macrophage activation in association with chronic lesions and diffusely in the normal appearing white matter predict more rapid accumulation of clinical disability, it is of high importance to understand processes behind this. Objective of the study was to explore demographic, clinical and paraclinical variables associating with later positron emission tomography (PET)-measurable innate immune cell activation. METHODS PET-imaging using a TSPO-binding [11C]PK11195 was performed to evaluate microglial activation in patients with relapsing-remitting MS aged 40-55 years with a minimum disease duration of five years (n = 37). Medical records and diagnostic MR images were reviewed for relevant early MS disease-related clinical and paraclinical parameters. RESULTS More prominent microglial activation was associated with higher number of T2 lesions in the diagnostic MRI, a higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) index in the diagnostic CSF and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ≥ 2.0 five years after diagnosis. CONCLUSION The number of T2 lesions in MRI, and CSF immunoglobulin content measured by IgG index at the time of MS diagnosis associated with later TSPO-PET-measurable innate immune cell activation. This suggests that both focal and diffuse early inflammatory phenomena impact the development of later progression-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laaksonen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Neurocenter Turku, University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - M Saraste
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Neurocenter Turku, University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Sucksdorff
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Neurocenter Turku, University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Nylund
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Neurocenter Turku, University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - A Vuorimaa
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Neurocenter Turku, University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Matilainen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - J Heikkinen
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - L Airas
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Neurocenter Turku, University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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19
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Niu P, Li L, Zhang Y, Su Z, Wang B, Liu H, Zhang S, Qiu S, Li Y. Immune regulation based on sex differences in ischemic stroke pathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087815. [PMID: 36793730 PMCID: PMC9923235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the world's leading causes of death and disability. It has been established that gender differences in stroke outcomes prevail, and the immune response after stroke is an important factor affecting patient outcomes. However, gender disparities lead to different immune metabolic tendencies closely related to immune regulation after stroke. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the role and mechanism of immune regulation based on sex differences in ischemic stroke pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhou Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - He Liu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Shehong Zhang
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Sheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
| | - Yuntao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Huzhou Central Hospital), Huzhou, China.,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuro Modulation, Huzhou, China
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20
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Samudra N, Ranasinghe K, Kirsch H, Rankin K, Miller B. Etiology and Clinical Significance of Network Hyperexcitability in Alzheimer's Disease: Unanswered Questions and Next Steps. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:13-27. [PMID: 36710680 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cortical network hyperexcitability related to synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In recent years, there has been increased interest in the prevalence of silent seizures and interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs, or seizure tendency), with both entities collectively termed "subclinical epileptiform activity" (SEA), on neurophysiologic studies in AD patients. SEA has been demonstrated to be common in AD, with prevalence estimates ranging between 22-54%. Converging lines of basic and clinical evidence imply that modifying a hyperexcitable state results in an improvement in cognition. In particular, though these results require further confirmation, post-hoc findings from a recent phase II clinical trial suggest a therapeutic effect with levetiracetam administration in patients with AD and IEDs. Here, we review key unanswered questions as well as potential clinical trial avenues. Specifically, we discuss postulated mechanisms and treatment of hyperexcitability in patients with AD, which are of interest in designing future disease-modifying therapies. Criteria to prompt screening and optimal screening methodology for hyperexcitability have yet to be defined, as does timing and personalization of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyatee Samudra
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kamalini Ranasinghe
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heidi Kirsch
- University of California, San Francisco Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Rankin
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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21
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Ji N, Lei M, Chen Y, Tian S, Li C, Zhang B. How Oxidative Stress Induces Depression? ASN Neuro 2023; 15:17590914231181037. [PMID: 37331994 DOI: 10.1177/17590914231181037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression increasingly affects a wide range and a large number of people worldwide, both physically and psychologically, which makes it a social problem requiring prompt attention and management. Accumulating clinical and animal studies have provided us with substantial insights of disease pathogenesis, especially central monoamine deficiency, which considerably promotes antidepressant research and clinical treatment. The first-line antidepressants mainly target the monoamine system, whose drawbacks mainly include slow action and treatment resistant. The novel antidepressant esketamine, targeting on central glutamatergic system, rapidly and robustly alleviates depression (including treatment-resistant depression), whose efficiency is shadowed by potential addictive and psychotomimetic side effects. Thus, exploring novel depression pathogenesis is necessary, for seeking more safe and effective therapeutic methods. Emerging evidence has revealed vital involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in depression, which inspires us to pursue antioxidant pathway for depression prevention and treatment. Fully uncovering the underlying mechanisms of OS-induced depression is the first step towards the avenue, thus we summarize and expound possible downstream pathways of OS, including mitochondrial impairment and related ATP deficiency, neuroinflammation, central glutamate excitotoxicity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine receptor kinase B dysfunction and serotonin deficiency, the microbiota-gut-brain axis disturbance and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis dysregulation. We also elaborate on the intricate interactions between the multiple aspects, and molecular mechanisms mediating the interplay. Through reviewing the related research progress in the field, we hope to depict an integral overview of how OS induces depression, in order to provide fresh ideas and novel targets for the final goal of efficient treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ji
- The School of Public Health, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin Guangxi, China
| | - Mengzhu Lei
- The School of Public Health, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin Guangxi, China
| | - Yating Chen
- The School of Public Health, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin Guangxi, China
| | - Shaowen Tian
- The School of Public Health, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanyu Li
- The School of Public Health, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- The School of Public Health, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin Guangxi, China
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22
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Okeke ES, Qian X, Che J, Mao G, Chen Y, Xu H, Ding Y, Zeng Z, Wu X, Feng W. Transcriptomic sequencing reveals the potential molecular mechanism by which Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2-hydroxyethyl ether) exposure exerts developmental neurotoxicity in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 262:109467. [PMID: 36113845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (2-hydroxyethyl ether) (TBBPA-DHEE) is a derivative of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) used as an intermediate flame retardant in engineering polymers. The mechanism of neurodevelopmental toxicity of TBBPA-DHEE remains unclear due to limited toxicological data. We performed behavioral and transcriptomic analyses to assess the neurodevelopmental effects of TBBPA-DHEE on developing zebrafish and potential toxicity mechanisms. Our result shows that exposure to TBBPA-DHEE significantly increased mortality, deformity rate, and reduction in hatch rate, hatchability, and body length relative to the DMSO control. The behavior analysis indicates that TBBPA-DHEE significantly reduced the spontaneous movement of larva compared to the control. The TSH and GH levels were significantly reduced in all the exposure groups in a concentration-dependent manner relative to the DMSO control. TBBPA-DHEE exhibited a significant reduction in locomotor activity across all the exposure groups in the light/dark locomotion test. The transcriptomic analysis result shows that 579 genes were differentially expressed. KEGG analysis shows the enrichment of complement cascade, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine interaction, and phototransduction pathway resulting in a change in mRNA expression of their genes. These observed changes in developmental endpoints, hormonal level, and alteration in mRNA expression of component genes involved in neurodevelopmental pathways could be part of the possible mechanism of the observed toxic effects of TBBPA-DHEE exposure on zebrafish. This study could reveal the possible neurodevelopmental toxicity of TBBPA-DHEE to aquatic species, which could help uncover the health implications of emerging environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Department of Biochemistry, FBS & Natural Science Unit, SGS, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria. https://twitter.com/@ES_Okeke
| | - Xian Qian
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junhao Che
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Xu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyang Ding
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengjia Zeng
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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23
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Correale J, Marrodan M. Multiple sclerosis and obesity: The role of adipokines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1038393. [PMID: 36457996 PMCID: PMC9705772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration has been associated with various environmental and lifestyle factors. Population-based studies have provided evidence showing the prevalence of MS is increasing worldwide. Because a similar trend has been observed for obesity and metabolic syndrome, interest has grown in possible underlying biological mechanisms shared by both conditions. Adipokines, a family of soluble factors produced by adipose tissue that participate in a wide range of biological functions, contribute to a low state of chronic inflammation observed in obesity, and influence immune function, metabolism, and nutritional state. In this review, we aim to describe epidemiological and biological factors common to MS and obesity, as well as provide an update on current knowledge of how different pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines participate as immune response mediators in MS, as well as in the animal model for MS, namely, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Although its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, there is considerable evidence to suggest MS arises from complex interactions between individual genetic susceptibility and external environmental factors. In recent decades, population-based studies have provided evidence indicating the prevalence of MS is increasing worldwide, in parallel with the rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome. This synchronous increment in the incidence of both MS and obesity has led to a search for potential biological mechanisms linking both conditions. Notably, a large number of studies have established significant correlation between obesity and higher prevalence, or worse prognosis, of several immune-mediated conditions. Fat tissue has been found to produce a variety of soluble factors named adipokines. These mediators, secreted by both adipocytes as well as diverse immune cells, participate in a wide range of biological functions, further strengthening the concept of a link between immune function, metabolism, and nutritional state. Because obesity causes overproduction of pro-inflammatory adipokines (namely leptin, resistin and visfatin) and reduction of anti-inflammatory adipokines (adiponectin and apelin), adipose tissue dysregulation would appear to contribute to a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation favoring the development of disease. In this review, we present a summary of current knowledge related to the pathological effects of different adipokines, prevalent in obese MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Correale
- Departamento de Neurología, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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24
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D'Alessandro G, Marrocco F, Limatola C. Microglial cells: Sensors for neuronal activity and microbiota-derived molecules. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011129. [PMID: 36426369 PMCID: PMC9679421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells play pleiotropic homeostatic activities in the brain, during development and in adulthood. Microglia regulate synaptic activity and maturation, and continuously patrol brain parenchyma monitoring for and reacting to eventual alterations or damages. In the last two decades microglia were given a central role as an indicator to monitor the inflammatory state of brain parenchyma. However, the recent introduction of single cell scRNA analyses in several studies on the functional role of microglia, revealed a not-negligible spatio-temporal heterogeneity of microglial cell populations in the brain, both during healthy and in pathological conditions. Furthermore, the recent advances in the knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the modulation of cerebral activity induced by gut microbe-derived molecules open new perspectives for deciphering the role of microglial cells as possible mediators of these interactions. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent studies correlating gut-derived molecules and vagal stimulation, as well as dysbiotic events, to alteration of brain functioning, and the contribution of microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina D'Alessandro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italy, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Francesco Marrocco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italy, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italy, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
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25
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Okeke ES, Luo M, Feng W, Zhang Y, Mao G, Chen Y, Zeng Z, Qian X, Sun L, Yang L, Wu X. Transcriptomic profiling and differential analysis revealed the neurodevelopmental toxicity mechanisms of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae in response to tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether (TBBPA-DHEE) exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 259:109382. [PMID: 35640788 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2-hydroxyetyl) ether (TBBPA-DHEE) is among the main derivatives of Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Result from previous study showed that TBBPA-DHEE can cause neurotoxicity in rat. In this study, zebrafish larvae were used for evaluation of TBBPA-DHEE-induced developmental toxicity, apoptosis, oxidative stress and the potential molecular mechanisms of action. Our result showed that TBBPA-DHEE exposure caused a significant concentration-dependent developmental toxicity endpoints like death rate, malformation rate, growth rate. TBBPA-DHEE altered locomotor and enzymes activities of larvae and caused apoptosis within the brain indicating the potential TBBPA-DHEE-induced cardiac, brain impairment in the zebrafish larvae. Our transcriptomic analysis shows that 691 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) (539 upregulated, 152 downregulated). The KEGG and GO enrichment pathway analysis shows that the DEGs were involved in development, immunity, enzyme activity. Our study provides novel evidence on the neurodevelopmental toxicity and toxicity mechanism of TBBPA-DHEE which are vital for assessment of the environmental toxicity and risk assessment of the chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Department of Biochemistry, FBS & Natural Science Unit, SGS, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria
| | - Mengna Luo
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengjia Zeng
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian Qian
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., 212013 Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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26
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Clickable Biomaterials for Modulating Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158496. [PMID: 35955631 PMCID: PMC9369181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between the nervous and immune systems in the context of trauma or disease can lead to a state of neuroinflammation or excessive recruitment and activation of peripheral and central immune cells. Neuroinflammation is an underlying and contributing factor to myriad neuropathologies including neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease; autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis; peripheral and central nervous system infections; and ischemic and traumatic neural injuries. Therapeutic modulation of immune cell function is an emerging strategy to quell neuroinflammation and promote tissue homeostasis and/or repair. One such branch of ‘immunomodulation’ leverages the versatility of biomaterials to regulate immune cell phenotypes through direct cell-material interactions or targeted release of therapeutic payloads. In this regard, a growing trend in biomaterial science is the functionalization of materials using chemistries that do not interfere with biological processes, so-called ‘click’ or bioorthogonal reactions. Bioorthogonal chemistries such as Michael-type additions, thiol-ene reactions, and Diels-Alder reactions are highly specific and can be used in the presence of live cells for material crosslinking, decoration, protein or cell targeting, and spatiotemporal modification. Hence, click-based biomaterials can be highly bioactive and instruct a variety of cellular functions, even within the context of neuroinflammation. This manuscript will review recent advances in the application of click-based biomaterials for treating neuroinflammation and promoting neural tissue repair.
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27
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Fernández-Arjona MDM, León-Rodríguez A, Grondona JM, López-Ávalos MD. Microbial neuraminidase induces TLR4-dependent long-term immune priming in the brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:945229. [PMID: 35966200 PMCID: PMC9366060 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.945229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory explains the plasticity of immune responses after repeated immune stimulation, leading to either enhanced or suppressed immune responses. This process has been extensively reported in peripheral immune cells and also, although modestly, in the brain. Here we explored two relevant aspects of brain immune priming: its persistence over time and its dependence on TLR receptors. For this purpose, we used an experimental paradigm consisting in applying two inflammatory stimuli three months apart. Wild type, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 mutant strains were used. The priming stimulus was the intracerebroventricular injection of neuraminidase (an enzyme that is present in various pathogens able to provoke brain infections), which triggers an acute inflammatory process in the brain. The second stimulus was the intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (a TLR4 ligand) or Pam3CSK4 (a TLR2 ligand). One day after the second inflammatory challenge the immune response in the brain was examined. In wild type mice, microglial and astroglial density, as well as the expression of 4 out of 5 pro-inflammatory genes studied (TNFα, IL1β, Gal-3, and NLRP3), were increased in mice that received the double stimulus compared to those exposed only to the second one, which were initially injected with saline instead of neuraminidase. Such enhanced response suggests immune training in the brain, which lasts at least 3 months. On the other hand, TLR2 mutants under the same experimental design displayed an enhanced immune response quite similar to that of wild type mice. However, in TLR4 mutant mice the response after the second immune challenge was largely dampened, indicating the pivotal role of this receptor in the establishment of immune priming. Our results demonstrate that neuraminidase-induced inflammation primes an enhanced immune response in the brain to a subsequent immune challenge, immune training that endures and that is largely dependent on TLR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Fernández-Arjona
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de investigación en Neuropsicofarmacología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana León-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Grondona
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Ávalos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Dolores López-Ávalos
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Anxiety-like behavior and microglial activation in the amygdala after acute neuroinflammation induced by microbial neuraminidase. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11581. [PMID: 35803999 PMCID: PMC9270343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term behavioral alterations are associated with infection and aid the recovery from sickness. However, concerns have raised that sustained behavioral disturbances after acute neuroinflammation could relate to neurological diseases in the long run. We aimed to explore medium- and long-term behavioral disturbances after acute neuroinflammation in rats, using a model based on the intracerebroventricular administration of the enzyme neuraminidase (NA), which is part of some pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Neurological and behavioral assessments were performed 2 and 10 weeks after the injection of NA, and neuroinflammation was evaluated by gene expression and histology. No alterations were observed regarding basic neurological functions or locomotor capacity in NA-injected rats. However, they showed a reduction in unsupported rearing, and increased grooming and freezing behaviors, which indicate anxiety-like behavior. A principal component analysis including a larger set of parameters further supported such anxiety-like behavior. The anxiety profile was observed 2 weeks after NA-injection, but not after 10 weeks. Concomitantly, the amygdala presented increased number of microglial cells showing a morphologic bias towards an activated state. A similar but subtler tendency was observed in hypothalamic microglia located in the paraventricular nucleus. Also, in the hypothalamus the pattern recognition receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was slightly overexpressed 2 weeks after NA injection. These results demonstrate that NA-induced neuroinflammation provokes anxiety-like behavior in the medium term, which disappears with time. Concurrent microgliosis in the amygdala could explain such behavior. Further experiments should aim to explore subtle but long-lasting alterations observed 10 weeks after NA injection, both in amygdala and hypothalamus, as well as mild behavioral changes.
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Liu X, Vigorito M, Huang W, Khan MAS, Chang SL. The Impact of Alcohol-Induced Dysbiosis on Diseases and Disorders of the Central Nervous System. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:131-151. [PMID: 34843074 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human digestive tract contains a diverse and abundant microbiota that is important for health. Excessive alcohol use can disrupt the balance of these microbes (known as dysbiosis), leading to elevated blood endotoxin levels and systemic inflammation. Using QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) bioinformatics tool, we have confirmed that peripheral endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) mediates various cytokines to enhance the neuroinflammation signaling pathway. The literature has identified alcohol-mediated neuroinflammation as a possible risk factor for the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), and psychiatric disorders such as addiction to alcohol and other drugs. In this review, we discuss alcohol-use-induced dysbiosis in the gut and other body parts as a causal factor in the progression of Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases including neurodegenerative disease and possibly alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Liu
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Michael Vigorito
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
- Department of Psychology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Wenfei Huang
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Mohammed A S Khan
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
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Saad AK, Akour A, Mahboob A, AbuRuz S, Sadek B. Role of Brain Modulators in Neurodevelopment: Focus on Autism Spectrum Disorder and Associated Comorbidities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:612. [PMID: 35631438 PMCID: PMC9144645 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and associated neurodevelopmental disorders share similar pathogenesis and clinical features. Pathophysiological changes in these diseases are rooted in early neuronal stem cells in the uterus. Several genetic and environmental factors potentially perturb neurogenesis and synaptogenesis processes causing incomplete or altered maturation of the brain that precedes the symptomology later in life. In this review, the impact of several endogenous neuromodulators and pharmacological agents on the foetus during pregnancy, manifested on numerous aspects of neurodevelopment is discussed. Within this context, some possible insults that may alter these modulators and therefore alter their role in neurodevelopment are high-lighted. Sometimes, a particular insult could influence several neuromodulator systems as is supported by recent research in the field of ASD and associated disorders. Dopaminergic hy-pothesis prevailed on the table for discussion of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCH), atten-tion-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ASD for a long time. However, recent cumulative evidence suggests otherwise. Indeed, the neuromodulators that are dysregulated in ASD and comorbid disorders are as diverse as the causes and symptoms of this disease. Additionally, these neuromodulators have roles in brain development, further complicating their involvement in comorbidity. This review will survey the current understanding of the neuromodulating systems to serve the pharmacological field during pregnancy and to minimize drug-related insults in pa-tients with ASD and associated comorbidity disorders, e.g., SCH or ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K. Saad
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates; (A.K.S.); (A.A.); (S.A.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Akour
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates; (A.K.S.); (A.A.); (S.A.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman P.O. Box 11942, Jordan
| | - Abdulla Mahboob
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Salahdein AbuRuz
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates; (A.K.S.); (A.A.); (S.A.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman P.O. Box 11942, Jordan
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates; (A.K.S.); (A.A.); (S.A.)
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
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Tao L, Hu M, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Chen X, Tang J, Wang J. Methamphetamine-mediated dissemination of β-amyloid: Disturbances in endocytosis, transport and clearance of β-amyloid in microglial BV2 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 447:116090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Chastain WH, Citron KK, Lambert LE, Kikkeri DN, Shrestha SS. Estrogen, the Peripheral Immune System and Major Depression – A Reproductive Lifespan Perspective. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:850623. [PMID: 35493954 PMCID: PMC9051447 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.850623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a significant medical issue impacting millions of individuals worldwide. Identifying factors contributing to its manifestation has been a subject of intense investigation for decades and several targets have emerged including sex hormones and the immune system. Indeed, an extensive body of literature has demonstrated that sex hormones play a critical role in modulating brain function and impacting mental health, especially among female organisms. Emerging findings also indicate an inflammatory etiology of major depression, revealing new opportunities to supplement, or even supersede, currently available pharmacological interventions in some patient populations. Given the established sex differences in immunity and the profound impact of fluctuations of sex hormone levels on the immune system within the female, interrogating how the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems converge to impact women’s mental health is warranted. Here, we review the impacts of endogenous estrogens as well as exogenously administered estrogen-containing therapies on affect and immunity and discuss these observations in the context of distinct reproductive milestones across the female lifespan. A theoretical framework and important considerations for additional study in regards to mental health and major depression are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B. Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth B. Engler-Chiurazzi,
| | - Wesley H. Chastain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Kailen K. Citron
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lillian E. Lambert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Divya N. Kikkeri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Sharhana S. Shrestha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Dash S, Syed YA, Khan MR. Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Brain Development and Its Association With Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:880544. [PMID: 35493075 PMCID: PMC9048050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.880544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has a tremendous influence on human physiology, including the nervous system. During fetal development, the initial colonization of the microbiome coincides with the development of the nervous system in a timely, coordinated manner. Emerging studies suggest an active involvement of the microbiome and its metabolic by-products in regulating early brain development. However, any disruption during this early developmental process can negatively impact brain functionality, leading to a range of neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPD). In this review, we summarize recent evidence as to how the gut microbiome can influence the process of early human brain development and its association with major neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Further, we discuss how gut microbiome alterations can also play a role in inducing drug resistance in the affected individuals. We propose a model that establishes a direct link of microbiome dysbiosis with the exacerbated inflammatory state, leading to functional brain deficits associated with NPD. Based on the existing research, we discuss a framework whereby early diet intervention can boost mental wellness in the affected subjects and call for further research for a better understanding of mechanisms that govern the gut-brain axis may lead to novel approaches to the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somarani Dash
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Yasir Ahmed Syed
- School of Biosciences and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mojibur R. Khan
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- *Correspondence: Mojibur R. Khan,
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Gerecke C, Egea Rodrigues C, Homann T, Kleuser B. The Role of Ten-Eleven Translocation Proteins in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861351. [PMID: 35386689 PMCID: PMC8977485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-eleven translocation proteins (TET1-3) are dioxygenases that oxidize 5-methyldeoxycytosine, thus taking part in passive and active demethylation. TETs have shown to be involved in immune cell development, affecting from self-renewal of stem cells and lineage commitment to terminal differentiation. In fact, dysfunction of TET proteins have been vastly associated with both myeloid and lymphoid leukemias. Recently, there has been accumulating evidence suggesting that TETs regulate immune cell function during innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby modulating inflammation. In this work, we pursue to review the current and recent evidence on the mechanistic aspects by which TETs regulate immune cell maturation and function. We will also discuss the complex interplay of TET expression and activity by several factors to modulate a multitude of inflammatory processes. Thus, modulating TET enzymes could be a novel pharmacological approach to target inflammation-related diseases and myeloid and lymphoid leukemias, when their activity is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gerecke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Caue Egea Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Homann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Chu JMT, Abulimiti A, Wong BSH, Zhao GD, Xiong SH, Zhao MM, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Chang RCC, Yu H, Wong GTC. Sigesbeckia orientalis L. Derived Active Fraction Ameliorates Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders Through Alleviating Hippocampal Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:846631. [PMID: 35370714 PMCID: PMC8969099 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.846631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is closely related to the pathogenesis of perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs), which is characterized by the activation of microglia, inflammatory pathways and the release of inflammatory mediators. Sigesbeckia orientalis L. (SO) is a traditional Chinese medicine which demonstrates anti-inflammatory activities in different models. In this study, we aim to isolate the active fraction from the extract of SO with higher anti-inflammatory potential and confirm if the selected fraction exerts neuroprotection against the development of PND in an animal model. Moreover, the components in the selected fraction would be determined by UPLC-PDA analysis. Three fractions were prepared by column chromatography packed with three different macroporous resins. Anti-inflammatory activities of prepared fractions were accessed in microglial BV2 cultures by nitric oxide release, gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and activation of inflammatory JNK and NF-kB pathway molecules. Our results demonstrated that the fraction prepared from D101 macroporous resin (D101 fraction) exhibited a more potent anti-neuroinflammatory effect. The neuroprotective effect of D101 fraction was further examined in postoperative mice. Our results showed that surgery-induced cognitive dysfunction was attenuated by the D101 fraction treatment. This fraction also reduced microglial activation, inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting JNK and NF-kB pathway molecules in the hippocampus. In addition, surgery induced dendritic spine loss while D101 fraction ameliorated the spine loss in the hippocampus. For safety concerns, anti-thrombotic effect was examined by tail bleeding assay and no significant change of the bleeding pattern was found. UPLC-PDA analysis indicated that flavonoids (rutin, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C) and terpenoid (darutoside) were the most important components in the D101 fraction. Our results support a therapeutic, as well as the translational potential for D101 fraction in ameliorating postoperative neuroinflammation and subsequent PND in the clinical setting without increasing bleeding tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Man Tak Chu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amina Abulimiti
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brian Shing Hei Wong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guan Ding Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, The University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Shi Hang Xiong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, The University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Ming Ming Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, The University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond Chuen Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, The University of Macau, Taipa, China
| | - Gordon Tin Chun Wong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Epigallocatechin Gallate Protects against Hypoxia-Induced Inflammation in Microglia via NF-κB Suppression and Nrf-2/HO-1 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074004. [PMID: 35409364 PMCID: PMC8999549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced neuroinflammation in stroke, neonatal hypoxic encephalopathy, and other diseases subsequently contributes to neurological damage and neuronal diseases. Microglia are the primary neuroimmune cells that play a crucial role in cerebral inflammation. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has a protective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against neuroinflammation. However, the effects of EGCG on hypoxia-induced inflammation in microglia and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether EGCG might have a protective effect against hypoxia injury in microglia by treatment with CoCl2 to establish a hypoxic model of BV2 microglia cells following EGCG pre-treatment. An exposure of cells to CoCl2 caused an increase in inflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, which were significantly ameliorated by EGCG via inhibition of NF-κB pathway. In addition, EGCG attenuated the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and the generation of ROS in hypoxic BV2 cells. Furthermore, the suppression of hypoxia-induced IL-6 production by EGCG was mediated via the inhibition of HIF-1α expression and the suppression of ROS generation in BV2 cells. Notably, EGCG increased the Nrf-2 levels and HO-1 levels in the presence of CoCl2. Additionally, EGCG suppressed hypoxia-induced apoptosis of BV2 microglia with cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3. In summary, EGCG protects microglia from hypoxia-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via abrogating the NF-κB pathway as well as activating the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.
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Farooq RK, Alamoudi W, Alhibshi A, Rehman S, Sharma AR, Abdulla FA. Varied Composition and Underlying Mechanisms of Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040705. [PMID: 35456757 PMCID: PMC9032006 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has been implicated in a host of bodily functions and their regulation, including brain development and cognition. Neuroinflammation is a relatively newer piece of the puzzle and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. The microbiome of the gut may alter the inflammatory signaling inside the brain through the secretion of short-chain fatty acids, controlling the availability of amino acid tryptophan and altering vagal activation. Studies in Korea and elsewhere highlight a strong link between microbiome dynamics and neurocognitive states, including personality. For these reasons, re-establishing microbial flora of the gut looks critical for keeping neuroinflammation from putting the whole system aflame through probiotics and allotransplantation of the fecal microbiome. However, the numerosity of the microbiome remains a challenge. For this purpose, it is suggested that wherever possible, a fecal microbial auto-transplant may prove more effective. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the role of the microbiome in neuroinflammation and the various mechanism involved in this process. As an example, we have also discussed the autism spectrum disorder and the implication of neuroinflammation and microbiome in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rai Khalid Farooq
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Widyan Alamoudi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Amani Alhibshi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
| | - Suriya Rehman
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (R.K.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Fuad A. Abdulla
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute of Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (W.A.); (A.A.); (F.A.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2435, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Costagliola G, Depietri G, Michev A, Riva A, Foiadelli T, Savasta S, Bonuccelli A, Peroni D, Consolini R, Marseglia GL, Orsini A, Striano P. Targeting Inflammatory Mediators in Epilepsy: A Systematic Review of Its Molecular Basis and Clinical Applications. Front Neurol 2022; 13:741244. [PMID: 35359659 PMCID: PMC8961811 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.741244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent studies prompted the identification of neuroinflammation as a potential target for the treatment of epilepsy, particularly drug-resistant epilepsy, and refractory status epilepticus. This work provides a systematic review of the clinical experience with anti-cytokine agents and agents targeting lymphocytes and aims to evaluate their efficacy and safety for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. Moreover, the review analyzes the main therapeutic perspectives in this field. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted on MEDLINE database. Search terminology was constructed using the name of the specific drug (anakinra, canakinumab, tocilizumab, adalimumab, rituximab, and natalizumab) and the terms “status epilepticus,” “epilepsy,” and “seizure.” The review included clinical trials, prospective studies, case series, and reports published in English between January 2016 and August 2021. The number of patients and their age, study design, specific drugs used, dosage, route, and timing of administration, and patients outcomes were extracted. The data were synthesized through quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results Our search identified 12 articles on anakinra and canakinumab, for a total of 37 patients with epilepsy (86% febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome), with reduced seizure frequency or seizure arrest in more than 50% of the patients. The search identified nine articles on the use of tocilizumab (16 patients, 75% refractory status epilepticus), with a high response rate. Only one reference on the use of adalimumab in 11 patients with Rasmussen encephalitis showed complete response in 45% of the cases. Eight articles on rituximab employment sowed a reduced seizure burden in 16/26 patients. Finally, one trial concerning natalizumab evidenced a response in 10/32 participants. Conclusion The experience with anti-cytokine agents and drugs targeting lymphocytes in epilepsy derives mostly from case reports or series. The use of anti-IL-1, anti-IL-6, and anti-CD20 agents in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and refractory status epilepticus has shown promising results and a good safety profile. The experience with TNF inhibitors is limited to Rasmussen encephalitis. The use of anti-α4-integrin agents did not show significant effects in refractory focal seizures. Concerning research perspectives, there is increasing interest in the potential use of anti-chemokine and anti-HMGB-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Costagliola
- Pediatric Immunology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Greta Depietri
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexandre Michev
- Pediatric Clinic, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alexandre Michev
| | - Antonella Riva
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto “Giannina Gaslini”, Genova, Italy
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Pediatric Clinic, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alice Bonuccelli
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego Peroni
- Pediatric Immunology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rita Consolini
- Pediatric Immunology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Marseglia
- Pediatric Clinic, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Orsini
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto “Giannina Gaslini”, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Chellappan R, Guha A, Si Y, Kwan T, Nabors LB, Filippova N, Yang X, Myneni AS, Meesala S, Harms AS, King PH. SRI-42127, a novel small molecule inhibitor of the RNA regulator HuR, potently attenuates glial activation in a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Glia 2022; 70:155-172. [PMID: 34533864 PMCID: PMC8595840 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glial activation with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators is a major driver of disease progression in neurological processes ranging from acute traumatic injury to chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Posttranscriptional regulation is a major gateway for glial activation as many mRNAs encoding pro-inflammatory mediators contain adenine- and uridine-rich elements (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region which govern their expression. We have previously shown that HuR, an RNA regulator that binds to AREs, plays a major positive role in regulating inflammatory cytokine production in glia. HuR is predominantly nuclear in localization but translocates to the cytoplasm to exert a positive regulatory effect on RNA stability and translational efficiency. Homodimerization of HuR is necessary for translocation and we have developed a small molecule inhibitor, SRI-42127, that blocks this process. Here we show that SRI-42127 suppressed HuR translocation in LPS-activated glia in vitro and in vivo and significantly attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory mediators including IL1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, CXCL1, and CCL2. Cytokines typically associated with anti-inflammatory effects including TGF-β1, IL-10, YM1, and Arg1 were either unaffected or minimally affected. SRI-42127 suppressed microglial activation in vivo and attenuated the recruitment/chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes. RNA kinetic studies and luciferase studies indicated that SRI-42127 has inhibitory effects both on mRNA stability and gene promoter activation. In summary, our findings underscore HuR's critical role in promoting glial activation and the potential for SRI-42127 and other HuR inhibitors for treating neurological diseases driven by this activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwari Chellappan
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Abhishek Guha
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ying Si
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Thaddaeus Kwan
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - L. Burt Nabors
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Natalia Filippova
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Xiuhua Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Anish S. Myneni
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Shriya Meesala
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ashley S Harms
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Peter H. King
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294,,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294,Correspondence to: Dr. P.H. King; UAB Dept. of Neurology, Civitan 545C, 1530 3 Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA. Tel. (205) 975-8116; Fax (205) 996-7255;
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Abdallah A, Guler EM, Çınar İ, Papaker MG, Yapar S, Ozer OF, Yurtsever I, Dündar TT. Oxidative Stress Level in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2021; 84:321-328. [PMID: 34897612 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the antioxidant mechanisms is the dynamic balance between thiol and disulfide, which, in subarachnoid hemorrhage and other chronic diseases, is disrupted in favor of the latter. The two most commonly used oxidative stress (OS) biochemical markers are the oxidative stress index (OSI) value, which indicates the total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) balance, and the thiol-disulfide (TDS) value, which indicates the total thiol (TT) and native thiol (NT) balance. High OS levels require further investigations. We aimed to investigate the OS level in aneurysmal SAH (aSAH) patients. METHODS In this clinical prospective study, blood samples were collected from 50 consecutively treated patients with aSAH and 50 volunteers. Serum TOS, TAS, TT, and NT levels were measured using Erel's method via a spectrophotometer. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, Fisher grades, length of hospital stay (LOS), and the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores were recorded. Consequently, the OSI and TDS values were calculated in all participants. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was observed in the TAS, TOS, OSI, and TDS values between the aSAH patients and the controls. The TT and NT values were significantly lower in aSAH patients than in the controls. A correlation was identified between the OSI values and the GCS scores. Although a correlation was observed between the TDS values and the LOS, no correlation was found between the OSI and the TDS values. CONCLUSION The OSI and TDS, which are OS indicators, might serve as the additional objective nominal data to evaluate the treatment efficacy and follow-up for SAH patients. Moreover, decreasing the OSI values and increasing the TT values can be used as improvement indicators in the treated aSAH patients. If we can reduce the OS at the early stage of SAH, it could improve the prognosis by reducing both the morbidity and mortality rates. Further randomized investigations are required to prove the findings in this prospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Abdallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aile Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hamidiye School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Haydarpasa Numune Health Application and Research Center, Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İrfan Çınar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Aile Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Selçuk Yapar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismail Yurtsever
- Department of Radiology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Turan Dündar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tao D, Zhong T, Pang W, Li X. Saccharomyces boulardii improves the behaviour and emotions of spastic cerebral palsy rats through the gut-brain axis pathway. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:76. [PMID: 34876019 PMCID: PMC8653608 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is a kind of disability that influences motion, and children with CP also exhibit depression-like behaviour. Inflammation has been recognized as a contributor to CP and depression, and some studies suggest that the gut-brain axis may be a contributing factor. Our team observed that Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) could reduce the inflammatory level of rats with hyperbilirubinemia and improve abnormal behaviour. Both CP and depression are related to inflammation, and probiotics can improve depression by reducing inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesize that S. boulardii may improve the behaviour and emotions of spastic CP rats through the gut-brain axis pathway. METHODS Our new rat model was produced by resecting the cortex and subcortical white matter. Seventeen-day-old CP rats were exposed to S. boulardii or vehicle control by gastric gavage for 9 days, and different behavioural domains and general conditions were tested. Inflammation was assessed by measuring the inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity was assessed by measuring adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone in the serum. Changes in the gut microbiome were detected by 16S rRNA. RESULTS The hemiplegic spastic CP rats we made with typical spastic paralysis exhibited depression-like behaviour. S. boulardii treatment of hemiplegic spastic CP rats improves behaviour and general conditions and significantly reduces the level of inflammation, decreases HPA axis activity, and increases gut microbiota diversity. CONCLUSIONS The model developed in this study mimics a hemiplegic spastic cerebral palsy. Damage to the cortex and subcortical white matter of 17-day-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats led to spastic CP-like behaviour, and the rats exhibited symptoms of depression-like behaviour. Our results indicate that S. boulardii might have potential in treating hemiplegic spastic CP rat models or as an add-on therapy via the gut-brain axis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuang Tao
- College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
- Jiamusi Central Hospital, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tangwu Zhong
- College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Pang
- College of Rehab Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
- Rehab Center for Child Cerebral Palsy, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
- Institute of Pediatric Neurological Disorders, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- College of Rehab Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China.
- Rehab Center for Child Cerebral Palsy, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China.
- Institute of Pediatric Neurological Disorders, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China.
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Brain Immunoinformatics: A Symmetrical Link between Informatics, Wet Lab and the Clinic. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakthrough advances in informatics over the last decade have thoroughly influenced the field of immunology. The intermingling of machine learning with wet lab applications and clinical results has hatched the newly defined immunoinformatics society. Immunoinformatics of the central neural system, referred to as neuroimmunoinformatics (NII), investigates symmetrical and asymmetrical interactions of the brain-immune interface. This interdisciplinary overview on NII is addressed to bioscientists and computer scientists. We delineate the dominating trajectories and field-shaping achievements and elaborate on future directions using bridging language and terminology. Computation, varying from linear modeling to complex deep learning approaches, fuels neuroimmunology through three core directions. Firstly, by providing big-data analysis software for high-throughput methods such as next-generation sequencing and genome-wide association studies. Secondly, by designing models for the prediction of protein morphology, functions, and symmetrical and asymmetrical protein–protein interactions. Finally, NII boosts the output of quantitative pathology by enabling the automatization of tedious processes such as cell counting, tracing, and arbor analysis. The new classification of microglia, the brain’s innate immune cells, was an NII achievement. Deep sequencing classifies microglia in “sensotypes” to accurately describe the versatility of immune responses to physiological and pathological challenges, as well as to experimental conditions such as xenografting and organoids. NII approaches complex tasks in the brain-immune interface, recognizes patterns and allows for hypothesis-free predictions with ultimate targeted individualized treatment strategies, and personalizes disease prognosis and treatment response.
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Jha RM, Raikwar SP, Mihaljevic S, Casabella AM, Catapano JS, Rani A, Desai S, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Emerging therapeutic targets for cerebral edema. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:917-938. [PMID: 34844502 PMCID: PMC9196113 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral edema is a key contributor to death and disability in several forms of brain injury. Current treatment options are limited, reactive, and associated with significant morbidity. Targeted therapies are emerging based on a growing understanding of the molecular underpinnings of cerebral edema. AREAS COVERED We review the pathophysiology and relationships between different cerebral edema subtypes to provide a foundation for emerging therapies. Mechanisms for promising molecular targets are discussed, with an emphasis on those advancing in clinical trials, including ion and water channels (AQP4, SUR1-TRPM4) and other proteins/lipids involved in edema signaling pathways (AVP, COX2, VEGF, and S1P). Research on novel treatment modalities for cerebral edema [including recombinant proteins and gene therapies] is presented and finally, insights on reducing secondary injury and improving clinical outcome are offered. EXPERT OPINION Targeted molecular strategies to minimize or prevent cerebral edema are promising. Inhibition of SUR1-TRPM4 (glyburide/glibenclamide) and VEGF (bevacizumab) are currently closest to translation based on advances in clinical trials. However, the latter, tested in glioblastoma multiforme, has not demonstrated survival benefit. Research on recombinant proteins and gene therapies for cerebral edema is in its infancy, but early results are encouraging. These newer modalities may facilitate our understanding of the pathobiology underlying cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Sandra Mihaljevic
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Joshua S. Catapano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Anupama Rani
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Shashvat Desai
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
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Choroid plexus volumetrics and brain inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2115221118. [PMID: 34583997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115221118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Dang R, Yang M, Cui C, Wang C, Zhang W, Geng C, Han W, Jiang P. Activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin (1-7)/mas receptor axis triggers autophagy and suppresses microglia proinflammatory polarization via forkhead box class O1 signaling. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13480. [PMID: 34529881 PMCID: PMC8520723 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain renin‐angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) is implicated in neuroinflammation, a major characteristic of aging process. Angiotensin (Ang) II, produced by angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), activates immune system via angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1), whereas Ang(1–7), generated by ACE2, binds with Mas receptor (MasR) to restrain excessive inflammatory response. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the relationship between RAS and neuroinflammation. We found that repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment shifted the balance between ACE/Ang II/AT1 and ACE2/Ang(1–7)/MasR axis to the deleterious side and treatment with either MasR agonist, AVE0991 (AVE) or ACE2 activator, diminazene aceturate, exhibited strong neuroprotective actions. Mechanically, activation of ACE2/Ang(1–7)/MasR axis triggered the Forkhead box class O1 (FOXO1)‐autophagy pathway and induced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), the FOXO1‐targeted antioxidant enzymes. Meanwhile, knockdown of MasR or FOXO1 in BV2 cells, or using the selective FOXO1 inhibitor, AS1842856, in animals, suppressed FOXO1 translocation and compromised the autophagic process induced by MasR activation. We further used chloroquine (CQ) to block autophagy and showed that suppressing either FOXO1 or autophagy abrogated the anti‐inflammatory action of AVE. Likewise, Ang(1–7) also induced FOXO1 signaling and autophagic flux following LPS treatment in BV2 cells. Cotreatment with AS1842856 or CQ all led to autophagic inhibition and thereby abolished Ang(1–7)‐induced remission on NLRP3 inflammasome activation caused by LPS exposure, shifting the microglial polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype. Collectively, these results firstly illustrated the mechanism of ACE2/Ang(1–7)/MasR axis in neuroinflammation, strongly indicating the involvement of FOXO1‐mediated autophagy in the neuroimmune‐modulating effects triggered by MasR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Dang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jining First People’s HospitalJining Medical University Jining China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jining First People’s HospitalJining Medical University Jining China
| | - Changmeng Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Changshui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University Jining China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Zhongshan Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University Zhongshan China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jining First People’s HospitalJining Medical University Jining China
| | - Wenxiu Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jining First People’s HospitalJining Medical University Jining China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Jining First People’s HospitalJining Medical University Jining China
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Veronese N, Smith L, Barbagallo M, Giannelli G, Caruso MG, Cisternino AM, Notarnicola M, Cao C, Waldhoer T, Yang L. Neurological diseases and COVID-19: prospective analyses using the UK Biobank. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:1295-1303. [PMID: 33954931 PMCID: PMC8098789 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease-19) may present with neurological signs, but whether people already affected by neurological conditions are at a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 is still not known. We, therefore, aimed to investigate the association of previously diagnosed neurological conditions with COVID-19. 502,536 community-dwelling UK Biobank participants (54.4% male, mean age 56.6 ± 10.3 years) were included. Among these, 57,463 participants had a diagnosis of neurological conditions (11.43%) and a total of 1326 COVID-19-positive cases were identified (0.26%). Neurological conditions were identified through medical history and linkage to data on hospital admissions (ICD-10 code G00–G99). COVID-19 presence was diagnosed using the data provided by Public Health England. The association of previous diagnosis of neurological conditions with COVID-19 was evaluated through logistic regressions, adjusted for potential confounders, reported as odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Nerve, nerve root and plexus disorders (G50–G59) were the most common conditions identified. The presence of COVID-19 was almost doubled in neurological conditions compared to the general population (0.45 vs. 0.24%, p < 0.0001). Previously diagnosed neurological conditions were associated with 60% higher odds of COVID-19 positive in the multivariable-adjusted model (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.4–1.8). Other degenerative diseases of the nervous system, extrapyramidal and movement disorders, polyneuropathies and other disorders of the peripheral nervous system, cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes were significantly associated with a higher odds of COVID-19. The presence of neurological conditions was associated with a significantly higher likelihood of COVID-19 compared to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Veronese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Caruso
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cisternino
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Chao Cao
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of Epidemiology, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Fisher PR, Allan CY, Sanislav O, Atkinson A, Ngoei KRW, Kemp BE, Storey E, Loesch DZ, Annesley SJ. Relationships between Mitochondrial Function, AMPK, and TORC1 Signaling in Lymphoblasts with Premutation Alleles of the FMR1 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10393. [PMID: 34638732 PMCID: PMC8508849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked FMR1 gene contains a non-coding trinucleotide repeat in its 5' region that, in normal, healthy individuals contains 20-44 copies. Large expansions of this region (>200 copies) cause fragile X syndrome (FXS), but expansions of 55-199 copies (referred to as premutation alleles) predispose carriers to a neurodegenerative disease called fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). The cytopathological mechanisms underlying FXTAS are poorly understood, but abnormalities in mitochondrial function are believed to play a role. We previously reported that lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs, or lymphoblasts) of premutation carriers have elevated mitochondrial respiratory activities. In the carriers, especially those not clinically affected with FXTAS, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was shown to be elevated. In the FXTAS patients, however, it was negatively correlated with brain white matter lesions, suggesting a protective role in the molecular mechanisms. Here, we report an enlarged and extended study of mitochondrial function and associated cellular stress-signaling pathways in lymphoblasts isolated from male and female premutation carriers, regardless of their clinical status, and healthy controls. The results confirmed the elevation of AMPK and mitochondrial respiratory activities and reduction in reactive O2 species (ROS) levels in premutation cells and revealed for the first time that target of rapamycin complex I (TORC1) activities are reduced. Extensive correlation, multiple regression, and principal components analysis revealed the best fitting statistical explanations of these changes in terms of the other variables measured. These suggested which variables might be the most "proximal" regulators of the others in the extensive network of known causal interactions amongst the measured parameters of mitochondrial function and cellular stress signaling. In the resulting model, the premutation alleles activate AMPK and inhibit both TORC1 and ROS production, the reduced TORC1 activity contributes to activation of AMPK and of nonmitochondrial metabolism, and the higher AMPK activity results in elevated catabolic metabolism, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP steady state levels. In addition, the results suggest a separate CGG repeat number-dependent elevation of TORC1 activity that is insufficient to overcome the inhibition of TORC1 in premutation cells but may presage the previously reported activation of TORC1 in FXS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Fisher
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.Y.A.); (O.S.); (S.J.A.)
| | - Claire Y. Allan
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.Y.A.); (O.S.); (S.J.A.)
| | - Oana Sanislav
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.Y.A.); (O.S.); (S.J.A.)
| | - Anna Atkinson
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (A.A.); (D.Z.L.)
| | - Kevin R. W. Ngoei
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (K.R.W.N.); (B.E.K.)
| | - Bruce E. Kemp
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; (K.R.W.N.); (B.E.K.)
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Medicine, Alfred Hospital Campus, Monash University, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Danuta Z. Loesch
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (A.A.); (D.Z.L.)
| | - Sarah J. Annesley
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (C.Y.A.); (O.S.); (S.J.A.)
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Yazar T, Olgun Yazar H, Cihan M. Evaluation of serum galectin-3 levels at Alzheimer patients by stages: a preliminary report. Acta Neurol Belg 2021; 121:949-954. [PMID: 32852752 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Neuroinflammation has a critic role in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The activation of microglia is the main actor in this process. The aim of this study to collect data on the role of microglial activation in the etiology, and the possible continuum at the stage of disease through the evaluation of serum galectin-3 levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS This was a prospective and cross-sectional study conducted on patients who were diagnosed as having AD using the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) and stages determined with the scales of Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with healthy controls. RESULTS In our study, we studied 118 people, 57 with AD and 61 healthy people as a control group. In the AD patient group, serum galectin-3 levels were higher compared with the control group (p = 0.003). There were no significant differences in either group in other collected parameters (p > 0.05). It was observed that in all patients with AD, parallel to the stage of the disease, serum galectin-3 levels, patience's age, and duration of disease were statically and significantly increased (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, serum galactin-3 levels may be associated with AD and maybe a potential biomarker for the identification of disease in the early stages. In future years, serum galectin-3 levels may become an important biomarker and therapeutic agent for chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.
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Barrantes FJ. The unfolding palette of COVID-19 multisystemic syndrome and its neurological manifestations. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100251. [PMID: 33842898 PMCID: PMC8019247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although our current knowledge of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is still fragmentary, the information so far accrued on the tropism and life cycle of its etiological agent SARS-CoV-2, together with the emerging clinical data, suffice to indicate that the severe acute pulmonary syndrome is the main, but not the only manifestation of COVID-19. Necropsy studies are increasingly revealing underlying endothelial vasculopathies in the form of micro-haemorrhages and micro-thrombi. Intertwined with defective antiviral responses, dysregulated coagulation mechanisms, abnormal hyper-inflammatory reactions and responses, COVID-19 is disclosing a wide pathophysiological palette. An additional property in categorising the disease is the combination of tissue (e.g. neuro- and vasculo-tropism) with organ tropism, whereby the virus preferentially attacks certain organs with highly developed capillary beds, such as the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, kidney and brain. These multiple clinical presentations confirm that the acute respiratory syndrome as described initially is increasingly unfolding as a more complex nosological entity, a multiorgan syndrome of systemic breadth. The neurological manifestations of COVID-19, the focus of this review, reflect this manifold nature of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Barrantes
- Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, C1107AFF, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Ondek K, Nasirishargh A, Dayton JR, Nuño MA, Cruz-Orengo L. Strain and sex differences in somatosensation and sociability during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100262. [PMID: 34589768 PMCID: PMC8474462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease that results in major locomotor deficits. However, recent studies have revealed that fatigue, slow processing speed, and memory impairment are the top variables impacting employment status for MS patients. These suggest that cognitive effects may have a greater impact on productivity, lifestyle, and quality of life than do disease-related motor deficits. However, these debilitating non-locomotive effects have been largely overlooked in rodent models of the disease, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We hypothesized that murine EAE can also be used to assess non-locomotive dysfunctions (mood, sociability, muscle strength, and balance), as well as potential biases in these dysfunctions due to sex and/or strain. We actively immunized male and female C57BL/6 (B6) and SJL mice for EAE and evaluated their performance on the Deacon's weight grip test, Kondziela's inverted screen test, Hall's rope grip test, manual von Frey test for somatic nociception, and a three-chamber social preference paradigm. We hypothesized that EAE progression is associated with changes in muscle strength, balance, pain, and sociability and that these variations are linked to sex and/or strain. Our results indicate that strain but not sex influenced differences in muscle strength and balance during EAE, and both sex and strain have an impact on mechanical nociception, regardless of EAE disease status. Furthermore, both sex and strain had complex effects on differences in sociability. In conclusion, testing these additional modalities during EAE helps to unveil other signs and symptoms that could be used to determine the efficacy of a drug or treatment in the modulation of a MS-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn Ondek
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Aida Nasirishargh
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jacquelyn R. Dayton
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Miriam A. Nuño
- University of California, Davis. Department of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Public Health/Medical Sciences Bldg. 1-C, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lillian Cruz-Orengo
- University of California, Davis. Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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