1
|
Ibi Y, Nishinakamura R. Generating kidney organoids based on developmental nephrology. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151450. [PMID: 39137450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the induction protocols for the two types of kidney organoids (nephron organoids and ureteric bud organoids) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been established based on the knowledge gained in developmental nephrology. Kidney organoids are now used for disease modeling and drug screening, but they also have potential as tools for clinical transplantation therapy. One of the options to achieve this goal would be to assemble multiple renal progenitor cells (nephron progenitor, ureteric bud, stromal progenitor) to reproduce the organotypic kidney structure from PSCs. At least from mouse PSCs, all the three progenitors have been induced and assembled into such "higher order" kidney organoids. We will provide an overview of the developmental nephrology required for the induction of renal progenitors and discuss recent advances and remaining challenges of kidney organoids for clinical transplantation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Ibi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sánchez RS, Lazarte MA, Abdala VSL, Sánchez SS. Antagonistic regulation of homeologous uncx.L and uncx.S genes orchestrates myotome and sclerotome differentiation in the evolutionarily divergent vertebral column of Xenopus laevis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024; 342:350-367. [PMID: 38155515 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
In anurans, the vertebral column diverges widely from that of other tetrapods; yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its morphogenesis remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate the role of the homeologous uncx.L and uncx.S genes in the vertebral column morphogenesis of the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis. We initiated our study by cloning the uncx orthologous genes in the anuran Xenopus and determining their spatial expression patterns using in situ hybridization. Additionally, we employed gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches through dexamethasone-inducible uncx constructs and antisense morpholino oligonucleotides, respectively. Comparative analysis of the messenger RNA sequences of homeologous uncx genes revealed that the uncx.L variant lacks the eh1-like repressor domain. Our spatial expression analysis indicated that in the presomitic mesoderm and somites, the transcripts of uncx.L and uncx.S are located in overlapping domains. Alterations in the function of uncx genes significantly impact the development and differentiation of the sclerotome and myotome, resulting in axial skeleton malformations. Our findings suggest a scenario where the homeologous genes uncx.L and uncx.S exhibit antagonistic functions during somitogenesis. Specifically, uncx.S appears to be crucial for sclerotome development and differentiation, while uncx.L primarily influences myotome development. Postallotetraploidization, the uncx.L gene in X. laevis evolved to lose its eh1-like repressor domain, transforming into a "native dominant negative" variant that potentially competes with uncx.S for the same target genes. Finally, the histological analysis revealed that uncx.S expression is necessary for the correct formation of pedicles and neural arch of the vertebrae, and uncx.L is required for trunk muscle development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romel S Sánchez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET and Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Cátedra de Fisiología, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María A Lazarte
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical (IBN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Virginia S L Abdala
- Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical (IBN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sara S Sánchez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET and Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kahane N, Dahan-Barda Y, Kalcheim C. A Spatio-Temporal-Dependent Requirement of Sonic Hedgehog in the Early Development of Sclerotome-Derived Vertebrae and Ribs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5602. [PMID: 38891790 PMCID: PMC11171667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Derived from axial structures, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is secreted into the paraxial mesoderm, where it plays crucial roles in sclerotome induction and myotome differentiation. Through conditional loss-of-function in quail embryos, we investigate the timing and impact of Shh activity during early formation of sclerotome-derived vertebrae and ribs, and of lateral mesoderm-derived sternum. To this end, Hedgehog interacting protein (Hhip) was electroporated at various times between days 2 and 5. While the vertebral body and rib primordium showed consistent size reduction, rib expansion into the somatopleura remained unaffected, and the sternal bud developed normally. Additionally, we compared these effects with those of locally inhibiting BMP activity. Transfection of Noggin in the lateral mesoderm hindered sternal bud formation. Unlike Hhip, BMP inhibition via Noggin or Smad6 induced myogenic differentiation of the lateral dermomyotome lip, while impeding the growth of the myotome/rib complex into the somatic mesoderm, thus affirming the role of the lateral dermomyotome epithelium in rib guidance. Overall, these findings underscore the continuous requirement for opposing gradients of Shh and BMP activity in the morphogenesis of proximal and distal flank skeletal structures, respectively. Future research should address the implications of these early interactions to the later morphogenesis and function of the musculo-skeletal system and of possible associated malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (N.K.); (Y.D.-B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Draga M, Scaal M. Building a vertebra: Development of the amniote sclerotome. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21665. [PMID: 38100740 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In embryonic development, the vertebral column arises from the sclerotomal compartment of the somites. The sclerotome is a mesenchymal cell mass which can be subdivided into several subpopulations specified by different regulatory mechanisms and giving rise to different parts of the vertebrae like vertebral body, vertebral arch, ribs, and vertebral joints. This review gives a short overview on the molecular and cellular basis of the formation of sclerotomal subdomains and the morphogenesis of their vertebral derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarethe Draga
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Scaal
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abedsaeidi M, Hojjati F, Tavassoli A, Sahebkar A. Biology of Tenascin C and its Role in Physiology and Pathology. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2706-2731. [PMID: 37021423 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230404124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is a multimodular extracellular matrix (ECM) protein hexameric with several molecular forms (180-250 kDa) produced by alternative splicing at the pre-mRNA level and protein modifications. The molecular phylogeny indicates that the amino acid sequence of TNC is a well-conserved protein among vertebrates. TNC has binding partners, including fibronectin, collagen, fibrillin-2, periostin, proteoglycans, and pathogens. Various transcription factors and intracellular regulators tightly regulate TNC expression. TNC plays an essential role in cell proliferation and migration. Unlike embryonic tissues, TNC protein is distributed over a few tissues in adults. However, higher TNC expression is observed in inflammation, wound healing, cancer, and other pathological conditions. It is widely expressed in a variety of human malignancies and is recognized as a pivotal factor in cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, TNC increases both pro-and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. It has been identified as an essential factor in tissue injuries such as damaged skeletal muscle, heart disease, and kidney fibrosis. This multimodular hexameric glycoprotein modulates both innate and adaptive immune responses regulating the expression of numerous cytokines. Moreover, TNC is an important regulatory molecule that affects the onset and progression of neuronal disorders through many signaling pathways. We provide a comprehensive overview of the structural and expression properties of TNC and its potential functions in physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malihehsadat Abedsaeidi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Hojjati
- Division of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Tavassoli
- Division of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schifferl D, Scholze-Wittler M, Villaronga Luque A, Pustet M, Wittler L, Veenvliet JV, Koch F, Herrmann BG. Genome-wide identification of notochord enhancers comprising the regulatory landscape of the brachyury locus in mouse. Development 2023; 150:dev202111. [PMID: 37882764 PMCID: PMC10651091 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The node and notochord are important signaling centers organizing the dorso-ventral patterning of cells arising from neuro-mesodermal progenitors forming the embryonic body anlage. Owing to the scarcity of notochord progenitors and notochord cells, a comprehensive identification of regulatory elements driving notochord-specific gene expression has been lacking. Here, we have used ATAC-seq analysis of FACS-purified notochord cells from Theiler stage 12-13 mouse embryos to identify 8921 putative notochord enhancers. In addition, we established a new model for generating notochord-like cells in culture, and found 3728 of these enhancers occupied by the essential notochord control factors brachyury (T) and/or Foxa2. We describe the regulatory landscape of the T locus, comprising ten putative enhancers occupied by these factors, and confirmed the regulatory activity of three of these elements. Moreover, we characterized seven new elements by knockout analysis in embryos and identified one new notochord enhancer, termed TNE2. TNE2 cooperates with TNE in the trunk notochord, and is essential for notochord differentiation in the tail. Our data reveal an essential role of Foxa2 in directing T-expressing cells towards the notochord lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schifferl
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department Developmental Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Scholze-Wittler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department Developmental Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alba Villaronga Luque
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department Developmental Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Milena Pustet
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department Developmental Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Wittler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department Developmental Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jesse V Veenvliet
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department Developmental Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frederic Koch
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department Developmental Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard G Herrmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Department Developmental Genetics, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rothschild SC, Row RH, Martin BL, Clements WK. Sclerotome is compartmentalized by parallel Shh and Bmp signaling downstream of CaMKII. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.21.550086. [PMID: 37503202 PMCID: PMC10370206 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.21.550086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The sclerotome in vertebrates comprises an embryonic population of cellular progenitors that give rise to diverse adult tissues including the axial skeleton, ribs, intervertebral discs, connective tissue, and vascular smooth muscle. In the thorax, this cell population arises in the ventromedial region of each of the segmented tissue blocks known as somites. How and when sclerotome adult tissue fates are specified and how the gene signatures that predate those fates are regulated has not been well studied. We have identified a previously unknown role for Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in regulating sclerotome patterning in zebrafish. Mechanistically, CaMKII regulates the activity of parallel signaling inputs that pattern sclerotome gene expression. In one downstream arm, CaMKII regulates distribution of the established sclerotome-inductive morphogen sonic hedgehog (Shh), and thus Shh-dependent sclerotome genes. In the second downstream arm, we show a previously unappreciated inductive requirement for Bmp signaling, where CaMKII activates expression of bmp4 and consequently Bmp activity. Bmp activates expression of a second subset of stereotypical sclerotome genes, while simultaneously repressing Shh-dependent markers. Our work demonstrates that CaMKII promotes parallel Bmp and Shh signaling as a mechanism to first promote global sclerotome specification, and that these pathways subsequently regionally activate and refine discrete compartmental genetic programs. Our work establishes how the earliest unique gene signatures that likely drive distinct cell behaviors and adult fates arise within the sclerotome.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng C, Cong Q, Liu Y, Hu Y, Liang G, Dioneda KMM, Yang Y. Yap controls notochord formation and neural tube patterning by integrating mechanotransduction with FoxA2 and Shh expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6927. [PMID: 37315133 PMCID: PMC10266736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Correct notochord and neural tube (NT) formation is crucial to the development of the central nervous system and midline structures. Integrated biochemical and biophysical signaling controls embryonic growth and patterning; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we took the opportunities of marked morphological changes during notochord and NT formation and identified both necessary and sufficient roles of Yap, a key mechanosensor and mechanotransducer, in biochemical signaling activation during formation of notochord and floor plate, the ventral signaling centers that pattern the dorsal-ventral axis of NT and the surrounding tissues. We showed that Yap activation by a gradient of mechanical stress and tissue stiffness in the notochord and ventral NT induces FoxA2 and Shh expression. Hedgehog signaling activation rescued NT patterning defects caused by Yap deficiency, but not notochord formation. Therefore, mechanotransduction via Yap activation acts in feedforward mechanisms to induce FoxA2 expression for notochord formation and activate Shh expression for floor plate induction by synergistically interacting with FoxA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yizhong Hu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guoyan Liang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Marc Manquiquis Dioneda
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Warren J, Kumar JP. Patterning of the Drosophila retina by the morphogenetic furrow. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1151348. [PMID: 37091979 PMCID: PMC10117938 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1151348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern formation is the process by which cells within a homogeneous epithelial sheet acquire distinctive fates depending upon their relative spatial position to each other. Several proposals, starting with Alan Turing's diffusion-reaction model, have been put forth over the last 70 years to describe how periodic patterns like those of vertebrate somites and skin hairs, mammalian molars, fish scales, and avian feather buds emerge during development. One of the best experimental systems for testing said models and identifying the gene regulatory networks that control pattern formation is the compound eye of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Its cellular morphogenesis has been extensively studied for more than a century and hundreds of mutants that affect its development have been isolated. In this review we will focus on the morphogenetic furrow, a wave of differentiation that takes an initially homogeneous sheet of cells and converts it into an ordered array of unit eyes or ommatidia. Since the discovery of the furrow in 1976, positive and negative acting morphogens have been thought to be solely responsible for propagating the movement of the furrow across a motionless field of cells. However, a recent study has challenged this model and instead proposed that mechanical driven cell flow also contributes to retinal pattern formation. We will discuss both models and their impact on patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin P. Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clayton SW, Angermeier A, Halbrooks JE, McCardell R, Serra R. TGFβ signaling is required for sclerotome resegmentation during development of the spinal column in Gallus gallus. Dev Biol 2022; 488:120-130. [PMID: 35644252 PMCID: PMC9552462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed the importance of TGFβ signaling in development of the mouse axial skeleton. Here, we provide the first direct evidence that TGFβ signaling is required for resegmentation of the sclerotome using chick embryos. Lipophilic fluorescent tracers, DiO and DiD, were microinjected into adjacent somites of embryos treated with or without TGFβRI inhibitors, SB431542, SB525334 or SD208, at developmental day E2.5 (HH16). Lineage tracing of labeled cells was observed over the course of 4 days until the completion of resegmentation at E6.5 (HH32). Vertebrae were malformed and intervertebral discs were small and misshapen in inhibitor injected embryos. Hypaxial myofibers were also increased in thickness after treatment with the inhibitor. Inhibition of TGFβ signaling resulted in alterations in resegmentation that ranged between full, partial, and slanted shifts in distribution of DiO or DiD labeled cells within vertebrae. Patterning of rostro-caudal markers within sclerotome was disrupted at E3.5 after treatment with TGFβRI inhibitor with rostral domains expressing both rostral and caudal markers. We propose that TGFβ signaling regulates rostro-caudal polarity and subsequent resegmentation in sclerotome during spinal column development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sade W Clayton
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Allyson Angermeier
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jacob E Halbrooks
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ronisha McCardell
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA; Dillard University, Greensburg, LA, USA
| | - Rosa Serra
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Generation of the organotypic kidney structure by integrating pluripotent stem cell-derived renal stroma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:611. [PMID: 35105870 PMCID: PMC8807595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Organs consist of the parenchyma and stroma, the latter of which coordinates the generation of organotypic structures. Despite recent advances in organoid technology, induction of organ-specific stroma and recapitulation of complex organ configurations from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have remained challenging. By elucidating the in vivo molecular features of the renal stromal lineage at a single-cell resolution level, we herein establish an in vitro induction protocol for stromal progenitors (SPs) from mouse PSCs. When the induced SPs are assembled with two differentially induced parenchymal progenitors (nephron progenitors and ureteric buds), the completely PSC-derived organoids reproduce the complex kidney structure, with multiple types of stromal cells distributed along differentiating nephrons and branching ureteric buds. Thus, integration of PSC-derived lineage-specific stroma into parenchymal organoids will pave the way toward recapitulation of the organotypic architecture and functions.
Collapse
|
12
|
Budjan C, Liu S, Ranga A, Gayen S, Pourquié O, Hormoz S. Paraxial mesoderm organoids model development of human somites. eLife 2022; 11:68925. [PMID: 35088712 PMCID: PMC8906808 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of the vertebrate embryo, segmented structures called somites are periodically formed from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and give rise to the vertebral column. While somite formation has been studied in several animal models, it is less clear how well this process is conserved in humans. Recent progress has made it possible to study aspects of human paraxial mesoderm (PM) development such as the human segmentation clock in vitro using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs); however, somite formation has not been observed in these monolayer cultures. Here, we describe the generation of human PM organoids from hPSCs (termed Somitoids), which recapitulate the molecular, morphological, and functional features of PM development, including formation of somite-like structures in vitro. Using a quantitative image-based screen, we identify critical parameters such as initial cell number and signaling modulations that reproducibly yielded formation of somite-like structures in our organoid system. In addition, using single-cell RNA-sequencing and 3D imaging, we show that PM organoids both transcriptionally and morphologically resemble their in vivo counterparts and can be differentiated into somite derivatives. Our organoid system is reproducible and scalable, allowing for the systematic and quantitative analysis of human spine development and disease in vitro. Humans are part of a group of animals called vertebrates, which are all the animals with backbones. Broadly, all vertebrates have a similar body shape with a head at one end and a left and right side that are similar to each other. Although this is not very obvious in humans, vertebrate bodies are derived from pairs of segments arranged from the head to the tail. Each of these segments or somites originates early in embryonic development. Cells from each somite then divide, grow and specialize to form bones such as the vertebrae of the vertebral column, muscles, skin, and other tissues that make up each segment. Studying different animals during embryonic development has provided insights into how somites form and grow, but it is technically difficult to do and only provides an approximate model of how somites develop in humans. Being able to make and study somites using human cells in the lab would help scientists learn more about how somite formation in humans is regulated. Budjan et al. grew human stem cells in the lab as three-dimensional structures called organoids, and used chemical signals similar to the ones produced in the embryo during development to make the cells form somites. Various combinations of signals were tested to find the best way to trigger somite formation. Once the somites formed, Budjan et al. measured them and studied their structure and the genes they used. They found that these lab-grown somites have the same size and structure as natural somites and use many of the same genes. This new organoid model provides a way to study human somite formation and development in the lab for the first time. This can provide insights into the development and evolution of humans and other animals that could then help scientists understand diseases such as the development of abnormal spinal curvature that affects around 1 in 10,000 newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Budjan
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Shichen Liu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Adrian Ranga
- KU Leuven, KU Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Belgium
| | - Senjuti Gayen
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Sahand Hormoz
- Department of Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chien P, Xi H, Pyle AD. Recapitulating human myogenesis ex vivo using human pluripotent stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2021; 411:112990. [PMID: 34973262 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a human model for developmental myogenesis, disease modeling and development of therapeutics. Differentiation of hPSCs into muscle stem cells has the potential to provide a cell-based therapy for many skeletal muscle wasting diseases. This review describes the current state of hPSCs towards recapitulating human myogenesis ex vivo, considerations of stem cell and progenitor cell state as well as function for future use of hPSC-derived muscle cells in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggie Chien
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Haibin Xi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - April D Pyle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ekram S, Khalid S, Salim A, Khan I. Regulating the fate of stem cells for regenerating the intervertebral disc degeneration. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1881-1904. [PMID: 35069988 PMCID: PMC8727226 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i12.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower back pain is a leading cause of disability and is one of the reasons for the substantial socioeconomic burden. The etiology of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is complicated, and its mechanism is still not completely understood. Factors such as aging, systemic inflammation, biochemical mediators, toxic environmental factors, physical injuries, and genetic factors are involved in the progression of its pathophysiology. Currently, no therapy for restoring degenerated IVD is available except pain management, reduced physical activities, and surgical intervention. Therefore, it is imperative to establish regenerative medicine-based approaches to heal and repair the injured disc, repopulate the cell types to retain water content, synthesize extracellular matrix, and strengthen the disc to restore normal spine flexion. Cellular therapy has gained attention for IVD management as an alternative therapeutic option. In this review, we present an overview of the anatomical and molecular structure and the surrounding pathophysiology of the IVD. Modern therapeutic approaches, including proteins and growth factors, cellular and gene therapy, and cell fate regulators are reviewed. Similarly, small molecules that modulate the fate of stem cells for their differentiation into chondrocytes and notochordal cell types are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Ekram
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Khalid
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Salim
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Intervertebral disc repair and regeneration: Insights from the notochord. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:3-9. [PMID: 34865989 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate notochord plays an essential role in patterning multiple structures during embryonic development. In the early 2000s, descendants of notochord cells were demonstrated to form the entire nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc in addition to their key role in embryonic patterning. The nucleus pulposus undergoes degeneration during postnatal life, which can lead to back pain. Recently, gene and protein profiles of notochord and nucleus pulposus cells have been identified. These datasets, coupled with the ability to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into cells that resemble nucleus pulposus cells, provide the possibility of generating a cell-based therapy to halt and/or reverse disc degeneration.
Collapse
|
16
|
From Bipotent Neuromesodermal Progenitors to Neural-Mesodermal Interactions during Embryonic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179141. [PMID: 34502050 PMCID: PMC8431582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure the formation of a properly patterned embryo, multiple processes must operate harmoniously at sequential phases of development. This is implemented by mutual interactions between cells and tissues that together regulate the segregation and specification of cells, their growth and morphogenesis. The formation of the spinal cord and paraxial mesoderm derivatives exquisitely illustrate these processes. Following early gastrulation, while the vertebrate body elongates, a population of bipotent neuromesodermal progenitors resident in the posterior region of the embryo generate both neural and mesodermal lineages. At later stages, the somitic mesoderm regulates aspects of neural patterning and differentiation of both central and peripheral neural progenitors. Reciprocally, neural precursors influence the paraxial mesoderm to regulate somite-derived myogenesis and additional processes by distinct mechanisms. Central to this crosstalk is the activity of the axial notochord, which, via sonic hedgehog signaling, plays pivotal roles in neural, skeletal muscle and cartilage ontogeny. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular basis underlying this complex developmental plan, with a focus on the logic of sonic hedgehog activities in the coordination of the neural-mesodermal axis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang X, Wang D, Mak KLK, Tuan RS, Ker DFE. Engineering Musculoskeletal Grafts for Multi-Tissue Unit Repair: Lessons From Developmental Biology and Wound Healing. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691954. [PMID: 34504435 PMCID: PMC8421786 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the musculoskeletal system, bone, tendon, and skeletal muscle integrate and act coordinately as a single multi-tissue unit to facilitate body movement. The development, integration, and maturation of these essential components and their response to injury are vital for conferring efficient locomotion. The highly integrated nature of these components is evident under disease conditions, where rotator cuff tears at the bone-tendon interface have been reported to be associated with distal pathological alterations such as skeletal muscle degeneration and bone loss. To successfully treat musculoskeletal injuries and diseases, it is important to gain deep understanding of the development, integration and maturation of these musculoskeletal tissues along with their interfaces as well as the impact of inflammation on musculoskeletal healing and graft integration. This review highlights the current knowledge of developmental biology and wound healing in the bone-tendon-muscle multi-tissue unit and perspectives of what can be learnt from these biological and pathological processes within the context of musculoskeletal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Integrating these knowledge and perspectives can serve as guiding principles to inform the development and engineering of musculoskeletal grafts and other tissue engineering strategies to address challenging musculoskeletal injuries and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - King-Lun Kingston Mak
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Dai Fei Elmer Ker
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Piatkowska AM, Evans SE, Stern CD. Cellular aspects of somite formation in vertebrates. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203732. [PMID: 34391979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate segmentation, the process that generates a regular arrangement of somites and thereby establishes the pattern of the adult body and of the musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems, was noticed many centuries ago. In the last few decades, there has been renewed interest in the process and especially in the molecular mechanisms that might account for its regularity and other spatial-temporal properties. Several models have been proposed but surprisingly, most of these do not provide clear links between the molecular mechanisms and the cell behaviours that generate the segmental pattern. Here we present a short survey of our current knowledge about the cellular aspects of vertebrate segmentation and the similarities and differences between different vertebrate groups in how they achieve their metameric pattern. Taking these variations into account should help to assess each of the models more appropriately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Piatkowska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building), London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building), London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street (Anatomy Building), London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fukunaga K, Tanji M, Hanzawa N, Kuroda H, Inui M. Protocadherin-1 is expressed in the notochord of mouse embryo but is dispensable for its formation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101047. [PMID: 34189280 PMCID: PMC8219654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Notochord is an embryonic midline structure that serves as mechanical support for axis elongation and the signaling center for the surrounding tissues. Precursors of notochord are initially induced in the dorsal most mesoderm region in gastrulating embryo and separate from the surrounding mesoderm/endoderm tissue to form an elongated rod-like structure, suggesting that cell adhesion molecules may play an important role in this step. In Xenopus embryo, axial protocadherin (AXPC), an orthologue of mammalian Protocadherin-1 (PCDH1), is indispensable for the assembly and separation from the surrounding tissue of the notochord cells. However, the role of PCDH1 in mammalian notochord remains unknown. We herein report that PCDH1 is expressed in the notochord of mouse embryo and that PCDH1-deficient mice form notochord normally. First, we examined the temporal expression pattern of pcdh1 and found that pcdh1 mRNA was expressed from embryonic day (E) 7.5, prior to the stage when notochord cells detach from the surrounding endoderm tissue. Second, we found that PCDH1 protein is expressed in the notochord of mouse embryos in addition to the previously reported expression in endothelial cells. To further investigate the role of PCDH1 in embryonic development, we generated PCDH1-deficient mice using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. In PCDH1-deficient embryos, notochord formation and separation from the surrounding tissue were normal. Structure and marker gene expression of notochord were also unaffected by loss of PCDH1. Major vascular patterns in PCDH1-deficient embryo were essentially normal. These results suggest that PCDH1 is dispensable for notochord formation, including the tissue separation process, in mammalian embryos. We successfully identified the evolutionary conserved expression of PCDH1 in notochord, but its function may differ among species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Fukunaga
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tanji
- Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Nana Hanzawa
- Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuroda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Kanagawa, 252-0882, Japan
| | - Masafumi Inui
- Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Truong ME, Bilekova S, Choksi SP, Li W, Bugaj LJ, Xu K, Reiter JF. Vertebrate cells differentially interpret ciliary and extraciliary cAMP. Cell 2021; 184:2911-2926.e18. [PMID: 33932338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog pathway components and select G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) localize to the primary cilium, an organelle specialized for signal transduction. We investigated whether cells distinguish between ciliary and extraciliary GPCR signaling. To test whether ciliary and extraciliary cyclic AMP (cAMP) convey different information, we engineered optogenetic and chemogenetic tools to control the subcellular site of cAMP generation. Generating equal amounts of ciliary and cytoplasmic cAMP in zebrafish and mammalian cells revealed that ciliary cAMP, but not cytoplasmic cAMP, inhibited Hedgehog signaling. Modeling suggested that the distinct geometries of the cilium and cell body differentially activate local effectors. The search for effectors identified a ciliary pool of protein kinase A (PKA). Blocking the function of ciliary PKA, but not extraciliary PKA, activated Hedgehog signal transduction and reversed the effects of ciliary cAMP. Therefore, cells distinguish ciliary and extraciliary cAMP using functionally and spatially distinct pools of PKA, and different subcellular pools of cAMP convey different information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Truong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sara Bilekova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Semil P Choksi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lukasz J Bugaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Chen P, Ma CY, Li C, Au TYK, Tam V, Peng Y, Wu R, Cheung KMC, Sham PC, Tse HF, Chan D, Leung VY, Cheah KSE, Lian Q. Directed Differentiation of Notochord-like and Nucleus Pulposus-like Cells Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2791-2806.e5. [PMID: 32101752 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration might be amenable to stem cell therapy, but the required cells are scarce. Here, we report the development of a protocol for directed in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into notochord-like and nucleus pulposus (NP)-like cells of the disc. The first step combines enhancement of ACTIVIN/NODAL and WNT and inhibition of BMP pathways. By day 5 of differentiation, hPSC-derived cells express notochordal cell characteristic genes. After activating the TGF-β pathway for an additional 15 days, qPCR, immunostaining, and transcriptome data show that a wide array of NP markers are expressed. Transcriptomically, the in vitro-derived cells become more like in vivo adolescent human NP cells, driven by a set of influential genes enriched with motifs bound by BRACHYURY and FOXA2, consistent with an NP cell-like identity. Transplantation of these NP-like cells attenuates fibrotic changes in a rat disc injury model of disc degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Peikai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chui Yan Ma
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tiffany Y K Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vivian Tam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ron Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth Man Chee Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pak C Sham
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Victor Y Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kathryn S E Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Galea GL, Zein MR, Allen S, Francis-West P. Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:414-449. [PMID: 33314394 PMCID: PMC7986209 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load‐bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair. Compares and contrasts Endochondral and intramembranous bone development Reviews embryonic origins of different bones Describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of positioning skeletal elements. Describes mechanisms of skeletal growth with a focus on the generation of skeletal shape
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mohamed R Zein
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Allen
- Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Groves I, Placzek M, Fletcher AG. Of mitogens and morphogens: modelling Sonic Hedgehog mechanisms in vertebrate development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190660. [PMID: 32829689 PMCID: PMC7482217 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) Is a critical protein in vertebrate development, orchestrating patterning and growth in many developing systems. First described as a classic morphogen that patterns tissues through a spatial concentration gradient, subsequent studies have revealed a more complex mechanism, in which Shh can also regulate proliferation and differentiation. While the mechanism of action of Shh as a morphogen is well understood, it remains less clear how Shh might integrate patterning, proliferation and differentiation in a given tissue, to ultimately direct its morphogenesis. In tandem with experimental studies, mathematical modelling can help gain mechanistic insights into these processes and bridge the gap between Shh-regulated patterning and growth, by integrating these processes into a common theoretical framework. Here, we briefly review the roles of Shh in vertebrate development, focusing on its functions as a morphogen, mitogen and regulator of differentiation. We then discuss the contributions that modelling has made to our understanding of the action of Shh and highlight current challenges in using mathematical models in a quantitative and predictive way. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Groves
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Alexander G. Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tessier S, Risbud MV. Understanding embryonic development for cell-based therapies of intervertebral disc degeneration: Toward an effort to treat disc degeneration subphenotypes. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:302-317. [PMID: 32564440 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low back and neck pain are associated with intervertebral disc degeneration and are major contributors to the global burden of disability. New evidence now suggests that disc degeneration comprises a spectrum of subphenotypes influenced by genetic background, age, and environmental factors, which may be contributing to the mixed outcomes seen in clinical trials of cell-based therapies that aim to treat disc degeneration. This problem is further compounded by the fact that disc degeneration and aging coincide with an exhaustion of endogenous progenitor cells, imposing limitations on the regenerative capacity of the disc. At the bench-side, current work is focused on applying our knowledge of embryonic disc development to direct and refine differentiation of adult and human-induced pluripotent stem cells into notochord-like and nucleus pulposus-like cells for use in novel cell-based therapies. Accordingly, this review presents the salient features of intervertebral disc development, post-natal maintenance, and regeneration, with emphasis on recent advancements. We also discuss how a stratified approach can be undertaken for the development of future cell-based therapies to bring emerging subphenotypes into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Tessier
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Jefferson College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kostouros A, Koliarakis I, Natsis K, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Large intestine embryogenesis: Molecular pathways and related disorders (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:27-57. [PMID: 32319546 PMCID: PMC7255481 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The large intestine, part of the gastrointestinal tract (GI), is composed of all three germ layers, namely the endoderm, the mesoderm and the ectoderm, forming the epithelium, the smooth muscle layers and the enteric nervous system, respectively. Since gastrulation, these layers develop simultaneously during embryogenesis, signaling to each other continuously until adult age. Two invaginations, the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) and the caudal/posterior intestinal portal (CIP), elongate and fuse, creating the primitive gut tube, which is then patterned along the antero‑posterior (AP) axis and the radial (RAD) axis in the context of left‑right (LR) asymmetry. These events lead to the formation of three distinct regions, the foregut, midgut and hindgut. All the above‑mentioned phenomena are under strict control from various molecular pathways, which are critical for the normal intestinal development and function. Specifically, the intestinal epithelium constitutes a constantly developing tissue, deriving from the progenitor stem cells at the bottom of the intestinal crypt. Epithelial differentiation strongly depends on the crosstalk with the adjacent mesoderm. Major molecular pathways that are implicated in the embryogenesis of the large intestine include the canonical and non‑canonical wingless‑related integration site (Wnt), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Notch and hedgehog systems. The aberrant regulation of these pathways inevitably leads to several intestinal malformation syndromes, such as atresia, stenosis, or agangliosis. Novel theories, involving the regulation and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells, suggest an embryological basis for the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, the present review article summarizes the diverse roles of these molecular factors in intestinal embryogenesis and related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kostouros
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Ioannis Koliarakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Konstantinos Natsis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Song J, Wang C, Long D, Li Z, You L, Brand-Saberi B, Wang G, Yang X. Dysbacteriosis-induced LPS elevation disturbs the development of muscle progenitor cells by interfering with retinoic acid signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:6837-6853. [PMID: 32223025 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902965r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Whether myogenesis is affected by the maternal gut dysbacteriosis still remains ambiguous. In this study, first we show the elevated level of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in a gut microbiota dysbiosis mouse model. Second, we demonstrate that the diameter of muscle fibers, limb development, and somitogenesis were inhibited in both the gut microbiota dysbiosis and LPS exposed mice and chicken embryos. These might be due to LPS disturbed the cell survival and key genes which regulate the somitogenesis and myogenesis. RNA sequencing and subsequent validation experiments verified that retinoic acid (RA) signaling perturbation was mainly responsible for the aberrant somite formation and differentiation. Subsequently, we found that LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS generation and antioxidant genes such as Nrf2, AKR1B10) contributed to the above -mentioned interference with RA signaling. These findings highlight that the gut microbiota homeostasis is also involved in regulating the development of muscle progenitor cells during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Song
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Denglu Long
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziguang Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingsen You
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Guang Wang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Turner BRH, Itasaki N. Local modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathways recapitulates rib defects analogous to cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome. J Anat 2019; 236:931-945. [PMID: 31884688 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribs are seldom affected by developmental disorders, however, multiple defects in rib structure are observed in the spliceosomal disease cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS). These defects include rib gaps, found in the posterior part of the costal shaft in multiple ribs, as well as missing ribs, shortened ribs and abnormal costotransverse articulations, which result in inadequate ventilation at birth and high perinatal mortality. The genetic mechanism of CCMS is a loss-of-function mutation in SNRPB, a component of the major spliceosome, and knockdown of this gene in vitro affects the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathways. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether altering these pathways in vivo can recapitulate rib gaps and other rib abnormalities in the model animal. Chick embryos were implanted with beads soaked in Wnt/β-catenin and BMP pathway modulators during somitogenesis, and incubated until the ribs were formed. Some embryos were harvested in the preceding days for analysis of the chondrogenic marker Sox9, to determine whether pathway modulation affected somite patterning or chondrogenesis. Wnt/β-catenin inhibition manifested characteristic rib phenotypes seen in CCMS, including rib gaps (P < 0.05) and missing ribs (P < 0.05). BMP pathway activation did not cause rib gaps but yielded missing rib (P < 0.01) and shortened rib phenotypes (P < 0.05). A strong association with vertebral phenotypes was also noted with BMP4 (P < 0.001), including scoliosis (P < 0.05), a feature associated with CCMS. Reduced expression of Sox9 was detected with Wnt/β-catenin inhibition, indicating that inhibition of chondrogenesis precipitated the rib defects in the presence of Wnt/β-catenin inhibitors. BMP pathway activators also reduced Sox9 expression, indicating an interruption of somite patterning in the manifestation of rib defects with BMP4. The present study demonstrates that local inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin and activation of the BMP pathway can recapitulate rib defects, such as those observed in CCMS. The balance of Wnt/β-catenin and BMP in the somite is vital for correct rib morphogenesis, and alteration of the activity of these two pathways in CCMS may perturb this balance during somite patterning, leading to the observed rib defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nobue Itasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Specification of positional identity in forebrain organoids. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:436-444. [PMID: 30936566 PMCID: PMC6447454 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human brain organoids generated with current technologies recapitulate histological features of the human brain, but they lack a reproducible topographic organization. During development, spatial topography is determined by gradients of signaling molecules released from discrete signaling centers. We hypothesized that introduction of a signaling center into forebrain organoids would specify the positional identity of neural tissue in a distance-dependent manner. Here, we present a system to trigger a sonic hedgehog (SHH) protein gradient in developing forebrain organoids that enables ordered self-organization along dorso-ventral and antero-posterior positional axes. SHH-patterned forebrain organoids establish major forebrain subdivisions that are positioned with in vivo-like topography. Consistent with its behavior in vivo, SHH exhibits long-range signaling activity in organoids. Finally, we use SHH-patterned cerebral organoids as a tool to study the role of cholesterol metabolism in SHH signaling. Together, this work identifies inductive signaling as an effective organizing strategy to recapitulate in vivo-like topography in human brain organoids.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ford MJ, Yeyati PL, Mali GR, Keighren MA, Waddell SH, Mjoseng HK, Douglas AT, Hall EA, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Meehan RR, Boulter L, Jackson IJ, Mill P, Mort RL. A Cell/Cilia Cycle Biosensor for Single-Cell Kinetics Reveals Persistence of Cilia after G1/S Transition Is a General Property in Cells and Mice. Dev Cell 2019; 47:509-523.e5. [PMID: 30458140 PMCID: PMC6251972 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cilia and cell cycles are inextricably linked. Centrioles in the basal body of cilia nucleate the ciliary axoneme and sequester pericentriolar matrix (PCM) at the centrosome to organize the mitotic spindle. Cilia themselves respond to growth signals, prompting cilia resorption and cell cycle re-entry. We describe a fluorescent cilia and cell cycle biosensor allowing live imaging of cell cycle progression and cilia assembly and disassembly kinetics in cells and inducible mice. We define assembly and disassembly in relation to cell cycle stage with single-cell resolution and explore the intercellular heterogeneity in cilia kinetics. In all cells and tissues analyzed, we observed cilia that persist through the G1/S transition and into S/G2/M-phase. We conclude that persistence of cilia after the G1/S transition is a general property. This resource will shed light at an individual cell level on the interplay between the cilia and cell cycles in development, regeneration, and disease. Arl13bCerulean-Fucci2a biosensor labels the cell and cilia cycles Analysis of cells and mice reveals persistence of cilia after the G1/S transition Inducible mouse line allows lineage tracing and ex vivo live imaging Organisms can tolerate artificially lengthened cilia without overt phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ford
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Patricia L Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Girish R Mali
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaret A Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Scott H Waddell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Heidi K Mjoseng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Adam T Douglas
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Emma A Hall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Centre of Brain Science, Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Centre of Brain Science, Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian J Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Richard L Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Furness Building, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Development of the axial skeleton is a complex, stepwise process that relies on intricate signaling and coordinated cellular differentiation. Disruptions to this process can result in a myriad of skeletal malformations that range in severity. The notochord and the sclerotome are embryonic tissues that give rise to the major components of the intervertebral discs and the vertebral bodies of the spinal column. Through a number of mouse models and characterization of congenital abnormalities in human patients, various growth factors, transcription factors, and other signaling proteins have been demonstrated to have critical roles in the development of the axial skeleton. Balance between opposing growth factors as well as other environmental cues allows for cell fate specification and divergence of tissue types during development. Furthermore, characterization of progenitor cells for specific cell lineages has furthered the understanding of specific spatiotemporal cues that cells need in order to initiate and complete development of distinct tissues. Identifying specific marker genes that can distinguish between the various embryonic and mature cell types is also of importance. Clinically, understanding developmental clues can aid in the generation of therapeutics for musculoskeletal disease through the process of developmental engineering. Studies into potential stem cell therapies are based on knowledge of the normal processes that occur in the embryo, which can then be applied to stepwise tissue engineering strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Serra
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The RNA-binding proteins Zfp36l1 and Zfp36l2 act redundantly in myogenesis. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:37. [PMID: 30526691 PMCID: PMC6286576 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the ZFP36 family of RNA-binding proteins regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to AU-rich elements in the 3’UTR of mRNA and stimulating mRNA degradation. The proteins within this family target different transcripts in different tissues. In particular, ZFP36 targets myogenic transcripts and may have a role in adult muscle stem cell quiescence. Our study examined the requirement of ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 in adult muscle cell fate regulation. Methods We generated single and double conditional knockout mice in which Zfp36l1 and/or Zfp36l2 were deleted in Pax7-expressing cells. Immunostained muscle sections were used to analyse resting skeletal muscle, and a cardiotoxin-induced injury model was used to determine the regenerative capacity of muscle. Results We show that ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 proteins are expressed in satellite cells. Mice lacking the two proteins in Pax7-expressing cells have reduced body weight and have reduced skeletal muscle mass. Furthermore, the number of satellite cells is reduced in adult skeletal muscle and the capacity of this muscle to regenerate following muscle injury is diminished. Conclusion ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 act redundantly in myogenesis. These findings add further intricacy to the regulation of the cell fate of Pax7-expressing cells in skeletal muscle by RNA-binding proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13395-018-0183-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma RC, Jacobs CT, Sharma P, Kocha KM, Huang P. Stereotypic generation of axial tenocytes from bipartite sclerotome domains in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007775. [PMID: 30388110 PMCID: PMC6235400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a functional musculoskeletal system requires coordinated generation of muscles, bones, and tendons. However, how axial tendon cells (tenocytes) are generated during embryo development is still poorly understood. Here, we show that axial tenocytes arise from the sclerotome in zebrafish. In contrast to mouse and chick, the zebrafish sclerotome consists of two separate domains: a ventral domain and a previously undescribed dorsal domain. While dispensable for sclerotome induction, Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is required for the migration and maintenance of sclerotome derived cells. Axial tenocytes are located along the myotendinous junction (MTJ), extending long cellular processes into the intersomitic space. Using time-lapse imaging, we show that both sclerotome domains contribute to tenocytes in a dynamic and stereotypic manner. Tenocytes along a given MTJ always arise from the sclerotome of the adjacent anterior somite. Inhibition of Hh signaling results in loss of tenocytes and enhanced sensitivity to muscle detachment. Together, our work shows that axial tenocytes in zebrafish originate from the sclerotome and are essential for maintaining muscle integrity. The coordinated generation of bones, muscles and tendons at the correct time and location is critical for the development of a functional musculoskeletal system. Although it is well known that tendon is the connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones, it is still poorly understood how tendon cells, or tenocytes, are generated during embryo development. Using the zebrafish model, we identify trunk tenocytes located along the boundary of muscle segments. Using cell tracing in live animals, we find that tenocytes originate from the sclerotome, an embryonic structure that is previously known to generate the trunk skeleton. In contrast to higher vertebrates, the zebrafish sclerotome consists of two separate domains, a ventral domain and a novel dorsal domain. Both domains give rise to trunk tenocytes in a dynamic and stereotypic manner. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, an important cell signaling pathway, is not required for sclerotome induction but essential for the generation of sclerotome derived cells. Inhibition of Hh signaling leads to loss of tenocytes and increased sensitivity to muscle detachment. Thus, our work shows that tenocytes develop from the sclerotome and play an important role in maintaining muscle integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger C. Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Craig T. Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Katrinka M. Kocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alkhatib B, Ban GI, Williams S, Serra R. IVD Development: Nucleus pulposus development and sclerotome specification. CURRENT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 4:132-141. [PMID: 30505649 PMCID: PMC6261384 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-018-0100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intervertebral discs (IVD) are derived from embryonic notochord and sclerotome. The nucleus pulposus is derived from notochord while other connective tissues of the spine are derived from sclerotome. This manuscript will review the past 5 years of research into IVD development. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past several years, advances in understanding the step-wise process that govern development of the nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus have been made. Generation of tissues from induced or embryonic stem cells into nucleus pulposus and paraxial mesoderm derived tissues has been accomplished in vitro using pathways identified in normal development. A balance between BMP and TGF-β signaling as well as transcription factors including Pax1/Pax9, Mkx and Nkx3.2 appear to be very important for cell fate decisions generating tissues of the IVD. SUMMARY Understanding how the IVD develops will provide the foundation for future repair, regeneration, and tissue engineering strategies for IVD disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ga I Ban
- University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Séguin CA, Chan D, Dahia CL, Gazit Z. Latest advances in intervertebral disc development and progenitor cells. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1030. [PMID: 30687811 PMCID: PMC6338208 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a concise review aiming to assemble the most relevant topics presented by the authors at ORS-Philadelphia Spine Research Society Fourth International Spine Research Symposium. It centers on the latest advances in disc development, its main structural entities, and the populating cells, with emphasis on the advances in pivotal molecular pathways responsible for forming the intervertebral discs (IVD). The objective of finding and emphasizing pathways and mechanisms that function to control tissue formation is to identify and to explore modifications occurring during normal aging, disease, and tissue repair. Thus, to comprehend that the cellular and molecular basis of tissue degeneration are crucial in the study of the dynamic interplay that includes cell-cell communication, gene regulation, and growth factors required to form a healthy and functional tissue during normal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryle A Séguin
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Chitra L Dahia
- Hospital for Special Surgery Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York
| | - Zulma Gazit
- Department of Surgery Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
McColl J, Mok GF, Lippert AH, Ponjavic A, Muresan L, Münsterberg A. 4D imaging reveals stage dependent random and directed cell motion during somite morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12644. [PMID: 30139994 PMCID: PMC6107556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are paired embryonic segments that form in a regular sequence from unsegmented mesoderm during vertebrate development. Although transient structures they are of fundamental importance as they generate cell lineages of the musculoskeletal system in the trunk such as cartilage, tendon, bone, endothelial cells and skeletal muscle. Surprisingly, very little is known about cellular dynamics underlying the morphological transitions during somite differentiation. Here, we address this by examining cellular rearrangements and morphogenesis in differentiating somites using live multi-photon imaging of transgenic chick embryos, where all cells express a membrane-bound GFP. We specifically focussed on the dynamic cellular changes in two principle regions within the somite, the medial and lateral domains, to investigate extensive morphological transformations. Furthermore, by using quantitative analysis and cell tracking, we capture for the first time a directed movement of dermomyotomal progenitor cells towards the rostro-medial domain of the dermomyotome, where skeletal muscle formation initiates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James McColl
- 0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eSchool of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Gi Fay Mok
- 0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eSchool of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Anna H. Lippert
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Aleks Ponjavic
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Leila Muresan
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre (CAIC), Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- 0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eSchool of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Magli A, Perlingeiro RRC. Myogenic progenitor specification from pluripotent stem cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 72:87-98. [PMID: 29107681 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells represent important tools for both basic and translational science as they enable to study mechanisms of development, model diseases in vitro and provide a potential source of tissue-specific progenitors for cell therapy. Concomitantly with the increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind activation of the skeletal myogenic program during embryonic development, novel findings in the stem cell field provided the opportunity to begin recapitulating in vitro the events occurring during specification of the myogenic lineage. In this review, we will provide a perspective of the molecular mechanisms responsible for skeletal myogenic commitment in the embryo and how this knowledge was instrumental for specifying this lineage from pluripotent stem cells. In addition, we will discuss the current limitations for properly recapitulating skeletal myogenesis in the petri dish, and we will provide insights about future applications of pluripotent stem cell-derived myogenic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Magli
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rita R C Perlingeiro
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chang CN, Kioussi C. Location, Location, Location: Signals in Muscle Specification. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:E11. [PMID: 29783715 PMCID: PMC6027348 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscles control body movement and locomotion, posture and body position and soft tissue support. Mesoderm derived cells gives rise to 700 unique muscles in humans as a result of well-orchestrated signaling and transcriptional networks in specific time and space. Although the anatomical structure of skeletal muscles is similar, their functions and locations are specialized. This is the result of specific signaling as the embryo grows and cells migrate to form different structures and organs. As cells progress to their next state, they suppress current sequence specific transcription factors (SSTF) and construct new networks to establish new myogenic features. In this review, we provide an overview of signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks during formation of the craniofacial, cardiac, vascular, trunk, and limb skeletal muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ning Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
- Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
- Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ward L, Pang ASW, Evans SE, Stern CD. The role of the notochord in amniote vertebral column segmentation. Dev Biol 2018; 439:3-18. [PMID: 29654746 PMCID: PMC5971204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vertebral column is segmented, comprising an alternating series of vertebrae and intervertebral discs along the head-tail axis. The vertebrae and outer portion (annulus fibrosus) of the disc are derived from the sclerotome part of the somites, whereas the inner nucleus pulposus of the disc is derived from the notochord. Here we investigate the role of the notochord in vertebral patterning through a series of microsurgical experiments in chick embryos. Ablation of the notochord causes loss of segmentation of vertebral bodies and discs. However, the notochord cannot segment in the absence of the surrounding sclerotome. To test whether the notochord dictates sclerotome segmentation, we grafted an ectopic notochord. We find that the intrinsic segmentation of the sclerotome is dominant over any segmental information the notochord may possess, and no evidence that the chick notochord is intrinsically segmented. We propose that the segmental pattern of vertebral bodies and discs in chick is dictated by the sclerotome, which first signals to the notochord to ensure that the nucleus pulposus develops in register with the somite-derived annulus fibrosus. Later, the notochord is required for maintenance of sclerotome segmentation as the mature vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs form. These results highlight differences in vertebral development between amniotes and teleosts including zebrafish, where the notochord dictates the segmental pattern. The relative importance of the sclerotome and notochord in vertebral patterning has changed significantly during evolution. The chick notochord has no intrinsic segmentation. Neither notochord or sclerotome can segment normally without the other. The notochord attracts sclerotome cells to the midline. Vertebral segmentation involves reciprocal signals between notochord and sclerotome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizzy Ward
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Angel S W Pang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K..
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shoja MM, Ramdhan R, Jensen CJ, Chern JJ, Oakes WJ, Tubbs RS. Embryology of the craniocervical junction and posterior cranial fossa, part I: Development of the upper vertebrae and skull. Clin Anat 2018; 31:466-487. [PMID: 29345006 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although the embryology of the posterior cranial fossa can have life altering effects on a patient, a comprehensive review on this topic is difficult to find in the peer-reviewed medical literature. Therefore, this review article, using standard search engines, seemed timely. The embryology of the posterior cranial fossa is complex and relies on a unique timing of various neurovascular and bony elements. Derailment of these developmental processes can lead to a wide range of malformations such as the Chiari malformations. Therefore, a good working knowledge of this embryology as outlined in this review of its bony architecture is important for those treating patients with involvement of this region of the cranium. Clin. Anat. 31:466-487, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali M Shoja
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rebecca Ramdhan
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada
| | - Chad J Jensen
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dancevic CM, Gibert Y, Berger J, Smith AD, Liongue C, Stupka N, Ward AC, McCulloch DR. The ADAMTS5 Metzincin Regulates Zebrafish Somite Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518972 PMCID: PMC5877627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADAMTS5 metzincin, a secreted zinc-dependent metalloproteinase, modulates the extracellular matrix (ECM) during limb morphogenesis and other developmental processes. Here, the role of ADAMTS5 was investigated by knockdown of zebrafish adamts5 during embryogenesis. This revealed impaired Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling during somite patterning and early myogenesis. Notably, synergistic regulation of myod expression by ADAMTS5 and Shh during somite differentiation was observed. These roles were not dependent upon the catalytic activity of ADAMTS5. These data identify a non-enzymatic function for ADAMTS5 in regulating an important cell signaling pathway that impacts on muscle development, with implications for musculoskeletal diseases in which ADAMTS5 and Shh have been associated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Dancevic
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Yann Gibert
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Joachim Berger
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Adam D Smith
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Nicole Stupka
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Daniel R McCulloch
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fogel JL, Lakeland DL, Mah IK, Mariani FV. A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning based on genetic analysis and agent-based simulations. eLife 2017; 6:e29144. [PMID: 29068314 PMCID: PMC5693115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the mechanism of skeletal patterning along a proximal-distal axis has been an area of intense inquiry. Here, we examine the development of the ribs, simple structures that in most terrestrial vertebrates consist of two skeletal elements-a proximal bone and a distal cartilage portion. While the ribs have been shown to arise from the somites, little is known about how the two segments are specified. During our examination of genetically modified mice, we discovered a series of progressively worsening phenotypes that could not be easily explained. Here, we combine genetic analysis of rib development with agent-based simulations to conclude that proximal-distal patterning and outgrowth could occur based on simple rules. In our model, specification occurs during somite stages due to varying Hedgehog protein levels, while later expansion refines the pattern. This framework is broadly applicable for understanding the mechanisms of skeletal patterning along a proximal-distal axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Fogel
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - In Kyoung Mah
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Francesca V Mariani
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the body and loss of its function or its regenerative properties results in debilitating musculoskeletal disorders. Understanding the mechanisms that drive skeletal muscle formation will not only help to unravel the molecular basis of skeletal muscle diseases, but also provide a roadmap for recapitulating skeletal myogenesis in vitro from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). PSCs have become an important tool for probing developmental questions, while differentiated cell types allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of skeletal myogenesis from the earliest premyogenic progenitor stage to terminally differentiated myofibers, and discuss how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate PSCs into muscle fibers and their progenitors in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérome Chal
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA .,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS (UMR 7104), Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kuta A, Mao Y, Martin T, Ferreira de Sousa C, Whiting D, Zakaria S, Crespo-Enriquez I, Evans P, Balczerski B, Mankoo B, Irvine KD, Francis-West PH. Fat4-Dchs1 signalling controls cell proliferation in developing vertebrae. Development 2017; 143:2367-75. [PMID: 27381226 DOI: 10.1242/dev.131037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The protocadherins Fat4 and Dchs1 act as a receptor-ligand pair to regulate many developmental processes in mice and humans, including development of the vertebrae. Based on conservation of function between Drosophila and mammals, Fat4-Dchs1 signalling has been proposed to regulate planar cell polarity (PCP) and activity of the Hippo effectors Yap and Taz, which regulate cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. There is strong evidence for Fat regulation of PCP in mammals but the link with the Hippo pathway is unclear. In Fat4(-/-) and Dchs1(-/-) mice, many vertebrae are split along the midline and fused across the anterior-posterior axis, suggesting that these defects might arise due to altered cell polarity and/or changes in cell proliferation/differentiation. We show that the somite and sclerotome are specified appropriately, the transcriptional network that drives early chondrogenesis is intact, and that cell polarity within the sclerotome is unperturbed. We find that the key defect in Fat4 and Dchs1 mutant mice is decreased proliferation in the early sclerotome. This results in fewer chondrogenic cells within the developing vertebral body, which fail to condense appropriately along the midline. Analysis of Fat4;Yap and Fat4;Taz double mutants, and expression of their transcriptional target Ctgf, indicates that Fat4-Dchs1 regulates vertebral development independently of Yap and Taz. Thus, we have identified a new pathway crucial for the development of the vertebrae and our data indicate that novel mechanisms of Fat4-Dchs1 signalling have evolved to control cell proliferation within the developing vertebrae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuta
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yaopan Mao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tina Martin
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Catia Ferreira de Sousa
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Danielle Whiting
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sana Zakaria
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ivan Crespo-Enriquez
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Philippa Evans
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Bartosz Balczerski
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Baljinder Mankoo
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Philippa H Francis-West
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Guy's Tower, Floor 27, London SE1 9RT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lawson LY, Harfe BD. Developmental mechanisms of intervertebral disc and vertebral column formation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y. Lawson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Genetics Institute University of Florida, College of Medicine; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Brian D. Harfe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; Genetics Institute University of Florida, College of Medicine; Gainesville FL USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Skeletal Muscle Cell Induction from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1376151. [PMID: 28529527 PMCID: PMC5424488 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1376151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to differentiate into various types of cells including skeletal muscle cells. The approach of converting ESCs/iPSCs into skeletal muscle cells offers hope for patients afflicted with the skeletal muscle diseases such as the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Patient-derived iPSCs are an especially ideal cell source to obtain an unlimited number of myogenic cells that escape immune rejection after engraftment. Currently, there are several approaches to induce differentiation of ESCs and iPSCs to skeletal muscle. A key to the generation of skeletal muscle cells from ESCs/iPSCs is the mimicking of embryonic mesodermal induction followed by myogenic induction. Thus, current approaches of skeletal muscle cell induction of ESCs/iPSCs utilize techniques including overexpression of myogenic transcription factors such as MyoD or Pax3, using small molecules to induce mesodermal cells followed by myogenic progenitor cells, and utilizing epigenetic myogenic memory existing in muscle cell-derived iPSCs. This review summarizes the current methods used in myogenic differentiation and highlights areas of recent improvement.
Collapse
|
46
|
Sivakamasundari V, Kraus P, Sun W, Hu X, Lim SL, Prabhakar S, Lufkin T. A developmental transcriptomic analysis of Pax1 and Pax9 in embryonic intervertebral disc development. Biol Open 2017; 6:187-199. [PMID: 28011632 PMCID: PMC5312110 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax1 and Pax9 play redundant, synergistic functions in the patterning and differentiation of the sclerotomal cells that give rise to the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs (IVD) of the axial skeleton. They are conserved in mice and humans, whereby mutation/deficiency of human PAX1/PAX9 has been associated with kyphoscoliosis. By combining cell-type-specific transcriptome and ChIP-sequencing data, we identified the roles of Pax1/Pax9 in cell proliferation, cartilage development and collagen fibrillogenesis, which are vital in early IVD morphogenesis. Pax1 is up-regulated in the absence of Pax9, while Pax9 is unaffected by the loss of Pax1/Pax9 We identified the targets compensated by a single- or double-copy of Pax9 They positively regulate many of the cartilage genes known to be regulated by Sox5/Sox6/Sox9 and are connected to Sox5/Sox6 by a negative feedback loop. Pax1/Pax9 are intertwined with BMP and TGF-B pathways and we propose they initiate expression of chondrogenic genes during early IVD differentiation and subsequently become restricted to the outer annulus by the negative feedback mechanism. Our findings highlight how early IVD development is regulated spatio-temporally and have implications for understanding kyphoscoliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Sivakamasundari
- The Single Cell Biology Laboratory, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Petra Kraus
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Siew Lan Lim
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Shyam Prabhakar
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Thomas Lufkin
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ghannam M, Jumah F, Mansour S, Samara A, Alkhdour S, Alzuabi MA, Aker L, Adeeb N, Massengale J, Oskouian RJ, Tubbs RS. Surgical anatomy, radiological features, and molecular biology of the lumbar intervertebral discs. Clin Anat 2017; 30:251-266. [PMID: 27997062 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a joint unique in structure and functions. Lying between adjacent vertebrae, it provides both the primary support and the elasticity required for the spine to move stably. Various aspects of the IVD have long been studied by researchers seeking a better understanding of its dynamics, aging, and subsequent disorders. In this article, we review the surgical anatomy, imaging modalities, and molecular biology of the lumbar IVD. Clin. Anat. 30:251-266, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malik Ghannam
- An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Fareed Jumah
- An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Shaden Mansour
- An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Amjad Samara
- An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Saja Alkhdour
- An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | | | - Loai Aker
- An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Nimer Adeeb
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | - Justin Massengale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | | | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada.,Seattle Science Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Loh KM, Chen A, Koh PW, Deng TZ, Sinha R, Tsai JM, Barkal AA, Shen KY, Jain R, Morganti RM, Shyh-Chang N, Fernhoff NB, George BM, Wernig G, Salomon REA, Chen Z, Vogel H, Epstein JA, Kundaje A, Talbot WS, Beachy PA, Ang LT, Weissman IL. Mapping the Pairwise Choices Leading from Pluripotency to Human Bone, Heart, and Other Mesoderm Cell Types. Cell 2017; 166:451-467. [PMID: 27419872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Stem-cell differentiation to desired lineages requires navigating alternating developmental paths that often lead to unwanted cell types. Hence, comprehensive developmental roadmaps are crucial to channel stem-cell differentiation toward desired fates. To this end, here, we map bifurcating lineage choices leading from pluripotency to 12 human mesodermal lineages, including bone, muscle, and heart. We defined the extrinsic signals controlling each binary lineage decision, enabling us to logically block differentiation toward unwanted fates and rapidly steer pluripotent stem cells toward 80%-99% pure human mesodermal lineages at most branchpoints. This strategy enabled the generation of human bone and heart progenitors that could engraft in respective in vivo models. Mapping stepwise chromatin and single-cell gene expression changes in mesoderm development uncovered somite segmentation, a previously unobservable human embryonic event transiently marked by HOPX expression. Collectively, this roadmap enables navigation of mesodermal development to produce transplantable human tissue progenitors and uncover developmental processes. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Loh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Angela Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pang Wei Koh
- Departments of Genetics and Computer Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tianda Z Deng
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan M Tsai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amira A Barkal
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kimberle Y Shen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel M Morganti
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Nathaniel B Fernhoff
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benson M George
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gerlinde Wernig
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel E A Salomon
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhenghao Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hannes Vogel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Departments of Genetics and Computer Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lay Teng Ang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Salva JE, Merrill AE. Signaling networks in joint development. Dev Dyn 2016; 246:262-274. [PMID: 27859991 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review studies identifying regulatory networks responsible for synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous joint development. Synovial joints, characterized by the fluid-filled synovial space between the bones, are found in high-mobility regions and are the most common type of joint. Cartilaginous joints such as the intervertebral disc unite adjacent bones through either a hyaline cartilage or a fibrocartilage intermediate. Fibrous joints, which include the cranial sutures, form a direct union between bones through fibrous connective tissue. We describe how the distinct morphologic and histogenic characteristics of these joint classes are established during embryonic development. Collectively, these studies reveal that despite the heterogeneity of joint strength and mobility, joint development throughout the skeleton utilizes common signaling networks via long-range morphogen gradients and direct cell-cell contact. This suggests that different joint types represent specialized variants of homologous developmental modules. Identifying the unifying aspects of the signaling networks between joint classes allows a more complete understanding of the signaling code for joint formation, which is critical to improving strategies for joint regeneration and repair. Developmental Dynamics 246:262-274, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Salva
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Deletion of the sclerotome-enriched lncRNA PEAT augments ribosomal protein expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:101-106. [PMID: 27986952 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612069113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To define a complete catalog of the genes that are activated during mouse sclerotome formation, we sequenced RNA from embryonic mouse tissue directed to form sclerotome in culture. In addition to well-known early markers of sclerotome, such as Pax1, Pax9, and the Bapx2/Nkx3-2 homolog Nkx3-1, the long-noncoding RNA PEAT (Pax1 enhancer antisense transcript) was induced in sclerotome-directed samples. Strikingly, PEAT is located just upstream of the Pax1 gene. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated a mouse line bearing a complete deletion of the PEAT-transcribed unit. RNA-seq on PEAT mutant embryos showed that loss of PEAT modestly increases bone morphogenetic protein target gene expression and also elevates the expression of a large subset of ribosomal protein mRNAs.
Collapse
|