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Stark R. The olfactory bulb: A neuroendocrine spotlight on feeding and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13382. [PMID: 38468186 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Olfaction is the most ancient sense and is needed for food-seeking, danger protection, mating and survival. It is often the first sensory modality to perceive changes in the external environment, before sight, taste or sound. Odour molecules activate olfactory sensory neurons that reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, which transmits this odour-specific information to the olfactory bulb (OB), where it is relayed to higher brain regions involved in olfactory perception and behaviour. Besides odour processing, recent studies suggest that the OB extends its function into the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Furthermore, numerous hormone receptors associated with appetite and metabolism are expressed within the OB, suggesting a neuroendocrine role outside the hypothalamus. Olfactory cues are important to promote food preparatory behaviours and consumption, such as enhancing appetite and salivation. In addition, altered metabolism or energy state (fasting, satiety and overnutrition) can change olfactory processing and perception. Similarly, various animal models and human pathologies indicate a strong link between olfactory impairment and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the nature of this reciprocal relationship is critical to understand how olfactory or metabolic disorders arise. This present review elaborates on the connection between olfaction, feeding behaviour and metabolism and will shed light on the neuroendocrine role of the OB as an interface between the external and internal environments. Elucidating the specific mechanisms by which olfactory signals are integrated and translated into metabolic responses holds promise for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions aimed at modulating appetite and promoting metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Choi PP, Wang Q, Brenner LA, Li AJ, Ritter RC, Appleyard SM. Lesion of NPY Receptor-expressing Neurons in Perifornical Lateral Hypothalamus Attenuates Glucoprivic Feeding. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae021. [PMID: 38368624 PMCID: PMC11043786 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Glucoprivic feeding is one of several counterregulatory responses (CRRs) that facilitates restoration of euglycemia following acute glucose deficit (glucoprivation). Our previous work established that glucoprivic feeding requires ventrolateral medullary (VLM) catecholamine (CA) neurons that coexpress neuropeptide Y (NPY). However, the connections by which VLM CA/NPY neurons trigger increased feeding are uncertain. We have previously shown that glucoprivation, induced by an anti-glycolygic agent 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), activates perifornical lateral hypothalamus (PeFLH) neurons and that expression of NPY in the VLM CA/NPY neurons is required for glucoprivic feeding. We therefore hypothesized that glucoprivic feeding and possibly other CRRs require NPY-sensitive PeFLH neurons. To test this, we used the ribosomal toxin conjugate NPY-saporin (NPY-SAP) to selectively lesion NPY receptor-expressing neurons in the PeFLH of male rats. We found that NPY-SAP destroyed a significant number of PeFLH neurons, including those expressing orexin, but not those expressing melanin-concentrating hormone. The PeFLH NPY-SAP lesions attenuated 2DG-induced feeding but did not affect 2DG-induced increase in locomotor activity, sympathoadrenal hyperglycemia, or corticosterone release. The 2DG-induced feeding response was also significantly attenuated in NPY-SAP-treated female rats. Interestingly, PeFLH NPY-SAP lesioned male rats had reduced body weights and decreased dark cycle feeding, but this effect was not seen in female rats. We conclude that a NPY projection to the PeFLH is necessary for glucoprivic feeding, but not locomotor activity, hyperglycemia, or corticosterone release, in both male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pique P Choi
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Lynne A Brenner
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ai-Jun Li
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Robert C Ritter
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Suzanne M Appleyard
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Torske A, Bremer B, Hölzel BK, Maczka A, Koch K. Mindfulness meditation modulates stress-eating and its neural correlates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7294. [PMID: 38538663 PMCID: PMC10973375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress-related overeating can lead to excessive weight gain, increasing the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Mindfulness meditation has been demonstrated to reduce stress and increase interoceptive awareness and could, therefore, be an effective intervention for stress-related overeating behavior. To investigate the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress-eating behavior, meditation-naïve individuals with a tendency to stress-eat (N = 66) participated in either a 31-day, web-based mindfulness meditation training or a health training condition. Behavioral and resting-state fMRI data were acquired before and after the intervention. Mindfulness meditation training, in comparison to health training, was found to significantly increase mindfulness while simultaneously reducing stress- and emotional-eating tendencies as well as food cravings. These behavioral results were accompanied by functional connectivity changes between the hypothalamus, reward regions, and several areas of the default mode network in addition to changes observed between the insula and somatosensory areas. Additional changes between seed regions (i.e., hypothalamus and insula) and brain areas attributed to emotion regulation, awareness, attention, and sensory integration were observed. Notably, these changes in functional connectivity correlated with behavioral changes, thereby providing insight into the underlying neural mechanisms of the effects of mindfulness on stress-eating.Clinical trial on the ISRCTN registry: trial ID ISRCTN12901054.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Torske
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Benno Bremer
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Karen Hölzel
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Maczka
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Koch
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM-Neuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
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4
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Wiersielis K, Yasrebi A, Degroat TJ, Knox N, Rojas C, Feltri S, Roepke TA. Intermittent fasting disrupts hippocampal-dependent memory and norepinephrine content in aged male and female mice. Physiol Behav 2024; 275:114431. [PMID: 38072036 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IMF) is associated with many health benefits in animals and humans. Yet, little is known if an IMF diet affects mood and cognitive processing. We have previously identified that IMF in diet-induced obese males increases norepinephrine and dopamine content in the hypothalamus and increases arcuate neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression more than in ad libitum control males. This suggests that IMF may improve cognition through activation of the hindbrain norepinephrine neuronal network and reverse the age-dependent decline in NPY expression. Less is known about the association between anxiety and IMF. Although, in humans, IMF during Ramadan may alleviate anxiety. Here, we address the impact of IMF on anxiety-like behavior using the open field test, hippocampal-dependent memory using the Y-maze and spatial object recognition, and hippocampal-independent memory using novel object recognition in middle-aged male and female (12 mo) and aged male and female (18 mo) mice. Using ELISA, we determined norepinephrine (NE) content in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). We also investigated gene expression in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and the locus coeruleus (LC). In IMF-treated females at both ages, we observed an improvement in spatial navigation although an impairment in spatial object orientation. IMF-treated females (12 mo) had a reduction and IMF-treated males (12 mo) displayed an improvement in novel object recognition memory. IMF-treated females (18 mo) exhibited anxiolytic-like behavior and increased locomotion. In the DH, IMF-treated males (12 mo) had a greater amount of NE content and IMF-treated males (18 mo) had a reduction. In the ARC, IMF-treated males (12 mo) exhibited an increase in Agrp and Npy and a decrease in Adr1a. In the ARC, IMF-treated males (18 mo) exhibited an increase in Npy and a decrease in Adr1a; females had a trending decrease in Cart. In the LH at 12 months, IMF-treated males had a decrease in Npy5r, Adr1a, and Adr1b; both males and females had a reduction in Npy1r. In the LH, IMF-treated females (18 mo) had a decrease in Hcrt. In the LC at both ages, mice largely exhibited sex effects. Our findings indicate that IMF produces alterations in mood, cognition, DH NE content, and ARC, LH, and LC gene expression depending on sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Wiersielis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States.
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Thomas J Degroat
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Nadja Knox
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Catherine Rojas
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Samantha Feltri
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States; Institute for Food Nutrition and Health (Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Human Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism Center, and Center for Nutrition Microbiome and Health), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
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5
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Sharpe MJ. The cognitive (lateral) hypothalamus. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:18-29. [PMID: 37758590 PMCID: PMC10841673 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the physiological complexity of the hypothalamus, its role is typically restricted to initiation or cessation of innate behaviors. For example, theories of lateral hypothalamus argue that it is a switch to turn feeding 'on' and 'off' as dictated by higher-order structures that render when feeding is appropriate. However, recent data demonstrate that the lateral hypothalamus is critical for learning about food-related cues. Furthermore, the lateral hypothalamus opposes learning about information that is neutral or distal to food. This reveals the lateral hypothalamus as a unique arbitrator of learning capable of shifting behavior toward or away from important events. This has relevance for disorders characterized by changes in this balance, including addiction and schizophrenia. Generally, this suggests that hypothalamic function is more complex than increasing or decreasing innate behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Sharpe
- Department of Psychology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Pan S, Worker CJ, Feng Earley Y. The hypothalamus as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis: emerging roles of the brain renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C141-C154. [PMID: 37273237 PMCID: PMC10312332 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00533.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of plasma glucose levels is a complex and multifactorial process involving a network of receptors and signaling pathways across numerous organs that act in concert to ensure homeostasis. However, much about the mechanisms and pathways by which the brain regulates glycemic homeostasis remains poorly understood. Understanding the precise mechanisms and circuits employed by the central nervous system to control glucose is critical to resolving the diabetes epidemic. The hypothalamus, a key integrative center within the central nervous system, has recently emerged as a critical site in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of the hypothalamus in regulating glucose homeostasis, with an emphasis on the paraventricular nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamus. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in the hypothalamus in regulating energy expenditure and metabolic rate, as well as its potential importance in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyue Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Caleb J Worker
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
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Hung C, Yamanaka A. The role of orexin neuron activity in sleep/wakefulness regulation. Peptides 2023; 165:171007. [PMID: 37030519 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Orexin (also known as hypocretin) is a neuropeptide exclusively synthesized in the neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Initially orexin was thought to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior. However, it is now known to also be a critical regulator of sleep/wakefulness, especially the maintenance of wakefulness. Although the somas of orexin neurons are exclusively located in the LH, these neurons send axons throughout the brain and spinal cord. Orexin neurons integrate inputs from various brain regions and project to neurons that are involved in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness. Orexin knockout mice have a fragmentation of sleep/wakefulness and cataplexy-like behavior arrest, which is similar to the sleep disorder narcolepsy. Recent progress with manipulation of neural activity of targeted neurons, using experimental tools such as optogenetics and chemogenetics, has emphasized the role of orexin neuron activity on the regulation of sleep/wakefulness. Recording of orexin neuron activity in vivo using electrophysiological and gene-encoded calcium indicator proteins revealed that these cells have specific activity patterns across sleep/wakefulness state changes. Here, we also discuss not only the role of the orexin peptide, but also the role of other co-transmitters that are synthesized and released from orexin neurons and involved in sleep/wakefulness regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijung Hung
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing (CIBR), Beijing, 102206, China; National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi 444-8585 Japan; Division of Brain Sciences Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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Psilopanagioti A, Nikou S, Logotheti S, Arbi M, Chartoumpekis DV, Papadaki H. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor in the Human Hypothalamus Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Colocalizes with the Anorexigenic Neuropeptide Nucleobindin-2/Nesfatin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314899. [PMID: 36499229 PMCID: PMC9740138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on animals emphasize the importance of the neuronal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) for feeding suppression, although it is unclear whether astrocytes participate in the transduction of anorectic GLP-1R-dependent signals. In humans, the brain circuitry underlying these effects remains insufficiently investigated. The present study aimed to explore GLP-1R protein expression in the human hypothalamus and its correlation with body mass index (BMI). Sections of hypothalamus from 28 autopsy cases, 11 with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and 17 with non-normal weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), were examined using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence labeling. Prominent GLP-1R immunoexpression was detected in neurons of several hypothalamic nuclei, including paraventricular, supraoptic, and infundibular nuclei; the lateral hypothalamic area (LH); and basal forebrain nuclei. Interestingly, in the LH, GLP-1R was significantly decreased in individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 compared with their normal weight counterparts (p = 0.03). Furthermore, GLP-1R was negatively correlated (τb = −0.347, p = 0.024) with BMI levels only in the LH. GLP-1R extensively colocalized with the anorexigenic and antiobesogenic neuropeptide nucleobindin-2/nesfatin-1 but not with the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. These data suggest a potential role for GLP-1R in the regulation of energy balance in the human hypothalamus. In the LH, an appetite- and reward-related brain region, reduced GLP-1R immunoexpression may contribute to the dysregulation of homeostatic and/or hedonic feeding behavior. Possible effects of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 on central GLP-1R signaling require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea Psilopanagioti
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Sofia Nikou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Souzana Logotheti
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Marina Arbi
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Dionysios V. Chartoumpekis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helen Papadaki
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Sánchez-Jaramillo E, Wittmann G, Menyhért J, Singru P, Gómez-González GB, Sánchez-Islas E, Yáñez-Recendis N, Pimentel-Cabrera JA, León-Olea M, Gereben B, Fekete C, Charli JL, Lechan RM. Origin of thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons that innervate the tuberomammillary nuclei. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2329-2347. [PMID: 35934753 PMCID: PMC9418084 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypophysiotropic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons function as metabolic sensors that regulate the thyroid axis and energy homeostasis. Less is known about the role of other hypothalamic TRH neurons. As central administration of TRH decreases food intake and increases histamine in the tuberomammillary nuclei (TMN), and TMN histamine neurons are densely innervated by TRH fibers from an unknown origin, we mapped the location of TRH neurons that project to the TMN. The retrograde tracer, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), was injected into the TMN E1–E2, E4–E5 subdivisions of adult Sprague–Dawley male rats. TMN projecting neurons were observed in the septum, preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), perifornical area, anterior paraventricular nucleus, peduncular and tuberal lateral hypothalamus (TuLH), suprachiasmatic nucleus and medial amygdala. However, CTB/pro-TRH178-199 double-labeled cells were only found in the TuLH. The specificity of the retrograde tract-tracing result was confirmed by administering the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin (PHAL) into the TuLH. Double-labeled PHAL-pro-TRH boutons were identified in all subdivisions of the TMN. TMN neurons double-labeled for histidine decarboxylase (Hdc)/PHAL, Hdc/Trh receptor (Trhr), and Hdc/Trh. Further confirmation of a TuLH-TRH neuronal projection to the TMN was established in a transgenic mouse that expresses Cre recombinase in TRH-producing cells following microinjection of a Cre recombinase-dependent AAV that expresses mCherry into the TuLH. We conclude that, in rodents, the TRH innervation of TMN originates in part from TRH neurons in the TuLH, and that this TRH population may contribute to regulate energy homeostasis through histamine Trhr-positive neurons of the TMN.
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Elahdadi Salmani M, Sarfi M, Goudarzi I. Hippocampal orexin receptors: Localization and function. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 118:393-421. [PMID: 35180935 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Orexin (hypocretin) is secreted from the perifornical/lateral hypothalamus and is well known for sleep regulation. Orexin has two, orexin A and B, transcripts and two receptors, type 1 and 2 (OX1R and OX2R), located in the plasma membrane of neurons in different brain areas, including the hippocampus involved in learning, memory, seizures, and epilepsy, as physiologic and pathologic phenomena. OX1R is expressed in the dentate gyrus and CA1 and the OX2R in the CA3 areas. Orexin enhances learning and memory as well as reward, stress, seizures, and epilepsy, partly through OX1Rs, while either aggravating or alleviating those phenomena via OX2Rs. OX1Rs activation induces long-term changes of synaptic responses in the hippocampus, an age and concentration-dependent manner. Briefly, we will review the localization and functions of hippocampal orexin receptors, their role in learning, memory, stress, reward, seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iran Goudarzi
- School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
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Owens-French J, Li SB, Francois M, Leigh Townsend R, Daniel M, Soulier H, Turner A, de Lecea L, Münzberg H, Morrison C, Qualls-Creekmore E. Lateral hypothalamic galanin neurons are activated by stress and blunt anxiety-like behavior in mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 423:113773. [PMID: 35101456 PMCID: PMC8901126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of anxiety disorders, the molecular identity of neural circuits underlying anxiety remains unclear. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is one brain region implicated in the regulation of anxiety, and our recent data found that chemogenetic activation of LH galanin neurons attenuated the stress response to a novel environment as measured by the marble burying test. Thus, we hypothesize that LH galanin neurons may contribute to anxiety-related behavior. We used chemogenetics and fiber photometry to test the ability of LH galanin neurons to influence anxiety and stress-related behavior. Chemogenetic activation of LH galanin neurons significantly decreased anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze, open field test, and light dark test. However, LH galanin activation did not alter restraint stress induced HPA activation or freezing behavior in the fear conditioning paradigm. In vivo calcium monitoring by fiber photometry indicated that LH galanin neurons were activated by anxiogenic and/or stressful stimuli including tail suspension, novel mouse interaction, and predator odor. Further, in a fear conditioning task, calcium transients strongly increased during foot shock, but were not affected by the unconditioned stimulus tone. These data indicate that LH galanin neurons both respond to and modulate anxiety, with no influence on stress induced HPA activation or fear behaviors. Further investigation of LH galanin circuitry and functional mediators of behavioral output may offer a more refined pharmacological target as an alternative to first-line broad pharmacotherapies such as benzodiazepines.
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Chronic Treatment and Abstinence from Methylphenidate Exposure Dose-dependently Changes Glucose Metabolism in the Rat Brain. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147799. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Francis N, Borniger JC. Cancer as a homeostatic challenge: the role of the hypothalamus. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:903-914. [PMID: 34561122 PMCID: PMC9901368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The initiation, progression, and metastatic spread of cancer elicits diverse changes in systemic physiology. In this way, cancer represents a novel homeostatic challenge to the host system. Here, we discuss how the hypothalamus, a critical brain region involved in homeostasis senses, integrates and responds to cancer-induced changes in physiology. Through this lens, cancer-associated changes in behavior (e.g., sleep disruption) and physiology (e.g., glucocorticoid dysregulation) can be viewed as the result of an inability to re-establish homeostasis. We provide examples at each level (receptor sensing, integration of systemic signals, and efferent regulatory pathways) of how homeostatic organization becomes disrupted across different cancers. Finally, we lay out predictions of this hypothesis and highlight outstanding questions that aim to guide further work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Francis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd., Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724,Correspondence:
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14
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Oesch LT, Adamantidis AR. How REM sleep shapes hypothalamic computations for feeding behavior. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:990-1003. [PMID: 34663506 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The electrical activity of diverse brain cells is modulated across states of vigilance, namely wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Enhanced activity of neuronal circuits during NREM sleep impacts on subsequent awake behaviors, yet the significance of their activation, or lack thereof, during REM sleep remains unclear. This review focuses on feeding-promoting cells in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) that express the vesicular GABA and glycine transporter (vgat) as a model to further understand the impact of REM sleep on neural encoding of goal-directed behavior. It emphasizes both spatial and temporal aspects of hypothalamic cell dynamics across awake behaviors and REM sleep, and discusses a role for REM sleep in brain plasticity underlying energy homeostasis and behavioral optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas T Oesch
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurobiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antoine R Adamantidis
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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15
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Sere P, Zsigri N, Raffai T, Furdan S, Győri F, Crunelli V, Lőrincz ML. Activity of the Lateral Hypothalamus during Genetically Determined Absence Seizures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179466. [PMID: 34502374 PMCID: PMC8431596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Absence seizures (ASs) are sudden, transient lapses of consciousness associated with lack of voluntary movements and generalized 2.5–4 Hz spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in the EEG. In addition to the thalamocortical system, where these pathological oscillations are generated, multiple neuronal circuits have been involved in their modulation and associated comorbidities including the serotonergic system. Neuronal activity in one of the major synaptic input structures to the brainstem dorsal raphé nucleus (DRN), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), has not been characterized. (2) Methods: We used viral tract tracing and optogenetics combined with in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology to assess the involvement of the LH in absence epilepsy in a genetic rodent model. (3) Results: We found that a substantial fraction of LH neurons project to the DRN of which a minority is GABAergic. The LH to DRN projection can lead to monosynaptic iGluR mediated excitation in DRN 5-HT neurons. Neuronal activity in the LH is coupled to SWDs. (4) Conclusions: Our results indicate that a brain area involved in the regulation of autonomic functions and heavily innervating the RN is involved in ASs. The decreased activity of LH neurons during SWDs could lead to both a decreased excitation and disinhibition in the DRN. These results support a long-range subcortical regulation of serotonergic neuromodulation during ASs and further our understanding of the state-dependence of these seizures and some of their associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Sere
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Sciences University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (P.S.); (N.Z.); (T.R.); (S.F.); (F.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Zsigri
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Sciences University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (P.S.); (N.Z.); (T.R.); (S.F.); (F.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Timea Raffai
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Sciences University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (P.S.); (N.Z.); (T.R.); (S.F.); (F.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabina Furdan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Sciences University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (P.S.); (N.Z.); (T.R.); (S.F.); (F.G.)
| | - Fanni Győri
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Sciences University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (P.S.); (N.Z.); (T.R.); (S.F.); (F.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Crunelli
- Neuroscience Division, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Magor L. Lőrincz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Sciences University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; (P.S.); (N.Z.); (T.R.); (S.F.); (F.G.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Neuroscience Division, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Yang DJ, Hong J, Kim KW. Hypothalamic primary cilium: A hub for metabolic homeostasis. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1109-1115. [PMID: 34211092 PMCID: PMC8333261 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health problem that is associated with adverse consequences such as the development of metabolic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and type 2 diabetes. A major cause of obesity is metabolic imbalance, which results from insufficient physical activity and excess energy intake. Understanding the pathogenesis of obesity, as well as other metabolic disorders, is important in the development of methods for prevention and therapy. The coordination of energy balance takes place in the hypothalamus, a major brain region that maintains body homeostasis. The primary cilium is an organelle that has recently received attention because of its role in controlling energy balance in the hypothalamus. Defects in proteins required for ciliary function and formation, both in humans and in mice, have been shown to cause various metabolic disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the critical functions of primary cilia, particularly in hypothalamic areas, and briefly summarize the studies on the primary roles of cilia in specific neurons relating to metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Joo Yang
- Departments of Oral Biology and Applied Biological Science, BK21 Four, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | | | - Ki Woo Kim
- Departments of Oral Biology and Applied Biological Science, BK21 Four, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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17
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Gazea M, Furdan S, Sere P, Oesch L, Molnár B, Di Giovanni G, Fenno LE, Ramakrishnan C, Mattis J, Deisseroth K, Dymecki SM, Adamantidis AR, Lőrincz ML. Reciprocal Lateral Hypothalamic and Raphe GABAergic Projections Promote Wakefulness. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4840-4849. [PMID: 33888606 PMCID: PMC8260159 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2850-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH), together with multiple neuromodulatory systems of the brain, such as the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), is implicated in arousal, yet interactions between these systems are just beginning to be explored. Using a combination of viral tracing, circuit mapping, electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons, and combinatorial optogenetics in mice, we show that GABAergic neurons in the LH selectively inhibit GABAergic neurons in the DR, resulting in increased firing of a substantial fraction of its neurons that ultimately promotes arousal. These DRGABA neurons are wake active and project to multiple brain areas involved in the control of arousal, including the LH, where their specific activation potently influences local network activity leading to arousal from sleep. Our results show how mutual inhibitory projections between the LH and the DR promote wakefulness and suggest a complex arousal control by intimate interactions between long-range connections and local circuit dynamics.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Multiple brain systems including the lateral hypothalamus and raphe serotonergic system are involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle, yet the interaction between these systems have remained elusive. Here we show that mutual disinhibition mediated by long range inhibitory projections between these brain areas can promote wakefulness. The main importance of this work relies in revealing the interaction between a brain area involved in autonomic regulation and another in controlling higher brain functions including reward, patience, mood and sensory coding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gazea
- Centre for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Szabina Furdan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Péter Sere
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Lukas Oesch
- Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Benedek Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Neurosci ence Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Lief E Fenno
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, California
| | | | - Joanna Mattis
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, California
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, California
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, California
| | - Susan M Dymecki
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, Massachusetts
| | - Antoine R Adamantidis
- Centre for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Magor L Lőrincz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
- Neurosci ence Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
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18
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Caruso V, Zuccarini M, Di Iorio P, Muhammad I, Ronci M. Metabolic Changes Induced by Purinergic Signaling: Role in Food Intake. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655989. [PMID: 33995077 PMCID: PMC8117016 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purinergic signalling has a well-established role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, but there is growing evidence of its implication in the control of food intake. In this review, we provide an integrative view of the molecular mechanisms leading to changes in feeding behaviour within hypothalamic neurons following purinergic receptor activation. We also highlight the importance of purinergic signalling in metabolic homeostasis and the possibility of targeting its receptors for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanni Caruso
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Institute for Research on Pain, ISAL-Foundation, Rimini, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Ishaq Muhammad
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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19
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Guillaumin MCC, Burdakov D. Neuropeptides as Primary Mediators of Brain Circuit Connectivity. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:644313. [PMID: 33776641 PMCID: PMC7991401 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.644313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Across sleep and wakefulness, brain function requires inter-neuronal interactions lasting beyond seconds. Yet, most studies of neural circuit connectivity focus on millisecond-scale interactions mediated by the classic fast transmitters, GABA and glutamate. In contrast, neural circuit roles of the largest transmitter family in the brain–the slow-acting peptide transmitters–remain relatively overlooked, or described as “modulatory.” Neuropeptides may efficiently implement sustained neural circuit connectivity, since they are not rapidly removed from the extracellular space, and their prolonged action does not require continuous presynaptic firing. From this perspective, we review actions of evolutionarily-conserved neuropeptides made by brain-wide-projecting hypothalamic neurons, focusing on lateral hypothalamus (LH) neuropeptides essential for stable consciousness: the orexins/hypocretins. Action potential-dependent orexin release inside and outside the hypothalamus evokes slow postsynaptic excitation. This excitation does not arise from modulation of classic neurotransmission, but involves direct action of orexins on their specific G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) coupled to ion channels. While millisecond-scale, GABA/glutamate connectivity within the LH may not be strong, re-assessing LH microcircuits from the peptidergic viewpoint is consistent with slow local microcircuits. The sustained actions of neuropeptides on neuronal membrane potential may enable core brain functions, such as temporal integration and the creation of lasting permissive signals that act as “eligibility traces” for context-dependent information routing and plasticity. The slowness of neuropeptides has unique advantages for efficient neuronal processing and feedback control of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Kang X, Tang H, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Wang M. Research progress on the mechanism of orexin in pain regulation in different brain regions. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:46-52. [PMID: 33817297 PMCID: PMC7874592 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexin is a neuropeptide that is primarily synthesized and secreted by the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and includes two substances derived from the same precursor (orexin A [OXA] and orexin B [OXB]). Studies have shown that orexin is not only involved in the regulation of eating, the sleep–wake cycle, and energy metabolism, but also closely associated with various physiological functions, such as cardiovascular control, reproduction, stress, reward, addiction, and the modulation of pain transmission. At present, studies that have been performed both domestically and abroad have confirmed that orexin and its receptors are closely associated with pain regulation. In this article, the research progress on acute pain regulation involving orexin is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, China
| | - Hongli Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Pain Management, Jiangnan University, No.1000 Hefeng Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 84 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No. 84 Huaihai West Road, Quanshan District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221002, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Burdakov D, Karnani MM. Ultra-sparse Connectivity within the Lateral Hypothalamus. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4063-4070.e2. [PMID: 32822604 PMCID: PMC7575142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamic area (LH) is a vital controller of arousal, feeding, and metabolism [1, 2], which integrates external and internal sensory information. Whereas sensory and whole-body output properties of LH cell populations have received much interest, their intrinsic synaptic organization has remained largely unstudied. Local inhibitory and excitatory connections could help integrate and filter sensory information and mutually inhibitory connections [3] could allow coordinating activity between LH cell types, some of which have mutually exclusive behavioral effects, such as LH VGLUT2 and VGAT neurons [4-7] and orexin- (ORX) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons [8-10]. However, classical Golgi staining studies did not find interneurons with locally ramifying axons in the LH [11, 12], and nearby subthalamic and thalamic areas lack local synaptic connectivity [13, 14]. Studies with optogenetic circuit mapping within the LH have demonstrated only a minority of connections when a large pool of presynaptic neurons was activated [15-19]. Because multiple patch clamp has not been used to study LH connectivity, aside from a limited dataset of MCH neurons where no connections were discovered [15], we used quadruple whole-cell recordings to screen connectivity within the LH with standard methodology we previously used in the neocortex [20-22]. Finding a lack of local connectivity, we used optogenetic circuit mapping to study the strength of LH optogenetic responses and network oscillations, which were consistent with ultra-sparse intrinsic connectivity within the LH. These results suggest that input from other brain structures is decisive for selecting active populations in the LH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Burdakov
- Laboratory of Neurobehavioral Dynamics, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8603, Switzerland; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; Neuroscience Center Zürich (ZNZ), ETH Zürich and University of Zürich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Mahesh M Karnani
- Laboratory of Neurobehavioral Dynamics, Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8603, Switzerland; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; Université de Paris, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences (SPPIN), CNRS, Paris 75006, France.
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22
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Mediavilla C. Bidirectional gut-brain communication: A role for orexin-A. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104882. [PMID: 33068686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that bidirectional gut-brain signaling provides a communication pathway that uses neural, hormonal, and immunological routes to regulate homeostatic mechanisms such as hunger/satiety as well as emotions and inflammation. Hence, disruption of the gut-brain axis can cause numerous pathophysiologies, including obesity and intestinal inflammatory diseases. One chemical mediator in the gut-brain axis is orexin-A, given that hypothalamic orexin-A affects gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and peripheral orexin in the intestinal mucosa can modulate brain functions, making possible an orexinergic gut-brain network. It has been proposed that orexin-A acts on this axis to regulate nutritional processes, such as short-term intake, gastric acid secretion, and motor activity associated with the cephalic phase of feeding. Orexin-A has also been related to stress systems and stress responses via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Recent studies on the relationship of orexin with immune system-brain communications in an animal model of colitis suggested an immunomodulatory role for orexin-A in signaling and responding to infection by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1). These studies suggested that orexin administration might be of potential therapeutic value in irritable bowel syndrome or chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, in which gastrointestinal symptoms frequently coexist with behavioral disorders, including loss of appetite, anxiety, depression, and sleeping disorders. Interventions in the orexinergic system have been proposed as a therapeutic approach to these diseases and for the treatment of chemotherapeutic drug-related hyperalgesia and fatigue in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mediavilla
- Department of Psychobiology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.
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23
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Oesch LT, Gazea M, Gent TC, Bandarabadi M, Gutierrez Herrera C, Adamantidis AR. REM sleep stabilizes hypothalamic representation of feeding behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19590-19598. [PMID: 32732431 PMCID: PMC7430996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921909117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, behavioral unresponsiveness contrasts strongly with intense brain-wide neural network dynamics. Yet, the physiological functions of this cellular activation remain unclear. Using in vivo calcium imaging in freely behaving mice, we found that inhibitory neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LHvgat) show unique activity patterns during feeding that are reactivated during REM, but not non-REM, sleep. REM sleep-specific optogenetic silencing of LHvgat cells induced a reorganization of these activity patterns during subsequent feeding behaviors accompanied by decreased food intake. Our findings provide evidence for a role for REM sleep in the maintenance of cellular representations of feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas T Oesch
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mary Gazea
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas C Gent
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mojtaba Bandarabadi
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Gutierrez Herrera
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antoine R Adamantidis
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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24
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Fast sensory representations in the lateral hypothalamus and their roles in brain function. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Schneider NY, Chaudy S, Epstein AL, Viollet C, Benani A, Pénicaud L, Grosmaître X, Datiche F, Gascuel J. Centrifugal projections to the main olfactory bulb revealed by transsynaptic retrograde tracing in mice. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1805-1819. [PMID: 31872441 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of evidence indicates that olfactory perception is strongly involved in food intake. However, the polysynaptic circuitry linking the brain areas involved in feeding behavior to the olfactory regions is not well known. The aim of this article was to examine such circuits. Thus, we described, using hodological tools such as transsynaptic viruses (PRV152) transported in a retrograde manner, the long-distance indirect projections (two to three synapses) onto the main olfactory bulb (MOB). The ß-subunit of the cholera toxin which is a monosynaptic retrograde tracer was used as a control to be able to differentiate between direct and indirect projections. Our tracing experiments showed that the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, as a major site for regulation of food intake, sends only very indirect projections onto the MOB. Indirect projections to MOB also originate from the solitary nucleus which is involved in energy homeostasis. Other indirect projections have been evidenced in areas of the reward circuit such as VTA and accumbens nucleus. In contrast, direct projections to the MOB arise from melanin-concentrating hormone and orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Functional significances of these projections are discussed in relation to the role of food odors in feeding and reward-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette Y Schneider
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), CNRS, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F21000, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Chaudy
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), CNRS, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F21000, Dijon, France
| | - Alberto L Epstein
- UMR 1179 INSERM-UVSQ-End-icap, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Cécile Viollet
- Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, "Synaptic plasticity and Neuronal Circuits", F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Benani
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), CNRS, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F21000, Dijon, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), CNRS, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F21000, Dijon, France
| | - Xavier Grosmaître
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), CNRS, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F21000, Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Datiche
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), CNRS, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean Gascuel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), CNRS, INRAE, AgroSup Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F21000, Dijon, France
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26
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The dorsomedial hypothalamus and nucleus of the solitary tract as key regulators in a rat model of chronic obesity. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Müller GA, Wied S, Herling AW. Analysis of Direct Effects of the CB1 Receptor Antagonist Rimonabant on Fatty Acid Oxidation and Glycogenolysis in Liver and Muscle Cells in vitro. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:954-962. [PMID: 31522677 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791908011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent pharmacological findings regarding rimonabant, an anorectic and cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist, strongly suggest that some of its effects on the metabolic parameters and energy balance in rats are not related to the centrally mediated reduction in caloric intake. Instead, they may be associated with acute induction of glycogenolysis in the liver, in combination with transient increase in glucose oxidation and persistent increase in fat oxidation. It is possible that rimonabant produced direct short- or long-term stimulatory effect on these processes in primary and cultured rat cells. Rimonabant slightly stimulated β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in cultured rat myocytes overexpressing glucose transporter isoform 4, as well as activated phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) in primary rat hepatocytes upon long-term incubation. However, short-term action of rimonabant failed to stimulate β-oxidation in myocytes, myotubes, and hepatocytes, as well as to upregulate AMPK phosphorylation, glycogenolysis, and cAMP levels in hepatocytes. As a consequence, the acute effects of rimonabant on hepatic glycogen content (reduction) and total energy expenditure (increase) in rats fed with a standard diet cannot be explained by direct stimulation of glycogenolysis and fatty acid oxidation in muscles and liver. Rather, these effects seem to be centrally mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Müller
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) at the Helmholtz Center for Health and Environment Munich, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity (IDO), Oberschleissheim, 85764, Germany. .,Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Department Biology I, Genetics, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - S Wied
- Sanofi Pharma Germany GmbH, Diabetes Research, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany
| | - A W Herling
- Sanofi Pharma Germany GmbH, Diabetes Research, Frankfurt am Main, 65926, Germany
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Mendoza J. Food intake and addictive-like eating behaviors: Time to think about the circadian clock(s). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:122-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ichiki T, Augustine V, Oka Y. Neural populations for maintaining body fluid balance. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 57:134-140. [PMID: 30836260 PMCID: PMC7006364 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fine balance between loss-of water and gain-of water is essential for maintaining body fluid homeostasis. The development of neural manipulation and mapping tools has opened up new avenues to dissect the neural circuits underlying body fluid regulation. Recent studies have identified several nodes in the brain that positively and negatively regulate thirst. The next step forward would be to elucidate how neural populations interact with each other to control drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ichiki
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd Mail Code: 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Vineet Augustine
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd Mail Code: 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Yuki Oka
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd Mail Code: 216-76, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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30
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Rose F, Bloom S, Tan T. Novel approaches to anti-obesity drug discovery with gut hormones over the past 10 years. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:1151-1159. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1646243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Rose
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Bloom
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia Tan
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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31
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McConn BR, Siegel PB, Cline MA, Gilbert ER. Anorexigenic effects of mesotocin in chicks are genetic background-dependent and are associated with changes in the paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 232:79-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Sabetghadam A, Grabowiecka-Nowak A, Kania A, Gugula A, Blasiak E, Blasiak T, Ma S, Gundlach AL, Blasiak A. Melanin-concentrating hormone and orexin systems in rat nucleus incertus: Dual innervation, bidirectional effects on neuron activity, and differential influences on arousal and feeding. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:238-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bencze J, Pocsai K, Murnyák B, Gergely PA, Juhász B, Szilvássy Z, Hortobágyi T. The Melanin-concentrating Hormone System in Human, Rodent and Avian Brain. Open Med (Wars) 2018; 13:264-269. [PMID: 29992190 PMCID: PMC6034100 DOI: 10.1515/med-2018-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic 19 amino acid orexigenic hypothalamic peptide. MCH is located in the lateral and dorsal hypothalamus, as well as in the zona incerta. In mammals MCH increases food intake, contributes to regulation of energy balance, temperature, reproductive function, endocrine homeostasis and biological rhythms. Several studies have proved the significance of MCH in obesity, diabetes and depression. Although the peptide is well-characterized in mouse models, much less is known about its functions in avians. In birds the MCH system especially in the lateral and basal hypothalamus has important connections to the limbic system and it coordinates the vegetative and endocrine functions, as well as the emotional behaviour. Pharmacological modulation of MCH system could contribute to the therapy of eating disorders and improve agricultural efficiency regarding avians. Reviewing the current knowledge on MCH system in human, rodents and avians may stimulate a new wave of studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Bencze
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Pocsai
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Murnyák
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.,Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Attila Gergely
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Béla Juhász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szilvássy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., H-4032, Hungary.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
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Liu J, Yang X, Yu S, Zheng R. The Leptin Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1090:123-144. [PMID: 30390288 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leptin plays a critical role in the regulation of energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. Impairment of leptin signaling is closely involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc. Leptin initiates its intracellular signaling in the leptin-receptor-expressing neurons in the central nervous system to exert physiological function, thereby leading to a suppression of appetite, a reduction of food intake, a promotion of mitochondrial oxidation, an enhancement of thermogenesis, and a decrease in body weight. In this review, the studies on leptin neural and cellular pathways are summarized with an emphasis on the progress made during the last 10 years, for better understanding the molecular mechanism of obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siwang Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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35
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Gauci S, Hosking W, Bruck D. Narcolepsy, cataplexy, hypocretin and co-existing other health complaints: A review. COGENT MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2017.1312791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gauci
- Psychology Discipline, College of Arts, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - Warwick Hosking
- Psychology Discipline, College of Arts, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - Dorothy Bruck
- Psychology Discipline, College of Arts, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia
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36
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Fetissov SO. [Hunger and satiety factors in the regulation of pleasure associated with feeding behavior]. Biol Aujourdhui 2017; 210:259-268. [PMID: 28327283 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Feeding is an instinctive behavior accompanied by rewarding feeling of pleasure during obtaining and ingesting food, corresponding to the preparatory and consummatory phases of motivated behavior, respectively. Perception of this emotional state together with alternating feelings of hunger and satiety drives the feeding behavior. Because alterations of feeding behavior including either overeating or anorexia may lead to obesity and cachexia, respectively, understanding the neurochemical mechanisms of regulation of feeding pleasure may help to develop new therapies of these diseases. The dopamine (DA) system of the mesolimbic projections plays a key role in behavioral reward in general and is also involved in regulating feeding-associated pleasure in the forebrain including the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). It suggests that this DA system can be selectively activated by factors specific to different types of motivated behavior including hunger- and satiety- related hormones. Indeed, central administrations of either orexigenic ghrelin or anorexigenic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) increase DA release in the NAc. However, DA has also been shown to inhibit food intake when injected into the LHA, historically known as a « hunger center », indicating DA functional involvement in regulation of both appetite and feeding pleasure. Although both NAc and LHA contain neurons expressing melanocortin receptors, only the LHA receives the α-MSH containing nerve terminals from the α-MSH producing neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, the main relay of the peripheral hunger and satiety signals to the brain. A recent study showed that α-MSH in the LHA enhances satiety and inhibits feeding pleasure while potently stimulating DA release in this area during both preparatory and consummatory phases of feeding. It suggests that altered signaling by α-MSH to the DA system in the LHA may be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and anorexia and the possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.
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37
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Melse M, Temel Y, Tan SK, Jahanshahi A. Deep brain stimulation of the rostromedial tegmental nucleus: An unanticipated, selective effect on food intake. Brain Res Bull 2016; 127:23-28. [PMID: 27520392 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) is a relatively newly described brainstem structure. The RMTg is extensively connected to both dopaminergic (DA) and serotoninergic key areas and it fulfills a pivotal role in the regulation of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal DA release. The RMTg may directly influence DA- and 5-HT associated motor and possibly also mood related behavior, the latter of which has not yet been well described. The current study explored the consequences of RMTg manipulation on DA- and 5-HT related behavior through the application of RMTg deep brain stimulation (DBS) with both high and low frequency stimulation (LFS and HFS). We used a wide array of motor and mood tests to assess changes in behavior. RMTg DBS did not change behavioral outcomes in the Skinner box task, nor in the Catwalk, the sucrose intake test, the open field test, the elevated zero maze, or the place preference test, but LFS did induce a significant decrease in food intake. This seems to be a selective effect as no motor or anxiety changes were observed that could lead to attenuated food intake. This finding not only underlines the RMTg's braking effect on the VTA, but possibly also on the forebrain, where GABA-ergic RMTg efferent may cause suppression of feeding in the lateral hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje Melse
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO BOX 616 (UNS 50, BOX 38) 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO BOX 616 (UNS 50, BOX 38) 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sonny K Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30 D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO BOX 616 (UNS 50, BOX 38) 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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38
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Bonnavion P, Mickelsen LE, Fujita A, de Lecea L, Jackson AC. Hubs and spokes of the lateral hypothalamus: cell types, circuits and behaviour. J Physiol 2016; 594:6443-6462. [PMID: 27302606 DOI: 10.1113/jp271946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is among the most phylogenetically conserved regions in the vertebrate brain, reflecting its critical role in maintaining physiological and behavioural homeostasis. By integrating signals arising from both the brain and periphery, it governs a litany of behaviourally important functions essential for survival. In particular, the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is central to the orchestration of sleep-wake states, feeding, energy balance and motivated behaviour. Underlying these diverse functions is a heterogeneous assembly of cell populations typically defined by neurochemical markers, such as the well-described neuropeptides hypocretin/orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone. However, anatomical and functional evidence suggests a rich diversity of other cell populations with complex neurochemical profiles that include neuropeptides, receptors and components of fast neurotransmission. Collectively, the LHA acts as a hub for the integration of diverse central and peripheral signals and, through complex local and long-range output circuits, coordinates adaptive behavioural responses to the environment. Despite tremendous progress in our understanding of the LHA, defining the identity of functionally discrete LHA cell types, and their roles in driving complex behaviour, remain significant challenges in the field. In this review, we discuss advances in our understanding of the neurochemical and cellular heterogeneity of LHA neurons and the recent application of powerful new techniques, such as opto- and chemogenetics, in defining the role of LHA circuits in feeding, reward, arousal and stress. From pioneering work to recent developments, we review how the interrogation of LHA cells and circuits is contributing to a mechanistic understanding of how the LHA coordinates complex behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bonnavion
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-UNI, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura E Mickelsen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Akie Fujita
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexander C Jackson
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Gallo M, Ballesteros M, Molero A, Morón I. Taste Aversion Learning as a Tool for the Study of Hippocampal and Non-Hippocampal Brain Memory Circuits Regulating Diet Selection. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 2:277-302. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.1999.11747284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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40
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Awake dynamics and brain-wide direct inputs of hypothalamic MCH and orexin networks. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11395. [PMID: 27102565 PMCID: PMC4844703 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) controls energy balance. LH melanin-concentrating-hormone (MCH) and orexin/hypocretin (OH) neurons mediate energy accumulation and expenditure, respectively. MCH cells promote memory and appropriate stimulus-reward associations; their inactivation disrupts energy-optimal behaviour and causes weight loss. However, MCH cell dynamics during wakefulness are unknown, leaving it unclear if they differentially participate in brain activity during sensory processing. By fiberoptic recordings from molecularly defined populations of LH neurons in awake freely moving mice, we show that MCH neurons generate conditional population bursts. This MCH cell activity correlates with novelty exploration, is inhibited by stress and is inversely predicted by OH cell activity. Furthermore, we obtain brain-wide maps of monosynaptic inputs to MCH and OH cells, and demonstrate optogenetically that VGAT neurons in the amygdala and bed nucleus of stria terminalis inhibit MCH cells. These data reveal cell-type-specific LH dynamics during sensory integration, and identify direct neural controllers of MCH neurons. Hypothalamic neurons expressing melanin-concentrating-hormone (MCH) maintain body weight by orchestrating behaviour and metabolism, but little is known about their intrinsic regulation. Here, Gonzalez and colleagues reveal their behaviour-related dynamics during wakefulness, and map their brain-wide neural inputs.
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41
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Cornell B, Toyo-oka K. Deficiency of 14-3-3ε and 14-3-3ζ by the Wnt1 promoter-driven Cre recombinase results in pigmentation defects. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:180. [PMID: 27001213 PMCID: PMC4802620 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-1980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The seven 14-3-3 protein isoforms bind to numerous proteins and are involved in a wide variety of cellular events, including the cell cycle, cell division, apoptosis and cancer. We previously found the importance of 14-3-3 proteins in neuronal migration of pyramidal neurons in the developing cortex. Here, we test the function of 14-3-3 proteins in the development of neural crest cells in vivo using mouse genetic approaches. Results We found that 14-3-3 proteins are important for the development of neural crest cells, in particular for the pigmentation of the fur on the ventral region of mice. Conclusions Our data obtained from the 14-3-3ε/14-3-3ζ/Wnt1-Cre mice strongly indicate the importance of 14-3-3 proteins in the development of melanocyte lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Cornell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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Amador A, Wang Y, Banerjee S, Kameneka TM, Solt LA, Burris TP. Pharmacological and Genetic Modulation of REV-ERB Activity and Expression Affects Orexigenic Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151014. [PMID: 26963516 PMCID: PMC4786293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are transcription factors that play pivotal roles in the regulation of the circadian rhythm and various metabolic processes. The circadian rhythm is an endogenous mechanism, which generates entrainable biological changes that follow a 24-hour period. It regulates a number of physiological processes, including sleep/wakeful cycles and feeding behaviors. We recently demonstrated that REV-ERB-specific small molecules affect sleep and anxiety. The orexinergic system also plays a significant role in mammalian physiology and behavior, including the regulation of sleep and food intake. Importantly, orexin genes are expressed in a circadian manner. Given these overlaps in function and circadian expression, we wanted to determine whether the REV-ERBs might regulate orexin. We found that acute in vivo modulation of REV-ERB activity, with the REV-ERB-specific synthetic ligand SR9009, affects the circadian expression of orexinergic genes in mice. Long term dosing with SR9009 also suppresses orexinergic gene expression in mice. Finally, REV-ERBβ-deficient mice present with increased orexinergic transcripts. These data suggest that the REV-ERBs may be involved in the repression of orexinergic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Amador
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Theodore M. Kameneka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Solt
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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A novel role for xenopsin: Stimulation of food intake. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:500-7. [PMID: 26151286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Xenopsin (XPN), an extract from frog skin, is comprised of 80 amino acids and exerts effects on the mammalian digestive tract. The purpose of the study presented here was to determine if XPN would affect food intake using chicks as models. Chicks which had been fasted for 180 min did not change food or water intake after central injection of XPN. However, ab libitum fed chicks which received 1 and 3 nmol central XPN increased food intake while water intake was not affected. When the dose was increased to 9 nmol chicks did not increase food intake but their water intake was reduced suggesting malaise. Chicks injected with XPN had increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the lateral hypothalamus, but other hypothalamic appetite-associated nuclei were not affected. When XPN was directly injected into the lateral hypothalamus food intake was increased, suggesting a primary site of action. When the expression of appetite-associated neuropeptide mRNA was quantified chicks injected with XPN had increased proopiomelanocortin mRNA. Lastly, a comprehensive behavior analysis was performed and while XPN injected chicks had an increase in the number of feeding pecks, jumping, preening, deep rest and sitting were all decreased. Thus, we conclude that exogenous XPN functions as an orexigenic factor in chicks and its effects are mediated by the lateral hypothalamus.
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Stanquini LA, Resstel LBM, Corrêa FMA, Joca SRL, Scopinho AA. Prelimbic cortex 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors are involved in the hypophagic effects caused by fluoxetine in fasted rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 136:31-8. [PMID: 26143050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of food intake involves a complex interplay between the central nervous system and the activity of organs involved in energy homeostasis. Besides the hypothalamus, recognized as the center of this regulation, other structures are involved, especially limbic regions such as the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC). Monoamines, such as serotonin (5-HT), play an important role in appetite regulation. However, the effect in the vMPFC of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine, on food intake has not been studied. The aim of the present study was to study the effects on food intake of fed and fasted rats evoked by fluoxetine injection into the prelimbic cortex (PL), a sub-region of the vMPFC, or given systemically, and which 5-HT receptors in the PL are involved in fluoxetine responses. Fluoxetine was injected into the PL or given systemically in male Wistar rats. Independent groups of rats were pretreated with intra-PL antagonists of 5-HT receptors: 5-HT1A (WAY100635), 5-HT2C (SB242084) or 5-HT1B (SB216641). Fluoxetine (0.1; 1; 3; 10nmol/200nL) injected into the PL induced a dose-dependent hypophagic effect in fasted rats. This effect was reversed by prior local treatment with WAY100635 (1; 10nmol) or SB242084 (1; 10nmol), but not with SB216641 (0.2; 2.5; 10nmol). Systemic fluoxetine induced a hypophagic effect, which was blocked by intra-PL 5-HT2C antagonist (10nmol) administration. Our findings suggest that PL 5-HT neurotransmission modulates the central control of food intake and 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors in the PL could be potential targets for the action of fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Stanquini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B M Resstel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M A Corrêa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sâmia R L Joca
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - América A Scopinho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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GABAergic projections from lateral hypothalamus to paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus promote feeding. J Neurosci 2015; 35:3312-8. [PMID: 25716832 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3720-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) cause hypophagia. However, activation of glutamatergic neurons in LH inhibits feeding. These results suggest a potential importance for other LH neurons in stimulating feeding. Our current study in mice showed that disruption of GABA release from adult LH GABAergic neurons reduced feeding. LH GABAergic neurons project extensively to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), and optogenetic stimulation of GABAergic LH → PVH fibers induced monosynaptic IPSCs in PVH neurons, and potently increased feeding, which depended on GABA release. In addition, disruption of GABA-A receptors in the PVH reduced feeding. Thus, we have identified a new feeding pathway in which GABAergic projections from the LH to the PVH promote feeding.
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Tulogdi A, Biro L, Barsvari B, Stankovic M, Haller J, Toth M. Neural mechanisms of predatory aggression in rats—Implications for abnormal intraspecific aggression. Behav Brain Res 2015; 283:108-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Fukushima A, Hagiwara H, Fujioka H, Kimura F, Akema T, Funabashi T. Sex differences in feeding behavior in rats: the relationship with neuronal activation in the hypothalamus. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:88. [PMID: 25870535 PMCID: PMC4378303 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is general agreement that the central nervous system in rodents differs between sexes due to the presence of gonadal steroid hormone during differentiation. Sex differences in feeding seem to occur among species, and responses to fasting (i.e., starvation), gonadal steroids (i.e., testosterone and estradiol), and diet (i.e., western-style diet) vary significantly between sexes. The hypothalamus is the center for controlling feeding behavior. We examined the activation of feeding-related peptides in neurons in the hypothalamus. Phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a good marker for neural activation, as is the Fos antigen. Therefore, we predicted that sex differences in the activity of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons would be associated with feeding behavior. We determined the response of MCH neurons to glucose in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and our results suggested MCH neurons play an important role in sex differences in feeding behavior. In addition, fasting increased the number of orexin neurons harboring phosphorylated CREB in female rats (regardless of the estrous day), but not male rats. Glucose injection decreased the number of these neurons with phosphorylated CREB in fasted female rats. Finally, under normal spontaneous food intake, MCH neurons, but not orexin neurons, expressed phosphorylated CREB. These sex differences in response to fasting and glucose, as well as under normal conditions, suggest a vulnerability to metabolic challenges in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukushima
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hagiwara
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan ; Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujioka
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Fukuko Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Akema
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiya Funabashi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan ; Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama, Japan
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Abstract
Although food intake is necessary to provide energy for all bodily activities, considering food intake as a motivated behavior is complex. Rather than being a simple unconditioned reflex to energy need, eating is mediated by diverse factors. These include homeostatic signals such as those related to body fat stores, to food available and being eaten, and to circulating energy-rich compounds like glucose and fatty acids. Eating is also greatly influenced by non-homeostatic signals that convey information related to learning and experience, hedonics, stress, the social situation, opportunity, and many other factors. Recent developments identifying the intricate nature of the relationships between homeostatic and non-homeostatic influences significantly add to the complexity underlying the neural basis of the motivation to eat. The future of research in the field of food intake would seem to lie in the identification of the neural circuitry and interactions between homeostatic and non-homeostatic influences.
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McConn B, Wang G, Yi J, Gilbert ER, Osugi T, Ubuka T, Tsutsui K, Chowdhury VS, Furuse M, Cline MA. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone-stimulation of food intake is mediated by hypothalamic effects in chicks. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:327-34. [PMID: 25305807 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), a 12 amino acid peptide, is expressed in the avian brain and inhibits luteinizing hormone secretion. Additionally, exogenous injection of GnIH causes increased food intake of chicks although the central mechanism mediating this response is poorly understood. Hence, the purpose of our study was to elucidate the central mechanism of the GnIH orexigenic response using 12 day post hatch layer-type chicks as models. Firstly, via mass spectrometry we deduced the chicken GnIH amino acid sequence: SIRPSAYLPLRFamide. Following this we used chicken GnIH to demonstrate that intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of 2.6 and 7.8 nmol causes increased food intake up to 150 min following injection with no effect on water intake. The number of c-Fos immunoreactive cells was quantified in appetite-associated hypothalamic nuclei following ICV GnIH and only the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) had an increase of c-Fos positive neurons. From whole hypothalamus samples following ICV GnIH injection abundance of several appetite-associated mRNA was quantified which demonstrated that mRNA for neuropeptide Y (NPY) was increased while mRNA for proopiomelanocortin (POMC) was decreased. This was not the case for mRNA abundance in isolated LHA where NPY and POMC were not affected but melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) mRNA was increased. A comprehensive behavior analysis was conducted after ICV GnIH injection which demonstrated a variety of behaviors unrelated to appetite were affected. In sum, these results implicate activation of the LHA in the GnIH orexigenic response and NPY, POMC and MCH are likely also involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty McConn
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jiaqing Yi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tomohiro Osugi
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Bioorganic Research Institute, Osaka, 618-8503, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Ubuka
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Arts and Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Frank A, Brown LM, Clegg DJ. The role of hypothalamic estrogen receptors in metabolic regulation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:550-7. [PMID: 24882636 PMCID: PMC4174989 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens regulate key features of metabolism, including food intake, body weight, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, leptin sensitivity, and body fat distribution. There are two 'classical' estrogen receptors (ERs): estrogen receptor alpha (ERS1) and estrogen receptor beta (ERS2). Human and murine data indicate ERS1 contributes to metabolic regulation more so than ESR2. For example, there are human inactivating mutations of ERS1 which recapitulate aspects of the metabolic syndrome in both men and women. Much of our understanding of the metabolic roles of ERS1 was initially uncovered in estrogen receptor α-null mice (ERS1(-/-)); these mice display aspects of the metabolic syndrome, including increased body weight, increased visceral fat deposition and dysregulated glucose intolerance. Recent data further implicate ERS1 in specific tissues and neuronal populations as being critical for regulating food intake, energy expenditure, body fat distribution and adipose tissue function. This review will focus predominantly on the role of hypothalamic ERs and their critical role in regulating all aspects of energy homeostasis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Frank
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
| | - Lynda M Brown
- Food and Nutrition Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411-0002, USA
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA.
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