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Alam J, Sharma L. Potential Enzymatic Targets in Alzheimer's: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:316-339. [PMID: 30124150 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180820104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's, a degenerative cause of the brain cells, is called as a progressive neurodegenerative disease and appears to have a heterogeneous etiology with main emphasis on amyloid-cascade and hyperphosphorylated tau-cascade hypotheses, that are directly linked with macromolecules called enzymes such as β- & γ-secretases, colinesterases, transglutaminases, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3), cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk-5), microtubule affinity-regulating kinase (MARK). The catalytic activity of the above enzymes is the result of cognitive deficits, memory impairment and synaptic dysfunction and loss, and ultimately neuronal death. However, some other enzymes also lead to these dysfunctional events when reduced to their normal activities and levels in the brain, such as α- secretase, protein kinase C, phosphatases etc; metabolized to neurotransmitters, enzymes like monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) etc. or these abnormalities can occur when enzymes act by other mechanisms such as phosphodiesterase reduces brain nucleotides (cGMP and cAMP) levels, phospholipase A2: PLA2 is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production etc. On therapeutic fronts, several significant clinical trials are underway by targeting different enzymes for development of new therapeutics to treat Alzheimer's, such as inhibitors for β-secretase, GSK-3, MAO, phosphodiesterase, PLA2, cholinesterases etc, modulators of α- & γ-secretase activities and activators for protein kinase C, sirtuins etc. The last decades have perceived an increasing focus on findings and search for new putative and novel enzymatic targets for Alzheimer's. Here, we review the functions, pathological roles, and worth of almost all the Alzheimer's associated enzymes that address to therapeutic strategies and preventive approaches for treatment of Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Alam
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
| | - Lalit Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, H.P., Pin 173229, India
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Abu-Khudir R, Habieb ME, Mohamed MA, Hawas AM, Mohamed TM. Anti-apoptotic role of spermine against lead and/or gamma irradiation-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:24272-24283. [PMID: 28889190 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to either lead (Pb) or γ-irradiation (IR) results in oxidative stress in biological systems. Herein, we explored the potential anti-apoptotic effect of spermine (Spm) against lead and/or γ-irradiation-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Rats were divided into eight experimental groups of ten rats each: groups including negative control, whole body γ-irradiated (6 Gray (Gy)), lead acetate (PbAct) trihydrate orally administered (75 mg/kg bw ≡ 40 mg/kg bw Pb for 14 consecutive days), and Spm intraperitoneally dosed (10 mg/kg bw for 14 consecutive days) rats and groups subjected to combinations of Pb + IR, Spm + IR, Spm + Pb, and Spm + Pb followed by IR on day 14 (Spm + Pb + IR). A significant decrease in arginase activity as well as mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2 and p21 was observed in rats intoxicated with Pb and/or γ-irradiation compared to controls, whereas Bax mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased. Also, an increased level of nitric oxide (NO) with a reduced arginase activity was observed in liver tissues of intoxicated rats. Spm co-treatment with lead and/or γ-irradiation attenuated the increase in Bax mRNA and protein expression, while it restored those of Bcl-2 and p21 together with NO levels and arginase activity to control values. Altogether, we suggest that Spm may be useful in combating free radical-induced apoptosis in Pb-intoxicated and/or γ-irradiated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Abu-Khudir
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, P.O. 31527, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud E Habieb
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box; 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Mohamed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box; 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asrar M Hawas
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box; 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, P.O. 31527, Tanta, Egypt
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Apigenin Inhibits Human SW620 Cell Growth by Targeting Polyamine Catabolism. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3684581. [PMID: 28572828 PMCID: PMC5442336 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3684581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apigenin is a nonmutagenic flavonoid that has antitumor properties. Polyamines are ubiquitous cellular polycations, which play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells. Highly regulated pathways control the biosynthesis and degradation of polyamines. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism, and spermidine/spermine-N1-Acetyl transferase (SSAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of polyamines. In the current study, the effect of increasing concentrations of apigenin on polyamine levels, ODC and SSAT protein expression, mRNA expression, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated in SW620 colon cancer cells. The results showed that apigenin significantly reduced cell proliferation, decreased the levels of spermidine and spermine, and increased previously downregulated putrescine contents. Apigenin also enhanced SSAT protein and mRNA levels and the production of reactive oxygen species in SW620 cells, though it had no significant effect on the levels of ODC protein or mRNA. Apigenin appears to decrease the proliferation rate of human SW620 cells by facilitating SSAT expression to induce polyamine catabolism and increasing ROS levels to induce cell apoptosis.
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Skatchkov SN, Antonov SM, Eaton MJ. Glia and glial polyamines. Role in brain function in health and disease. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747816010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Limon A, Mamdani F, Hjelm BE, Vawter MP, Sequeira A. Targets of polyamine dysregulation in major depression and suicide: Activity-dependent feedback, excitability, and neurotransmission. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 66:80-91. [PMID: 27108532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide characterized by altered neuronal activity in brain regions involved in the control of stress and emotion. Although multiple lines of evidence suggest that altered stress-coping mechanisms underlie the etiology of MDD, the homeostatic control of neuronal excitability in MDD at the molecular level is not well established. In this review, we examine past and current evidence implicating dysregulation of the polyamine system as a central factor in the homeostatic response to stress and the etiology of MDD. We discuss the cellular effects of abnormal metabolism of polyamines in the context of their role in sensing and modulation of neuronal, electrical, and synaptic activity. Finally, we discuss evidence supporting an allostatic model of depression based on a chronic elevation in polyamine levels resulting in self-sustained stress response mechanisms maintained by maladaptive homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agenor Limon
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Firoza Mamdani
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Brooke E Hjelm
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA
| | - Adolfo Sequeira
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92627, USA.
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Abstract
This review compares the biological and physiological function of Sigma receptors [σRs] and their potential therapeutic roles. Sigma receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and across multiple peripheral tissues. σRs consist of sigma receptor one (σ1R) and sigma receptor two (σ2R) and are expressed in numerous regions of the brain. The sigma receptor was originally proposed as a subtype of opioid receptors and was suggested to contribute to the delusions and psychoses induced by benzomorphans such as SKF-10047 and pentazocine. Later studies confirmed that σRs are non-opioid receptors (not an µ opioid receptor) and play a more diverse role in intracellular signaling, apoptosis and metabolic regulation. σ1Rs are intracellular receptors acting as chaperone proteins that modulate Ca2+ signaling through the IP3 receptor. They dynamically translocate inside cells, hence are transmembrane proteins. The σ1R receptor, at the mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane, is responsible for mitochondrial metabolic regulation and promotes mitochondrial energy depletion and apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that they play a role as a modulator of ion channels (K+ channels; N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors [NMDAR]; inositol 1,3,5 triphosphate receptors) and regulate lipid transport and metabolism, neuritogenesis, cellular differentiation and myelination in the brain. σ1R modulation of Ca2+ release, modulation of cardiac myocyte contractility and may have links to G-proteins. It has been proposed that σ1Rs are intracellular signal transduction amplifiers. This review of the literature examines the mechanism of action of the σRs, their interaction with neurotransmitters, pharmacology, location and adverse effects mediated through them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Rousseaux
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada and
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Hydroxycinnamic acid amide derivatives of polyamines reverse spermine-induced CNS excitation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 133:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
This review focuses on the roles of glia and polyamines (PAs) in brain function and dysfunction, highlighting how PAs are one of the principal differences between glia and neurons. The novel role of PAs, such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine and their precursors and derivatives, is discussed. However, PAs have not yet been a focus of much glial research. They affect many neuronal and glial receptors, channels, and transporters. They are therefore key elements in the development of many diseases and syndromes, thus forming the rationale for PA-focused and glia-focused therapy for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei N Skatchkov
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad, Central del Caribe, PO Box 60-327, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad, Central del Caribe, PO Box 60-327, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA.
| | - Michel A Woodbury-Fariña
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, 307 Calle Eleonor Roosevelt, San Juan, PR 00918-2720, USA
| | - Misty Eaton
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad, Central del Caribe, PO Box 60-327, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA
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Wunderlichová L, Buňková L, Koutný M, Jančová P, Buňka F. Formation, Degradation, and Detoxification of Putrescine by Foodborne Bacteria: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leona Wunderlichová
- Dept. of Environmental Protection Engineering; Faculty of Technology; Tomas Bata Univ. in Zlín; nám. T. G. Masaryka 275 76272 Zlín Czech Republic
| | - Leona Buňková
- Dept. of Environmental Protection Engineering; Faculty of Technology; Tomas Bata Univ. in Zlín; nám. T. G. Masaryka 275 76272 Zlín Czech Republic
| | - Marek Koutný
- Dept. of Environmental Protection Engineering; Faculty of Technology; Tomas Bata Univ. in Zlín; nám. T. G. Masaryka 275 76272 Zlín Czech Republic
| | - Petra Jančová
- Dept. of Environmental Protection Engineering; Faculty of Technology; Tomas Bata Univ. in Zlín; nám. T. G. Masaryka 275 76272 Zlín Czech Republic
| | - František Buňka
- Dept. of Food Technology; Faculty of Technology; Tomas Bata Univ. in Zlín; nám. T. G. Masaryka 275 76272 Zlín Czech Republic
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Jammes F, Leonhardt N, Tran D, Bousserouel H, Véry AA, Renou JP, Vavasseur A, Kwak JM, Sentenac H, Bouteau F, Leung J. Acetylated 1,3-diaminopropane antagonizes abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closing in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:322-33. [PMID: 24891222 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Faced with declining soil-water potential, plants synthesize abscisic acid (ABA), which then triggers stomatal closure to conserve tissue moisture. Closed stomates, however, also create several physiological dilemmas. Among these, the large CO2 influx required for net photosynthesis will be disrupted. Depleting CO2 in the plant will in turn bias stomatal opening by suppressing ABA sensitivity, which then aggravates transpiration further. We have investigated the molecular basis of how C3 plants resolve this H2 O-CO2 conflicting priority created by stomatal closure. Here, we have identified in Arabidopsis thaliana an early drought-induced spermidine spermine-N(1) -acetyltransferase homolog, which can slow ABA-mediated stomatal closure. Evidence from genetic, biochemical and physiological analyses has revealed that this protein does so by acetylating the metabolite 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), thereby turning on the latter's intrinsic activity. Acetylated DAP triggers plasma membrane electrical and ion transport properties in an opposite way to those by ABA. Thus in adapting to low soil-water availability, acetyl-DAP could refrain stomates from complete closure to sustain CO2 diffusion to photosynthetic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Jammes
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse Bâtiment 23, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; Department of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
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Ribeiro DA, Mello CF, Signor C, Rubin MA. Polyaminergic agents modulate the reconsolidation of conditioned fear. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 104:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Weiger TM, Hermann A. Cell proliferation, potassium channels, polyamines and their interactions: a mini review. Amino Acids 2013; 46:681-8. [PMID: 23820618 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines, which are obligatory molecules involved in cell cycling and proliferation, are subject to a change in their free intracellular concentrations during the cell cycle. Potassium (K(+)) channels are also considered, but less well recognized, to be necessary for cell proliferation by either hyperpolarizing or depolarizing cells during the cell cycle. A block of polyamine synthesis as well as block or knockout of K(+) channels can halt cell proliferation. K(+) channels like BK (maxi calcium (Ca(2+))-activated K(+)), Kir (inward rectifier), M-type K(+)-and TASK (two-pore domain K(+)) channels or the delayed rectifier K(+) channels are modulated in their electrical properties by polyamines. Polyamines are most effective in blocking these channels when applied to the intracellular face of these channels except for TASK channels where they act only from the extracellular side. Quinidine, a general K(+) channel blocker, was found to reduce putrescine concentrations, to block the ornithine decarboxylase and halt cell proliferation. From these results, the question arises if there is an interaction between polyamines, K(+) channels and proliferation. It might be speculated that a decrease of intracellular polyamines allows more K(+) channels to be active, thus inducing hyperpolarization, while an increase of the polyamine concentration may block K(+) channel activity leading to depolarization of the membrane potential. On the other hand, a block or a deletion of K(+) channels may cause a decrease of the polyamine concentration in cells. More research is needed to test these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Weiger
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria,
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Gamble LD, Hogarty MD, Liu X, Ziegler DS, Marshall G, Norris MD, Haber M. Polyamine pathway inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach to treating neuroblastoma. Front Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23181218 PMCID: PMC3499881 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are highly regulated essential cations that are elevated in rapidly proliferating tissues, including diverse cancers. Expression analyses in neuroblastomas suggest that up-regulation of polyamine pro-synthetic enzymes and down-regulation of catabolic enzymes is associated with poor prognosis. Polyamine sufficiency may be required for MYCN oncogenicity in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma, and targeting polyamine homeostasis may therefore provide an attractive therapeutic approach. ODC1, an oncogenic MYCN target, is rate-limiting for polyamine synthesis, and is overexpressed in many cancers including neuroblastoma. Inhibition of ODC1 by difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) decreased tumor penetrance in TH-MYCN mice treated pre-emptively, and extended survival and synergized with chemotherapy in treating established tumors in both TH-MYCN and xenograft models. Efforts to augment DFMO activity, or otherwise maximally reduce polyamine levels, are focused on antagonizing polyamine uptake or augmenting polyamine export or catabolism. Since polyamine inhibition appears to be clinically well tolerated, these approaches, particularly when combined with chemotherapy, have great potential for improving neuroblastoma outcome in both MYCN amplified and non-MYCN amplified neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Gamble
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre Sydney, NSW, Australia
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VENTURINO ANDRÉS, BERGOC ROSAMARÍA, DE D'ANGELO ANAMARÍAPECHEN, ROSENBAUM ENRIQUEARTURO. KINETIC MODELS ON ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE MODULATION BY SELF-SUBSTRATE AND POLYAMINES: ESTIMATION OF INTERACTION PARAMETERS AND RATE CONSTANTS FOR FREE AND ACETYLATED STATES OF THE ENZYME. J BIOL SYST 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339002000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines act as dual modulators on electric eel acetylcholinesterase, modifying both the apparent Km and Ki, depending on substrate levels. A kinetic model was developed to explain the results, based on two-step catalysis, a peripheral site for substrate inhibition apart from the catalytic site, and one binding site for polyamine. This model presented the best fittings to data, when compared with a simpler one considering one catalytic step. A fitting equation built up with sixteen independent parameters let us calculate the kinetic constants. In this way, we were able to solve the parameter identifiability problem arising from model uncertainty when only substrate was used in acetylcholinesterase kinetics. Besides, fitting parameters directly provide information about the binding constants of the different complexes, the modulatory strength of substrate and polyamines, and the effect on the standard activation free energy for acetylcholinesterase.Substrate inhibition operates mainly on the first catalytic step with an affinity constant of 5.2 mM-1, which is reduced to one third for the acetylated enzyme. The interaction factor between substrate binding at both sites is about 12. The modulatory strength of polyamines is spermine > spermidine > putrescine. This order is directly related to the number of amino groups in the molecule, and to the calculated free interaction energy. The effect of the number of amino groups on the binding energy is significantly increased in acetylated acetylcholinesterase. It is also inferred that the formation of a quaternary complex enzyme-substrate-substrate-polyamine would not be possible. Some relations between polyamine structure and acetylcholinesterase activity are suggested from estimated constants. Due to the distal amino group distances, it is possible for spermine and spermidine to span along the catalytic gorge of acetylcholinesterase, binding to the catalytic and peripheral sites in a way similar to bisquaternary ammonium inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- ANDRÉS VENTURINO
- Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
- LIBIQUIMA, National University of Comahue, Neuquén, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - ROSA MARÍA BERGOC
- Laboratory of Radioisotopes, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Spermidine decreases Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity through NMDA receptor and protein kinase G activation in the hippocampus of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 684:79-86. [PMID: 22497998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine is an endogenous polyamine with a polycationic structure present in the central nervous system of mammals. Spermidine regulates biological processes, such as Ca(2+) influx by glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor), which has been associated with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cGMP/PKG pathway activation and a decrease of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in rats' cerebral cortex synaptosomes. Na(+),K(+)-ATPase establishes Na(+) and K(+) gradients across membranes of excitable cells and by this means maintains membrane potential and controls intracellular pH and volume. However, it has not been defined whether spermidine modulates Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in the hippocampus. In this study we investigated whether spermidine alters Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in slices of hippocampus from rats, and possible underlying mechanisms. Hippocampal slices and homogenates were incubated with spermidine (0.05-10 μM) for 30 min. Spermidine (0.5 and 1 μM) decreased Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in slices, but not in homogenates. MK-801 (100 and 10 μM), a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptor, arcaine (0.5μM), an antagonist of the polyamine binding site at the NMDA receptor, and L-NAME (100μM), a NOS inhibitor, prevented the inhibitory effect of spermidine (0.5 μM). ODQ (10 μM), a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, and KT5823 (2 μM), a protein kinase G inhibitor, also prevented the inhibitory effect of spermidine on Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity. Spermidine (0.5 and 1.0 μM) increased NO(2) plus NO(3) (NOx) levels in slices, and MK-801 (100 μM) and arcaine (0.5 μM) prevented the effect of spermidine (0.5 μM) on the NOx content. These results suggest that spermidine-induced decrease of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity involves NMDA receptor/NOS/cGMP/PKG pathway.
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Cerrada-Gimenez M, Häkkinen MR, Vepsäläinen J, Auriola S, Alhonen L, Keinänen TA. Polyamine flux analysis by determination of heavy isotope incorporation from 13C, 15N-enriched amino acids into polyamines by LC–MS/MS. Amino Acids 2011; 42:451-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wu J, Shang Z, Wu J, Jiang X, Moschou PN, Sun W, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA, Zhang S. Spermidine oxidase-derived H₂O₂ regulates pollen plasma membrane hyperpolarization-activated Ca(2+) -permeable channels and pollen tube growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:1042-53. [PMID: 20626657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Spermidine (Spd) has been correlated with various physiological and developmental processes in plants, including pollen tube growth. In this work, we show that Spd induces an increase in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration that accompanies pollen tube growth. Using the whole-cell patch clamp and outside-out single-channel patch clamp configurations, we show that exogenous Spd induces a hyperpolarization-activated Ca(2+) current: the addition of Spd cannot induce the channel open probability increase in excised outside-out patches, indicating that the effect of Spd in the induction of Ca(2+) currents is exerted via a second messenger. This messenger is hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and is generated during Spd oxidation, a reaction mediated by polyamine oxidase (PAO). These reactive oxygen species trigger the opening of the hyperpolarization-activated Ca(2+) -permeable channels in pollen. To provide further evidence that PAO is in fact responsible for the effect of Spd on the Ca(2+) -permeable channels, two Arabidopsis mutants lacking expression of the peroxisomal-encoding AtPAO3 gene, were isolated and characterized. Pollen from these mutants was unable to induce the opening of the Ca(2+) -permeable channels in the presence of Spd, resulting in reduced pollen tube growth and seed number. However, a high Spd concentration triggers a Ca(2+) influx beyond the optimal, which has a deleterious effect. These findings strongly suggest that the Spd-derived H₂O₂ signals Ca(2+) influx, thereby regulating pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyou Wu
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Traynelis SF, Wollmuth LP, McBain CJ, Menniti FS, Vance KM, Ogden KK, Hansen KB, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Dingledine R. Glutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and function. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:405-96. [PMID: 20716669 PMCID: PMC2964903 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2579] [Impact Index Per Article: 184.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor family encodes 18 gene products that coassemble to form ligand-gated ion channels containing an agonist recognition site, a transmembrane ion permeation pathway, and gating elements that couple agonist-induced conformational changes to the opening or closing of the permeation pore. Glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and are localized on neuronal and non-neuronal cells. These receptors regulate a broad spectrum of processes in the brain, spinal cord, retina, and peripheral nervous system. Glutamate receptors are postulated to play important roles in numerous neurological diseases and have attracted intense scrutiny. The description of glutamate receptor structure, including its transmembrane elements, reveals a complex assembly of multiple semiautonomous extracellular domains linked to a pore-forming element with striking resemblance to an inverted potassium channel. In this review we discuss International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology glutamate receptor nomenclature, structure, assembly, accessory subunits, interacting proteins, gene expression and translation, post-translational modifications, agonist and antagonist pharmacology, allosteric modulation, mechanisms of gating and permeation, roles in normal physiological function, as well as the potential therapeutic use of pharmacological agents acting at glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322-3090, USA.
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19
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Ditzen C, Varadarajulu J, Czibere L, Gonik M, Targosz BS, Hambsch B, Bettecken T, Kessler MS, Frank E, Bunck M, Teplytska L, Erhardt A, Holsboer F, Müller-Myhsok B, Landgraf R, Turck CW. Proteomic-based genotyping in a mouse model of trait anxiety exposes disease-relevant pathways. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:702-11. [PMID: 19139748 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In our biomarker identification efforts, we have reported earlier on a protein that differs in its electrophoretic mobility between mouse lines bred either for high or low trait anxiety. The altered electrophoretic behavior of enolase phosphatase (EP) is now identified to be caused by two single-nucleotide polymorphisms. In both cases, the genetic polymorphism introduces an amino acid change in the protein's sequence resulting in differential mobility on SDS gels. This was shown by recombinantly expressing the two EP isoforms. Functional studies indicate that the EP isoform from the high anxiety mouse line has a lower enzymatic activity than does its low anxiety mouse counterpart. EP is a member of the methionine salvage pathway that is responsible for the synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine, a natural compound with potential antidepressant activities. In addition, it is linked to the polyamine pathway whose members have functions in anxiety/depression-related behaviors. In a freely-segregating F2 panel, both single-nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with locomotion-independent trait anxiety, further supporting a functional role of EP for this phenotype. The study shows that proteomic analysis can reveal genotypic differences relevant for the phenotype. The identified protein alterations, in turn, can expose metabolic pathways pertinent to the behavioral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ditzen
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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20
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Alcázar R, Altabella T, Marco F, Bortolotti C, Reymond M, Koncz C, Carrasco P, Tiburcio AF. Polyamines: molecules with regulatory functions in plant abiotic stress tolerance. PLANTA 2010; 231:1237-49. [PMID: 20221631 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Early studies on plant polyamine research pointed to their involvement in responses to different environmental stresses. During the last few years, genetic, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches have unravelled key functions of different polyamines in the regulation of abiotic stress tolerance. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which polyamines control plant responses to stress stimuli are largely unknown. Recent studies indicate that polyamine signalling is involved in direct interactions with different metabolic routes and intricate hormonal cross-talks. Here we discuss the integration of polyamines with other metabolic pathways by focusing on molecular mechanisms of their action in abiotic stress tolerance. Recent advances in the cross talk between polyamines and abscisic acid are discussed and integrated with processes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, generation of nitric oxide, modulation of ion channel activities and Ca(2+) homeostasis, amongst others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Alcázar
- Max-Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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21
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Gomes GM, Mello CF, Rosa MMD, Bochi GV, Ferreira J, Barron S, Rubin MA. Polyaminergic agents modulate contextual fear extinction in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 93:589-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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López-Contreras AJ, Ramos-Molina B, Cremades A, Peñafiel R. Antizyme inhibitor 2: molecular, cellular and physiological aspects. Amino Acids 2009; 38:603-11. [PMID: 19956990 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are small organic polycations essential for cell proliferation and survival. Antizymes (AZs) are small proteins regulated by polyamines that inhibit polyamine biosynthesis and uptake in mammalian cells. In addition, antizyme functions are also regulated by antizyme inhibitors, homologue proteins of ornithine decarboxylase lacking enzymatic activity. There are two antizyme inhibitors (AZIN), known as AZIN1 and AZIN2, that bind to AZs and negate their effects on polyamine metabolism. Here, we review different molecular and cellular properties of the novel AZIN2 with particular emphasis on the role that this protein may have in brain and testis physiology. Whereas AZIN1 is ubiquitously found in mammalian tissues, AZIN2 expression appears to be restricted to brain and testis. In transfected cells, AZIN2 is mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment and in the cis-Golgi network. AZIN2 is a labile protein that is degraded by the proteasome by a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism. Regarding its physiological role, spatial and temporal analyses of AZIN2 expression in the mouse testis suggest that this protein may have a role in spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés J López-Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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23
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Lopez-Garcia C, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Cremades A, Castells MT, Peñafiel R. Transcriptomic analysis of polyamine-related genes and polyamine levels in placenta, yolk sac and fetus during the second half of mouse pregnancy. Placenta 2009; 30:241-9. [PMID: 19131104 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, polyamines are essential for the maintenance of cell growth. Although early studies reported the highest values of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, in rodent placenta, the role of this enzyme in the second half of rodent pregnancy is still controversial. In order to get new insights on polyamine metabolism during this period of pregnancy, we studied polyamine levels, ODC expression and activity and transcript profile of different polyamine-related genes in mouse placenta, fetus and yolk sac. Results indicated that ODC activity and protein levels were higher in placenta than in fetus and yolk sac, especially in the labyrinth, although no correlation between ODC activity and polyamine levels were observed. The half-life of placental ODC ( approximately 190 min) was also higher than the fetal one ( approximately 24 min). Messenger RNAs of all biosynthetic and retroconversion enzymes of polyamine metabolism were present in the three gestational compartments analyzed, as well as those of antizymes 1 and 2 and antizyme inhibitor 1. However, no expression of antizyme 3 and antizyme inhibitor 2 was detected. The catabolic enzyme diamine oxidase was expressed only in the maternal part of placenta but not in the fetal part or in the fetus. The expansion of polyamine pools in the fetus was markedly higher than in placenta, in spite of its lower biosynthetic activity. Our results suggest that the elevated polyamine biosynthetic activity of mouse placenta is required to satisfy the high demand of polyamines required by the growing fetus, during the later period of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lopez-Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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24
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López-García C, López-Contreras AJ, Cremades A, Castells MT, Marín F, Schreiber F, Peñafiel R. Molecular and morphological changes in placenta and embryo development associated with the inhibition of polyamine synthesis during midpregnancy in mice. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5012-23. [PMID: 18583422 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines play an essential role in murine development, as demonstrated by both gene ablation in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)-deficient embryos and pharmacological treatments of pregnant mice. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which ODC inhibition affects embryonic development during critical periods of pregnancy are mostly unknown. Our present results demonstrate that the contragestational effect of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a suicide inhibitor of ODC, when given at d 7-9 of pregnancy, is associated with embryo growth arrest and marked alterations in the development of yolk sac and placenta. Blood island formation as well as the transcript levels of embryonary globins alpha-like x chain and beta-like y-chain was markedly decreased in the yolk sac. At the placental level, abnormal chorioallantoic attachment, absence of the spongiotrophoblast layer and a deficient development of the labyrinthine zone were evident. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that transcript levels of the steroidogenic genes steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase VI, and 17alpha-hydroxylase were markedly decreased by DFMO treatment in the developing placenta at d 9 and 10 of pregnancy. Plasma values of progesterone and androstenedione were also decreased by DFMO treatment. Transcriptomic analysis also detected changes in the expression of several genes involved in placentation and the differentiation of trophoblastic lineages. In conclusion, our results indicate that ODC inhibition at d 8 of pregnancy is related to alterations in yolk sac formation and trophoblast differentiation, affecting processes such as vasculogenesis and steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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25
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Kusano T, Berberich T, Tateda C, Takahashi Y. Polyamines: essential factors for growth and survival. PLANTA 2008; 228:367-81. [PMID: 18594857 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are low molecular weight, aliphatic polycations found in the cells of all living organisms. Due to their positive charges, polyamines bind to macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins. They are involved in diverse processes, including regulation of gene expression, translation, cell proliferation, modulation of cell signalling, and membrane stabilization. They also modulate the activities of certain sets of ion channels. Because of these multifaceted functions, the homeostasis of polyamines is crucial and is ensured through regulation of biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. Through isolation of the genes involved in plant polyamine biosynthesis and loss-of-function experiments on the corresponding genes, their essentiality for growth is reconfirmed. Polyamines are also involved in stress responses and diseases in plants, indicating their importance for plant survival. This review summarizes the recent advances in polyamine research in the field of plant science compared with the knowledge obtained in microorganisms and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kusano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Karahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
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26
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López-Contreras AJ, Ramos-Molina B, Cremades A, Peñafiel R. Antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2/ODCp) stimulates polyamine uptake in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20761-9. [PMID: 18508777 PMCID: PMC3258956 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801024200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the processes that regulate intracellular levels of polyamines in mammalian cells is polyamine uptake. We have measured polyamine uptake in COS7 cells for putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, obtaining K(m) values of 4.5, 1.0, and 0.8 mum, respectively. Treatment of nonconfluent cells with cycloheximide stimulated polyamine uptake and prevented the inhibitory effect found in cells preloaded with polyamines, suggesting the existence of a feedback repression mechanism mediated by antizymes. Transient transfected cells with mutated antizyme forms of AZ1, AZ2, and AZ3, which do not require frameshifting, showed a total blockade of polyamine uptake. Transfection of COS7 cells with mouse or human AZIN2, a novel member of the antizyme inhibitor family, recently characterized by our group, markedly stimulated polyamine uptake and counteracted the action of any of the three antizymes in co-transfected cells. The stimulatory effect of AZIN2 on polyamine uptake was abrogated when the putative antizyme binding sequence, formed by residues 117-140 in AZIN2, was deleted. Real time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of antizyme inhibitor transcripts revealed that in brain and testes AZIN2 is more expressed than AZIN1, especially in the testes where the relative expression was about 25-fold higher. Collectively, our results clearly indicate that AZIN2 affects polyamine homeostasis not only by increasing ornithine decarboxylase activity but also by stimulating polyamine uptake, through negating the inhibitory effect of the antizymes. This finding may have physiological relevance, mostly in testes where AZ3 and AZIN2 are mainly expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés J. López-Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology B and Immunology and Department of
Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia,
Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology B and Immunology and Department of
Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia,
Spain
| | - Asunción Cremades
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology B and Immunology and Department of
Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia,
Spain
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology B and Immunology and Department of
Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia,
Spain
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27
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Jain R, Mukherjee K, Balhara YPS. The role of NMDA receptor antagonists in nicotine tolerance, sensitization, and physical dependence: a preclinical review. Yonsei Med J 2008; 49:175-88. [PMID: 18452252 PMCID: PMC2615322 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2008.49.2.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco products, produces diverse neurophysiological, motivational, and behavioral effects through several brain regions and neurochemical pathways. Various neurotransmitter systems have been explored to understand the mechanisms behind nicotine tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal. Recent evidence suggests that glutamate neurotransmission has an important role in this phenomenon. The aim of the present review is to discuss preclinical findings concerning the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor neurotransmission in mediating the behavioral effects of nicotine, tolerance, sensitization, dependence, and withdrawal. Based on preclinical findings, it is hypothesized that NMDA receptors mediate the common adaptive processes that are involved in the development, maintenance, and expression of nicotine addiction. Modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission with NMDA receptor antagonists may prove to be useful in alleviating the symptoms of nicotine abstinence and facilitate tobacco-smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raka Jain
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre and Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, Pin 110029, India.
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28
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de Vera N, Martínez E, Sanfeliu C. Spermine induces cell death in cultured human embryonic cerebral cortical neurons through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:861-72. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Rezaei-Ghaleh N, Ebrahim-Habibi A, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Nemat-Gorgani M. Effect of polyamines on the structure, thermal stability and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol-induced aggregation of alpha-chymotrypsin. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 41:597-604. [PMID: 17850860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Revised: 07/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polyamines are known to interact with a variety of biomolecules and critically involve in some important physiological processes. They have also been shown to influence protein aggregation in vitro in some cases. The aim of the present study was to investigate how polyamines may influence the structure and thermal stability of alpha-chymotrypsin and modulate alcohol-induced aggregation of this protein. Various techniques, including turbidity measurements, tensiometry, DSC, intrinsic fluorescence and far- and near-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy were used to examine the effect of putrescine and spermidine on alpha-chymotrypsin. While slight changes in the secondary and tertiary structure of the protein was observed, a clear stabilizing effect against its thermal unfolding was achieved. Moreover, the polyamines were found to inhibit TFE-induced aggregation at 32% TFE and promote formation of non-native alpha-helices in the protein structure. Based on the observed increase in surface tension induced by polyamines, it is suggested that their effects on enhancing thermal stability and alcohol-induced alpha-helices formation may be due to their kosmotropic properties.
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30
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Kusano T, Yamaguchi K, Berberich T, Takahashi Y. Advances in polyamine research in 2007. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2007; 120:345-50. [PMID: 17351711 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-007-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are small aliphatic amines found in all living organisms except some Archaea. In plants, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are major components which are not only involved in fundamental cellular processes, for example cell proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death, but also in adaptive responses to environmental stress. In this article we review plant polyamine research focusing on recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonobu Kusano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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31
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the
human central nervous system (CNS). The condition predominantly
affects young adults and is characterised by immunological and
inflammatory changes in the periphery and CNS that contribute to
neurovascular disruption, haemopoietic cell invasion of target
tissues, and demyelination of nerve fibres which culminate in
neurological deficits that relapse and remit or are progressive.
The main features of MS can be reproduced in the inducible animal
counterpart, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The
search for new MS treatments invariably employs EAE to determine
drug activity and provide a rationale for exploring clinical
efficacy. The preclinical development of compounds for MS has
generally followed a conventional, immunotherapeutic route.
However, over the past decade, a group of compounds that suppress
EAE but have no apparent immunomodulatory activity have emerged.
These drugs interact with the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and
α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate
family of glutamate receptors reported to control neurovascular
permeability, inflammatory mediator synthesis, and resident glial
cell functions including CNS myelination. The review considers the
importance of the glutamate receptors in EAE and MS pathogenesis.
The use of receptor antagonists to control EAE is also discussed
together with the possibility of therapeutic application in
demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bolton
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology and Experimental Pathology, John Vane Science
Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- *Christopher Bolton:
| | - Carolyn Paul
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus,
Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
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Yamaguchi K, Takahashi Y, Berberich T, Imai A, Takahashi T, Michael AJ, Kusano T. A protective role for the polyamine spermine against drought stress in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 352:486-90. [PMID: 17118338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular polyamine content often changes in response to abiotic stresses. However, its physiological relevance is unknown. We found that an Arabidopsis mutant plant (acl5/spms), which cannot produce spermine, is hypersensitive to high salt. Examination of drought sensitivity of the mutant and comparison with wild type plants indicated hypersensitivity to drought. This phenotype was cured by spermine pretreatment but not by the other polyamines putrescine and spermidine, suggesting that drought-hypersensitivity exhibited by the mutant is due to spermine deficiency. The water loss rate of wild type and mutant plants were similar until 20 min after onset of dehydration stress, but after a longer exposure the rate in mutant plants was higher than in wild type plants. Consistent with this result, the stomata of the mutant leaves remained open while in wild type leaves they closed. Based on the collected data, we discuss a role for spermine in response to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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33
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Zomkowski ADE, Santos ARS, Rodrigues ALS. Putrescine produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swimming test and in the tail suspension test in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:1419-25. [PMID: 16822602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Putrescine, a polyamine present at high concentrations in the mammalian brain, was suggested to play a role in the modulation of depression. Thus, this study investigated the effect of putrescine in the mouse forced swimming test (FST) and in the tail suspension test (TST), two models predictive of antidepressant activity. Putrescine significantly reduced the immobility time both in the FST and in the TST (dose range of 1-10 mg/kg, i.p.), without changing locomotion in an open-field. I.c.v. injection of putrescine (0.1-10 nmol/site) also reduced the immobility time in the FST and in the TST. The pretreatment of mice with arcaine (1 mg/kg, i.p., an antagonist of the polyamine-site of NMDA receptor) completely blocked the anti-immobility effect of putrescine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). A subeffective dose of putrescine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect with agmatine (0.001 mg/kg, i.p.) in the FST. Moreover, a subeffective dose of putrescine (0.01 nmol/site, i.c.v.) produced a synergistic antidepressant-like effect with arcaine (50 microg/site, i.c.v.). The results indicate that putrescine produces antidepressant-like effects in the FST that seems to be mediated through its interaction with the polyamine-site of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D E Zomkowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
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34
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Yamaguchi K, Takahashi Y, Berberich T, Imai A, Miyazaki A, Takahashi T, Michael A, Kusano T. The polyamine spermine protects against high salt stress inArabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:6783-8. [PMID: 17140566 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that changes in abiotic conditions such as the concentration of ions, temperature and humidity lead to modulation of polyamine contents in plants. However, little is known about the relevant parts these polyamines play in abiotic stress responses. Here we addressed a specific role of spermine during high salt stress using an Arabidopsis double knockout-mutant plant (acl5/spms) which cannot produce spermine. The mutant showed higher sensitivity to high salt than wild type plants. This phenotype was cured by exogenous spermine but not by the other polyamines putrescine and spermidine, suggesting a strong link between spermine-deficiency and NaCl-hypersensitivity. The mutant was also hypersensitive to high levels of KCl but not to MgCl(2) or to high osmoticum. NaCl-hypersensitivity of the mutant was compromised by treatment with Ca(2+) channel blockers. Moreover, the mutant showed poor growth on Ca(2+)-depleted Murashige-Skoog agar media. The data suggest that the absence of spermine causes an imbalance in Ca(2+) homeostasis in the mutant plant. Based on the data obtained, we propose a model for a role of spermine in high salt stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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35
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Nilsson T, Bogdanovic N, Volkman I, Winblad B, Folkesson R, Benedikz E. Altered subcellular localization of ornithine decarboxylase in Alzheimer's disease brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:640-6. [PMID: 16630547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein can through ligand-mimicking induce expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. We report here the regional distribution and cellular localization of ODC immunoreactivity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. In frontal cortex and hippocampus of control cases, the most pronounced ODC immunoreactivity was found in the nucleus. In possible and definite AD the immunoreactivity had shifted to the cytoplasm. In cerebellum of control cases, ODC staining was found in a small portion of Purkinje cells, mostly in the nucleus. In AD, both possible and definite, the number of stained Purkinje cells increased significantly and immunoreactivity was shifted to the cytoplasm, even though it was still prominent in the nucleus. In conclusion, our study reveals an early shift of the ODC immunoreactivity in AD from the nuclear compartment towards the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Nilsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Neurotec, Section of Experimental Geriatrics, Novum, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nilsson T, Malkiewicz K, Gabrielsson M, Folkesson R, Winblad B, Benedikz E. Antibody-bound amyloid precursor protein upregulates ornithine decarboxylase expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:1294-9. [PMID: 16469300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by extracellular accumulation of the Abeta peptide, derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The function of APP as a cell surface receptor was examined by ligand-mimicking using an antibody against the APP extracellular domain. Alterations in gene expression evoked by antibody-bound APP were analysed using human pathway-finder gene arrays and the largest change in expression levels was found for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). These results were confirmed by Western blotting which showed even higher upregulation on the protein level. APP knockdown by RNAi verified that upregulation of ODC was APP-mediated. This APP signalling event did not require gamma-secretase cleavage, as it was independent of the presence of presenilin-1 or -2. The induced ODC expression was rapid and biphasic, resembling growth-factor stimulated signalling events. This study shows that antibody-bound APP leads to altered gene expression that may be relevant to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Nilsson
- Karolinska Institutet, Neurotec, Section of Experimental Geriatrics, Novum floor 5, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Andersen TF, Vogensen SB, Jensen LS, Knapp KM, Strømgaard K. Design and synthesis of labeled analogs of PhTX-56, a potent and selective AMPA receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5104-12. [PMID: 15990320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines and polyamine toxins are biologically important molecules, having modulatory effects on nucleotides and proteins. The wasp toxin, philanthotoxin-433 (PhTX-433), is a non-selective and uncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic receptors, such as ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Polyamine toxins are used for the characterization of subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors, the Ca2+-permeable AMPA and kainate receptors. A derivative of the native polyamine toxin, philanthotoxin-56 (PhTX-56), has recently been shown to be an exceptionally potent and selective antagonist of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors. PhTX-56 and its labeled derivatives are promising tools for structure-function studies of the ion channel of the AMPA receptor. We now describe the design and synthesis of 3H-, 13C-, and 15N-labeled derivatives of PhTX-56 for molecular level studies of AMPA receptors. [3H]PhTX-56 was prepared from a diiodo-precursor with high specific radioactivity, providing the first radiolabeled ligand binding to the pore-forming part of AMPA receptors. For advanced biological NMR studies, 13C and 15N-labeled PhTX-56 were synthesized using solid-phase synthesis. These analogs can provide detailed information on the ligand-receptor interaction. In conclusion, synthesis of labeled derivatives of PhTX-56 provides important tools for future studies of the pore-forming region of AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine F Andersen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
In recent years great progress has been made in understanding the function of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors; their pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications. It should be stressed that there are already N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in clinical use, such as memantine, which proves the feasibility of their therapeutic potential. It seems unlikely that competitive NMDA receptor antagonists and high-affinity channel blockers will find therapeutic use due to limiting side-effects, whereas agents acting at the glycineB site, NMDA receptor subtype-selective agents and moderate-affinity channel blockers are far more promising. This is supported by the fact that there are several glycineB antagonists, NMDA moderate-affinity channel blockers and NR2B-selective agents under development. Positive and negative modulators of AMPA receptors such as the AMPAkines and 2,3-benzodiazepines also show more promise than e.g. competitive antagonists. Great progress has also been made in the field of metabotropic glutamate receptors since the discovery of novel, allosteric modulatory sites for these receptors. Selective agents acting at these transmembrane sites have been developed that are more drug-like and have a much better access to the central nervous system than their competitive counterparts. The chapter will critically review preclinical and scarce clinical experience in the development of new ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators according to the following scheme: rational, preclinical findings in animal models and finally clinical experience, where available.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Parsons
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 München, Germany
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Vengeliene V, Bachteler D, Danysz W, Spanagel R. The role of the NMDA receptor in alcohol relapse: a pharmacological mapping study using the alcohol deprivation effect. Neuropharmacology 2005; 48:822-9. [PMID: 15829254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modulators of glutamate receptors especially of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have recently been suggested as putative pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of alcohol relapse. However, at present it is not clear, which binding and modulatory sites of the NMDAR are involved in relapse behavior. We, therefore, performed a pharmacological mapping study in long-term alcohol drinking rats using the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) as a model for relapse behavior. In a comprehensive fashion, we studied dose-response curves, employing the following selective pharmacological agents: the NMDAR competitive antagonist CGP37849, the glycine binding site antagonist L-701.324, the NR2B subunit selective antagonist ifenprodil, which acts at the polyamine binding site, the NMDAR channel blocker neramexane, and ethanol, which acts as a functional antagonist at the NMDAR. Our data show that the animals' alcohol consumption inversely correlates with the dose of ethanol administered intraperitoneally. This indicates that under the present experimental conditions alcohol intake during an ADE is an entirely pharmacologically driven behavior that is not under the control of other factors such as taste or novelty of alcohol re-exposure. The effects of the administration of the aforementioned compounds were comparable to those of ethanol, suggesting a similar pharmacological impact on relapse behavior. Repeated administration of both competitive and uncompetitive NMDAR antagonist dose-dependently suppressed alcohol consumption during ADE. In addition, ifenprodil and L-701.324 dose-dependently reduced the expression of an ADE as well. In summary, the results suggest that an inhibition of NMDAR function in general, rather than a particular interference with a specific binding site of this receptor, is sufficient for the reduction of relapse behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vengeliene
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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Kutuzov MA, Andreeva AV, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA. Regulation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) by polyamine levels via protein phosphatase 5. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:25388-95. [PMID: 15890660 PMCID: PMC1314983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413202200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has implicated the protein phosphatase PP5 in a variety of signaling pathways. Whereas several proteins have been identified that interact with PP5 and regulate its activity, a possibility of its regulation by second messengers remains speculative. Activation of PP5 in vitro by polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. arachidonic acid) and fatty acyl-CoA esters (e.g. arachidonoyl-CoA) has been reported. We report here that PP5 is strongly inhibited by micromolar concentrations of a natural polyamine spermine. This inhibition was observed both in assays with a low molecular weight substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate as well as phosphocasein and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), thought to be a physiological substrate of PP5. Furthermore, a decrease in polyamine levels in COS-7 cells induced by alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, led to accelerated dephosphorylation of oxidative stress-activated ASK1. This effect was suppressed by okadaic acid and by siRNA-mediated PP5 depletion, indicating that the effect of polyamine levels on ASK1 dephosphorylation was mediated by PP5. In line with the decreased ASK1 activation, polyamine depletion in COS-7 cells abrogated oxidative stress-induced activation of caspase-3, which executes ASK1-induced apoptosis, as well as caspase-3 activation induced by ASK1 overexpression, but had no effect on basal caspase-3 activity. These results implicate polyamines, emerging intracellular signaling molecules, as potential physiological regulators of PP5. Our findings also suggest a novel mechanism of the anti-apoptotic action of a decrease in polyamine levels via de-inhibition of PP5 and accelerated dephosphorylation and deactivation of ASK1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatyana A. Voyno-Yasenetskaya
- Address correspondence to: Tatyana Voyno-Yasenetskaya, University of Illinois, Department of Pharmacology (MC 868), 835 S. Wolcott Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, Phone: (312) 996-9823; Fax: (312) 996-1225; E-mail:
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Tsai VWW, Dodd PR, Lewis RJ. The effects of alanine-substituted conantokin-G and ifenprodil on the human spermine-activated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Neuroscience 2005; 130:457-64. [PMID: 15664702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of Ala-7-conantokin-G (Con-G(A7)) and ifenprodil on the modulation by spermine of [(3)H]MK801 binding to human cortical membranes. Human cortical tissue was obtained at autopsy and stored at -80 degrees C until assay. Both Con-G(A7) and ifenprodil inhibited [(3)H]MK801 binding, but spermine affected these inhibitions differently. Con-G(A7) IC(50) changed little with spermine concentration, indicative of a non-competitive interaction, whereas the rightward shift in ifenprodil IC(50) with increasing spermine concentration suggested partial competition. When the two agents were tested against the biphasic activation of [(3)H]MK801 binding by spermine, they again differed in their effects. In the activation phase Con-G(A7) was a non-competitive inhibitor of spermine activation, and may even enhance the spermine EC(50), while the ifenprodil data indicated a partially competitive interaction. Both agents were non-competitive in the inhibitory phase. Overall, the data suggest that Con-G(A7) and ifenprodil interact differently with the polyamine modulation of the glutamate-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W-W Tsai
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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42
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Rodrigues SM, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Emotional Learning and Memory in the Lateral Amygdala. Neuron 2004; 44:75-91. [PMID: 15450161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fear conditioning is a valuable behavioral paradigm for studying the neural basis of emotional learning and memory. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is a crucial site of neural changes that occur during fear conditioning. Pharmacological manipulations of the LA, strategically timed with respect to training and testing, have shed light on the molecular events that mediate the acquisition of fear associations and the formation and maintenance of long-term memories of those associations. Similar mechanisms have been found to underlie long-term potentiation (LTP) in LA, an artificial means of inducing synaptic plasticity and a physiological model of learning and memory. Thus, LTP-like changes in synaptic plasticity may underlie fear conditioning. Given that the neural circuit underlying fear conditioning has been implicated in emotional disorders in humans, the molecular mechanisms of fear conditioning are potential targets for psychotherapeutic drug development.
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Koç F, Eilbracht P. Syntheses of new polyamine dendrimer units via a tandem hydroformylation/reductive amination sequences. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Notari S, Lucchi R, Traversa U, Fabbri E, Poli A. Reversible changes in goldfish brain polyamine concentrations and synthetic enzymes after cold exposure. Brain Res 2004; 1006:241-7. [PMID: 15051528 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of goldfish to the cold (5 degrees C) caused a sharp increase in brain putrescine level during the first week. Such increase continued at a minor rate for the whole period of exposure (2 months). In contrast, the content of spermidine and spermine remained unchanged. Putrescine increase was concomitant with a remarkable rise in ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), which reached a maximum stimulation after 1 week of cold exposure, and declined thereafter, remaining significantly higher than the control for the entire period of study. Cold exposure caused also a reduction of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) activity and an increase of ornithine level, whereas methionine content was unchanged. When fish exposed to cold temperature were returned to 20 degrees C, the modifications observed on brain polyamine metabolism were completely reversed. Supported by previous observations, our results suggest that the changes in the polyamine metabolism induced in goldfish brain by cold exposure could represent an homeostatic mechanism carried out by the goldfish to minimize the possible effects of thermal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Notari
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Bellé NAV, Dalmolin GD, Fonini G, Rubin MA, Rocha JBT. Polyamines reduces lipid peroxidation induced by different pro-oxidant agents. Brain Res 2004; 1008:245-51. [PMID: 15145762 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines, among other functions, are considered to act as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant. The quinolinic acid (QA), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and iron (Fe+2) stimulate production of free radicals and lipid peroxidation. In the present study, we investigated the free radical and/or aldehyde scavenger effects of polyamines spermine and spermidine on thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) production induced by QA, SNP, Fe+2/EDTA system and free Fe2+ in rat brain. Spermine and spermidine inhibited QA-induced TBARS production; however spermine was a better antioxidant than spermidine. Spermine also inhibited SNP-, Fe+2/EDTA- and free Fe2+-induced TBARS production, but had a modest effect. Spermidine, in turn, also discretely inhibited SNP-, Fe+2/EDTA- and free Fe2+-induced TBARS production. In the presence of MK-801, QA-induced TBARS production was considerably more inhibited by polyamines. In addition, arcaine does not affect the reducer effect of polyamines. The present findings suggest that the observed effects of polyamines are not related to the activation of NMDA receptor but with their antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Aléssio Velloso Bellé
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus UFSM, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Wallace HM, Fraser AV, Hughes A. A perspective of polyamine metabolism. Biochem J 2003; 376:1-14. [PMID: 13678416 PMCID: PMC1223767 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2003] [Revised: 09/16/2003] [Accepted: 09/18/2003] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are essential for the growth and function of normal cells. They interact with various macromolecules, both electrostatically and covalently and, as a consequence, have a variety of cellular effects. The complexity of polyamine metabolism and the multitude of compensatory mechanisms that are invoked to maintain polyamine homoeostasis argue that these amines are critical to cell survival. The regulation of polyamine content within cells occurs at several levels, including transcription and translation. In addition, novel features such as the +1 frameshift required for antizyme production and the rapid turnover of several of the enzymes involved in the pathway make the regulation of polyamine metabolism a fascinating subject. The link between polyamine content and human disease is unequivocal, and significant success has been obtained in the treatment of a number of parasitic infections. Targeting the polyamine pathway as a means of treating cancer has met with limited success, although the development of drugs such as DFMO (alpha-difluoromethylornithine), a rationally designed anticancer agent, has revolutionized our understanding of polyamine function in cell growth and provided 'proof of concept' that influencing polyamine metabolism and content within tumour cells will prevent tumour growth. The more recent development of the polyamine analogues has been pivotal in advancing our understanding of the necessity to deplete all three polyamines to induce apoptosis in tumour cells. The current thinking is that the polyamine inhibitors/analogues may also be useful agents in the chemoprevention of cancer and, in this area, we may yet see a revival of DFMO. The future will be in adopting a functional genomics approach to identifying polyamine-regulated genes linked to either carcinogenesis or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Wallace
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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Pringle AK, Morrison B, Bradley M, Iannotti F, Sundstrom LE. Characterisation of a novel class of polyamine-based neuroprotective compounds. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2003; 368:216-24. [PMID: 12904829 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-003-0778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Accepted: 06/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged cerebral ischaemia initiates complex intra- and inter-cellular signalling cascades ultimately resulting in neuronal death. Well-characterised mediators of ischaemic cell death are glutamate, free radicals and nitric oxide. Many drugs that block these mechanisms are neuroprotective in vitro, but have unfavourable side-effect profiles in man. We have recently demonstrated that the compound L-arginyl-3,4-spermidine (L-Arg3,4) is neuroprotective in vitro through an interaction with several of these mechanisms, and prevents ischaemic neurodegeneration in vivo with no gross side effects. In this study, we have used solid-phase combinatorial chemistry, to synthesise a number of analogues of L-Arg3,4, and investigate the structure-activity relationship using an in vitro, organotypic hippocampal slice culture model of cerebral ischaemia. A number of molecular features were identified which were essential for the neuroprotective activity including the requirement for a positive charge and an amino acid in the L-configuration. Relatively minor alterations to both the terminal arginine and polyamine moieties significantly attenuated neuroprotective efficacy. Our data implies that these compounds are neuroprotective through a currently undefined mechanism rather than non-specific ionic interactions described previously for other polyamine-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Pringle
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East, SO16 7PX, Southampton, UK.
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Lasater EM, Solessio E. Regulation of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels in bipolar cells by divalent cations and polyamines. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 514:275-89. [PMID: 12596927 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0121-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ plays a key role in intracellular signal transduction in neurons but in excess it can lead to cell death. Thus its entry into cells is highly regulated by both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms. Little is known of the regulation of Ca2+ entry into retinal neurons. Here we describe the role of divalent cations and polyamines as intrinsic modulators of Ca2+ entry into retinal bipolar cells. Cone-dominant (small) bipolar cells of the white bass retina were studied using whole cell patch clamp techniques. With biophysical and pharmacological tools it was determined that these cells expressed a Ca2+ current similar to an L-type current. This current was very susceptible to blockage by divalent cations including Ca2+. In addition, when tested with the polyamines, spermine, spermidine and putrescine, only spermine effectively inhibited the current. When the dose response curve was fit with the Hill function we found an EC50 of 28 microM and a Hill-coefficient of about 2. Our results indicate that divalent cations and the polyamine, spermine, are effective modulators of calcium entry into cone-dominated bipolar cells. The in vivo regulation of the concentrations of these molecules provides an exquisitely sensitive mechanism for regulating Ca2+ entry into bipolar cells under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Lasater
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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Nishiga M, Kamei C. Ameliorative effects of histamine on 7-chlorokynurenic acid-induced spatial memory deficits in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 166:360-5. [PMID: 12601505 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-003-1402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2002] [Accepted: 01/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Histamine plays an important role in modulating acquisition and retention in learning and memory process in experimental animals. OBJECTIVES We examined the effects of polyamine and histamine on the N-methyl- d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor glycine site antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid-induced spatial memory deficits in radial maze performance in rats. METHOD Effects of histamine (0.5 or 1 nmol/site intracerebroventricularly), spermidine (1 nmol/site, intracerebroventricularly) and spermine (1 nmol/site, intracerebroventricularly) on spatial memory deficit in 9-week-old-male Wistar rats were observed. Both reference and working memory errors occurred in radial maze performance in rats, following intracerebroventricular injection of 7-chlorokynurenic acid (10 nmol/site). RESULTS Spermidine (1 nmol/site, intracerebroventricularly) or spermine (1 nmol/site, intracerebroventricularly) antagonized 7-chlorokynurenic acid-induced deficits on working memory but not on reference memory errors. Intracerebroventricular histamine (0.5 or 1 nmol/site) or thioperamide (100 nmol/site) also ameliorated 7-chlorokynurenic acid-induced working memory deficits. To determine whether the effects of histamine involve histamine receptors, the effects of some methylhistamines were examined. The effects of R-alpha-methylhistamine on radial maze performance were mimicked by histamine. N(alpha)-methylhistamine had no effect on 7-chlorokynurenic acid-induced memory deficits, whereas 1-methylhistamine, but not 3-methylhistamine reversed 7-chlorokynurenic acid-induced working memory deficits. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the amelioration of 7-chlorokynurenic acid-induced working memory deficits by histamine may involve a direct action of histamine at the polyamine sites on NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Nishiga
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Samartzidou H, Mehrazin M, Xu Z, Benedik MJ, Delcour AH. Cadaverine inhibition of porin plays a role in cell survival at acidic pH. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:13-9. [PMID: 12486035 PMCID: PMC141942 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.1.13-19.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When grown at acidic pH, Escherichia coli cells secrete cadaverine, a polyamine known to inhibit porin-mediated outer membrane permeability. In order to understand the physiological significance of cadaverine excretion and the inhibition of porins, we isolated an OmpC mutant that showed resistance to spermine during growth and polyamine-resistant porin-mediated fluxes. Here, we show that the addition of exogenous cadaverine allows wild-type cells to survive a 30-min exposure to pH 3.6 better than cells expressing the cadaverine-insensitive OmpC porin. Competition experiments between strains expressing either wild-type or mutant OmpC showed that the lack of sensitivity of the porin to cadaverine confers a survival disadvantage to the mutant cells at reduced pH. On the basis of these results, we propose that the inhibition of porins by excreted cadaverine represents a novel mechanism that provides bacterial cells with the ability to survive acid stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrissi Samartzidou
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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