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Lenárt M, Bober P, Marcin M, Tkáčiková S, Kacírová M, Alexovič M, Tóth D, Madárová N, Radoňak J, Urdzík P, Fedačko J, Sabo J. Peripheral Blood CD8 + T-Lymphocyte Immune Response in Benign and Subpopulations of Breast Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6423. [PMID: 38928129 PMCID: PMC11204132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes play a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity and tumor-related immune responses in breast cancer. In this study, label-free quantification analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of benign patients and patients with different breast cancer (BC) subtypes, i.e., luminal A, luminal B, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), were performed using nano-UHPLC and Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Differential protein expression in CD8+ T lymphocytes revealed significant downregulation (log2 FC ≥ 0.38 or ≤-0.38, adj. p < 0.05), particularly in proteins involved in cytotoxicity, cytolysis, and proteolysis, such as granzymes (GZMs) and perforin 1 (PRF1). This downregulation was observed in the benign group (GZMH, GZMM, and PRF1) and luminal B (GZMA, GZMH) subtypes, whereas granzyme K (GZMK) was upregulated in TNBC in comparison to healthy controls. The RNA degradation pathway was significantly downregulated (p < 0.05, normalized enrichment score (NES) from -1.47 to -1.80) across all BC subtypes, suggesting a potential mechanism for regulating gene expression during T cell activation. Also, the Sm-like proteins (LSM2, LSM3, and LSM5) were significantly downregulated in the RNA degradation pathway. Proteomic analysis of CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood across different breast cancer subtypes provides a comprehensive view of the molecular mechanisms of the systemic immune response that can significantly contribute to advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Lenárt
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik and UNLP in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (M.L.); (N.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Peter Bober
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (M.M.); (S.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Miroslav Marcin
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (M.M.); (S.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Soňa Tkáčiková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (M.M.); (S.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Mária Kacírová
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (J.F.)
| | - Michal Alexovič
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (M.M.); (S.T.); (M.A.)
| | - Dávid Tóth
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik and UNLP in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (D.T.); (P.U.)
| | - Natália Madárová
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik and UNLP in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (M.L.); (N.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Jozef Radoňak
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik and UNLP in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (M.L.); (N.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Peter Urdzík
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik and UNLP in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (D.T.); (P.U.)
| | - Ján Fedačko
- Center of Clinical and Preclinical Research MEDIPARK, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (J.F.)
| | - Ján Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (M.M.); (S.T.); (M.A.)
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Lao Y, Quach A, Perveen K, Hii C, Ferrante A. Effects of blood sample storage time, temperature, anti-coagulants and blood stabiliser on lymphocyte phenotyping. Pathology 2024; 56:571-576. [PMID: 38403560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Medical diagnostic laboratories have come under further scrutiny to ensure quality standards of their service and external quality assurance (EQA) programs involving multiple laboratories have been used to gauge this quality based on a consensus. However, because of the geographical distances within a country or internationally, cell surface marker expressions may change due to time delays and transport temperatures. Attention was given to this issue some decades ago and hence requires a re-evaluation in consideration of updated methods, reagents and instruments for flow cytometry and phenotyping. We have undertaken an extensive study to examine the effects of various conditions on blood storage akin to that experienced by patient samples as well as EQA programs, examining expression of lymphocyte surface markers, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD2, CD19, CD20, CD16/56 and HLA-DR. Assessment of lithium-heparin anticoagulated whole blood showed an increase in percentage of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells and a decrease in CD16/56+ NK cells after storage at room temperature (RT) for 24 and/or 48 h. In comparison, storage at 4°C led to a decrease in percentage of CD4+ and increase in percentage of CD8+ cells. The low temperature also caused an increase in percentage of B cells (CD19+, CD20+). While storage at RT did not alter levels of HLA-DR+ CD3+ T cells, there was a significant increase in percentage of these cells after 48 h. Changes were also seen at both temperatures when EDTA was used as an anti-coagulant. Assessment of blood treated with a stabiliser, normally used in the EQA samples (Streck Cell Preservative), reduced the range of lymphocyte subsets affected, with only CD2+ and CD20+ cells being significantly different at both temperatures, We conclude that 24-48 h storage/transport can affect the percentage of CD3+, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells and HLADR+ T cells which can be minimised by using the blood stabiliser as per EQA programs and we emphasise the need to adopt this in the processing of patients' blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Lao
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, School of Biomedicine and the Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alex Quach
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, School of Biomedicine and the Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Khalida Perveen
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, School of Biomedicine and the Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Charles Hii
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, School of Biomedicine and the Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, School of Biomedicine and the Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Fletcher LE, Martin LB, Downs CJ. Leukocyte Concentrations Are Isometric in Reptiles Unlike in Endotherms. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:405-417. [PMID: 38237194 DOI: 10.1086/727050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
AbstractHow do large and small reptiles defend against infections, given the consequences of body mass for physiology and disease transmission? Functionally equivalent mammalian and avian granulocytes increased disproportionately with body mass (i.e., scaled hypermetrically), such that large organisms had higher concentrations than expected by a prediction of proportional protection across sizes. However, as these scaling relationships were derived from endothermic animals, they do not necessarily inform the scaling of leukocyte concentration for ectothermic reptiles that have a different physiology and evolutionary history. Here, we asked whether and how lymphocyte and heterophil concentrations relate to body mass among more than 120 reptile species. We compared these relationships to those found in birds and mammals and to existing scaling frameworks (i.e., protecton, complexity, rate of metabolism, or safety factor hypotheses). Both lymphocyte and heterophil concentrations scaled almost isometrically among reptiles. In contrast, functionally equivalent granulocytes scaled hypermetrically and lymphocytes scaled isometrically in birds and mammals. Life history traits were also poor predictors of variation in reptilian heterophil and lymphocyte concentrations. Our results provide insight into differences in immune protection in birds and mammals relative to that in reptiles through a comparative lens. The shape of scaling relationships differs, which should be considered when modeling disease dynamics among these groups.
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Vigeland MD, Flåm ST, Vigeland MD, Espeland A, Zucknick M, Wigemyr M, Bråten LCH, Gjefsen E, Zwart JA, Storheim K, Pedersen LM, Selmer K, Lie BA, Gervin K, The Aim Study Group. Long-Term Use of Amoxicillin Is Associated with Changes in Gene Expression and DNA Methylation in Patients with Low Back Pain and Modic Changes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1217. [PMID: 37508313 PMCID: PMC10376514 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term antibiotics are prescribed for a variety of medical conditions, recently including low back pain with Modic changes. The molecular impact of such treatment is unknown. We conducted longitudinal transcriptome and epigenome analyses in patients (n = 100) receiving amoxicillin treatment or placebo for 100 days in the Antibiotics in Modic Changes (AIM) study. Gene expression and DNA methylation were investigated at a genome-wide level at screening, after 100 days of treatment, and at one-year follow-up. We identified intra-individual longitudinal changes in gene expression and DNA methylation in patients receiving amoxicillin, while few changes were observed in patients receiving placebo. After 100 days of amoxicillin treatment, 28 genes were significantly differentially expressed, including the downregulation of 19 immunoglobulin genes. At one-year follow-up, the expression levels were still not completely restored. The significant changes in DNA methylation (n = 4548 CpGs) were mainly increased methylation levels between 100 days and one-year follow-up. Hence, the effects on gene expression occurred predominantly during treatment, while the effects on DNA methylation occurred after treatment. In conclusion, unrecognized side effects of long-term amoxicillin treatment were revealed, as alterations were observed in both gene expression and DNA methylation that lasted long after the end of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dehli Vigeland
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri Tennebø Flåm
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Dehli Vigeland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ansgar Espeland
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Wigemyr
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Christian Haugli Bråten
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Gjefsen
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - John-Anker Zwart
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti Storheim
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Linda Margareth Pedersen
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaja Selmer
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
- National Center for Epilepsy, Oslo University Hospital, 1337 Sandvika, Norway
| | - Benedicte Alexandra Lie
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina Gervin
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - The Aim Study Group
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
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Capitanio JP, Del Rosso LA, Spinner A. Variation in infant rhesus monkeys' (Macaca mulatta) neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with environmental conditions, emotionality, and cortisol concentrations, and predicts disease-related outcomes. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:105-116. [PMID: 36681357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a predictor of morbidity for a variety of medical conditions, but little is known about how variation in NLR arises. We examined variation in this measure in a sample of 4577 infant rhesus monkeys (54.8 % female), who participated in the BioBehavioral Assessment program at the California National Primate Research Center at 3-4 months of age. Lower values for NLR were seen for animals reared indoors, for animals that were raised to be free of specific pathogens, and for males. In addition lower NLR was associated with higher stress values of cortisol and with greater emotionality in response to an acute stressor. Finally, lower NLR in infancy was associated with greater risk for developing airways hyperresponsiveness (a hallmark of asthma); with display of diarrhea up to 3.97 years later; and with greater viral load when infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus at a mean of 6.1 years of age. Infant NLR was a better predictor of viral load than was a contemporaneously obtained measure of NLR. Infant and adult values of NLR were only modestly correlated; one reason may be that the infant measure was obtained during stressful conditions and the adult measure was obtained under baseline conditions. We propose that NLR is an integrated outcome measure reflecting organization and interaction of stress-response and immune systems. As such, assessment of NLR under conditions of stress may be a particularly useful marker of individual differences in morbidity, especially for conditions in which stress plays an important role, as in asthma, diarrhea/colitis, and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Laura A Del Rosso
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Abigail Spinner
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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deKay JT, May TL, Riker RR, Rud J, Gagnon DJ, Sawyer DB, Seder DB, Ryzhov S. The number of circulating CD26 expressing cells is decreased in critical COVID-19 illness. Cytometry A 2023; 103:153-161. [PMID: 35246910 PMCID: PMC9087143 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the number of CD26 expressing cells in peripheral blood of patients with COVID-19 within 72 h of admission and on day 4 and day 7 after enrollment. The majority of CD26 expressing cells were presented by CD3+ CD4+ lymphocytes. A low number of CD26 expressing cells were found to be associated with critical-severity COVID-19 disease. Conversely, increasing numbers of CD26 expressing T cells over the first week of standard treatment was associated with good outcomes. Clinically, the number of circulating CD26 cells might be a marker of recovery or the therapeutic efficacy of anti-COVID-19 treatment. New therapies aimed at preserving and increasing the level of CD26 expressing T cells may prove useful in the treatment of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne T. deKay
- Center for Molecular MedicineMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughMaineUSA
| | - Teresa L. May
- Center for Molecular MedicineMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughMaineUSA
- Department of Critical Care ServicesMaine Medical CenterPortlandMaineUSA
| | - Richard R. Riker
- Department of Critical Care ServicesMaine Medical CenterPortlandMaineUSA
| | - Jonathan Rud
- Department of Critical Care ServicesMaine Medical CenterPortlandMaineUSA
| | - David J. Gagnon
- Center for Molecular MedicineMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughMaineUSA
- Department of PharmacyMaine Medical CenterPortlandMaineUSA
- Tufts University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Douglas B. Sawyer
- Center for Molecular MedicineMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughMaineUSA
- Department of Critical Care ServicesMaine Medical CenterPortlandMaineUSA
| | - David B. Seder
- Center for Molecular MedicineMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughMaineUSA
- Department of Critical Care ServicesMaine Medical CenterPortlandMaineUSA
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- Center for Molecular MedicineMaine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughMaineUSA
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Laumaea AE, Lewin A, Chatterjee D, Marchitto L, Ding S, Gendron‐Lepage G, Goyette G, Allard M, Simard C, Tremblay T, Perreault J, Duerr R, Finzi A, Bazin R. COVID-19 vaccine humoral response in frequent platelet donors with plateletpheresis-associated lymphopenia. Transfusion 2022; 62:1779-1790. [PMID: 35919021 PMCID: PMC9539235 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plateletpheresis involves platelet separation and collection from whole blood while other blood cells are returned to the donor. Because platelets are replaced faster than red blood cells, as many as 24 donations can be done annually. However, some frequent apheresis platelet donors (>20 donations annually) display severe plateletpheresis-associated lymphopenia; in particular, CD4+ T but not B cell numbers are decreased. COVID-19 vaccination thereby provides a model to assess whether lymphopenic platelet donors present compromised humoral immune responses. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We assessed vaccine responses following 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccination in a cohort of 43 plateletpheresis donors with a range of pre-vaccination CD4+ T cell counts (76-1537 cells/μl). In addition to baseline T cell measurements, antibody binding assays to full-length Spike and the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) were performed pre- and post-vaccination. Furthermore, pseudo-particle neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays were conducted to measure antibody functionality. RESULTS Participants were stratified into two groups: <400 CD4/μl (n = 27) and ≥ 400 CD4/μl (n = 16). Following the first dose, 79% seroconverted within the <400 CD4/μl group compared to 87% in the ≥400 CD4/μl group; all donors were seropositive post-second dose with significant increases in antibody levels. Importantly differences in CD4+ T cell levels minimally impacted neutralization, Spike recognition, and IgG Fc-mediated effector functions. DISCUSSION Overall, our results indicate that lymphopenic plateletpheresis donors do not exhibit significant immune dysfunction; they have retained the T and B cell functionality necessary for potent antibody responses after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Eare Laumaea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUMMontréalCanada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et ImmunologieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
- Héma‐QuébecAffaires Médicales et InnovationQuébecCanada
| | - Antoine Lewin
- Héma‐QuébecAffaires Médicales et InnovationMontréalQuébecCanada
| | | | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du CHUMMontréalCanada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et ImmunologieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | | | | | | | | | - Carl Simard
- Héma‐QuébecAffaires Médicales et InnovationQuébecCanada
| | - Tony Tremblay
- Héma‐QuébecAffaires Médicales et InnovationQuébecCanada
| | | | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUMMontréalCanada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et ImmunologieUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Héma‐QuébecAffaires Médicales et InnovationQuébecCanada
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Lymphocyte Counts and Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics: Between Mechanisms of Action and Treatment-Limiting Side Effects. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113177. [PMID: 34831400 PMCID: PMC8625745 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the detailed pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not completely understood, a broad range of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available. A common side effect of nearly every MS therapeutic agent is lymphopenia, which can be both beneficial and, in some cases, treatment-limiting. A sound knowledge of the underlying mechanism of action of the selected agent is required in order to understand treatment-associated changes in white blood cell counts, as well as monitoring consequences. This review is a comprehensive summary of the currently available DMTs with regard to their effects on lymphocyte count. In the first part, we describe important general information about the role of lymphocytes in the course of MS and the essentials of lymphopenic states. In the second part, we introduce the different DMTs according to their underlying mechanism of action, summarizing recommendations for lymphocyte monitoring and definitions of lymphocyte thresholds for different therapeutic regimens.
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Kielsen K, Oostenbrink LVE, von Asmuth EGJ, Jansen-Hoogendijk AM, van Ostaijen-Ten Dam MM, Ifversen M, Heilmann C, Schilham MW, van Halteren AGS, Bredius RGM, Lankester AC, Jol-van der Zijde CM, van Tol MJD, Müller K. IL-7 and IL-15 Levels Reflect the Degree of T Cell Depletion during Lymphopenia and Are Associated with an Expansion of Effector Memory T Cells after Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2828-2838. [PMID: 34108260 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentially and functionally distinct T cell subsets are involved in the development of complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), but little is known about factors regulating their recovery after HSCT. In this study, we investigated associations between immune-regulating cytokines, T cell differentiation, and clinical outcomes. We included 80 children undergoing allogeneic HSCT for acute leukemia using bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells grafted from a matched sibling or unrelated donor. Cytokines (IL-7, IL-15, IL-18, SCF, IL-6, IL-2, and TNF-α) and active anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) levels were longitudinally measured along with extended T cell phenotyping. The cytokine profiles showed a temporary rise in IL-7 and IL-15 during lymphopenia, which was strongly dependent on exposure to active ATG. High levels of IL-7 and IL-15 from graft infusion to day +30 were predictive of slower T cell recovery during the first 2 mo post-HSCT; however, because of a major expansion of memory T cell stages, only naive T cells remained decreased after 3 mo (p < 0.05). No differential effect was seen on polarization of CD4+ T cells into Th1, Th2, or Th17 cells or regulatory T cells. Low levels of IL-7 and IL-15 at day +14 were associated with acute graft-versus-host disease grades II-IV in ATG-treated patients (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.0002, respectively). Children with IL-7 levels comparable to healthy controls at day +14 post-HSCT were less likely to develop EBV reactivation posttransplant. These findings suggest that quantification of IL-7 and IL-15 may be useful as biomarkers in assessing the overall T cell depletion and suggest a potential for predicting complications after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Kielsen
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; .,Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Lisa V E Oostenbrink
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik G J von Asmuth
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anja M Jansen-Hoogendijk
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M van Ostaijen-Ten Dam
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Ifversen
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Heilmann
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco W Schilham
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid G S van Halteren
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robbert G M Bredius
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan C Lankester
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M Jol-van der Zijde
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J D van Tol
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus Müller
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Primary Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Inflammation Research, Department of Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
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10
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Lanfermeijer J, de Greef PC, Hendriks M, Vos M, van Beek J, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D. Age and CMV-Infection Jointly Affect the EBV-Specific CD8 + T-Cell Repertoire. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:665637. [PMID: 35822032 PMCID: PMC9261403 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.665637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play an important role in protection against viral infections. With age, changes in the T-cell pool occur, leading to diminished responses against both new and recurring infections in older adults. This is thought to be due to a decrease in both T-cell numbers and T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity. Latent infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) is assumed to contribute to this age-associated decline of the immune system. The observation that the level of TCR diversity in the total memory T-cell pool stays relatively stable during aging is remarkable in light of the constant input of new antigen-specific memory T cells. What happens with the diversity of the individual antigen-specific T-cell repertoires in the memory pool remains largely unknown. Here we studied the effect of aging on the phenotype and repertoire diversity of CMV-specific and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as the separate effects of aging and CMV-infection on the EBV-specific T-cell repertoire. Antigen-specific T cells against both persistent viruses showed an age-related increase in the expression of markers associated with a more differentiated phenotype, including KLRG-1, an increase in the fraction of terminally differentiated T cells, and a decrease in the diversity of the T-cell repertoire. Not only age, but also CMV infection was associated with a decreased diversity of the EBV-specific T-cell repertoire. This suggests that both CMV infection and age can impact the T-cell repertoire against other antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Peter C. de Greef
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marion Hendriks
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Muñoz-Ruiz M, Pujol-Autonell I, Rhys H, Long HM, Greco M, Peakman M, Tree T, Hayday AC, Di Rosa F. Tracking immunodynamics by identification of S-G 2/M-phase T cells in human peripheral blood. J Autoimmun 2020; 112:102466. [PMID: 32414606 PMCID: PMC7527781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ready availability of human blood makes it the first choice for immuno-monitoring. However, this has been largely confined to static metrics, particularly resting T cell phenotypes. Conversely, dynamic assessments have mostly relied on cell stimulation in vitro which is subject to multiple variables. Here, immunodynamic insights from the peripheral blood are shown to be obtainable by applying a revised approach to cell-cycle analysis. Specifically, refined flow cytometric protocols were employed, assuring the reliable quantification of T cells in the S-G2/M phases of the cell-cycle (collectively termed "T Double S" for T cells in S-phase in Sanguine: in short "TDS" cells). Without protocol refinement, TDS could be either missed, as most of them layed out of the conventional lymphocyte gates, or confused with cell doublets artefactually displaying high DNA-content. To illustrate the nature of TDS cells, and their relationship to different immunodynamic scenarios, we examined them in healthy donors (HD); infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients versus asymptomatic EBV+ carriers; and recently-diagnosed T1D patients. TDS were reproducibly more abundant among CD8+ T cells and a defined subset of T-regulatory CD4+ T cells, and were substantially increased in IM and a subset of T1D patients. Of note, islet antigen-reactive TDS cell frequencies were associated with an aggressive T cell effector phenotype, suggesting that peripheral blood can reflect immune events within tissues in T1D, and possibly in other organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Our results suggest that tracking TDS cells may provide a widely applicable means of gaining insight into ongoing immune response dynamics in a variety of settings, including tissue immunopathologies where the peripheral blood has often not been considered insightful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Heather M Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maria Greco
- Genomics Equipment Park, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Mark Peakman
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Tree
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy.
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12
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The Detection of 8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydro-2′-Deoxyguanosine in Circulating Cell-Free DNA: A Step Towards Longitudinal Monitoring of Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1241:125-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41283-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Downs CJ, Dochtermann NA, Ball R, Klasing KC, Martin LB. The Effects of Body Mass on Immune Cell Concentrations of Mammals. Am Nat 2020; 195:107-114. [DOI: 10.1086/706235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Showa SP, Nyabadza F, Hove-Musekwa SD. On the efficiency of HIV transmission: Insights through discrete time HIV models. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222574. [PMID: 31532803 PMCID: PMC6750597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are different views on which of the two forms of viral spread is more efficient in vivo between cell-free and cell-associated virus. In this study, discrete time human immunodeficiency virus models are formulated and analysed with the goal of determining the form of viral spread that is more efficient in vivo. It is shown that on its own, cell-free viral spread cannot sustain an infection owing to the low infectivity of cell-free virus and cell-associated virus can sustain an infection because of the high infectivity of cell-associated virus. When acting concurrently, cell-associated virus is more efficient in spreading the infection upon exposure to the virus. However, in the long term, the two forms of viral spread contribute almost equally. Both forms of viral spread are shown to be able to initiate an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarudzai P Showa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - Farai Nyabadza
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Auckland Park Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Senelani D Hove-Musekwa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
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15
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Mejía-Terrazas GE, Ruíz-Suárez M, Vadillo-Ortega F, Franco Y Bourland RE, López-Muñoz E. Effect of interscalene nerve block on the inflammatory response in shoulder surgery: a randomized trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2019; 28:e291-e303. [PMID: 31227466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparing techniques of general anesthesia and regional anesthesia in arthroscopic shoulder surgery, some studies have shown differences in the intensity of immediate postoperative pain and neuroendocrine response, but the inflammatory response when using balanced general anesthesia (BGA) vs. an ultrasound-guided (USG) single-dose interscalene block (SDIB) has not been compared. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a single-center, prospective, randomized clinical trial, the inflammatory response of 2 groups of 10 patients scheduled to undergo arthroscopic shoulder surgery was evaluated through measurement of a panel of cytokines that act on cells of the adaptive immune response to promote or inhibit inflammation, chemokines involved in chemotaxis, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and the white blood cell (WBC) count in 3 blood samples (before anesthesia, immediately postoperatively, and 24 hours postoperatively) with 2 types of anesthesia (BGA vs. USG SDIB). Postoperative pain intensity (immediately, at 12 hours, and at 24 hours) was also assessed. RESULTS The ESR and CRP level increased significantly at 24 hours after surgery; however, the increase in ESR (P < .0001) and CRP level (P < .0001) was lower in the USG SDIB group. Significant increases in the levels of soluble interleukin 2 receptor α (P = .022) and interleukin 12p40 (P = .016) occurred in the immediate postoperative period in the USG SDIB group. Immediate postoperative pain showed a significant increase (P < .001) in the BGA group. CONCLUSIONS In arthroscopic shoulder surgery, the use of a USG SDIB compared with the use of BGA is possibly associated with improved pain control in the immediate postoperative period and lower immunosuppression, even at 24 hours after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michell Ruíz-Suárez
- Traumatology Service, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Vadillo-Ortega
- Unit of Vinculation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Laboratory of Metabolism and Nutrition in Experimental Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Eunice López-Muñoz
- Medical Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Gineco Obstetricia No. 4, "Luis Castelazo Ayala," Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Ryzhov S, May T, Dziodzio J, Emery IF, Lucas FL, Leclerc A, McCrum B, Lord C, Eldridge A, Robich MP, Ichinose F, Sawyer DB, Riker R, Seder DB. Number of Circulating CD 73-Expressing Lymphocytes Correlates With Survival After Cardiac Arrest. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e010874. [PMID: 31237169 PMCID: PMC6662342 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest (CA) have highly variable neurological, circulatory, and systemic ischemia‐reperfusion injuries. After the initial hypoxic‐ischemic insult, a cascade of immune and inflammatory responses develops and is often fatal. The role of the immune response in pathophysiological characteristics and recovery is not well understood. We studied immune cell activity and its association with outcomes in a cohort of CA survivors. Methods and Results After informed consent, we collected blood samples at intervals over a week after resuscitation from CA. We examined the expression of CD39 and CD73 (alias 5′‐nucleotidase), production of tumor necrosis factor‐α, generation of reactive oxygen species, and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor by circulating myeloid and lymphoid cells, in comparison to cells obtained from control subjects before coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. The number of circulating total and CD73‐expressing lymphocytes correlated with survival after CA. Incubation of immune cells, obtained from post‐CA subjects, with AMP, a substrate for CD73, resulted in inhibition of tumor necrosis factor‐α production and generation of reactive oxygen species. This effect was blocked by adenosine 5′‐(α, β‐methylene) diphosphate, a specific inhibitor of CD73 and ZM 241385, an A2 adenosine receptor antagonist. We also found that AMP‐dependent activation of CD73 induces production of vascular endothelial growth factor. Conclusions CD73‐expressing lymphocytes mediate cellular protection from inflammation after CA through inhibition of proinflammatory activation of myeloid cells and promotion of vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. The contribution of CD73 lymphocytes in the regulation of acute inflammation and tissue injury after CA warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ryzhov
- 1 Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME
| | - Teresa May
- 1 Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME.,2 Department of Critical Care Services Maine Medical Center Portland ME
| | - John Dziodzio
- 2 Department of Critical Care Services Maine Medical Center Portland ME
| | - Ivette F Emery
- 1 Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME
| | - F L Lucas
- 3 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation Maine Medical Center Portland ME
| | - Angela Leclerc
- 2 Department of Critical Care Services Maine Medical Center Portland ME
| | - Barbara McCrum
- 2 Department of Critical Care Services Maine Medical Center Portland ME
| | - Christine Lord
- 2 Department of Critical Care Services Maine Medical Center Portland ME
| | - Ashley Eldridge
- 2 Department of Critical Care Services Maine Medical Center Portland ME
| | - Michel P Robich
- 1 Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME.,4 Maine Medical Center Cardiovascular Institute Portland ME
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- 5 Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Douglas B Sawyer
- 1 Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME.,4 Maine Medical Center Cardiovascular Institute Portland ME
| | - Richard Riker
- 1 Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME.,2 Department of Critical Care Services Maine Medical Center Portland ME
| | - David B Seder
- 1 Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough ME.,2 Department of Critical Care Services Maine Medical Center Portland ME
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17
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A Mathematical Model of the Effects of Aging on Naive T Cell Populations and Diversity. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:2783-2817. [PMID: 31201663 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The human adaptive immune response is known to weaken in advanced age, resulting in increased severity of pathogen-born illness, poor vaccine efficacy, and a higher prevalence of cancer in the elderly. Age-related erosion of the T cell compartment has been implicated as a likely cause, but the underlying mechanisms driving this immunosenescence have not been quantitatively modeled and systematically analyzed. T cell receptor diversity, or the extent of pathogen-derived antigen responsiveness of the T cell pool, is known to diminish with age, but inherent experimental difficulties preclude accurate analysis on the full organismal level. In this paper, we formulate a mechanistic mathematical model of T cell population dynamics on the immunoclonal subpopulation level, which provides quantitative estimates of diversity. We define different estimates for diversity that depend on the individual number of cells in a specific immunoclone. We show that diversity decreases with age primarily due to diminished thymic output of new T cells and the resulting overall loss of small immunoclones.
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18
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Simonetti S, Natalini A, Folgori A, Capone S, Nicosia A, Santoni A, Di Rosa F. Antigen-specific CD8 T cells in cell cycle circulate in the blood after vaccination. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12735. [PMID: 30488973 PMCID: PMC6850756 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although clonal expansion is a hallmark of adaptive immunity, the location(s) where antigen‐responding T cells enter cell cycle and complete it have been poorly explored. This lack of knowledge stems partially from the limited experimental approaches available. By using Ki67 plus DNA staining and a novel strategy for flow cytometry analysis, we distinguished antigen‐specific CD8 T cells in G0, in G1 and in S‐G2/M phases of cell cycle after intramuscular vaccination of BALB/c mice with antigen‐expressing viral vectors. Antigen‐specific cells in S‐G2/M were present at early times after vaccination in lymph nodes (LNs), spleen and, surprisingly, also in the blood, which is an unexpected site for cycling of normal non‐leukaemic cells. Most proliferating cells had high scatter profile and were undetected by current criteria of analysis, which under‐estimated up to 6 times antigen‐specific cell frequency in LNs. Our discovery of cycling antigen‐specific CD8 T cells in the blood opens promising translational perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Simonetti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alfredo Nicosia
- Keires AG, Basel, Switzerland.,CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
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19
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Fox EJ, Buckle GJ, Singer B, Singh V, Boster A. Lymphopenia and DMTs for relapsing forms of MS: Considerations for the treating neurologist. Neurol Clin Pract 2019; 9:53-63. [PMID: 30859008 PMCID: PMC6382377 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review To provide neurologists with an update on the proposed mechanisms of action (MOAs) of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for the treatment of relapsing MS, and their effect on peripheral blood leukocytes, in order to inform treatment decisions. Recent findings DMTs have vastly differing MOAs, including effects on peripheral blood leukocyte counts, particularly lymphocytes. The clinical implications of changes in lymphocyte counts need to be understood in the context of the underlying MOAs of each respective DMT, with treatment tailored to individual patient needs. Summary DMTs can alter lymphocyte counts, subsets, activation, and distribution, and thus can influence immune surveillance. Serial monitoring of total leukocytes and absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) is advisable in patients receiving DMTs. ALCs should be interpreted regarding expected immunologic changes and individual patient characteristics. Any decision to switch DMTs should consider these factors, along with drug efficacy, safety, and effect on quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Fox
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinic of Central Texas (EJF), Central Texas Neurology Consultants, Round Rock, TX; MS Institute at Shepherd Center (GJB), Atlanta, GA; The MS Center for Innovations in Care (BS), Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St Louis, MO; Indicia Medical Ltd. (VS), Part of the Fishawack Group of Companies, Hyderabad, India; and OhioHealth Multiple Sclerosis Center (AB), Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Guy J Buckle
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinic of Central Texas (EJF), Central Texas Neurology Consultants, Round Rock, TX; MS Institute at Shepherd Center (GJB), Atlanta, GA; The MS Center for Innovations in Care (BS), Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St Louis, MO; Indicia Medical Ltd. (VS), Part of the Fishawack Group of Companies, Hyderabad, India; and OhioHealth Multiple Sclerosis Center (AB), Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Barry Singer
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinic of Central Texas (EJF), Central Texas Neurology Consultants, Round Rock, TX; MS Institute at Shepherd Center (GJB), Atlanta, GA; The MS Center for Innovations in Care (BS), Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St Louis, MO; Indicia Medical Ltd. (VS), Part of the Fishawack Group of Companies, Hyderabad, India; and OhioHealth Multiple Sclerosis Center (AB), Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Vibhuti Singh
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinic of Central Texas (EJF), Central Texas Neurology Consultants, Round Rock, TX; MS Institute at Shepherd Center (GJB), Atlanta, GA; The MS Center for Innovations in Care (BS), Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St Louis, MO; Indicia Medical Ltd. (VS), Part of the Fishawack Group of Companies, Hyderabad, India; and OhioHealth Multiple Sclerosis Center (AB), Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Aaron Boster
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinic of Central Texas (EJF), Central Texas Neurology Consultants, Round Rock, TX; MS Institute at Shepherd Center (GJB), Atlanta, GA; The MS Center for Innovations in Care (BS), Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St Louis, MO; Indicia Medical Ltd. (VS), Part of the Fishawack Group of Companies, Hyderabad, India; and OhioHealth Multiple Sclerosis Center (AB), Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, OH
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20
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St-Amour I, Bosoi CR, Paré I, Ignatius Arokia Doss PM, Rangachari M, Hébert SS, Bazin R, Calon F. Peripheral adaptive immunity of the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:3. [PMID: 30611289 PMCID: PMC6320637 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immunologic abnormalities have been described in peripheral blood and central nervous system of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet their role in the pathogenesis still remains poorly defined. Aim and methods We used the triple transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD) to reproduce Aβ (amyloid plaques) and tau (neurofibrillary tangles) neuropathologies. We analyzed important features of the adaptive immune system in serum, primary (bone marrow) as well as secondary (spleen) lymphoid organs of 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice using flow cytometry and ELISPOT. We further investigated serum cytokines of 9- and 13-month-old 3xTg-AD mice using multiplex ELISA. Results were compared to age-matched non-transgenic controls (NTg). Results In the bone marrow of 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice, we detected decreased proportions of short-term reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells (0.58-fold, P = 0.0116), while lymphocyte, granulocyte, and monocyte populations remained unchanged. Our results also point to increased activation of both B and T lymphocytes. Indeed, we report elevated levels of plasma cells in bone marrow (1.3-fold, P = 0.0405) along with a 5.4-fold rise in serum IgG concentration (P < 0.0001) in 3xTg-AD animals. Furthermore, higher levels of interleukin (IL)-2 were detected in serum of 9- and 13-month-old 3xTg-AD mice (P = 0.0018). Along with increased concentrations of IL-17 (P = 0.0115) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (P = 0.0085), these data support helper T lymphocyte activation with Th17 polarization. Conclusion Collectively, these results suggest that the 3xTg-AD model mimics modifications of the adaptive immunity changes previously observed in human AD patients and underscore the activation of both valuable and harmful pathways of immunity in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle St-Amour
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Cristina R Bosoi
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'IUCPQ-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Paré
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Héma-Québec, QC, Québec, Canada
| | - Prenitha Mercy Ignatius Arokia Doss
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Manu Rangachari
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien S Hébert
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.,Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Medical Affairs and Innovation, Héma-Québec, QC, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Calon
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada. .,Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, QC, Québec, Canada.
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21
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Rao S, Ponemone V, Prasad K, Hegde S, D'silva P, Baliga M. Association of absolute lymphocyte count and circulating CD4+ and CD8+ t-cells with positive clinical outcome in survivors of cancer: An observational study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/0976-2884.264527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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Rao S, Ponemone V, Prasad K, Hegde S, D'silva P, Baliga M. Association of absolute lymphocyte count and circulating CD4+ and CD8+ t-cells with positive clinical outcome in survivors of cancer: An observational study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/injms.injms_20_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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23
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Harms RZ, Lorenzo-Arteaga KM, Ostlund KR, Smith VB, Smith LM, Gottlieb P, Sarvetnick N. Abnormal T Cell Frequencies, Including Cytomegalovirus-Associated Expansions, Distinguish Seroconverted Subjects at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2332. [PMID: 30405601 PMCID: PMC6204396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed T cell subsets from cryopreserved PBMC obtained from the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention archives. We compared subjects who had previously seroconverted for one or more autoantibodies with non-seroconverted, autoantibody negative individuals. We observed a reduced frequency of MAIT cells among seroconverted subjects. Seroconverted subjects also possessed decreased frequencies of CCR4-expressing CD4 T cells, including a regulatory-like subset. Interestingly, we found an elevation of CD57+, CD28–, CD127–, CD27– CD8 T cells (SLEC) among seroconverted subjects that was most pronounced among those that progressed to disease. The frequency of these SLEC was strongly correlated with CMV IgG abundance among seroconverted subjects, associated with IA-2 levels, and most elevated among CMV+ seroconverted subjects who progressed to disease. Combined, our data indicate discrete, yet profound T cell alterations are associated with islet autoimmunity among at-risk subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Z Harms
- Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | | | - Katie R Ostlund
- Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Victoria B Smith
- Office of the Vice Chancellor of Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Peter Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nora Sarvetnick
- Surgery-Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Washington EA, Barber SR, Murray CM, Davies HMS, Kimpton WG, Yen HH. Lymphatic cannulation models in sheep: Recent advances for immunological and biomedical research. J Immunol Methods 2018; 457:6-14. [PMID: 29625076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic cannulation models are useful tools for studying the immunobiology of the lymphatic system and the immunopathology of specific tissues in diseases. Sheep cannulations have been used extensively, as models for human physiology, fetal and neonatal development, human diseases, and for studies of ruminant pathobiology. The development of new and improved cannulation techniques in recent years has meant that difficult to access sites, such as mucosal associated tissues, are now more readily available to researchers. This review highlights the new approaches to cannulation and how these, in combination with advanced omics technologies, will direct future research using the sheep model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Washington
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart R Barber
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christina M Murray
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helen M S Davies
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wayne G Kimpton
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hung-Hsun Yen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia..
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Chun K, Capitanio JP, Lamkin DM, Sloan EK, Arevalo JMG, Cole SW. Social regulation of the lymph node transcriptome in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 76:107-113. [PMID: 27902946 PMCID: PMC5510871 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that adverse social conditions may promote a conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA) involving up-regulation of proinflammatory gene expression and down-regulation of Type I interferon anti-viral genes in circulating blood cells. However, the impact of social conditions on lymphoid tissue gene regulation remains largely unexplored. This project assessed how social instability in adult male rhesus macaques (N=10, 5 in unstable, and 5 in stable social conditions) might regulate gene expression within secondary lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes; LN). Unstable social conditions down-regulated axillary LN expression of genes involved in Type I interferon anti-viral responses. Transcript origin analyses implicated monocytes and B cells as cellular mediators of these effects, and promoter-based bioinformatics analyses indicated reduced activity of AP-1, NF-κB, IRF, and CREB transcription factors within the axillary LN microenvironment. Although the current study is limited in sample size, these results suggest that social influences on immune cell gene regulation extend beyond the circulating leukocyte pool to alter generalized transcriptome profiles in secondary lymphoid tissue, and they do so in a regulatory program that resembles the pattern of antiviral inhibition previously observed in circulating leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chun
- Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - J P Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D M Lamkin
- Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - E K Sloan
- Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; UCLA AIDS Institute, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA
| | - J M G Arevalo
- Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA; UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S W Cole
- Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute, USA; Division of Hematology-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA; UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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The Prognostic Value of Baseline Lymphocyte, Neutrophil, and Monocyte Counts in Locally Advanced Cervical Carcinoma Treated with Radiation. Obstet Gynecol Int 2017; 2017:8584605. [PMID: 28239396 PMCID: PMC5292399 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8584605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. To determine the prognostic significance of pretreatment levels of circulating lymphocyte (CLC), neutrophil (CNC), and monocyte (CMC) counts in patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma (CC) treated with definitive radiation. Methods. A retrospective, dual-institution review of patients with Stage IB2-IVA CC from 2005 to 2015. Progression-free (PFS) and Overall Survival (OS) were determined for high and low CLC, CNC, and CMC groups. Multivariate analysis was used to confirm prognostic value of baseline leukocyte counts. Results. 181 patients were included. Median follow-up time was 26 (3–89) months. CNC had no effect on PFS or OS. PFS was similar between CMC groups; however, OS was significantly improved for patients with low CMC (62.5 versus 45.3 months, p = 0.016). High CLC was associated with improved PFS (48.5 versus 27.8 months, p = 0.048) and OS (58.4 versus 34.9 months, p = 0.048). On multivariate analysis, high CNC was associated with increased relapse risk (HR 1.12, p = 0.006) and low CLC was associated with increased mortality risk (HR 0.67, p = 0.027). Conclusion. This study demonstrates that leukocyte values can provide prognostic information in CC. These hypothesis-generating findings warrant further prospective investigations.
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Abstract
This study examines the biocompatibility of two different syn thetic copolymers; a water soluble copolymer based on [N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] (HPMA) and an insoluble polymer based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Activation of classical and alternative complement pathways, phagocytic function, bone marrow status, and humoral immune re sponses were assessed after long-term application of the copolymers to mice of the C57BL/10ScSn strain. Histological examination was also performed on sec tions of liver, spleen and kidney. Our results indicate that a total dose of 2 g of HPMA copolymer/1 kg of body weight and 2.5 x 109 particles/mouse of HEMA microspheres did not affect any of the immune parameters that were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Volfova
- Institute of Microbiology Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague 4, Czechoslovakia
| | - B. Říhová
- Institute of Microbiology Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague 4, Czechoslovakia
| | - V. VetviČKa
- Institute of Microbiology Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague 4, Czechoslovakia
| | - P. Rossmann
- Institute of Microbiology Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 142 20 Prague 4, Czechoslovakia
| | - K. Ulbrich
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences 162 06 Prague, Czechoslovakia
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Capitanio JP, Cole SW. Social instability and immunity in rhesus monkeys: the role of the sympathetic nervous system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0104. [PMID: 25870391 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Social instability can adversely affect endocrine, immune and health outcomes, and recent evidence suggests that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) might mediate these effects. We conducted two studies with adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to understand how social conditions affect measures of SNS activity and immune function. In Experiment 1, animals were socialized in stable social conditions, then were switched to unstable (stressful) social conditions, then were returned to stable conditions. Analysis revealed quadratic effects for measures of behaviour, urinary metabolites of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and expression of immune response genes: as expected, social instability adversely impacted most measures, and the effects remediated upon re-imposition of stable conditions. Cortisol levels were unaffected. In Experiment 2, we used the sympathomimetic drug methamphetamine to challenge the SNS; animals also underwent socialization in stable or unstable groups. Surprisingly, while methamphetamine elevated plasma catecholamines, responses in lymph nodes tracked the social, and not the drug, condition: social instability upregulated the density of SNS fibres in lymph nodes and downregulated Type I interferon gene expression. Together, these results indicate that the SNS is extremely sensitive to social conditions; full understanding of the adverse effects of social instability on health should therefore incorporate measures of this health-relevant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Steven W Cole
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Nakaoka S, Iwami S, Sato K. Dynamics of HIV infection in lymphoid tissue network. J Math Biol 2015; 72:909-938. [PMID: 26507442 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-015-0940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a fast replicating ribonucleic acid virus, which can easily mutate in order to escape the effects of drug administration. Hence, understanding the basic mechanisms underlying HIV persistence in the body is essential in the development of new therapies that could eradicate HIV infection. Lymphoid tissues are the primary sites of HIV infection. Despite the recent progress in real-time monitoring technology, HIV infection dynamics in a whole body is unknown. Mathematical modeling and simulations provide speculations on global behavior of HIV infection in the lymphatic system. We propose a new mathematical model that describes the spread of HIV infection throughout the lymphoid tissue network. In order to represent the volume difference between lymphoid tissues, we propose the proportionality of several kinetic parameters to the lymphoid tissues' volume distribution. Under this assumption, we perform extensive numerical computations in order to simulate the spread of HIV infection in the lymphoid tissue network. Numerical computations simulate single drug treatments of an HIV infection. One of the important biological speculations derived from this study is a drug saturation effect generated by lymphoid network connection. This implies that a portion of reservoir lymphoid tissues to which drug is not sufficiently delivered would inhibit HIV eradication despite of extensive drug injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Nakaoka
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Kissick HT, Sanda MG. The role of active vaccination in cancer immunotherapy: lessons from clinical trials. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 35:15-22. [PMID: 26050634 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, a number of different immunotherapeutic strategies have shown impressive results in cancer patients. These successful approaches include blockade of immunosuppressive molecules like PD-1 and CTLA-4, adoptive transfer of patient derived and genetically modified T-cells, and vaccines that stimulate tumor antigen specific T-cells. However, several large vaccine trials recently failed to reach designated primary endpoints. In light of the success of other immunotherapeutic approaches, these negative results raise the questions of why vaccines have not generated a better response, and what the role of active vaccination will be moving forward in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydn T Kissick
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Martin G Sanda
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
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Westera L, van Hoeven V, Drylewicz J, Spierenburg G, van Velzen JF, de Boer RJ, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM. Lymphocyte maintenance during healthy aging requires no substantial alterations in cellular turnover. Aging Cell 2015; 14:219-27. [PMID: 25627171 PMCID: PMC4364834 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy humans, lymphocyte populations are maintained at a relatively constant size throughout life, reflecting a balance between lymphocyte production and loss. Given the profound immunological changes that occur during healthy aging, including a significant decline in T-cell production by the thymus, lymphocyte maintenance in the elderly is generally thought to require homeostatic alterations in lymphocyte dynamics. Surprisingly, using in vivo2H2O labeling, we find similar dynamics of most lymphocyte subsets between young adult and elderly healthy individuals. As the contribution of thymic output to T-cell production is only minor from young adulthood onward, compensatory increases in peripheral T-cell division rates are not required to maintain the T-cell pool, despite a tenfold decline in thymic output. These fundamental insights will aid the interpretation of further research into aging and clinical conditions related to disturbed lymphocyte dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liset Westera
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology; Department of Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Lundlaan 6 3584 EA Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Vera van Hoeven
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology; Department of Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Lundlaan 6 3584 EA Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology; Department of Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Lundlaan 6 3584 EA Utrecht The Netherlands
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics; Department of Biology; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Spierenburg
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology; Department of Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Lundlaan 6 3584 EA Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen F. van Velzen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology; Department of Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Lundlaan 6 3584 EA Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics; Department of Biology; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology; Department of Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Lundlaan 6 3584 EA Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology; Department of Immunology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Lundlaan 6 3584 EA Utrecht The Netherlands
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Lee DW, Kochenderfer JN, Stetler-Stevenson M, Cui YK, Delbrook C, Feldman SA, Fry TJ, Orentas R, Sabatino M, Shah NN, Steinberg SM, Stroncek D, Tschernia N, Yuan C, Zhang H, Zhang L, Rosenberg SA, Wayne AS, Mackall CL. T cells expressing CD19 chimeric antigen receptors for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet 2015; 385:517-528. [PMID: 25319501 PMCID: PMC7065359 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2184] [Impact Index Per Article: 242.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells targeting CD19 have shown activity in case series of patients with acute and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and B-cell lymphomas, but feasibility, toxicity, and response rates of consecutively enrolled patients treated with a consistent regimen and assessed on an intention-to-treat basis have not been reported. We aimed to define feasibility, toxicity, maximum tolerated dose, response rate, and biological correlates of response in children and young adults with refractory B-cell malignancies treated with CD19-CAR T cells. METHODS This phase 1, dose-escalation trial consecutively enrolled children and young adults (aged 1-30 years) with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Autologous T cells were engineered via an 11-day manufacturing process to express a CD19-CAR incorporating an anti-CD19 single-chain variable fragment plus TCR zeta and CD28 signalling domains. All patients received fludarabine and cyclophosphamide before a single infusion of CD19-CAR T cells. Using a standard 3 + 3 design to establish the maximum tolerated dose, patients received either 1 × 10(6) CAR-transduced T cells per kg (dose 1), 3 × 10(6) CAR-transduced T cells per kg (dose 2), or the entire CAR T-cell product if sufficient numbers of cells to meet the assigned dose were not generated. After the dose-escalation phase, an expansion cohort was treated at the maximum tolerated dose. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01593696. FINDINGS Between July 2, 2012, and June 20, 2014, 21 patients (including eight who had previously undergone allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation) were enrolled and infused with CD19-CAR T cells. 19 received the prescribed dose of CD19-CAR T cells, whereas the assigned dose concentration could not be generated for two patients (90% feasible). All patients enrolled were assessed for response. The maximum tolerated dose was defined as 1 × 10(6) CD19-CAR T cells per kg. All toxicities were fully reversible, with the most severe being grade 4 cytokine release syndrome that occurred in three (14%) of 21 patients (95% CI 3·0-36·3). The most common non-haematological grade 3 adverse events were fever (nine [43%] of 21 patients), hypokalaemia (nine [43%] of 21 patients), fever and neutropenia (eight [38%] of 21 patients), and cytokine release syndrome (three [14%) of 21 patients). INTERPRETATION CD19-CAR T cell therapy is feasible, safe, and mediates potent anti-leukaemic activity in children and young adults with chemotherapy-resistant B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. All toxicities were reversible and prolonged B-cell aplasia did not occur. FUNDING National Institutes of Health Intramural funds and St Baldrick's Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Terry J Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Marianna Sabatino
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Office of the Clinical Director, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dave Stroncek
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nick Tschernia
- National Institutes of Health Medical Student Training Program, The University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Hua Zhang
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Alan S Wayne
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ebensperger LA, León C, Ramírez-Estrada J, Abades S, Hayes LD, Nova E, Salazar F, Bhattacharjee J, Becker MI. Immunocompetence of breeding females is sensitive to cortisol levels but not to communal rearing in the degu (Octodon degus). Physiol Behav 2014; 140:61-70. [PMID: 25497887 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One hypothesis largely examined in social insects is that cooperation in the context of breeding benefits individuals through decreasing the burden of immunocompetence and provide passive immunity through social contact. Similarly, communal rearing in social mammals may benefit adult female members of social groups by reducing the cost of immunocompetence, and through the transfer of immunological compounds during allonursing. Yet, these benefits may come at a cost to breeders in terms of a need to increase investment in individual immunocompetence. We examined how these potential immunocompetence costs and benefits relate to reproductive success and survival in a natural population of the communally rearing rodent, Octodon degus. We related immunocompetence (based on ratios of white blood cell counts, total and specific immunoglobulins of G isotype titers) and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGC) levels of adults immunized with hemocyanin from the mollusk Concholepas concholepas to measures of sociality (group size) and communal rearing (number of breeding females). Offspring immunocompetence was quantified based on circulating levels of the same immune parameters. Neither female nor offspring immunocompetence was influenced by communal rearing or sociality. These findings did not support that communal rearing and sociality enhance the ability of females to respond to immunological challenges during lactation, or contribute to enhance offspring condition (based on immunocompetence) or early survival (i.e., to 3months of age). Instead, levels of humoral and cellular components of immunocompetence were associated with variation in glucorcorticoid levels of females. We hypothesize that this covariation is driven by physiological (life-history) adjustments needed to sustain breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Ebensperger
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Cecilia León
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Ramírez-Estrada
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Abades
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loren D Hayes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Esteban Nova
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - María Inés Becker
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile; Biosonda Corporation, Santiago, Chile
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Xiu MH, Yang GG, Tan YL, Chen DC, Tan SP, Wang ZR, Yang FD, Okusaga O, Soares JC, Zhang XY. Decreased interleukin-10 serum levels in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology. Schizophr Res 2014; 156:9-14. [PMID: 24766914 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many lines of findings support the hypothesis of the inflammation-related pathways in the multifactorial pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SZ). Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a potential anti-inflammatory cytokine, was found to be altered in chronic patients with SZ. The aim of this study was to assess the serum levels of IL-10 in first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) patients with SZ and its relationships with the psychopathological parameters. Serum IL-10 levels were analyzed using established procedures in 128 FEDN patients with SZ and 62 healthy controls. Schizophrenia symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) with cognitive factor derived from the five factor model of the PANSS. Compared to the healthy controls, the patients exhibited a significant decrease in IL-10 levels. Serum IL-10 was inversely correlated with the PANSS negative symptom, as well as with the PANSS cognitive factor subscores in patients. Our results suggested that decreased IL-10 may be implicated in the negative symptom and cognitive impairment at the acute stage of schizophrenia episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hong Xiu
- Biological Psychiatry Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gui Gang Yang
- Biological Psychiatry Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Long Tan
- Biological Psychiatry Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Da Chun Chen
- Biological Psychiatry Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Ping Tan
- Biological Psychiatry Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Ren Wang
- Biological Psychiatry Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu De Yang
- Biological Psychiatry Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Olaoluwa Okusaga
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harris County Psychiatric Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harris County Psychiatric Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- Biological Psychiatry Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Harris County Psychiatric Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Hong SH, Braley-Mullen H. Follicular B cells in thyroids of mice with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis contribute to disease pathogenesis and are targets of anti-CD20 antibody therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:897-905. [PMID: 24376265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
B cells are required for development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) in NOD.H-2h4 mice where they function as important APCs for activation of CD4(+) T cells. Depletion of B cells using anti-CD20 effectively inhibits SAT development. The goals of this study were to characterize the B cells that migrate to thyroids in SAT, and to determine whether anti-CD20 effectively targets those B cells in mice with established SAT. The results showed that most thyroid-infiltrating B cells in mice with SAT are follicular (FO) B cells. Expression of CD80, CD86, and CD40 was significantly increased on FO, but not marginal zone, splenic B cells after SAT development. Thyroid-infiltrating and peripheral blood B cells had lower expresion of CD20 and CD24 compared with splenic and lymph node FO B cells. Despite reduced CD20 expression, anti-CD20 depleted most B cells in thyroids of mice with established SAT within 3 d. B cell depletion in thyroids of mice given anti-CD20 was more complete and longer lasting than in spleen and lymph nodes and was comparable to that in blood. Circulation of B cells was required for effective and rapid removal of B cells in thyroids because preventing lymphocyte egress by administration of FTY720 abrogated the effects of anti-CD20 on thyroid B cells. Therefore, the FO subset of B cells preferentially contributes to SAT development and persistence, and anti-CD20 targeting of FO B cells effectively eliminates B cells in the target organ even though thyroid B cells have decreased CD20 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212
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Zarnitsyna VI, Evavold BD, Schoettle LN, Blattman JN, Antia R. Estimating the diversity, completeness, and cross-reactivity of the T cell repertoire. Front Immunol 2013; 4:485. [PMID: 24421780 PMCID: PMC3872652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to recognize and combat a diverse array of pathogens the immune system has a large repertoire of T cells having unique T cell receptors (TCRs) with only a few clones specific for any given antigen. We discuss how the number of different possible TCRs encoded in the genome (the potential repertoire) and the number of different TCRs present in an individual (the realized repertoire) can be measured. One puzzle is that the potential repertoire greatly exceeds the realized diversity of naïve T cells within any individual. We show that the existing hypotheses fail to explain why the immune system has the potential to generate far more diversity than is used in an individual, and propose an alternative hypothesis of “evolutionary sloppiness.” Another immunological puzzle is why mice and humans have similar repertoires even though humans have over 1000-fold more T cells. We discuss how the idea of the “protecton,” the smallest unit of protection, might explain this discrepancy and estimate the size of “protecton” based on available precursor frequencies data. We then consider T cell cross-reactivity – the ability of a T cell clone to respond to more than one epitope. We extend existing calculations to estimate the extent of expected cross-reactivity between the responses to different pathogens. Our results are consistent with two observations: a low probability of observing cross-reactivity between the immune responses to two randomly chosen pathogens; and the ensemble of memory cells being sufficiently diverse to generate cross-reactive responses to new pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Louis N Schoettle
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA
| | - Joseph N Blattman
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA , USA
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Rationale of anti-CD19 immunotherapy: an option to target autoreactive plasma cells in autoimmunity. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14 Suppl 5:S1. [PMID: 23281743 PMCID: PMC3535716 DOI: 10.1186/ar3909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD20 therapy using rituximab directly targeting B cells has been approved for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides and has led to reappreciation of B-lineage cells for anti-rheumatic treatment strategies. Moreover, blocking B-cell activating factor with belimumab, a drug that is licensed for treatment of active, seropositive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), represents an alternative, indirect anti-B-cell approach interfering with proper B-cell development. While these approaches apparently have no substantial impact on antibody-secreting plasma cells, challenges to improve the treatment of difficult-to-treat patients with SLE remain. In this context, anti-CD19 antibodies have the promise to directly target autoantibody-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells as well as early B-cell differentiation stages not covered by anti-CD20 therapy. Currently known distinct expression profiles of CD19 by human plasma cell subsets, experiences with anti-CD19 therapies in malignant conditions as well as the rationale of targeting autoreactive plasma cells in patients with SLE are discussed in this review.
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Kheirandish-Gozal L, Kim J, Goldbart AD, Gozal D. Novel pharmacological approaches for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:71-85. [PMID: 23126687 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.735230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lymphadenoid tissues in the upper airway are sparse and organized lympho-epithelial structures playing an important role against foreign pathogens, with the palatine tonsils being the major components of the lymphoid tissues contained in the Waldeyer's ring. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has emerged as a very frequent condition in the pediatric age range that is associated with substantial neurobehavioral, cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the major pathophysiological contributor to OSA occurrence in children. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors provide a systematic review and summary of some of the known histological and pathological features of human lymphadenoid tissues and their fundamental immunological functions, provide insights into the pathophysiology of pediatric OSA, particularly focusing on inflammatory pathways and the available outcomes associated with targeting such pathways with compounds such as corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers. Furthermore, they present findings from an unbiased approach to discovery of therapeutic targets and formulate constructs toward putative future interventional approaches for this highly prevalent condition. EXPERT OPINION Surgical approaches for pediatric OSA may not be as effective as previously anticipated. Accordingly, expanded use of existing systemic or topical anti-inflammatory agents or development of novel compounds targeting selected immune cell populations underlying pathophysiological determinants of OSA is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kheirandish-Gozal
- University of Chicago, Comer Children's Hospital, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, Department of Pediatrics, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Zarnitsyna V, Zhu C. T cell triggering: insights from 2D kinetics analysis of molecular interactions. Phys Biol 2012; 9:045005. [PMID: 22871794 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/4/045005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with pathogen-derived peptide presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecule is central to adaptive immunity as it initiates intracellular signaling to trigger T cell response to infection. Kinetic parameters of this interaction have been under intensive investigation for more than two decades using soluble pMHCs and/or TCRs with at least one of them in the solution (three-dimensional (3D) methods). Recently, several techniques have been developed to enable kinetic analysis on live T cells with pMHCs presented by surrogate antigen presenting cells (APCs) or supported planar lipid bilayers (two-dimensional (2D) methods). Comparison of 2D versus 3D parameters reveals drastic differences with broader ranges of 2D affinities and on-rates and orders of magnitude faster 2D off-rates for functionally distinct pMHCs. Here we review new 2D data and discuss how it may impact previously developed models of T cell discrimination between pMHCs of different potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zarnitsyna
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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Elgbratt K, Jansson A, Hultgren-Hörnquist E. A quantitative study of the mechanisms behind thymic atrophy in Gαi2-deficient mice during colitis development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36726. [PMID: 22590596 PMCID: PMC3349706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient for the G protein subunit Gαi2 spontaneously develop colitis, a chronic inflammatory disease associated with dysregulated T cell responses. We and others have previously demonstrated a thymic involution in these mice and an aberrant thymocyte dynamics. The Gαi2(-/-) mice have a dramatically reduced fraction of double positive thymocytes and an increased fraction of single positive (SP) thymocytes. In this study, we quantify a number of critical parameters in order to narrow down the underlying mechanisms that cause the dynamical changes of the thymocyte development in the Gαi2(-/-) mice. Our data suggest that the increased fraction of SP thymocytes results only from a decreased number of DP thymocytes, since the number of SP thymocytes in the Gαi2(-/-) mice is comparable to the control littermates. By measuring the frequency of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in the thymocytes, we demonstrate that the number of cell divisions the Gαi2(-/-) SP thymocytes undergo is comparable to SP thymocytes from control littermates. In addition, our data show that the mature SP CD4(+) and CD8(+) thymocytes divide to the same extent before they egress from the thymus. By estimating the number of peripheral TREC(+) T lymphocytes and their death rate, we could calculate the daily egression of thymocytes. Gαi2(-/-) mice with no/mild and moderate colitis were found to have a slower export rate in comparison to the control littermates. The quantitative measurements in this study suggest a number of dynamical changes in the thymocyte development during the progression of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Elgbratt
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Andreas Jansson
- Systems Biology Research Centre, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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den Braber I, Mugwagwa T, Vrisekoop N, Westera L, Mögling R, Bregje de Boer A, Willems N, Schrijver E, Spierenburg G, Gaiser K, Mul E, Otto S, Ruiter A, Ackermans M, Miedema F, Borghans J, de Boer R, Tesselaar K. Maintenance of Peripheral Naive T Cells Is Sustained by Thymus Output in Mice but Not Humans. Immunity 2012; 36:288-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nakata A, Takahashi M, Irie M. Effort-reward imbalance, overcommitment, and cellular immune measures among white-collar employees. Biol Psychol 2011; 88:270-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Sleep and immune function. Pflugers Arch 2011; 463:121-37. [PMID: 22071480 PMCID: PMC3256323 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and the circadian system exert a strong regulatory influence on immune functions. Investigations of the normal sleep–wake cycle showed that immune parameters like numbers of undifferentiated naïve T cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines exhibit peaks during early nocturnal sleep whereas circulating numbers of immune cells with immediate effector functions, like cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine activity peak during daytime wakefulness. Although it is difficult to entirely dissect the influence of sleep from that of the circadian rhythm, comparisons of the effects of nocturnal sleep with those of 24-h periods of wakefulness suggest that sleep facilitates the extravasation of T cells and their possible redistribution to lymph nodes. Moreover, such studies revealed a selectively enhancing influence of sleep on cytokines promoting the interaction between antigen presenting cells and T helper cells, like interleukin-12. Sleep on the night after experimental vaccinations against hepatitis A produced a strong and persistent increase in the number of antigen-specific Th cells and antibody titres. Together these findings indicate a specific role of sleep in the formation of immunological memory. This role appears to be associated in particular with the stage of slow wave sleep and the accompanying pro-inflammatory endocrine milieu that is hallmarked by high growth hormone and prolactin levels and low cortisol and catecholamine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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B cell depletion reduces the number of autoreactive T helper cells and prevents glucose-6-phosphate isomerase-induced arthritis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24718. [PMID: 21931827 PMCID: PMC3169631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic benefit of B cell depletion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis has provided proof of concept that B cells are relevant for the pathogenesis of arthritis. It remains unknown which B cell effector functions contribute to the induction or chronification of arthritis. We studied the clinical and immunological effects of B cell depletion in glucose-6-phosphate isomerase-induced arthritis. We targeted CD22 to deplete B cells. Mice were depleted of B cells before or after immunization with glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI). The clinical and histological effects were studied. G6PI-specific antibody responses were measured by ELISA. G6PI-specific T helper (Th) cell responses were assayed by polychromatic flow cytometry. B cell depletion prior to G6PI-immunization prevented arthritis. B cell depletion after immunization ameliorated arthritis, whereas B cell depletion in arthritic mice was ineffective. Transfer of antibodies from arthritic mice into B cell depleted recipients did not reconstitute arthritis. B cell depleted mice harbored much fewer G6PI-specific Th cells than control animals. B cell depletion prevents but does not cure G6PI-induced arthritis. Arthritis prevention upon B cell depletion is associated with a drastic reduction in the number of G6PI-specific effector Th cells.
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Nakata A, Takahashi M, Irie M, Swanson NG. Job satisfaction is associated with elevated natural killer cell immunity among healthy white-collar employees. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:1268-75. [PMID: 20561922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the association of job satisfaction with health has been well documented, little is known about the biological mechanisms underlying this relationship. This study investigates the association of job satisfaction with cell-mediated immunity among Japanese white-collar daytime workers. A total of 306 healthy full-time employees (141 women and 165 men), aged 22-69 (mean 36) years, provided a blood sample for the measurement of circulating immune (natural killer (NK), B, and total T) cells and NK cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) and completed a questionnaire survey during April to June 2002. Job satisfaction was measured by a 4-item scale from the Japanese version of the generic job stress questionnaire with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction. Analyses were done separately for women and men using a hierarchical multiple linear regression model controlling for multiple confounders. The results revealed that greater job satisfaction was positively correlated with NKCC (β = .207; p = .029) and the number of NK (CD3(-)CD56(+)) cells (β = .261; p = .008) in women. In men, job satisfaction was marginally correlated with NKCC (β = .165; p = .050) but was not correlated with the number of NK (CD3(-)CD56(+)) cells (β = .142; p = .107). Job satisfaction did not correlate with numbers of T (CD3(+)CD56(-)) and B (CD19(+)) cells in both women and men. Our findings suggest an independent association between job satisfaction and NK cells but the association seems to be stronger in women than in men. Although the results provide a support for the biological plausibility of the job satisfaction-health relationship, additional research is required to determine whether greater job satisfaction contributes to recovery/maintenance of NK cell immunity and host defense over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Nakata
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS-C24, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
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Abstract
B-cell depletion with unconjugated CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. CD20-targeted immunotherapy depletes mature B cells through monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, but does not effectively deplete pre-B or immature B cells, certain peripheral B cell subpopulations, most antibody-producing cells, or their malignant counterparts. As immature B cells expressing autoreactive antigen receptors are not depleted by anti-CD20 mAb, a new strategy for eliminating autoantigen-selected B cells and for treating early lymphoblastic leukemias and/or lymphomas was developed using CD19-specific mAbs that induce Fcgamma receptor-dependent and monocyte-dependent B-cell depletion. Preclinical studies using transgenic mice expressing human CD19 have shown that pre-B cells and their malignant counterparts, as well as pre-existing antibody-producing and autoantibody-producing cells, are depleted. Therefore, CD19-directed immunotherapy is expected to treat diverse pre-B-cell-related and plasmablast-related malignancies, and humoral transplant rejection. Moreover, in contrast to CD20-directed immunotherapies, CD19 mAbs could purge the B cell repertoire of autoreactive clones and reset the developmental clock to a point that curtails the extent of emerging self-reactivity, in addition to reducing autoreactive T-cell activation through the elimination of mature B cells. Humanized CD19 mAbs are expected to enter clinical trials in 2009, offering a new approach for the treatment of autoimmune disease that removes both immature B cells and antibodies with autoreactive specificities. CD19-directed immunotherapy could, therefore, offer a new horizon in B-cell depletion for the treatment of multiple autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Elevated blood interleukin-10 levels and undiminished systemic interleukin-10 production rate prevail throughout acute protein-energy malnutrition in the weanling mouse. Cytokine 2009; 47:126-31. [PMID: 19541500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to determine if blood IL-10 levels rise during the early stages of acute (wasting) pre-pubescent malnutrition in metabolically distinct murine models known to depress inflammatory immune competence and whether systemic IL-10 production is affected in these pathologies. Weanling C57BL/6J mice were assigned to dietary protocols that elicited wasting pathologies mimicking the human diseases of marasmus (restricted-intake group) or incipient kwashiorkor (low-protein group). An age-matched control group also was included. Serum IL-10 bioactivities were assessed in the early (day 3) and advanced (day 14) stages of weight loss, and net systemic IL-10 production was assessed at the same stages of pathology by in vivo cytokine capture. Blood IL-10 levels were elevated in both malnourished groups relative to controls at days 3 and 14 (range of P values: 0.03-0.0001). Further, despite a limited supply of energy and nitrogenous substrates, the systemic IL-10 production rate was at least sustained in the malnourished groups and, in fact, was elevated in the marasmic group (P=0.05) throughout the progression of weight loss. IL-10 emerges as an anti-inflammatory mediator positioned to participate in initiating and upholding the depressed immune competence that accompanies acute pre-pubescent deficits of protein and energy.
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Role of collagen deposition in lymphatic tissues and immune reconstruction during HIV-1 and SIV infections. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2009; 6:29-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s11904-009-0005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Matsushita T, Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF. Regulatory B cells inhibit EAE initiation in mice while other B cells promote disease progression. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3420-30. [PMID: 18802481 DOI: 10.1172/jci36030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
EAE is a mouse T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS used to model the human condition MS. The contributions of B cells to EAE initiation and progression are unclear. In this study, we have shown that EAE disease initiation and progression are differentially influenced by the depletion of B cells from mice with otherwise intact immune systems. CD20 antibody-mediated B cell depletion before EAE induction substantially exacerbated disease symptoms and increased encephalitogenic T cell influx into the CNS. Increased symptom severity resulted from the depletion of a rare IL-10-producing CD1dhiCD5+ regulatory B cell subset (B10 cells), since the adoptive transfer of splenic B10 cells before EAE induction normalized EAE in B cell-depleted mice. While transfer of regulatory B10 cells was maximally effective during early EAE initiation, they had no obvious role during disease progression. Rather, B cell depletion during EAE disease progression dramatically suppressed symptoms. Specifically, B cells were required for the generation of CD4+ T cells specific for CNS autoantigen and the entry of encephalitogenic T cells into the CNS during disease progression. These results demonstrate reciprocal regulatory roles for B cells during EAE immunopathogenesis. The therapeutic effect of B cell depletion for the treatment of autoimmunity may therefore depend on the relative contributions and the timing of these opposing B cell activities during the course of disease initiation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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50
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Kortenkamp A. Problems in the biological monitoring of chromium(VI) exposed individuals. Biomarkers 2008; 2:73-9. [DOI: 10.1080/135475097231788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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