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Tang B, Xie X, Lu J, Huang W, Yang J, Tian J, Lei L. Designing biomaterials for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. APPLIED MATERIALS TODAY 2024; 39:102278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2024.102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
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Santo BA, Poppenberg KE, Ciecierska SS, Lim J, Baig AA, Jaikumar V, Raygor KP, Patel TR, Shah M, Levy EI, Siddiqui AH, Tutino VM. Decoding Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Outcomes After Ischemic Stroke Thrombectomy by RNA Sequencing of Retrieved Clots. Mol Diagn Ther 2024; 28:469-477. [PMID: 38769267 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-024-00716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptomic profiling has emerged as a powerful tool for exploring the molecular landscape of ischemic stroke clots and providing insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying stroke progression and recovery. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between stroke clot transcriptomes and stroke thrombectomy outcome, as measured by early neurological improvement (ENI) 30 (i.e., a 30% reduction in NIHSS at 24 h post-thrombectomy). HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that there exist distinct clot gene expression patterns between good and poor neurological outcomes. METHODS Transcriptomic analysis of 32 stroke clots retrieved by mechanical thrombectomy was conducted. Transcriptome data of these clots were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), defined as those with a log(fold-change) ≥ 1.5 and q < 0.05 between samples with good and poor early neurological outcomes. Gene ontology and bioinformatics analyses were performed on genes with p < 0.01 to identify enriched biological processes and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis canonical pathways. Moreover, AUC analysis assessed the predictive power of DEGs for 90-day function outcome (mRS ≤ 2) and cellular composition of clot was predicted using CIBERSORT. We also assessed whether differential enrichment of immune cell types could indicate patient survival. RESULTS A total of 41 DEGs were identified. Bioinformatics showed that enriched biological processes and pathways emphasized the chronic immune response and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Moreover, 25 of the DEGs were found to be significant predictors of 90-day mRS. These genes were indicative of monocytes enrichment and neutrophil depletion in patients with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION Our study revealed a distinct gene expression pattern and dysregulated biological pathways associated with ENI. This expression pattern was also predictive of long-term outcome, suggesting a biological link between those ENIs and 90-day mRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana A Santo
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kerry E Poppenberg
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Shiau-Sing Ciecierska
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Jaims Lim
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ammad A Baig
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Vinay Jaikumar
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kunal P Raygor
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tatsat R Patel
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Munjal Shah
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Elad I Levy
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Adnan H Siddiqui
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Vincent M Tutino
- Canon Stroke and Vascular Research Center, University at Buffalo, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Zheng J, Meng W, Chen S, Cui Z, Xian X, Tian J, Krysko DV, Li B, Zhang W. A Near-Infrared Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Nanoplatform Powered by Bacterial Metabolic Activity for Enhanced Antimicrobial Photodynamic-Immune Therapy. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00338-6. [PMID: 38936751 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections poses a significant threat to public health, necessitating the development of innovative and effective alternatives to antibiotics. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and immunotherapy show promise in combating bacteria. However, PDT's effectiveness is hindered by its low specificity to bacteria, while immunotherapy struggles to eliminate bacteria in immunosuppressive environments. In this work, we introduce an innovative near-infrared antimicrobial nanoplatform (ZFC) driven by bacterial metabolism. ZFC, comprising D-cysteine-functionalized pentafluorophenyl bacteriochlorin (FBC-Cy) coordinated with Zn2+, is designed for antimicrobial photodynamic-immune therapy (aPIT) against systemic bacterial infections. By specifically targeting bacteria via D-amino acid incorporation into bacterial surface peptidoglycans during metabolism, ZFC achieves precise bacterial clearance in wound and pulmonary infections, exhibiting an antimicrobial efficacy of up to 90% with minimal damage to normal cells under 750 nm light. Additionally, ZFC enhances the activation of antigen-presenting cells by 3.2-fold compared to control groups. Furthermore, aPIT induced by ZFC triggers systemic immune responses and establishes immune memory, resulting in a 1.84-fold increase in antibody expression against bacterial infections throughout the body of mice. In conclusion, aPIT prompted by ZFC presents a approach to treating bacterial infections, offering a broad-spectrum solution for systemic bacterial infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The new concept demonstrated focuses on an innovative near-infrared antimicrobial nanoplatform (ZFC) for antimicrobial photodynamic-immune therapy (aPIT), highlighting its reliance on bacterial metabolism and its non-damaging effect on normal tissues. ZFC efficiently targets deep-tissue bacterial infections by harnessing bacterial metabolism, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while sparing normal tissues from harm. This approach not only clears bacterial infections effectively but also induces potent adaptive immune responses, leading to the eradication of distant bacterial infections. By emphasizing ZFC's unique mechanism driven by bacterial metabolism and its tissue-sparing properties, this work underscores the potential for groundbreaking advancements in antimicrobial therapy. Such advancements hold promise for minimizing collateral damage to healthy tissues, thereby improving treatment outcomes and mitigating the threat of antimicrobial resistance. This integrated approach represents a significant progress forward in the development of next-generation antimicrobial therapies with enhanced precision and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wangyang Meng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Suwen Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zepeng Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xueying Xian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jia Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.; Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Weian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China..
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Sun T, Huang J, Li Y, Wu S, Zhao L, Kang Y. Identification and characterization of circular RNAs in the skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 52:101277. [PMID: 38943979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an economically significant freshwater-farmed fish worldwide, and the frequent outbreaks of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) in recent years have gravely compromised the healthy growth of the rainbow trout aquaculture industry. Fish skin is an essential immune barrier against the invasion of external pathogens, but it is poorly known about the role of circRNAs in rainbow trout skin. Therefore, we examined the expression profiles of circRNAs in rainbow trout skin following IHNV infection using RNA-seq. A total of 6607 circRNAs were identified, of which 34 circRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) and these DE circRNA source genes were related to immune-related pathways such as Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, and ferroptosis. We used qRT-PCR, Sanger sequencing, and subcellular localization to validate the chosen DE circRNAs, confirming their localization and expression patterns in rainbow trout skin. Further, 12 DE circRNAs were selected to construct the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, finding one miRNA could connect one or more circRNAs and mRNAs, and some miRNAs were reported to be associated with antiviral immunity. The functional prediction findings revealed that novel_circ_002779 and novel_circ_004118 may act as sponges for miR-205-z and miR-155-y to regulate the expression of target genes TLR8 and PIK3R1, respectively, and participated in the antiviral immune responses in rainbow trout. These results shed light on the immunological mechanism of circRNAs in rainbow trout skin and offer fundamental information for further research on the innate immune system and breeding rainbow trout resistant to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzhen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jinqiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yongjuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shenji Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yujun Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Seki T, Ohshima S, Komatsu S, Yamada S, Kashiwagi H, Goto Y, Tsuda B, Kanno A, Yasuda A, Kuno H, Tsuji NM, Shiina T, Kametani Y. Coccomyxa subellipsoidea KJ Components Enhance the Expression of Metallothioneins and Th17 Cytokines during Human T Cell Activation. Microorganisms 2024; 12:741. [PMID: 38674685 PMCID: PMC11051862 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coccomyxa subellipsoidea KJ (C-KJ) is a green alga with unique immunoregulatory characteristics. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying the modification of T cell function by C-KJ components. The water-soluble extract of C-KJ was fractionated into protein (P) and sugar (S) fractions acidic (AS), basic (BS), and neutral (NS). These fractions were used for the treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Transcriptome analysis revealed that both P and AS enhanced the expression of the genes encoding metallothionein (MT) family proteins, inflammatory factors, and T helper (Th) 17 cytokine and suppressed that of those encoding Th2 cytokines in stimulated T cells. The kinetics of MT1 and MT2A gene expression showed a transient increase in MT1 and maintenance of MT2A mRNA after T cell stimulation in the presence of AS. The kinetics of Th17-related cytokine secretion in the early period were comparable to those of MT2A mRNA. Furthermore, our findings revealed that static, a STAT-3 inhibitor, significantly suppressed MT2A gene expression. These findings suggest that the expression of MTs is involved in the immune regulatory function of C-KJ components, which is partially regulated by Th17 responses, and may help develop innovative immunoregulatory drugs or functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Seki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Shino Ohshima
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.O.); (T.S.)
| | - Satoko Komatsu
- DENSO CORPORATION, Kariya 448-0029, Japan; (S.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Soga Yamada
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.O.); (T.S.)
| | - Hirofumi Kashiwagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yumiko Goto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Banri Tsuda
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | - Akiko Kanno
- DENSO CORPORATION, Kariya 448-0029, Japan; (S.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Atsushi Yasuda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (T.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Hitoshi Kuno
- DENSO CORPORATION, Kariya 448-0029, Japan; (S.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Noriko M Tsuji
- Division of Immune Homeostasis, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
- Department of Food Science, Jumonji University, Niiza 352-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiina
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.O.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1207, Japan
| | - Yoshie Kametani
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (S.O.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1207, Japan
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Blancett LT, Evans HM, Candor K, Buesing WR, Figueroa JAL, Deepe GS. Utilization of a Histoplasma capsulatum zinc reporter reveals the complexities of fungal sensing of metal deprivation. mSphere 2024; 9:e0070423. [PMID: 38259064 PMCID: PMC10900905 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00704-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungal pathogen acquired via inhalation of soil-resident spores. Upon exposure to mammalian body temperatures, these fungal elements transform into yeasts that reside primarily within phagocytes. Macrophages (MΦ) provide a permissive environment for fungal replication until T cell-dependent immunity is engaged. MΦ activated by granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induces metallothioneins (MTs) that bind zinc (Zn) and deprive yeast cells of labile Zn, thereby disabling fungal growth. Prior work demonstrated that the zinc transporter, ZRT2, was important for fungal survival in vivo. Hence, we constructed a yeast cell reporter strain that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the ZRT2 zinc-regulated promoter. This reporter accurately responds to a medium devoid of Zn. ZRT2 expression increased in GM-CSF, but not interferon-γ, stimulated MΦ. To examine the in vivo response, we infected mice with a reporter yeast strain and assessed ZRT2 expression at 0, 3, 7, and 14 days post-infection (dpi). ZRT2 expression minimally increased at 3 dpi and peaked at 7 dpi, corresponding with the onset of adaptive immunity. We discovered that the major MΦ populations that restrict Zn from the fungus are interstitial MΦ and exudate MΦ. Neutralizing GM-CSF blunted the control of infection but unexpectedly increased ZRT2 expression. This increase was dependent on another cytokine that activates MΦ to control H. capsulatum replication, M-CSF. These findings illustrate the reporter's ability to sense Zn in vitro and in vivo and correlate ZRT2 expression with GM-CSF and M-CSF activation of MΦ.IMPORTANCEPhagocytes use an arsenal of defenses to control the replication of Histoplasma yeasts, one of which is the limitation of trace metals. On the other hand, H. capsulatum combats metal restriction by upregulating metal importers such as the Zn importer ZRT2. This transporter contributes to H. capsulatum pathogenesis upon activation of adaptive immunity. We constructed a fluorescent ZRT2 transcriptional reporter to probe H. capsulatum Zn sensing during infection and exposed the role for M-CSF activation of macrophages when GM-CSF is absent. These data highlight the ways in which fungal pathogens sense metal deprivation in vivo and reveal the potential of metal-sensing reporters. The work adds a new dimension to study how intracellular pathogens sense and respond to the changing environments of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Blancett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Heather M Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathleen Candor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - William R Buesing
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Julio A Landero Figueroa
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Wang R, Ren Y, Javad HU, Zhou Z, Jiang W, Shu X. Dietary Dihydromyricetin Zinc Chelate Supplementation Improves the Intestinal Health of Magang Geese. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04065-z. [PMID: 38263355 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
To fulfill the nutritional requirements of poultry, effective Zn supplementation is required due to Zn deficiency in basic feed. In this study, we investigated the effects of DMY-Zn (dihydromyricetin zinc chelate) on the growth performance, morphology, and biochemical indices; the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes; the intestinal microflora; and the cecum metabolome of Magang geese. A total of 300 14-day-old Magang geese (equal number of males and females) with an average body weight of 0.82 ± 0.08 kg were randomly divided into five groups and fed a basal diet; these groups were given DMY-Zn (low, medium, or high level of DMY-Zn with 30, 55, or 80 mg/kg Zn added to the basal diet) or ZnSO4 (80 mg/kg Zn added) for 4 weeks. Our results revealed that DMY-Zn significantly impacts growth and biochemical indices and plays a significant role in regulating the intestinal barrier and microflora. DMY-Zn is involved in the upregulation of intestinal barrier gene (ZO1 and MUC2) expression, as well as upregulated Zn-related gene expression (ZIP5). On the other hand, a low concentration of DMY-Zn increased the ɑ diversity index and the abundance of Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium. Additionally, a cecal metabolomics study showed that the main metabolic pathways affected by DMY-Zn were the pentose phosphate pathway, the biosynthesis of different alkaloids, and the metabolism of sphingolipids. In conclusion, DMY-Zn can reduce feed intake, increase the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes, help maintain the intestinal microflora balance, and increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the intestine to improve intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renkai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hafiz Umer Javad
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, 24 East Sand Street, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Guangxi College and University Key Laboratory of High-Value Utilization of Seafood and Prepared Food in Beibu Gulf, College of Food Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyin Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xugang Shu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, 24 East Sand Street, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
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Chen B, Yu P, Chan WN, Xie F, Zhang Y, Liang L, Leung KT, Lo KW, Yu J, Tse GMK, Kang W, To KF. Cellular zinc metabolism and zinc signaling: from biological functions to diseases and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:6. [PMID: 38169461 PMCID: PMC10761908 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc metabolism at the cellular level is critical for many biological processes in the body. A key observation is the disruption of cellular homeostasis, often coinciding with disease progression. As an essential factor in maintaining cellular equilibrium, cellular zinc has been increasingly spotlighted in the context of disease development. Extensive research suggests zinc's involvement in promoting malignancy and invasion in cancer cells, despite its low tissue concentration. This has led to a growing body of literature investigating zinc's cellular metabolism, particularly the functions of zinc transporters and storage mechanisms during cancer progression. Zinc transportation is under the control of two major transporter families: SLC30 (ZnT) for the excretion of zinc and SLC39 (ZIP) for the zinc intake. Additionally, the storage of this essential element is predominantly mediated by metallothioneins (MTs). This review consolidates knowledge on the critical functions of cellular zinc signaling and underscores potential molecular pathways linking zinc metabolism to disease progression, with a special focus on cancer. We also compile a summary of clinical trials involving zinc ions. Given the main localization of zinc transporters at the cell membrane, the potential for targeted therapies, including small molecules and monoclonal antibodies, offers promising avenues for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonan Chen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peiyao Yu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and Basic Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai Nok Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuda Xie
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yigan Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and Basic Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kam Tong Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary M K Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Cheng Y, Zhu J, Tang Q, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou Y, Li J, Pan F, Han X, Lu C, Wang X, Langston ME, Chung BI, Wu W, Xia Y. Exposure to particulate matter may affect semen quality via trace metals: Evidence from a retrospective cohort study on fertile males. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140582. [PMID: 38303402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) exposure may be associated with male semen quality. Besides, PM exposure induces up and down levels of trace metals in tissues or organs. The levels of trace metals in semen are critical for adverse male semen quality. This study aims to evaluate the concentrations of seminal-level trace metals in fertile men and assess its associations with PM exposure and to explore the mediation role of trace metals in seminal plasma plays in the relationship between PM exposure and semen quality. Total 1225 fertile men who participated in a cohort study from 2014 to 2016 were finally recruited. Multivariate linear regression was applied to explore associations between each two of PM exposure, trace metals and semen parameters. 1-year PM2.5 and PM10 exposure levels were positively associated with arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lanthanum (La), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd) but negatively associated with vanadium (V), magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) in semen. It was also found that most of the elements were associated with total sperm number, followed by sperm concentration. Redundancy analysis (RDA) also determined several strong positive correlations or negative correlations between 1-year PM exposure and trace metals. Mediation analysis found that trace metals had a potentially compensatory or synergetic indirect effect on the total effect of the association between 1-year PM exposure and semen quality. The retrospective cohort study provides long-term PM exposure that may cause abnormal semen quality by affecting seminal plasma element levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiuqin Tang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Department of Urology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Urology, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiumei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuncheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Marvin E Langston
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin I Chung
- Department of Urology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Blancett LT, Evans HM, Candor K, Buesing WR, Landero Figueroa JA, Deepe GS. Utilization of a Histoplasma capsulatum zinc reporter reveals the complexities of fungal sensing of metal deprivation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.567133. [PMID: 38014056 PMCID: PMC10680740 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.567133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungal pathogen acquired via inhalation of soil-resident spores. Upon exposure to mammalian body temperatures, these fungal elements transform into yeasts that reside primarily within phagocytes. Macrophages (MΦ) provide a permissive environment for fungal replication until T cell-dependent immunity is engaged. MΦ activated by granulocyte-MΦ colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induce metallothioneins (MTs) that bind zinc (Zn) and deprive yeast cells of labile Zn, thereby disabling fungal growth. Prior work demonstrated that the high affinity zinc importer, ZRT2, was important for fungal survival in vivo. Hence, we constructed a yeast cell reporter strain that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of this importer. This reporter accurately responds to medium devoid of Zn. ZRT2 expression increased (∼5-fold) in GM-CSF, but not interferon-γ, stimulated MΦ. To examine the in vivo response, we infected mice with reporter yeasts and assessed ZRT2 expression at 0-, 3-, 7-, and 14-days post-infection (dpi). ZRT2 expression minimally increased at 3-dpi and peaked on 7-dpi, corresponding with onset of adaptive immunity. We discovered that the major phagocyte populations that restrict Zn to the fungus are interstitial MΦ and exudate MΦ. Neutralizing GM-CSF blunted control of infection but unexpectedly increased ZRT2 expression. This increase was dependent on another cytokine that activates MΦ to control H. capsulatum replication, M-CSF. These findings illustrate the reporter's ability to sense Zn in vitro and in vivo and correlate ZRT2 activity with GM-CSF and M-CSF activation of MΦ. Importance Phagocytes use an arsenal of defenses to control replication of Histoplasma yeasts, one of which is limitation of trace metals. On the other hand, H. capsulatum combats metal restriction by upregulating metal importers such as the Zn importer ZRT2. This transporter contributes to H. capsulatum pathogenesis upon activation of adaptive immunity. We constructed a fluorescent ZRT2 reporter to probe H. capsulatum Zn sensing during infection and exposed a role for M-CSF activation of macrophages when GM-CSF is absent. These data highlight the ways in which fungal pathogens sense metal deprivation in vivo and reveal the potential of metal-sensing reporters. The work adds a new dimension to studying how intracellular pathogens sense and respond to the changing environments of the host.
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11
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Khan S, Lang M. A Comprehensive Review on the Roles of Metals Mediating Insect-Microbial Pathogen Interactions. Metabolites 2023; 13:839. [PMID: 37512546 PMCID: PMC10384549 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects and microbial pathogens are ubiquitous and play significant roles in various biological processes, while microbial pathogens are microscopic organisms that can cause diseases in multiple hosts. Insects and microbial pathogens engage in diverse interactions, leveraging each other's presence. Metals are crucial in shaping these interactions between insects and microbial pathogens. However, metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, and Ni are integral to various physiological processes in insects, including immune function and resistance against pathogens. Insects have evolved multiple mechanisms to take up, transport, and regulate metal concentrations to fight against pathogenic microbes and act as a vector to transport microbial pathogens to plants and cause various plant diseases. Hence, it is paramount to inhibit insect-microbe interaction to control pathogen transfer from one plant to another or carry pathogens from other sources. This review aims to succinate the role of metals in the interactions between insects and microbial pathogens. It summarizes the significance of metals in the physiology, immune response, and competition for metals between insects, microbial pathogens, and plants. The scope of this review covers these imperative metals and their acquisition, storage, and regulation mechanisms in insect and microbial pathogens. The paper will discuss various scientific studies and sources, including molecular and biochemical studies and genetic and genomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhanullah Khan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minglin Lang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Life Science, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
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12
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Global Molecular Response of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis to Zinc Deprivation: Analyses at Transcript, Protein and MicroRNA Levels. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030281. [PMID: 36983449 PMCID: PMC10056003 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is one of the main micronutrients for all organisms. One of the defense mechanisms used by the host includes the sequestration of metals used in fungal metabolism, such as iron and zinc. There are several mechanisms that maintain the balance in the intracellular zinc supply. MicroRNAs are effector molecules of responses between the pathogen and host, favoring or preventing infection in many microorganisms. Fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are thermodimorphic and the etiological agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). In the current pandemic scenario world mycosis studies continue to be highly important since a significant number of patients with COVID-19 developed systemic mycoses, co-infections that complicated their clinical condition. The objective was to identify transcriptomic and proteomic adaptations in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis during zinc deprivation. Nineteen microRNAs were identified, three of which were differentially regulated. Target genes regulated by those microRNAs are elements of zinc homeostasis such as ZRT1, ZRT3 and COT1 transporters. Transcription factors that have zinc in their structure are also targets of those miRNAs. Transcriptional and proteomic data suggest that P. brasiliensis undergoes metabolic remodeling to survive zinc deprivation and that miRNAs may be part of the regulatory process.
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13
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Seo H, Kang S, Lee D, Yun CW. Regulation of pseurotin A biosynthesis by GliZ and zinc in Aspergillus fumigatus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2431. [PMID: 36765124 PMCID: PMC9918513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that zinc regulates gliotoxin biosynthesis via ZafA, which is a zinc-responsive transcriptional activator. From an HPLC analysis of culture media of Aspergillus fumigatus, we found a trend of decreasing gliotoxin production but increasing pseurotin A and fumagillin production in proportion to the zinc concentration. The expression of the genes involved in pseurotin A biosynthesis was upregulated under high zinc concentrations. Furthermore, upregulated expression of pseurotin A biosynthetic genes and higher production of pseurotin A were observed in the zafA deletion strain. Interestingly, the deletion of gliZ, a transcriptional activator of gliotoxin biosynthesis genes, resulted in upregulated expression of pseurotin A biosynthetic genes and increased production of pseurotin A. We detected upregulation of fumR expression in the gliZ and zafA deletion mutants. The overexpression of gliZ observed in the zafA deletion mutant resulted in the failure of the mutant to increase pseurotin A production, which is a phenotype of the zafA deletion mutant. These results suggest that ZafA sequentially regulates pseurotin A biosynthesis through GliZ. Finally, we found through a murine virulence test that the gliZ and fumR double-deletion mutants showed a delayed death rate compared with the single-deletion mutants of either gliZ or fumR. Taken together, these results suggested that the biosynthesis of gliotoxin and pseurotin A are regulated in opposite ways by zinc utilization and that each secondary metabolite is synthesized when the synthesis of another secondary metabolite fails to protect it against the defense system of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Seo
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suzie Kang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Won Yun
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- NeuroEsgel Co., Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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The Effect of Quadruple Therapy with Polaprezinc or Bismuth on Gut Microbiota after Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237050. [PMID: 36498624 PMCID: PMC9739995 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Quadruple therapy with polaprezinc provided an alternative to Helicobacter pylori eradication; however, the effect on gut microbiota remains uncertain. This study aims to identify whether polaprezinc-containing quadruple therapy causes adverse microbiota effects among asymptomatic adults, compared with bismuth therapy. Methods: This was a randomized control trial. One hundred asymptomatic H. pylori-infected adults were randomly (1:1) assigned to two treatment groups (polaprezinc-containing therapy, PQT; or bismuth-containing therapy, BQT). Fecal samples were collected from subjects before and 4−8 weeks after therapy. Samples were sequenced for the V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Results: The relative abundance of the three dominant bacterial phyla (Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria) accounted for more than 95% of each treatment group. The alpha diversity between eradications that succeeded and those that failed had no significant difference (p > 0.05). After successful eradication, the alpha diversity in the BQT group decreased in comparison with the baseline (p < 0.05). Subjects who were successfully eradicated by BQT showed considerably lower alpha diversity indices than those of the PQT at follow-up (p < 0.05). The abundance of Parasutterella in subjects who were successfully eradicated by PQT was four times greater than that of BQT (q < 0.05). Conclusion: A 14-day PQT may be superior to BQT in maintaining short-term gut microbiota homeostasis after H. pylori treatment. Our findings preliminarily provide evidence of the short-term impacts of the gut microbiota after PQT treatment of H. pylori infection.
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15
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Qiao H, Mei J, Yuan K, Zhang K, Zhou F, Tang T, Zhao J. Immune-regulating strategy against rheumatoid arthritis by inducing tolerogenic dendritic cells with modified zinc peroxide nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:323. [PMID: 35836178 PMCID: PMC9281050 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In hypoxic dendritic cells (DCs), a low level of Zn2+ can induce the activation of immunogenic DCs (igDCs), thereby triggering an active T-cell response to propel the immune progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This finding indicates the crucial roles of zinc and oxygen homeostasis in DCs during the pathogenesis of RA. However, very few studies have focused on the modulation of zinc and oxygen homeostasis in DCs during RA treatment. Proposed herein is a DC-targeting immune-regulating strategy to induce igDCs into tolerogenic DCs (tDCs) and inhibit subsequent T-cell activation, referred to as ZnO2/Catalase@liposome-Mannose nanoparticles (ZnCM NPs). ZnCM NPs displayed targeted intracellular delivery of Zn2+ and O2 towards igDCs in a pH-responsive manner. After inactivating OTUB1 deubiquitination, the ZnCM NPs promoted CCL5 degradation via NF-κB signalling, thereby inducing the igDC-tDC transition to further inhibit CD4+ T-cell homeostasis. In collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice, this nanoimmunoplatform showed significant accumulation in the spleen, where immature DCs (imDCs) differentiated into igDCs. Splenic tDCs were induced to alleviate ankle swelling, improve walking posture and safely inhibit ankle/spleen inflammation. Our work pioneers the combination of DC-targeting nanoplatforms with RA treatments and highlights the significance of zinc and oxygen homeostasis for the immunoregulation of RA by inducing tDCs with modified ZnO2 NPs, which provides novel insight into ion homeostasis regulation for the treatment of immune diseases with a larger variety of distinct metal or nonmetal ions. The DC-targeting immune-regulating nanostrategy was firstly employed to treat RA. The complex immune regulating effects was realized through a portable, convenient and green nanomaterial. Highlighting the significance of zinc and oxygen homeostasis for the immunoregulation of RA by inducing tDCs with modified ZnO2 NPs. Expanding the notion of ion homeostasis regulation with a larger variety of distinct metal or nonmetal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtian Mei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Scarpellini E, Balsiger LM, Maurizi V, Rinninella E, Gasbarrini A, Giostra N, Santori P, Abenavoli L, Rasetti C. Zinc and gut microbiota in health and gastrointestinal disease under the COVID-19 suggestion. Biofactors 2022; 48:294-306. [PMID: 35218585 PMCID: PMC9082519 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microelements represent an emerging resource for medicine and its preventive branch. Zinc is the second most abundant element in our organism with peculiar physiologic functions and pathophysiologic implications in systemic and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. It interacts very often with gut microbiota (GM) and can affect natural course of GI diseases through a bidirectional relationship with intestinal bugs. We aimed to review literature data regarding zinc chemistry, role in health, and GI diseases in man with a special focus on its interaction with GM. We conducted a search on the main medical databases for original articles, reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials and case series using the following keywords and acronyms and their associations: zinc, microelements, gut microbiota, gut health, and COVID-19. Zinc has a rapid and simple metabolism and limited storage within our body. Its efficacy on immune system modulation reflects on improved response to pathogens, reduced inflammatory response, and improved atopic/allergic reactions. Zinc is also involved in cell cycle regulation (namely, apoptosis) with potential anti-cancerogenic effects. All these effects are in a "symbiotic" relationship with GM. Finally, zinc shows preliminary viral antireplicative effects. Zinc seems to gain more and more evidences on its efficacy in allergic, atopic and infectious diseases treatment, and prevention. COVID-19 can be the booster for research on future applications of zinc as perfect "postbiotic" in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emidio Scarpellini
- Hepatology and Internal Medicine Unit“Madonna del soccorso” General HospitalSan Benedetto del TrontoItaly
- T.A.R.G.I.DGasthuisberg University Hospital, KULeuvenLuevenBelgium
| | | | - Valentina Maurizi
- Internal Medicine Residency ProgramUniversità Politecnica delle MarcheAnconaItaly
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Gastroenterology, EndocrinologyNephrology and Urology Department, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCSRomeItaly
- Institute of Medical PathologyCatholic University of the Sacred HeartRomeItaly
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Institute of Medical PathologyCatholic University of the Sacred HeartRomeItaly
| | - Nena Giostra
- Hepatology and Internal Medicine Unit“Madonna del soccorso” General HospitalSan Benedetto del TrontoItaly
| | - Pierangelo Santori
- Hepatology and Internal Medicine Unit“Madonna del soccorso” General HospitalSan Benedetto del TrontoItaly
| | | | - Carlo Rasetti
- Hepatology and Internal Medicine Unit“Madonna del soccorso” General HospitalSan Benedetto del TrontoItaly
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17
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Kupyaphores are zinc homeostatic metallophores required for colonization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2110293119. [PMID: 35193957 PMCID: PMC8872721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110293119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the etiological agent of human tuberculosis (TB). Mtb can persist inside host macrophages by successfully adapting to intracellular conditions. Acquisition of balanced amounts of essential micronutrients is one such important process. Our studies have identified a metallophore produced on demand to restore Mtb zinc metabolic imbalance. These diacyl-diisonitrile lipopeptides, named kupyaphores, are specifically induced during infection and move in and out of cells to protect bacteria from host-mediated nutritional deprivation and intoxication. Furthermore, we identify an Mtb isonitrile hydratase homolog, expressed in low-zinc conditions, which probably facilitates zinc release from kupyaphores. Identification of this zinc acquisition strategy could provide opportunities in future to understand systemic zinc dysbiosis and associated manifestations in TB patients. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) endures a combination of metal scarcity and toxicity throughout the human infection cycle, contributing to complex clinical manifestations. Pathogens counteract this paradoxical dysmetallostasis by producing specialized metal trafficking systems. Capture of extracellular metal by siderophores is a widely accepted mode of iron acquisition, and Mtb iron-chelating siderophores, mycobactin, have been known since 1965. Currently, it is not known whether Mtb produces zinc scavenging molecules. Here, we characterize low-molecular-weight zinc-binding compounds secreted and imported by Mtb for zinc acquisition. These molecules, termed kupyaphores, are produced by a 10.8 kbp biosynthetic cluster and consists of a dipeptide core of ornithine and phenylalaninol, where amino groups are acylated with isonitrile-containing fatty acyl chains. Kupyaphores are stringently regulated and support Mtb survival under both nutritional deprivation and intoxication conditions. A kupyaphore-deficient Mtb strain is unable to mobilize sufficient zinc and shows reduced fitness upon infection. We observed early induction of kupyaphores in Mtb-infected mice lungs after infection, and these metabolites disappeared after 2 wk. Furthermore, we identify an Mtb-encoded isonitrile hydratase, which can possibly mediate intracellular zinc release through covalent modification of the isonitrile group of kupyaphores. Mtb clinical strains also produce kupyaphores during early passages. Our study thus uncovers a previously unknown zinc acquisition strategy of Mtb that could modulate host–pathogen interactions and disease outcome.
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18
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Sloan MA, Aghabi D, Harding CR. Orchestrating a heist: uptake and storage of metals by apicomplexan parasites. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2021; 167. [PMID: 34898419 PMCID: PMC7612242 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Sloan
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Dana Aghabi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
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19
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Pajarillo EAB, Lee E, Kang DK. Trace metals and animal health: Interplay of the gut microbiota with iron, manganese, zinc, and copper. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:750-761. [PMID: 34466679 PMCID: PMC8379138 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metals such as iron, manganese, copper, and zinc are recognized as essential trace elements. These trace metals play critical roles in development, growth, and metabolism, participating in various metabolic processes by acting as cofactors of enzymes or providing structural support to proteins. Deficiency or toxicity of these metals can impact human and animal health, giving rise to a number of metabolic and neurological disorders. Proper breakdown, absorption, and elimination of these trace metals is a tightly regulated process that requires crosstalk between the host and these micronutrients. The gut is a complex system that serves as the interface between these components, but other factors that contribute to this delicate interaction are not well understood. The gut is home to trillions of microorganisms and microbial genes (the gut microbiome) that can regulate the metabolism and transport of micronutrients and contribute to the bioavailability of trace metals through their assimilation from food sources or by competing with the host. Furthermore, deficiency or toxicity of these metals can modulate the gut microenvironment, including microbiota, nutrient availability, stress, and immunity. Thus, understanding the role of the gut microbiota in the metabolism of manganese, iron, copper, and zinc, as well as in heavy metal deficiencies and toxicities, and vice versa, may provide insight into developing improved or alternative therapeutic strategies to address emerging health concerns. This review describes the current understanding of how the gut microbiome and trace metals interact and affect host health, particularly in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Alain B. Pajarillo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee 32307, FL, USA
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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20
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Kandari D, Joshi H, Tanwar N, Munde M, Bhatnagar R. Delineation of the Residues of Bacillus anthracis Zinc Uptake Regulator Protein Directly Involved in Its Interaction with Cognate DNA. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3147-3158. [PMID: 33052530 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc uptake regulator (Zur) is a negative transcriptional regulator of bacteria that belongs to the FUR superfamily of proteins and regulates zinc (Zn) homeostasis under extreme Zn conditions. The Zur protein of Bacillus anthracis (BaZur) was though characterized previously, but the residues of this transcriptional regulator, crucial for binding to the consensus Zur box in the cognate DNA, remain unexplored. In this study, we reveal the essential residues of the protein that govern the specific interaction with the cognate DNA, through mutational and binding studies. In silico predicted model of the BaZur protein with the promoter region of one of the regulon candidates was utilized to identify specific residues of the N-terminal domain (NTD), constituting the DNA-binding recognition helix. Our results suggest that two phenylalanine residues, a non-polar aliphatic leucine and a positively charged arginine residue of NTD, are predominantly involved in DNA binding of BaZur. Among these, the arginine residue (Arg58) is conserved among all the Zur proteins and the two Phe residues, namely Phe53 and Phe63, are conserved in the Zur proteins of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. Taken together, the current study represents an in-depth investigation into the key DNA-binding residues involved in the BaZur-DNA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kandari
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Hemant Joshi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Neetu Tanwar
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Munde
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Banaras Hindu University, Banaras, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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21
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Pal A, Squitti R, Picozza M, Pawar A, Rongioletti M, Dutta AK, Sahoo S, Goswami K, Sharma P, Prasad R. Zinc and COVID-19: Basis of Current Clinical Trials. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2882-2892. [PMID: 33094446 PMCID: PMC7580816 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to threaten patients, societies, and economic and healthcare systems around the world. Like many other diseases, the host immune system determines the progress of COVID-19 and fatality. Modulation of inflammatory response and cytokine production using immunonutrition is a novel concept that has been applied to other diseases as well. Zinc, one of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant micronutrient found in food with well-established role in immunity, is currently being used in some clinical trials against COVID-19. This review integrates the contemporary studies of role of zinc in antiviral immunity along with discussing its potential role against COVID-19, and ongoing COVID-19 clinical trials using zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani, West Bengal, 741245, India.
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Picozza
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Anil Pawar
- Department of Zoology, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Atanu Kumar Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani, West Bengal, 741245, India
| | - Sibasish Sahoo
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani, West Bengal, 741245, India
| | - Kalyan Goswami
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani, West Bengal, 741245, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, MM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
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22
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Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Enhance Alveolar Macrophage Activity against Aspergillus fumigatus but Are Dispensable for Host Protection. mSphere 2021; 6:e0026021. [PMID: 34077261 PMCID: PMC8265640 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00260-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause of mold pneumonia worldwide, and a significant cause of infectious morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. The oxidative burst, which generates reactive oxidative species (ROS), plays a pivotal role in host defense against aspergillosis and induces regulated cell death in Aspergillus conidia, the infectious propagules. Beyond the well-established role of NADP (NADPH) oxidase in ROS generation by neutrophils and other innate effector cells, mitochondria represent a major ROS production site in many cell types, though it is unclear whether mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) contribute to antifungal activity in the lung. Following A. fumigatus infection, we observed that innate effector cells, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCS), and neutrophils, generated mtROS, primarily in fungus-infected cells. To examine the functional role of mtROS, specifically the H2O2 component, in pulmonary host defense against A. fumigatus, we infected transgenic mice that expressed a mitochondrion-targeted catalase. Using a reporter of fungal viability during interactions with leukocytes, mitochondrial H2O2 (mtH2O2) was essential for optimal AM, but not for neutrophil phagocytic and conidiacidal activity in the lung. Catalase-mediated mtH2O2 neutralization did not lead to invasive aspergillosis in otherwise immunocompetent mice and did not shorten survival in mice that lack NADPH oxidase function. Collectively, these studies indicate that mtROS-associated defects in AM antifungal activity can be functionally compensated by the action of NADPH oxidase and by nonoxidative effector mechanisms during murine A. fumigatus lung infection. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus fumigatus is a fungal pathogen that causes invasive disease in humans with defects in immune function. Airborne conidia, the infectious propagules, are ubiquitous and inhaled on a daily basis. In the respiratory tree, conidia are killed by the coordinated actions of phagocytes, including alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. The oxidative burst represents a central killing mechanism and relies on the assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex on the phagosomal membrane. However, NADPH oxidase-deficient leukocytes have significant residual fungicidal activity in vivo, indicating the presence of alternative effector mechanisms. Here, we report that murine innate immune cells produce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in response to fungal interactions. Neutralizing the mtROS constituent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via a catalase expressed in mitochondria of innate immune cells substantially diminished fungicidal properties of alveolar macrophages, but not of other innate immune cells. These data indicate that mtH2O2 represent a novel AM killing mechanism against Aspergillus conidia. mtH2O2 neutralization is compensated by other killing mechanisms in the lung, demonstrating functional redundancy at the level of host defense in the respiratory tree. These findings have important implications for the development of host-directed therapies against invasive aspergillosis in susceptible patient populations.
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23
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Ganguly T, Peterson AM, Kajfasz JK, Abranches J, Lemos JA. Zinc import mediated by AdcABC is critical for colonization of the dental biofilm by Streptococcus mutans in an animal model. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:214-224. [PMID: 33819383 PMCID: PMC9178666 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals are essential to all domains of life but toxic when found at high concentrations. Although the importance of iron in host-pathogen interactions is firmly established, contemporary studies indicate that other trace metals, including manganese and zinc, are also critical to the infectious process. In this study, we sought to identify and characterize the zinc uptake system(s) of Streptococcus mutans, a keystone pathogen in dental caries and a causative agent of bacterial endocarditis. Different than other pathogenic bacteria, including several streptococci, that encode multiple zinc import systems, bioinformatic analysis indicated that the S. mutans core genome encodes a single, highly conserved, zinc importer commonly known as AdcABC. Inactivation of the genes coding for the metal-binding AdcA (ΔadcA) or both AdcC ATPase and AdcB permease (ΔadcCB) severely impaired the ability of S. mutans to grow under zinc-depleted conditions. Intracellular metal quantifications revealed that both mutants accumulated less zinc when grown in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration of a zinc-specific chelator. Notably, the ΔadcCB strain displayed a severe colonization defect in a rat oral infection model. Both Δadc strains were hypersensitive to high concentrations of manganese, showed reduced peroxide tolerance, and formed less biofilm in sucrose-containing media when cultivated in the presence of the lowest amount of zinc that support their growth, but not when zinc was supplied in excess. Collectively, this study identifies AdcABC as the major high affinity zinc importer of S. mutans and provides preliminary evidence that zinc is a growth-limiting factor within the dental biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tridib Ganguly
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Peterson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica K. Kajfasz
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jacqueline Abranches
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - José A. Lemos
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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24
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Alhillawi ZH, Al-Hakeim HK, Moustafa SR, Maes M. Increased zinc and albumin but lowered copper in children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 65:126713. [PMID: 33453474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurements of copper and zinc in transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) show contradictory results. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine serum levels of these minerals in TDT in relation to iron overload indices and erythron variables. METHODS This study recruited 60 children with TDT and 30 healthy controls aged 3-12 years old. RESULTS Zinc was significantly higher in TDT children than in controls, while copper and the copper to zinc ratio were significantly lowered in TDT. Serum zinc was significantly associated with the number of blood transfusions and iron overload variables (including serum iron and TS%) and negatively with erythron variables (including hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin). Serum copper was significantly and negatively associated with the same iron overload and erythron variables. The copper to zinc ratio was significantly correlated with iron, TS%, ferritin, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Albumin levels were significantly higher in TDT children than in control children. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the increase in zinc in children with TDT may be explained by iron loading anemia and hemolysis and the consequent shedding of high amounts of intracellular zinc into the plasma. Increased albumin levels and treatment with Desferral may further contribute towards higher zinc levels in TDT. We suggest that the elevations in zinc in TDT are a compensatory mechanism protecting against infection, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Previous proposals for prophylactic use of zinc supplements in TDT may not be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shatha Rouf Moustafa
- Clinical Analysis Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Havalan City, Erbil, Iraq.
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
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25
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Penninger P, Riedelberger M, Tsymala I, Arzani H, Jenull S, Kuchler K. Quantification of zinc intoxication of Candida glabrata after phagocytosis by primary macrophages. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100352. [PMID: 33665632 PMCID: PMC7907919 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) is a trace element, playing pivotal roles during host-pathogen interactions. Macrophages can sequester Zn2+ and restrict bioavailability or increase phagolysosomal Zn2+ to kill pathogens. This method quantifies Zn2+-mediated clearance of the human fungal pathogen C. glabrata after phagocytosis by innate immune cells. Double staining with propidium iodide and a zinc-specific fluorescence dye allows for discrimination of live versus dead pathogens inside phagolysosomes. Moreover, elevated phagolysosomal Zn2+ decreases fungal viability as a function of intracellular Zn2+ concentrations in macrophages. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Riedelberger et al. (2020). A host-pathogen interaction system of primary macrophages and fungal pathogens Flow cytometric assay to quantify Zn2+ intoxication of fungal pathogens by macrophages Fungal viability depends on intra-phagosomal Zn2+ changes during immune responses Zn2+ levels in reisolated pathogens correlate with fungal killing by macrophages
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Penninger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Riedelberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Tsymala
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hossein Arzani
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Jenull
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Xia P, Lian S, Wu Y, Yan L, Quan G, Zhu G. Zinc is an important inter-kingdom signal between the host and microbe. Vet Res 2021; 52:39. [PMID: 33663613 PMCID: PMC7931793 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element in living organisms and plays a vital role in the regulation of both microbial virulence and host immune responses. A growing number of studies have shown that zinc deficiency or the internal Zn concentration does not meet the needs of animals and microbes, leading to an imbalance in zinc homeostasis and intracellular signalling pathway dysregulation. Competition for zinc ions (Zn2+) between microbes and the host exists in the use of Zn2+ to maintain cell structure and physiological functions. It also affects the interplay between microbial virulence factors and their specific receptors in the host. This review will focus on the role of Zn in the crosstalk between the host and microbe, especially for changes in microbial pathogenesis and nociceptive neuron-immune interactions, as it may lead to new ways to prevent or treat microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Siqi Lian
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yunping Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Li Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guomei Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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27
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de Jesus JR, de Araújo Andrade T. Understanding the relationship between viral infections and trace elements from a metallomics perspective: implications for COVID-19. Metallomics 2020; 12:1912-1930. [PMID: 33295922 PMCID: PMC7928718 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00220h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic situation due to a new viral infection (COVID-19) caused by a novel virus (Sars-CoV-2). COVID-19 is today the leading cause of death from viral infections in the world. It is known that many elements play important roles in viral infections, both in virus survival, and in the activation of the host's immune system, which depends on the presence of micronutrients to maintain the integrity of its functions. In this sense, the metallome can be an important object of study for understanding viral infections. Therefore, this work presents an overview of the role of trace elements in the immune system and the state of the art in metallomics, highlighting the challenges found in studies focusing on viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemmyson Romário de Jesus
- University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, Dept of Analytical Chemistry, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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28
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Liu X, Wang J, Zhou M, Dai Q, Wang Q, Li H, Qian X. Particulate matter exposure disturbs inflammatory cytokine homeostasis associated with changes in trace metal levels in mouse organs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138377. [PMID: 32330707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have focused on the impact of particulate matter (PM) exposure with respect to the relationship between PM-induced inflammation and the levels of trace metals in tissues and organs. In this study, C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to ambient air alongside control mice breathing air filtered through a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. In both groups, mRNA levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured after 4, 8 and 12 weeks together with the trace metal contents of the lungs, heart, liver, hippocampus and blood. PM exposure resulted in a general upward trend in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung, heart, liver and hippocampus. By contrast, IL-10 mRNA expression varied depending on the organ, with a continuous upward trend in heart and liver and an up-regulation at 8 weeks followed by a down-regulation at 12 weeks in lung and hippocampus. The disturbed homeostasis of inflammatory cytokines was accompanied by changes in trace metal levels in the mice. These alterations may have constituted a compensatory effect conferring protection from inflammatory damage. However, prolonged PM exposure finally resulted in the deficiency of several essential trace metals in the lungs and hippocampus, which may have contributed to the observed histological changes typical of an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Huaiyin Institute of Technology, School of the Chemical Engineering, Huaian, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- School of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Key Laboratory of Anhui Province of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, HeFei, China
| | - Mengfan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian'ying Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
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29
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de Almeida Brasiel PG. The key role of zinc in elderly immunity: A possible approach in the COVID-19 crisis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 38:65-66. [PMID: 32690179 PMCID: PMC7297178 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background & aims The COVID-19 infection can lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), mainly affecting patients aged 60 and older. Preliminary data suggest that the nutritional status can change the course of the infection, and on the matter, zinc is crucial for growth, development, and the maintenance of immune function. In the absence of treatment for this virus, there is an urgent need to find alternative methods that can contribute to control of disease. The aim of this paper is to establish the relation between zinc and COVID-19. Methods and results From the prior scientific knowledge, we have performed a review of the literature and examine the role of zinc in immune function in the infection by COVID-19. Our findings are that the zinc as an anti-inflammatory agent may help to optimize immune function and reduce the risk of infection. Conclusions Zinc supplementation can be a useful strategy to reduce the global burden of infection in the elderly, there is a need the increased reporting to improve our understanding of COVID-19 and the care of affected patients.
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30
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Riedelberger M, Penninger P, Tscherner M, Hadriga B, Brunnhofer C, Jenull S, Stoiber A, Bourgeois C, Petryshyn A, Glaser W, Limbeck A, Lynes MA, Schabbauer G, Weiss G, Kuchler K. Type I Interferons Ameliorate Zinc Intoxication of Candida glabrata by Macrophages and Promote Fungal Immune Evasion. iScience 2020; 23:101121. [PMID: 32428860 PMCID: PMC7232100 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host and fungal pathogens compete for metal ion acquisition during infectious processes, but molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we show that type I interferons (IFNs-I) dysregulate zinc homeostasis in macrophages, which employ metallothionein-mediated zinc intoxication of pathogens as fungicidal response. However, Candida glabrata can escape immune surveillance by sequestering zinc into vacuoles. Interestingly, zinc-loading is inhibited by IFNs-I, because a Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)-dependent suppression of zinc homeostasis affects zinc distribution in macrophages as well as generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, systemic fungal infections elicit IFN-I responses that suppress splenic zinc homeostasis, thereby altering macrophage zinc pools that otherwise exert fungicidal actions. Thus, IFN-I signaling inadvertently increases fungal fitness both in vitro and in vivo during fungal infections. Our data reveal an as yet unrecognized role for zinc intoxication in antifungal immunity and suggest that interfering with host zinc homeostasis may offer therapeutic options to treat invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Riedelberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Penninger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Tscherner
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Hadriga
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Brunnhofer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Jenull
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Stoiber
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christelle Bourgeois
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andriy Petryshyn
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Glaser
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Lynes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, CT, USA
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Institute for Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Arginine Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Multiple Sclerosis, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Abstract
The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a myriad of specialised cell types, communicating molecules and functional responses. The immune system is always active, carrying out surveillance, but its activity is enhanced if an individual becomes infected. This heightened activity is accompanied by an increased rate of metabolism, requiring energy sources, substrates for biosynthesis and regulatory molecules, which are all ultimately derived from the diet. A number of vitamins (A, B6, B12, folate, C, D and E) and trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, iron) have been demonstrated to have key roles in supporting the human immune system and reducing risk of infections. Other essential nutrients including other vitamins and trace elements, amino acids and fatty acids are also important. Each of the nutrients named above has roles in supporting antibacterial and antiviral defence, but zinc and selenium seem to be particularly important for the latter. It would seem prudent for individuals to consume sufficient amounts of essential nutrients to support their immune system to help them deal with pathogens should they become infected. The gut microbiota plays a role in educating and regulating the immune system. Gut dysbiosis is a feature of disease including many infectious diseases and has been described in COVID-19. Dietary approaches to achieve a healthy microbiota can also benefit the immune system. Severe infection of the respiratory epithelium can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterised by excessive and damaging host inflammation, termed a cytokine storm. This is seen in cases of severe COVID-19. There is evidence from ARDS in other settings that the cytokine storm can be controlled by n-3 fatty acids, possibly through their metabolism to specialised pro-resolving mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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32
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Khan N, Chen X, Geiger JD. Role of Divalent Cations in HIV-1 Replication and Pathogenicity. Viruses 2020; 12:E471. [PMID: 32326317 PMCID: PMC7232465 DOI: 10.3390/v12040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Divalent cations are essential for life and are fundamentally important coordinators of cellular metabolism, cell growth, host-pathogen interactions, and cell death. Specifically, for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), divalent cations are required for interactions between viral and host factors that govern HIV-1 replication and pathogenicity. Homeostatic regulation of divalent cations' levels and actions appear to change as HIV-1 infection progresses and as changes occur between HIV-1 and the host. In people living with HIV-1, dietary supplementation with divalent cations may increase HIV-1 replication, whereas cation chelation may suppress HIV-1 replication and decrease disease progression. Here, we review literature on the roles of zinc (Zn2+), iron (Fe2+), manganese (Mn2+), magnesium (Mg2+), selenium (Se2+), and copper (Cu2+) in HIV-1 replication and pathogenicity, as well as evidence that divalent cation levels and actions may be targeted therapeutically in people living with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA; (N.K.); (X.C.)
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33
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Bücker R, Zakrzewski SS, Wiegand S, Pieper R, Fromm A, Fromm M, Günzel D, Schulzke JD. Zinc prevents intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by alpha-hemolysin-producing Escherichia coli 536 infection in porcine colon. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108632. [PMID: 32273011 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc treatment is beneficial for infectious diarrhea or colitis. This study aims to characterize the pathomechanisms of the epithelial barrier dysfunction caused by alpha-hemolysin (HlyA)-expressing Escherichia coli in the colon mucosa and the mitigating effects of zinc ions. We performed Ussing chamber experiments on porcine colon epithelium and infected the tissues with HlyA-producing E. coli. Colon mucosa from piglets was obtained from a feeding trial with defined normal or high dose zinc feeding (pre-conditioning). Additional to the zinc feeding, zinc was added to the luminal compartment of the Ussing chamber. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured during the infection of the living tissue and subsequently the tissues were immuno-stained for confocal microscopy. Zinc applied to the luminal compartment was effective in preventing from E. coli-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction in Ussing chamber experiments. In contrast, zinc pre-conditioning of colon mucosae when zinc ions were missing subsequently in the luminal compartment was not sufficient to prevent epithelial barrier impairment during E. coli infection. The pathological changes caused by E. coli HlyA were alterations of tight junction proteins claudin-4 and claudin-5, focal leak formation, and cell exfoliation which reflected the paracellular barrier defect measured by a reduced TER. In microscopic analysis of luminal zinc-treated mucosae these changes were absent. In conclusion, continuous presence of unbound zinc ions in the luminal compartment is essential for the protective action of zinc against E. coli HlyA. This suggests the usage of zinc as therapeutic regimen, while prophylactic intervention by high dietary zinc loads may be less useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bücker
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke S Zakrzewski
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wiegand
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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34
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Gilbert R, Peto T, Lengyel I, Emri E. Zinc Nutrition and Inflammation in the Aging Retina. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801049. [PMID: 31148351 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for human health. It plays key roles in maintaining protein structure and stability, serves as catalytic factor for many enzymes, and regulates diverse fundamental cellular processes. Zinc is important in affecting signal transduction and, in particular, in the development and integrity of the immune system, where it affects both innate and adaptive immune responses. The eye, especially the retina-choroid complex, has an unusually high concentration of zinc compared to other tissues. The highest amount of zinc is concentrated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (RPE-choroid, 292 ± 98.5 µg g-1 dry tissue), followed by the retina (123 ± 62.2 µg g-1 dry tissue). The interplay between zinc and inflammation has been explored in other parts of the body but, so far, has not been extensively researched in the eye. Several lines of evidence suggest that ocular zinc concentration decreases with age, especially in the context of age-related disease. Thus, a hypothesis that retinal function could be modulated by zinc nutrition is proposed, and subsequently trialled clinically. In this review, the distribution and the potential role of zinc in the retina-choroid complex is outlined, especially in relation to inflammation and immunity, and the clinical studies to date are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Gilbert
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, EC1V 2EL, UK
| | - Tunde Peto
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Ireland
| | - Imre Lengyel
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, EC1V 2EL, UK.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Ireland
| | - Eszter Emri
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Ireland
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35
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Kandari D, Gopalani M, Gupta M, Joshi H, Bhatnagar S, Bhatnagar R. Identification, Functional Characterization, and Regulon Prediction of the Zinc Uptake Regulator ( zur) of Bacillus anthracis - An Insight Into the Zinc Homeostasis of the Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3314. [PMID: 30687290 PMCID: PMC6336718 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc has an abounding occurrence in the prokaryotes and plays paramount roles including catalytic, structural, and regulatory. Zinc uptake regulator (Zur), a Fur family transcriptional regulator, is connoted in maintaining zinc homeostasis in the pathogenic bacteria by binding to zinc and regulating the genes involved in zinc uptake and mobilization. Zinc homeostasis has been marginally scrutinized in Bacillus anthracis, the top-rated bio-terror agent, with no decipherment of the role of Zur. Of the three Fur family regulators in B. anthracis, BAS4181 is annotated as a zinc-specific transcriptional regulator. This annotation was further substantiated by our stringent computational and experimental analyses. The residues critical for zinc and DNA binding were delineated by homology modeling and sequence/structure analysis. ba zur existed as a part of a three-gene operon. Purified BaZur prodigiously existed in the dimeric form, indicated by size exclusion chromatography and blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Computational and manual strategies were employed to decipher the putative regulon of ba zur, comprising of 11 genes, controlled by six promoters, each harboring at least one Zur box. The DNA binding capability of the purified BaZur to the upstream regions of the ba zur operon, yciC, rpmG, znuA, and genes encoding a GTPase cobalamine synthesis protein and a permease was ascertained by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The regulon genes, implicated in zinc uptake and mobilization, were mostly negatively regulated by BaZur. The ba zur expression was downregulated upon exposure of cells to an excess of zinc. Conversely, it exhibited a marked upregulation under N, N, N', N'-Tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) mediated zinc-depleted environment, adding credence to its negative autoregulation. Moreover, an increase in the transcript levels of the regulon genes znuA, rpmG, and yciC upon exposure of cells to TPEN connoted their role in combating hypo-zincemic conditions by bringing about zinc uptake and mobilization. Thus, this study functionally characterizes Zur of B. anthracis and elucidates its role in maintaining zinc homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kandari
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Monisha Gopalani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Gupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Hemant Joshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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The Role of Zinc and Zinc Homeostasis in Macrophage Function. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:6872621. [PMID: 30622979 PMCID: PMC6304900 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6872621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc has long been recognized as an essential trace element, playing roles in the growth and development of all living organisms. In recent decades, zinc homeostasis was also found to be important for the innate immune system, especially for maintaining the function of macrophages. It is now generally accepted that dysregulated zinc homeostasis in macrophages causes impaired phagocytosis and an abnormal inflammatory response. However, many questions remain with respect to the mechanisms that underlie these processes, particularly at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we review our current understanding of the roles that zinc and zinc transporters play in regulating macrophage function.
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37
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Coverdale JPC, Khazaipoul S, Arya S, Stewart AJ, Blindauer CA. Crosstalk between zinc and free fatty acids in plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:532-542. [PMID: 30266430 PMCID: PMC6372834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian blood plasma, serum albumin acts as a transport protein for free fatty acids, other lipids and hydrophobic molecules including neurodegenerative peptides, and essential metal ions such as zinc to allow their systemic distribution. Importantly, binding of these chemically extremely diverse entities is not independent, but linked allosterically. One particularly intriguing allosteric link exists between free fatty acid and zinc binding. Albumin thus mediates crosstalk between energy status/metabolism and organismal zinc handling. In recognition of the fact that even small changes in extracellular zinc concentration and speciation modulate the function of many cell types, the albumin-mediated impact of free fatty acid concentration on zinc distribution may be significant for both normal physiological processes including energy metabolism, insulin activity, heparin neutralisation, blood coagulation, and zinc signalling, and a range of disease states, including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, myocardial ischemia, diabetes, and thrombosis. Serum albumin binds and transports both free fatty acids and Zn2+ ions Elevated plasma free fatty acids impair Zn2+ binding by albumin through an allosteric mechanism The resulting changes in plasma zinc speciation are thought to impact blood coagulation and may promote thrombosis Increased free Zn2+ may lead to enhanced zinc export from plasma and dysregulation of zinc homeostasis in multiple tissues
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Swati Arya
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Alan J Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
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38
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Schatzman SS, Culotta VC. Chemical Warfare at the Microorganismal Level: A Closer Look at the Superoxide Dismutase Enzymes of Pathogens. ACS Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 29517910 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide anion radical is generated as a natural byproduct of aerobic metabolism but is also produced as part of the oxidative burst of the innate immune response design to kill pathogens. In living systems, superoxide is largely managed through superoxide dismutases (SODs), families of metalloenzymes that use Fe, Mn, Ni, or Cu cofactors to catalyze the disproportionation of superoxide to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Given the bursts of superoxide faced by microbial pathogens, it comes as no surprise that SOD enzymes play important roles in microbial survival and virulence. Interestingly, microbial SOD enzymes not only detoxify host superoxide but also may participate in signaling pathways that involve reactive oxygen species derived from the microbe itself, particularly in the case of eukaryotic pathogens. In this Review, we will discuss the chemistry of superoxide radicals and the role of diverse SOD metalloenzymes in bacterial, fungal, and protozoan pathogens. We will highlight the unique features of microbial SOD enzymes that have evolved to accommodate the harsh lifestyle at the host-pathogen interface. Lastly, we will discuss key non-SOD superoxide scavengers that specific pathogens employ for defense against host superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S. Schatzman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Pubic Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Valeria C. Culotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Pubic Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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39
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Subramanian Vignesh K, Landero Figueroa JA, Porollo A, Divanovic S, Caruso JA, Deepe GS. IL-4 Induces Metallothionein 3- and SLC30A4-Dependent Increase in Intracellular Zn(2+) that Promotes Pathogen Persistence in Macrophages. Cell Rep 2018; 16:3232-3246. [PMID: 27653687 PMCID: PMC5603080 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative activation of macrophages promotes wound healing but weakens antimicrobial defenses against intracellular pathogens. The mechanisms that suppress macrophage function to create a favorable environment for pathogen growth remain elusive. We show that interleukin (IL)-4 triggers a metallothionein 3 (MT3)- and Zn exporter SLC30A4- dependent increase in the labile Zn2+ stores in macrophages and that intracellular pathogens can exploit this increase in Zn to survive. IL-4 regulates this pathway by shuttling extracellular Zn into macrophages and by activating cathepsins that act on MT3 to release bound Zn. We show that IL-4 can modulate Zn homeostasis in both human monocytes and mice. In vivo, MT3 can repress macrophage function in an M2-polarizing environment to promote pathogen persistence. Thus, MT3 and SLC30A4 dictate the size of the labile Zn2+ pool and promote the survival of a prototypical intracellular pathogen in M2 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio A Landero Figueroa
- University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Aleksey Porollo
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology and Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joseph A Caruso
- University of Cincinnati/Agilent Technologies Metallomics Center of the Americas, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Veterans Affairs Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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40
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Zinc Acquisition Mechanisms Differ between Environmental and Virulent Francisella Species. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00587-17. [PMID: 29109188 PMCID: PMC5786701 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00587-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient for bacterial growth. Because host cells can restrict pathogen access to zinc as an antimicrobial defense mechanism, intracellular pathogens such as Francisella must sense their environment and acquire zinc in response. In many bacteria, the conserved transcription factor Zur is a key regulator of zinc acquisition. To identify mechanisms of zinc uptake in Francisella novicida U112, transcriptome sequencing of wild-type and putative zur mutant bacteria was performed. Only three genes were confirmed as directly regulated by Zur and zinc limitation by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. One of these genes, FTN_0879, is predicted to encode a protein with similarity to the zupT family of zinc transporters, which are not typically regulated by Zur. While a putative znuACB operon encoding a high-affinity zinc transporter was identified in U112, expression of this operon was not controlled by Zur or zinc concentration. Disruption of zupT but not znuA in U112 impaired growth under zinc limitation, suggesting that ZupT is the primary mechanism of zinc acquisition under these conditions. In the virulent Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis Schu S4 strain, zupT is a pseudogene, and attempts to delete znuA were unsuccessful, suggesting that it is essential in this strain. A reverse TetR repression system was used to knock down the expression of znuA in Schu S4, revealing that znuA is required for growth under zinc limitation and contributes to intracellular growth within macrophages. Overall, this work identifies genes necessary for adaptation to zinc limitation and highlights nutritional differences between environmental and virulent Francisella strains. IMPORTANCEFrancisella tularensis is a tier 1 select agent with a high potential for lethality and no approved vaccine. A better understanding of Francisella virulence factors is required for the development of therapeutics. While acquisition of zinc has been shown to be required for the virulence of numerous intracellular pathogens, zinc uptake has not been characterized in Francisella. This work characterizes the Zur regulon in F. novicida and identifies two transporters that contribute to bacterial growth under zinc limitation. In addition, these data identify differences in mechanisms of zinc uptake and tolerance to zinc limitation between F. tularensis and F. novicida, highlighting the role of znuA in the growth of Schu S4 under zinc limitation.
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41
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Role of Calprotectin in Withholding Zinc and Copper from Candida albicans. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00779-17. [PMID: 29133349 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00779-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans acquires essential metals from the host, yet the host can sequester these micronutrients through a process known as nutritional immunity. How the host withholds metals from C. albicans has been poorly understood; here we examine the role of calprotectin (CP), a transition metal binding protein. When CP depletes bioavailable Zn from the extracellular environment, C. albicans strongly upregulates ZRT1 and PRA1 for Zn import and maintains constant intracellular Zn through numerous cell divisions. We show for the first time that CP can also sequester Cu by binding Cu(II) with subpicomolar affinity. CP blocks fungal acquisition of Cu from serum and induces a Cu starvation stress response involving SOD1 and SOD3 superoxide dismutases. These transcriptional changes are mirrored when C. albicans invades kidneys in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis, although the responses to Cu and Zn limitations are temporally distinct. The Cu response progresses throughout 72 h, while the Zn response is short-lived. Notably, these stress responses were attenuated in CP null mice, but only at initial stages of infection. Thus, Zn and Cu pools are dynamic at the host-pathogen interface and CP acts early in infection to restrict metal nutrients from C. albicans.
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42
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Dunn JD, Bosmani C, Barisch C, Raykov L, Lefrançois LH, Cardenal-Muñoz E, López-Jiménez AT, Soldati T. Eat Prey, Live: Dictyostelium discoideum As a Model for Cell-Autonomous Defenses. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1906. [PMID: 29354124 PMCID: PMC5758549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-dwelling social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum feeds on bacteria. Each meal is a potential infection because some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to resist predation. To survive such a hostile environment, D. discoideum has in turn evolved efficient antimicrobial responses that are intertwined with phagocytosis and autophagy, its nutrient acquisition pathways. The core machinery and antimicrobial functions of these pathways are conserved in the mononuclear phagocytes of mammals, which mediate the initial, innate-immune response to infection. In this review, we discuss the advantages and relevance of D. discoideum as a model phagocyte to study cell-autonomous defenses. We cover the antimicrobial functions of phagocytosis and autophagy and describe the processes that create a microbicidal phagosome: acidification and delivery of lytic enzymes, generation of reactive oxygen species, and the regulation of Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ availability. High concentrations of metals poison microbes while metal sequestration inhibits their metabolic activity. We also describe microbial interference with these defenses and highlight observations made first in D. discoideum. Finally, we discuss galectins, TNF receptor-associated factors, tripartite motif-containing proteins, and signal transducers and activators of transcription, microbial restriction factors initially characterized in mammalian phagocytes that have either homologs or functional analogs in D. discoideum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Dan Dunn
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Bosmani
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lyudmil Raykov
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louise H Lefrançois
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cardenal-Muñoz
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thierry Soldati
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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43
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Lhospice S, Gomez NO, Ouerdane L, Brutesco C, Ghssein G, Hajjar C, Liratni A, Wang S, Richaud P, Bleves S, Ball G, Borezée-Durant E, Lobinski R, Pignol D, Arnoux P, Voulhoux R. Pseudomonas aeruginosa zinc uptake in chelating environment is primarily mediated by the metallophore pseudopaline. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17132. [PMID: 29214991 PMCID: PMC5719457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal uptake is vital for all living organisms. In metal scarce conditions a common bacterial strategy consists in the biosynthesis of metallophores, their export in the extracellular medium and the recovery of a metal-metallophore complex through dedicated membrane transporters. Staphylopine is a recently described metallophore distantly related to plant nicotianamine that contributes to the broad-spectrum metal uptake capabilities of Staphylococcus aureus. Here we characterize a four-gene operon (PA4837-PA4834) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa involved in the biosynthesis and trafficking of a staphylopine-like metallophore named pseudopaline. Pseudopaline differs from staphylopine with regard to the stereochemistry of its histidine moiety associated with an alpha ketoglutarate moiety instead of pyruvate. In vivo, the pseudopaline operon is regulated by zinc through the Zur repressor. The pseudopaline system is involved in nickel uptake in poor media, and, most importantly, in zinc uptake in metal scarce conditions mimicking a chelating environment, thus reconciling the regulation of the cnt operon by zinc with its function as the main zinc importer under these metal scarce conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lhospice
- CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Oswaldo Gomez
- CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Ouerdane
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-inorganique et Environnement, IPREM-UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2, Avenue Angot, 64053, Pau, France
| | - Catherine Brutesco
- CEA, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, UMR 7265 LBC, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Ghassan Ghssein
- CEA, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, UMR 7265 LBC, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Christine Hajjar
- CEA, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, UMR 7265 LBC, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Ahmed Liratni
- CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Shuanglong Wang
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-inorganique et Environnement, IPREM-UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2, Avenue Angot, 64053, Pau, France
| | - Pierre Richaud
- CEA, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, UMR 7265 LB3M, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Sophie Bleves
- CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Geneviève Ball
- CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Borezée-Durant
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ryszard Lobinski
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-inorganique et Environnement, IPREM-UMR5254, Hélioparc, 2, Avenue Angot, 64053, Pau, France
| | - David Pignol
- CEA, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, UMR 7265 LBC, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Pascal Arnoux
- CEA, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, UMR 7265 LBC, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, F-13108, France.
| | - Romé Voulhoux
- CNRS et Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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44
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Metallothioneins: Emerging Modulators in Immunity and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102197. [PMID: 29065550 PMCID: PMC5666878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of metal-binding proteins virtually expressed in all organisms including prokaryotes, lower eukaryotes, invertebrates and mammals. These proteins regulate homeostasis of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), mitigate heavy metal poisoning, and alleviate superoxide stress. In recent years, MTs have emerged as an important, yet largely underappreciated, component of the immune system. Innate and adaptive immune cells regulate MTs in response to stress stimuli, cytokine signals and microbial challenge. Modulation of MTs in these cells in turn regulates metal ion release, transport and distribution, cellular redox status, enzyme function and cell signaling. While it is well established that the host strictly regulates availability of metal ions during microbial pathogenesis, we are only recently beginning to unravel the interplay between metal-regulatory pathways and immunological defenses. In this perspective, investigation of mechanisms that leverage the potential of MTs to orchestrate inflammatory responses and antimicrobial defenses has gained momentum. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to illumine the role of MTs in immune regulation. We discuss the mechanisms of MT induction and signaling in immune cells and explore the therapeutic potential of the MT-Zn axis in bolstering immune defenses against pathogens.
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45
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He L, Zhang A, Xiong L, Li Y, Huang R, Liao L, Zhu Z, Wang AY. Deep Circular RNA Sequencing Provides Insights into the Mechanism Underlying Grass Carp Reovirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091977. [PMID: 28906455 PMCID: PMC5618626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass carp hemorrhagic disease, caused by the grass carp reovirus (GCRV), is a major disease that hampers the development of grass carp aquaculture in China. The mechanism underlying GCRV infection is still largely unknown. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important regulators involved in various biological processes. In the present study, grass carp were infected with GCRV, and spleen samples were collected at 0 (control), 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-infection (dpi). Samples were used to construct and sequence circRNA libraries, and a total of 5052 circRNAs were identified before and after GCRV infection, of which 41 exhibited differential expression compared with controls. Many parental genes of the differentially expressed circRNAs are involved in metal ion binding, protein ubiquitination, enzyme activity, and nucleotide binding. Moreover, 72 binding miRNAs were predicted from the differentially expressed circRNAs, of which eight targeted genes were predicted to be involved in immune responses, blood coagulation, hemostasis, and complement and coagulation cascades. Upregulation of these genes may lead to endothelial and blood cell damage and hemorrhagic symptoms. Our results indicate that an mRNA–miRNA–circRNA network may be present in grass carp infected with GCRV, providing new insight into the mechanism underlying grass carp reovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Aidi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Lv Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - And Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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46
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Ribeiro NS, Dos Santos FM, Garcia AWA, Ferrareze PAG, Fabres LF, Schrank A, Kmetzsch L, Rott MB, Vainstein MH, Staats CC. Modulation of Zinc Homeostasis in Acanthamoeba castellanii as a Possible Antifungal Strategy against Cryptococcus gattii. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1626. [PMID: 28883816 PMCID: PMC5573748 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is a basidiomycetous yeast that can be found in the environment and is one of the agents of cryptococcosis, a life-threatening disease. During its life cycle, cryptococcal cells take hold inside environmental predators such as amoebae. Despite their evolutionary distance, macrophages and amoebae share conserved similar steps of phagocytosis and microbial killing. To evaluate whether amoebae also share other antifungal strategies developed by macrophages, we investigated nutritional immunity against cryptococcal cells. We focused on zinc homeostasis modulation in Acanthamoeba castellanii infected with C. gattii. The intracellular proliferation rate (IPR) in amoebae was determined using C. gattii R265 and mutants for the ZIP1 gene, which displays defects of growth in zinc-limiting conditions. We detected a reduced IPR in cells lacking the ZIP1 gene compared to wild-type strains, suggesting that amoebae produce a low zinc environment to engulfed cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis employing the zinc probe Zinpyr-1 confirmed the reduced concentration of zinc in cryptococcal-infected amoebae. qRT-PCR analysis of zinc transporter-coding genes suggests that zinc export by members of the ZnT family would be involved in the reduced intracellular zinc concentration. These results indicate that amoebae may use nutritional immunity to reduce fungal cell proliferation by reducing zinc availability for the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francine M Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ane W A Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A G Ferrareze
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura F Fabres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Livia Kmetzsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilise B Rott
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Charley C Staats
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
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47
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Mishra B, Sun Y, Ahmed H, Liu X, Mukhtar MS. Global temporal dynamic landscape of pathogen-mediated subversion of Arabidopsis innate immunity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7849. [PMID: 28798368 PMCID: PMC5552879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The universal nature of networks’ structural and physical properties across diverse systems offers a better prospect to elucidate the interplay between a system and its environment. In the last decade, several large-scale transcriptome and interactome studies were conducted to understand the complex and dynamic nature of interactions between Arabidopsis and its bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. We took advantage of these publicly available datasets and performed “-omics”-based integrative, and network topology analyses to decipher the transcriptional and protein-protein interaction activities of effector targets. We demonstrated that effector targets exhibit shorter distance to differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and possess increased information centrality. Intriguingly, effector targets are differentially expressed in a sequential manner and make for 1% of the total DEGs at any time point of infection with virulent or defense-inducing DC3000 strains. We revealed that DC3000 significantly alters the expression levels of 71% effector targets and their downstream physical interacting proteins in Arabidopsis interactome. Our integrative “-omics”-–based analyses identified dynamic complexes associated with MTI and disease susceptibility. Finally, we discovered five novel plant defense players using a systems biology-fueled top-to-bottom approach and demonstrated immune-related functions for them, further validating the power and resolution of our network analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Mishra
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Yali Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Hadia Ahmed
- Department of Computer & Information Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA. .,Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.
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48
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Transition metals at the host-pathogen interface: how Neisseria exploit human metalloproteins for acquiring iron and zinc. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:211-223. [PMID: 28487398 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transition metals are essential nutrients for all organisms and important players in the host-microbe interaction. During bacterial infection, a tug-of-war between the host and microbe for nutrient metals occurs: the host innate immune system responds to the pathogen by reducing metal availability and the pathogen tries to outmaneuver this response. The outcome of this competition, which involves metal-sequestering host-defense proteins and microbial metal acquisition machinery, is an important determinant for whether infection occurs. One strategy bacterial pathogens employ to overcome metal restriction involves hijacking abundant host metalloproteins. The obligate human pathogens Neisseria meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae express TonB-dependent transport systems that capture human metalloproteins, extract the bound metal ions, and deliver these nutrients into the bacterial cell. This review highlights structural and mechanistic investigations that provide insights into how Neisseria acquire iron from the Fe(III)-transport protein transferrin (TF), the Fe(III)-chelating host-defense protein lactoferrin (LF), and the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin (Hb), and obtain zinc from the metal-sequestering antimicrobial protein calprotectin (CP).
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49
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Awuh JA, Flo TH. Molecular basis of mycobacterial survival in macrophages. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1625-1648. [PMID: 27866220 PMCID: PMC11107535 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play an essential role in the immune system by ingesting and degrading invading pathogens, initiating an inflammatory response and instructing adaptive immune cells, and resolving inflammation to restore homeostasis. More interesting is the fact that some bacteria have evolved to use macrophages as a natural habitat and tools of spread in the host, e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and some non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Mtb is considered one of humanity's most successful pathogens and is the causal agent of tuberculosis, while NTMs cause opportunistic infections all of which are of significant public health concern. Here, we describe mechanisms by which intracellular pathogens, with an emphasis on mycobacteria, manipulate macrophage functions to circumvent killing and live inside these cells even under considerable immunological pressure. Such macrophage functions include the selective evasion or engagement of pattern recognition receptors, production of cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, phagosome maturation, as well as other killing mechanisms like autophagy and cell death. A clear understanding of host responses elicited by a specific pathogen and strategies employed by the microbe to evade or exploit these is of significant importance for the development of effective vaccines and targeted immunotherapy against persistent intracellular infections like tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Atesoh Awuh
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PB 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trude Helen Flo
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PB 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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50
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Dos Santos FM, Piffer AC, Schneider RDO, Ribeiro NS, Garcia AWA, Schrank A, Kmetzsch L, Vainstein MH, Staats CC. Alterations of zinc homeostasis in response to Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine macrophage cell line. Future Microbiol 2017; 12:491-504. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate alterations of zinc homeostasis in macrophages exposed to Cryptococcus neoformans. Materials & methods: Using a fluorescent zinc probe-based flow cytometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, zinc levels were evaluated in J774.A1 cell lines exposed to C. neoformans H99 cells. The transcription profile of macrophage zinc related homeostasis genes – metallothioneins and zinc transporters (ZnTs) of the SLC30 and SLC39 (Zrt-Irt-protein) families – was analyzed by quantitative PCR. Results: Macrophage intracellular labile zinc levels decreased following exposure to C. neoformans. A significant decrease in transcription levels was detected in specific ZnTs from both the Zrt-Irt-protein and ZnT families, especially 24 h after infection. Conclusion: These findings suggest that macrophages may exhibit zinc depletion in response to C. neoformans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Melise Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Alícia Corbellini Piffer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Oliveira Schneider
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Nicole Sartori Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Ane Wichine Acosta Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Augusto Schrank
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Lívia Kmetzsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Marilene Henning Vainstein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Charley Christian Staats
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 43421, Caixa Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
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