1
|
Santo CD, Desmarais A, Christophe NK. Coping with ethnic-racial discrimination: Protective-reactive effects of shift-and-persist coping on internalizing symptoms among Black American adolescents. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024. [PMID: 39140245 DOI: 10.1111/jora.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Ethnic-racial discrimination has pervasive negative effects on Black youth's mental health; therefore, it is crucial to identify factors that provide resilience against discrimination. Two promising factors to help youth cope are ethnic-racial identity (how one feels about their ethnicity/race) and shift-and-persist coping (reappraising and accepting an uncontrollable stressor while remaining optimistic about the future). While there is existing scholarship on ethnic-racial identity among Black youth, this work has not yet assessed the impacts of shift-and-persist in this population. Using a sample of 155 Black youth (ages 13-17), the current study examined the interplay between discrimination, ethnic-racial identity, shift-and-persist coping, and internalizing symptoms. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were positively associated with discrimination and negatively associated with shift-and-persist. Significant interactions between discrimination and shift-and-persist predicting both depressive and anxiety symptoms revealed significant negative associations between shift-and-persist and internalizing symptoms at low and average, but not high discrimination levels. Effects are, thus, protective-reactive; the protective effects of shift-and-persist are not significant for youth facing high levels of discrimination. Ethnic-racial identity, surprisingly, was not significantly associated with either depressive or anxiety symptoms, nor did it interact with shift-and-persist as it has in studies of Latinx youth. By understanding the protective benefits of shift-and-persist and ethnic-racial identity in Black youth, during a pivotal period for mental health, we can provide this growing population with tools to lessen the maladaptive outcomes associated with discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Dal Santo
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ariane Desmarais
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Choi KR, Bravo L, La Charite J, Cardona E, Elliott T, James KF, Wisk LE, Dunn EC, Saadi A. Associations between Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs), Discrimination, and Internalizing/Externalizing in Pre-Adolescents. Acad Pediatr 2024:S1876-2859(24)00275-4. [PMID: 39004299 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the relationships between four types of perceived discrimination (based on race and ethnicity, nationality/country of origin, gender identity, weight/body size), individually and cumulatively; positive childhood experiences (PCEs); and behavioral symptoms among pre-adolescent youth. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a US-based cohort study of pre-adolescent youth in the United States (N = 10,915). Our outcome was emotional/behavioral symptoms measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. Primary exposures were four types of discrimination, a count of 0-5 PCEs, and other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the relationship between perceived discrimination and clinical-range behavioral symptoms, including the role of PCEs and ACEs. RESULTS Weight discrimination was the most frequent exposure (n = 643, 5.9%). Race and weight perceived discrimination were associated with clinical-range externalizing and internalizing symptoms, respectively, but these associations were non significant once other ACEs were added to models. Cumulative discrimination was associated with clinical-range Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores, even when accounting for other ACEs (aOR=1.47, 95% CI=1.2-1.8). PCEs slightly reduced the strength of this relationship and were independently associated with reduced symptoms (aOR=0.82, 95% CI=0.72-0.93). CONCLUSIONS Results of this national study suggest cumulative discrimination can exert emotional/behavioral health harm among youth. PCEs were independently associated with reduced behavioral symptoms. There is a need for further research on how to prevent discrimination and bolster PCEs by targeting upstream social inequities in communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Choi
- School of Nursing (KR Choi and E Cardona), UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif; Department of Health Policy and Management (KR Choi, J La Charite, and LE Wisk), Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, Calif.
| | - Lilian Bravo
- National Clinician Scholars Program (L Bravo and T Elliott), Division of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Jaime La Charite
- Department of Health Policy and Management (KR Choi, J La Charite, and LE Wisk), Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | - Thomas Elliott
- National Clinician Scholars Program (L Bravo and T Elliott), Division of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | - Lauren E Wisk
- Department of Health Policy and Management (KR Choi, J La Charite, and LE Wisk), Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, Calif; Division of General Internal Medicine & Health Services Research (LE Wisk), Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Erin C Dunn
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit (EC Dunn), Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Psychiatry (EC Dunn), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Altaf Saadi
- Harvard Medical School (A Saadi), Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology (A Saadi), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duell N, Christophe NK, Romero MYM. Risk taking profiles among college students: An examination of health-risk taking, anti-racism action, and college functioning. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:1419-1427. [PMID: 35658097 PMCID: PMC9757152 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2077636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study expands the literature on risk taking among college students by exploring anti-racism action as a form of positive risk taking. Participants: 346 Black (64%) and Latinx (36%) college students (85% female) ages 18-27 years (M = 18.75, SD = 1.31). Methods: Participants responded to questionnaires on anti-racism action, health-risk taking, and college functioning. Latent class analysis identified behavioral profiles of risk takers. Indicators of profile membership and associations with college functioning were examined. Results: Three profiles emerged: moderate overall risk taking, high health-risk taking, and high anti-racism action. Personal experience with discrimination was associated with a greater likelihood of health-risk taking. Students in the high anti-racism profile evinced greater educational functioning than those in the high-health risk taking profile. Conclusions: Risky behavior on college campuses is not homogeneous. Specific interventions and support networks are necessary to support students falling within specific risk profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Duell
- Natasha Duell, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - Michelle. Y. Martin Romero
- Michelle Y. Martin Romero, Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pössel P, Seely HD, Marchetti I. Similarities and Differences in the Architecture of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depressive Symptoms in Black and White American Adolescents: A Network Analysis Study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024:10.1007/s10802-024-01218-5. [PMID: 38850463 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The hopelessness theory, Beck's cognitive theory, and the response styles theory dominate our understanding and the treatment of depression in adolescents. However, research supporting them is largely based on White individuals. Further, the associations between stressors, cognitive vulnerabilities, and depressive symptoms in Black adolescents are not as one would expect based on the predictions from those theories. Both raise the question of if and to what degree these theories and previous findings can be generalized to Black adolescents. Additionally, without a theoretical basis, clinicians regularly use interventions developed based on one theory to influence vulnerabilities described in another theory. Thus, the purpose of our study was to examine the structure of an integrated cognitive stress-vulnerability model as well as the strengths of associations between stressors, cognitive vulnerabilities, and depressive symptoms in Black and White adolescents. In our study, 295 Black (37% female) and 213 White (49% female) ninth-grade students from a public high school participated. Network analyses demonstrated that the three original cognitive theories of depression can and should be integrated and that each variable we examined is comparably relevant for Black and White adolescents. At the same time, the structure of the two integrated networks differed significantly among Black and White adolescents, exhibiting specific distinctions at four edge levels. Furthermore, the predictability of the network is notably lower for Black adolescents than for White adolescents. Important theoretical and clinical implications can be derived.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pössel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, 2301 S. Third Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Hayley D Seely
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, 2301 S. Third Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Igor Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences, Psychology Unit, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jeon ME, Robison M, Robertson L, Udupa NS, Potter MR, Joiner TE. From identity-based distress to thinking "I am better off being dead:" Minority stress, posttraumatic cognitions, and suicidal ideation. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:143-151. [PMID: 38490586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal ideation (SI) disproportionately impacts individuals with minoritized race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. Minority stress - i.e., traumatic, insidious distress that results from acts of discrimination - may lead to the formation of posttraumatic cognitions that may generalize to suicidal ideation, elevating SI risk in minoritized populations. The current study aimed to test this potential relationship by examining whether minority stress and posttraumatic cognitions accounted for the association between discrimination and SI. METHODS Series of structural equation models, including multigroup confirmatory factor analyses conducted to test invariance of latent constructs, were estimated on cross-sectional data collected from minoritized young adults (n = 337). RESULTS Results supported the hypothesized model: experience of discrimination indirectly associated with SI via correlations shared between minority stress and posttraumatic cognitions. Experiences of discrimination lacked a significant correlation with SI while accounting for minority stress and posttraumatic cognition variance. Invariance testing conducted to account for applicability of the model across race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and plurality of minoritized identities all demonstrated that the model was applicable across these identity dimensions. LIMITATIONS Granular inspection of identity dimensions was infeasible due to sample size and causal inferences cannot be drawn given cross-sectional nature of the data used. CONCLUSIONS Posttraumatic cognitions within the context of discrimination may be effective treatment targets for minoritized individuals who present with minority stress and SI. Future studies should aim to replicate such findings longitudinally to infer temporality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Eun Jeon
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States of America.
| | - Morgan Robison
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States of America
| | - Lee Robertson
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States of America
| | - Nikhila S Udupa
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States of America
| | - Miracle R Potter
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States of America
| | - Thomas E Joiner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reeves AN, Lewis TT, Hood MM, Thurston RC, Avis NE, Burnett-Bowie SAM, Cortés YI, Neal-Perry G, Harlow SD. Does everyday discrimination account for the increased risk of vasomotor symptoms in Black women?: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Menopause 2024; 31:484-493. [PMID: 38595299 PMCID: PMC11126360 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), including hot flashes and night sweats, are hallmark symptoms of the menopause transition. Previous research has documented greater frequency, duration, and severity of VMS in Black women compared with women from other racial/ethnic groups, even after accounting for other factors. This analysis examined the association between discrimination and VMS and the extent to which discrimination accounts for the disproportionate burden of VMS in Black women. METHODS Using available discrimination and VMS data from the SWAN cohort study (n = 2,377, 48% White, 32% Black, 6% Japanese, 4% Chinese, and 9% Hispanic women) followed approximately yearly in midlife from premenopause (42-52 y) through postmenopause (~20 y), we assessed concurrent associations between discrimination and VMS frequency in the past 2 weeks using weighted generalized mixed models. We also assessed associations between chronic discrimination across first four visits and VMS trajectories from premenopause to postmenopause using weighted multinomial logistic regression. Models were adjusted for known risk factors for VMS. RESULTS Higher levels of discrimination were associated with concurrent reporting of any (odds ratio [OR], 1.57 [1.31-1.89]) and frequent (≥6 d) VMS (OR, 1.55 [1.21-1.99]). After adjustment, associations remained significant for any (OR, 1.30 [1.09-1.54]) but not frequent VMS. For any VMS trajectories, chronic discrimination was associated with "continuously high" (OR, 1.69 [1.03-2.77]) and "high pre-FMP-decline post-FMP" (OR, 1.70 [1.01-2.88]) versus "FMP-onset low" trajectories. After adjusting for discrimination, odds of reporting any, frequent, and of being in the "continuously high" any VMS trajectory remained elevated for Black versus White women. CONCLUSIONS Discrimination is associated with greater concurrent risk of any (but not frequent) VMS, and chronic discrimination is associated with a continuously high reporting of any VMS over time, independent of known risk factors. Adjusting for discrimination attenuates but does not eliminate the increased risk of VMS for Black women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis N Reeves
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
- Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University
| | - Michelle M Hood
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| | - Rebecca C. Thurston
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Nancy E. Avis
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Genevieve Neal-Perry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill
| | - Siobán D. Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Benner AD, Chen S, Fernandez CC, Hayward MD. The Potential for Using a Shortened Version of the Everyday Discrimination Scale in Population Research with Young Adults: A Construct Validation Investigation. SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS & RESEARCH 2024; 53:804-838. [PMID: 38813255 PMCID: PMC11136476 DOI: 10.1177/00491241211067512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Discrimination is associated with numerous psychological health outcomes over the life course. The nine-item Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) is one of the most widely used measures of discrimination; however, this nine-item measure may not be feasible in large-scale population health surveys where a shortened discrimination measure would be advantageous. The current study examined the construct validity of a combined two-item discrimination measure adapted from the EDS by Add Health (N = 14,839) as compared to the full nine-item EDS and a two-item EDS scale (parallel to the adapted combined measure) used in the National Survey of American Life (NSAL; N = 1,111) and National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) studies (N = 1,055). Results identified convergence among the EDS scales, with high item-total correlations, convergent validity, and criterion validity for psychological outcomes, thus providing evidence for the construct validity of the two-item combined scale. Taken together, the findings provide support for using this reduced scale in studies where the full EDS scale is not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aprile D. Benner
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Shanting Chen
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Celeste C. Fernandez
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mark D. Hayward
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Biesecker CL, Pössel P, Fernandez-Botran R. Discrimination, cognitive styles, and their associations with adolescents' mental and physical health. Res Nurs Health 2024; 47:172-181. [PMID: 38470478 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
This study is based on the hopelessness theory of depression and previous research on perceived everyday discrimination (PED) and both depressive symptoms and Interleukin-6 (an inflammatory cytokine; IL-6) in adolescents. The purpose of this study is to examine the negative attribution, self, and consequence cognitive styles (CSs) proposed in the hopelessness theory as a possible mechanism underlying the association between PED and inflammation in adolescents and expand our understanding of the comorbidities between depressive symptoms and systemic inflammation (IL-6). This cross-sectional study featured a sample of 102 adolescents aged 13-16 (M = 14.10, SD = 0.52) who identified as White (47.5%), Black (41.4%), Mixed Race (7.1%), Latino (2%), and other (2%). Data analysis was conducted using PROCESS to compute regressions and effects between PED, negative CSs, depressive symptoms, and Interleukin-6. Results showed that negative attribution CS is the only negative CS associated with PED, depressive symptoms, and IL-6. Negative attribution CS is also the only negative CS of the three negative CSs that mediates both the association between PED and depressive symptoms and PED and IL-6 in our adolescent sample. Overall, these results indicate that individual negative CSs proposed in the hopelessness theory impact adolescents' physical and mental outcomes differently, which can inform targeted treatments. Nurses should provide cognitive-based interventions and promote societal-level change to reduce the experience and impact of PED on the mental and physical health of their adolescent patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Biesecker
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Patrick Pössel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rafael Fernandez-Botran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Norcini Pala A, Turan B. A Bayesian network analysis to examine the effects of HIV stigma processes on self-concept and depressive symptoms among persons living with HIV. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38494602 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examines the relationships between HIV stigma dimensions, self-related mechanisms, and depressive symptoms among persons living with HIV. BACKGROUND HIV stigma hinders the well-being of individuals living with HIV, which is linked to depressive symptoms and increased risk of poor clinical outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying stigma's impact on depression are poorly understood. Psychosocial theories propose that experiencing HIV stigma leads to internalized stigma, impacting self-concept and mental health. METHOD Using Bayesian network analysis, we explored associations among HIV stigma processes (experienced, anticipated, internalized, perceived community stigma, and HIV status disclosure) and self-related mechanisms (self-esteem, fear of negative evaluation [FNE], self-blame coping, and social exclusion), and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Our diverse sample of 204 individuals, primarily men, gay/bisexual, Black, and lower-middle SES, who experienced stigma showed increased anticipated, internalized, and perceived community stigma, FNE, and depressive symptoms. Internalized stigma contributed to self-blame coping and higher depressive symptoms. Anticipated and perceived community stigma and FNE correlated with increased social exclusion. DISCUSSION This study investigates potential mechanisms through which HIV stigma may impact depression. Identifying these mechanisms establishes a foundation for future research to inform targeted interventions, enhancing mental health and HIV outcomes among individuals living with HIV, especially from minority backgrounds. Insights gained guide evidence-based interventions to mitigate HIV stigma's detrimental effects, ultimately improving overall well-being and health-related outcomes for people with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Norcini Pala
- Department of Community Health Sciences, SUNY Downstate, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bulent Turan
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tamaian A, Anstey H, Kokokyi S, Klest B. THE IMPACT OF ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION AND INSTITUTIONAL BETRAYAL ON CANADIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' MENTAL HEALTH. J Trauma Dissociation 2024; 25:185-201. [PMID: 37431948 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2023.2233506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to understand associations among mental health symptoms, ethnic discrimination, and institutional betrayal, and explore the potential role of protective factors (e.g. ethnic identity and racial regard) in attenuating the detrimental effects of discrimination and betrayal. A total of 89 racialized Canadian university students were recruited for this study. Self-report measures investigated demographics, mental health symptoms, experiences of discrimination and institutional betrayal, racial regard, and ethnic identity. Experiencing ethnic discrimination was associated with increased symptoms of depression and PTSD, even when controlling for the buffering effects of protective factors. Marginally significant results suggested that institutional betrayal might play a role in this relationship. Experiencing ethnic discrimination is linked to significant posttraumatic consequences. Unhelpful institutional responses may further aggravate symptoms. Universities have a duty to protect victims, and prevent ethnic discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Tamaian
- Community Mental Health, Correctional Service of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hannah Anstey
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Seint Kokokyi
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bridget Klest
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sifat MS, Ehlke SJ, Ogunsanya M, Frank-Pearce SG, Boozary LK, Alexander AC, Businelle MS, Kendzor DE. Greater Discrimination Frequency and Lower Distress Tolerance Are Associated with Mental Health Problems Among Racially Privileged and Minoritized Adults Accessing an Urban Day Shelter. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:45-61. [PMID: 36607564 PMCID: PMC10699794 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Discrimination experiences may be a contributing factor to the elevated prevalence of mental health problems among adults experiencing homelessness. METHODS Using survey data (N = 552) collected from adults seeking services at an urban day shelter, the relationships between everyday and major discrimination experiences, distress tolerance, and mental health problems (depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, poor mental health days) were characterized. Distress tolerance was examined as a moderator of the relationship between discrimination and mental health problems. RESULTS Participants were predominantly from racially minoritized groups (59.6%), non-Hispanic (88.7%), and male (70.9%), with an average age of 45.7 years old (SD = 11.7). Descriptive analyses indicated that the main reason for discrimination differed between racially privileged (i.e., White participants) and racially minoritized participants (i.e., participants who identified as Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or multi-race), such that homelessness was most commonly endorsed among racially privileged participants while racial discrimination was most commonly reported among racially minoritized participants. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed associations between everyday discrimination, major discrimination, and distress tolerance with mental health problems. Distress tolerance did not moderate the relations between discrimination and mental health problems in most analyses. Notably, major discrimination was no longer associated with all mental health variables when both everyday and major discrimination were included in all models. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that reducing everyday discrimination and addressing the adverse impact of everyday discrimination experiences may have a beneficial impact on mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munjireen S Sifat
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Sarah J Ehlke
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Motolani Ogunsanya
- College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Summer G Frank-Pearce
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Laili Kharazi Boozary
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Cellular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Adam C Alexander
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael S Businelle
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Darla E Kendzor
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wiggins ER, Brisson JM, Lavner JA, Ehrlich KB. The benefits of nurturant-involved parenting for children's internalizing symptoms and cardiometabolic health in high-risk contexts. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2420-2429. [PMID: 37386849 PMCID: PMC11228812 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence that nurturant-involved parenting is linked with children's social, psychological, and physiological development, less is known about the specific contexts in which nurturant-involved parenting is most beneficial for children's mental and physical health. The present study examined how associations between nurturant-involved parenting and children's internalizing symptoms and cardiometabolic risk varied as a function of children's stress and discrimination. Participants included 165 Black and Latinx children (Mage = 11.5 years) and their guardians. Children reported on their ongoing stress, experiences of discrimination, and internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety). Guardians provided information about their nurturant-involved parenting practices. Children's cardiometabolic risk was assessed as a composite reflecting a high level of systolic or diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, HbA1c, triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. Regression analyses indicated that among youth who reported high levels of stress and discrimination, nurturant-involved parenting was negatively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Although children's stress and discrimination were significantly associated with their internalizing symptoms, neither stress nor discrimination moderated the relation between nurturant-involved parenting and internalizing symptoms. Results highlight the significant role that parents play in shaping children's health, particularly among youth experiencing high levels of stress and discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie M Brisson
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Justin A Lavner
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Katherine B Ehrlich
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim K, Jergel A, Bai S, Bradley K, Karim B, Shah A, Suglia S, Ugboh N, Gooding HC. Feasibility of recruiting adolescents into a prospective cohort study of the effects of social isolation during COVID-19. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2023; 9:191. [PMID: 38001548 PMCID: PMC10668405 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-023-01418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social connection and loneliness in adolescence are increasingly understood as critical influences on adult mental and physical health. The unique impact of the social isolation imposed by the COVID-19 lockdown on emerging adults is therefore expected to be especially profound. We sought to investigate the feasibility of using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and wearable accelerometers to characterize the effects of social isolation and/or loneliness experienced by adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We recruited 19 participants aged 13-18 from an Adolescent Medicine practice in Atlanta, GA. Participants completed surveys at baseline and throughout a 2-week study period using EMA regarding their degree of social isolation, loneliness, family functioning, school climate, social media use, and COVID-19 experiences surrounding their physical, mental, and social domains. Six participants agreed to wear an activity tracker and heart rate measurement device for 14 days to monitor their emotional state and physical health. Participant feedback was collected via open-ended exit interviews. Feasibility of recruitment/retention, adherence, and outcome measures were investigated. Implementation was also assessed by evaluating the barriers and facilitators to study delivery. Associations between the social isolation and loneliness variables and all other variables were performed with univariate linear regression analysis with significance set at p < 0.05. The progression criteria were a recruitment rate of > 30% and a retention rate of > 80%. RESULTS Progression criteria were met for recruitment (76%) of participants, but not retention (38%). Adherence to EMA survey completion was highly variable with only 54% completing ≥ 1 survey a day, and accelerometry use was not feasible. Social isolation was significantly correlated with lower school climate, higher COVID-19 experiences, higher depression scores, and lower sleep quality. Loneliness also showed a significant correlation with all these factors except COVID-19 experiences. CONCLUSIONS EMA and wearable accelerometer use was not feasible in this longitudinal study of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research should further investigate barriers to conducting long-term research with adolescents and the potential effects of the pandemic on subject recruitment and retention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kain Kim
- Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30307, USA
| | - Andrew Jergel
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Shasha Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Kolbi Bradley
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Brianna Karim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Amit Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shakira Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ngozi Ugboh
- Ross University School of Medicine, 2300 SW 145th Ave #200, Miramar, FL, 33027, USA
| | - Holly C Gooding
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr Dr SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee YG, Alessi EJ, Lynn M, Starks TJ, Robles G. Everyday Discrimination and HIV Testing Among Partnered Latino/x Sexual Minority Men in the United States: A Stratified Analysis by Birth Location. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2023; 35:376-389. [PMID: 37843904 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2023.35.5.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
We examined the association between everyday discrimination and HIV testing patterns-current (≤ 6 months), recent (7-12 months), and delayed (> 12 months or never tested)-among partnered Latino/x sexual minority men (SMM). Multinomial regression analyses revealed that in the full sample (N = 484) experiencing discrimination based on sexual orientation and race/ethnicity attributions concurrently (vs. no discrimination) was associated with higher odds of delayed (vs. current) HIV testing (AOR = 2.6, 95% CI [1.0, 6.7]). Similarly, in the subset of Latino/x SMM born outside the mainland U.S. (n = 209), experiencing concurrent sexual orientation- and race/ethnicity-based discrimination (vs. no discrimination) was associated with higher odds of recent (AOR = 12.4, 95% CI [1.3, 115.7]) and delayed HIV testing (AOR = 7.3, 95% CI [1.6, 33.0]), compared with current testing. Findings suggest that addressing discrimination may improve HIV testing uptake among partnered Latino/x SMM, particularly those born outside the U.S.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gun Lee
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Edward J Alessi
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Matthew Lynn
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Tyrel J Starks
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Gabriel Robles
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sood L, Gurvich C, Lavale A, Thomas N, Kulkarni J, Thomas EH. Perceived Discrimination in Australia During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Longitudinal Study. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01798-w. [PMID: 37768538 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There have been global reports of increased discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic relative to the pre-pandemic era, though this has not been well explored within Australia. The aim of the study was to characterise discriminatory behaviour experienced by groups previously identified as most at risk of experiencing discrimination (i.e. those of Asian descent or healthcare workers) both from pre-pandemic to pandemic and during the pandemic era in Australia. METHODS From April 2020 to September 2021, 1479 Australian adults completed the everyday discrimination scale (EDS). Initially, participants were asked to retrospectively consider discrimination experienced pre-COVID-19 pandemic and then to consider experiences in the past month during the pandemic. Participants were invited to repeat the latter every 2 months. RESULTS Collectively, there was a reduction in EDS scores from pre-pandemic to pandemic. Within the pandemic era, mean trajectory graphs across time revealed that changes in EDS scores in the 'non-Asian healthcare workers' and 'Asian healthcare workers' subgroups tended to mirror onto fluctuations in Australian COVID-19 case numbers. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest social solidarity amongst the general Australian population during the pandemic, but still highlight a need to dedicate resources towards groups with heightened risk of experiencing discrimination during future public health threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lomash Sood
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Lavale
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Hx Thomas
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Temple JR, Baumler E, Wood L, Franco KS, Peskin M, Shumate C. Cumulative Incidence of Physical and Sexual Dating Violence: Insights From A Long-term Longitudinal Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 39:8862605231200218. [PMID: 37728016 PMCID: PMC10775637 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Decades of inquiry on intimate partner violence show consistent results: violence is woefully common and psychologically and economically costly. Policy to prevent and effectively intervene upon such violence hinges upon comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon at a population level. The current study prospectively estimates the cumulative incidence of sexual and physical dating violence (DV) victimization/perpetration over a 12-year timeframe (2010-2021) using diverse participants assessed annually from age 15 to 26. Data are from Waves 1-13 of an ongoing longitudinal study. Since 2010 (except for 2018 and 2019), participants were assessed on past-year physical and sexual DV victimization and perpetration. Participants (n = 1,042; 56% female; Mage baseline = 15) were originally recruited from seven public high schools in southeast Texas. The sample consisted of Black/African American (30%), White (31%), Hispanic (31%), and Mixed/Other (8%) participants. Across 12 years of data collection, 27.3% experienced sexual DV victimization and 46.1% had experienced physical DV victimization by age 26. Further, 14.8% had perpetrated at least one act of sexual DV and 39.0% had perpetrated at least one act of physical DV against a partner by this age. A 12-year cumulative assessment of physical and sexual DV rendered prevalence estimates of both victimization and perpetration that exceeded commonly and consistently reported rates in the field, especially on studies that relied on lifetime or one-time specified retrospective reporting periods. These data suggest community youth are at continued and sustained risk for DV onset across the transition into emerging adulthood, necessitating early adolescent prevention and intervention efforts that endure through late adolescence, emerging adulthood, and beyond. From a research perspective, our findings point to the need for assessing DV on a repeated basis over multiple timepoints to better guage the full extent of this continued public health crisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Melissa Peskin
- The University of Texas School of Public Health at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lushin V, Rivera R, Chandler M, Rees J, Rzewinski J. Emotional Distress in a Marginalized Population as a Function of Household-Level Social Determinants of Health. SOCIAL WORK 2023; 68:287-297. [PMID: 37421650 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Low-income, underrepresented communities of color are disproportionally affected by emotional distress. Little is known about malleable, household-level determinants of emotional distress, addressable by feasible, stigma-neutral interventions. The present study addressed this knowledge gap by analyzing secondary data from a cross-sectional community needs assessment survey in a marginalized urban community (N = 677). Relying on dominance analyses, authors found that, on average, the largest household-level contributions to respondents' emotional distress included exposures to fellow household members' alcohol use and anger-driven behaviors. Both determinants are arguably feasible to address via household-level interventions and community-level preventive efforts. Household members' physical and serious mental illness and drug use were moderately associated with respondents' emotional distress; household cohesion and communications, residential overcrowding, and child behavior played a minimal role. Article concludes with a discussion of public health implications of the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lushin
- MD, are assistant professors, Department of Social Work, Long Island University Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Rivera
- PhD, LCSW, are assistant professors, Department of Social Work, Long Island University Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Marquis Chandler
- PhD, LSW, are assistant professors, Department of Social Work, Long Island University Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jo Rees
- PhD, is associate dean, School of Health Professions, Long Island University Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Justyna Rzewinski
- LCSW, is clinical director, Revcore Recovery Center of Manhattan, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pössel P, Dondanville AA. Role of Dysfunctional Attitudes in the Association Between Discrimination and Adolescents' Mental and Physical Health. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231186801. [PMID: 37365901 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231186801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Our study is based on Beck's cognitive stress-vulnerability theory of depression and research on (a) disparities in elevated blood pressure between adolescents from minority and majority backgrounds, (b) the effects of perceived everyday discrimination (PED) on depression and elevated blood pressure, and (c) the associations between depression and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of our study is to integrate Beck's model and the different research lines by examining the associations of the stressor PED and depressive symptoms with blood pressure through the cognitive vulnerability of dysfunctional attitudes in adolescents. In our cross-sectional study, 97 adolescents (40% female) aged 13 to 15 (M = 14.15, SD = .53) who identified as Black (47.5%), white (47.5%), and mixed race (5%) completed self-reports of PED, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive symptoms and had their blood pressure measured. We used the PROCESS command tool for SPSS to compute OLS regressions and direct, indirect, and total effects of PED, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive symptoms on blood pressure. As predicted, our analyses revealed that PED predicts dysfunctional attitudes and depressive symptoms, dysfunctional attitudes predict marginally significant depressive symptoms and significantly systolic blood pressure. Our findings highlight the relevance of PED and dysfunctional attitudes for adolescents mental (i.e., depressive symptoms) and physical health (i.e., blood pressure). If this pattern is replicated, systemic interventions to reduce PED and individual interventions to address dysfunctional attitudes in adolescents could be promising to improve both mental (i.e., depressive symptoms) and physical health (i.e., BP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pössel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ashley Ann Dondanville
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Palmer Molina A, Ponting C, Hernandez Y, Traube DE, Pham D, Garcia I, Mennen FE. Pandemic-Related Stress and Resilience Among Latinx Mothers with a History of Depression: Differences by Immigration Status. JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND SOCIAL WORK 2023; 8:1-14. [PMID: 37360667 PMCID: PMC10172054 DOI: 10.1007/s41134-023-00249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on low-income, Latinx mothers in Southern California with a history of depression, including undocumented mothers and members of mixed status families. Drawing participants from a parent study that provided a maternal depression intervention to Head Start mothers (n = 119), this mixed method study integrates qualitative and quantitative data in a convergent design. Thirty-four mothers completed semi-structured qualitative interviews and standardized questionnaires in the fall of 2020. Mothers shared overwhelming economic difficulties, with the majority reporting that their family income decreased and half reporting that they were unable to pay for housing. Stressors were compounded for undocumented mothers and members of mixed-status families who were excluded from major relief programs. Stress affected maternal mental health, and mothers with precarious status reported differences in functioning. Mothers also identified positive ways that they coped with adversity. Results show that Latinx mothers with a history of depression, particularly mothers with precarious immigration status, continue to suffer considerable economic, social, and emotional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social workers can support the human rights of this population by advocating for financial relief, food assistance, and the expansion of medical-legal partnerships and physical and mental health services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Ponting
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Yuliana Hernandez
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Dorian E. Traube
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Duyen Pham
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Iliana Garcia
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ferol E. Mennen
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Worthen M, Menchaca J, Laine M. An intersectional approach to understanding the correlates of depression in college students: Discrimination, social status, and identity. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1220-1231. [PMID: 34252348 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1926261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the impact of bearing multiple marginalized identities, experiencing discrimination and perceived social status on the prevalence of depression in college students using an intersectional approach. PARTICIPANTS Public health students at a diverse urban public university in Northern California (N = 338, response rate = 85%; 77% women, mean age 22). METHODS We used a cross-sectional survey to assess demographics, depression, discrimination and social standing using validated scales and estimate the relations between depression and co-factors. RESULTS 25.4% of students reported depression. Discrimination was associated with a higher level of depression and more severe symptoms. Higher perceived social status was associated with a lower level of depression and less severe symptoms. Hispanic/Latinx first generation women had three times the prevalence of depression as non-Hispanic/Latinx non-first generation men and there was a significant disparity in depression severity. CONCLUSIONS Intersectional approaches can shed light on the experiences of marginalized groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Worthen
- Public Health & Recreation, San José State University, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Justin Menchaca
- Public Health & Recreation, San José State University, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Michelle Laine
- Public Health & Recreation, San José State University, San Jose, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dondanville AA, Pössel P, Fernandez-Botran GR. Relation Between the Negative Cognitive Triad, Perceived Everyday Discrimination, Depressive Symptoms, and TNF-⍺ in Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01530-z. [PMID: 37009971 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Our study is guided by Beck's cognitive stress-vulnerability model of depression. We examined the associations between perceived everyday discrimination (PED) and TNF-⍺, an inflammatory biomarker associated with risk for severe illness, through the negative cognitive triad (NCT; negative thoughts about the self, world, and future) and depressive symptoms in adolescents. We utilized a sample of 99 adolescents (36.4% female; ages 13-16, M = 14.10, SD = 0.52) in our cross-sectional study. We used PROCESS and AMOS to compute regressions and direct, indirect, and total effects of PED, NCT aspects and depressive symptoms on TNF-⍺. Negative views of the self and world mediated between PED and depressive symptoms and that negative views of the self and future mediated between PED and TNF-⍺. In conclusion, Beck's theory can be expanded to physical health providing directions for addressing mental and physical health simultaneously by restructuring adolescents' negative view of the self.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Ann Dondanville
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, 2301 South Third Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Patrick Pössel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, 2301 South Third Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - G Rafael Fernandez-Botran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Quick AD, Tung I, Keenan K, Hipwell AE. Psychological Well-being across the Perinatal Period: Life Satisfaction and Flourishing in a Longitudinal Study of Black and White American Women. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2023; 24:1283-1301. [PMID: 37273506 PMCID: PMC10237296 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-023-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Psychological well-being (life satisfaction and flourishing) during the perinatal period has implications for both maternal and child health. However, few studies have investigated the extent to which psychological well-being changes from preconception to postpartum periods, particularly among diverse samples of women. Using prospectively collected data from an ongoing longitudinal study, we investigated changes in two dimensions of psychological well-being from preconception to postpartum among 173 Black and White American women. Results showed that changes in life satisfaction (i.e., global quality of life) and flourishing (e.g., self-acceptance, sense of purpose) over the perinatal period were moderated by race. For life satisfaction, White women reported an increase from preconception to pregnancy with increased life satisfaction levels remaining stable from pregnancy to postpartum. However, Black women reported no changes in life satisfaction across these timepoints. In contrast, both Black and White women reported an increase in flourishing levels across the perinatal period, although the timing of these changes differed. Findings highlight a need for greater clinical and empirical attention to the way in which psychological well-being changes during the perinatal period to optimize health and inform strengths-based intervention targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allysa D. Quick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Irene Tung
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Kate Keenan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago
| | - Alison E. Hipwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cénat JM, Dalexis RD, Darius WP, Kogan CS, Guerrier M. Prevalence of Current PTSD Symptoms Among a Sample of Black Individuals Aged 15 to 40 in Canada: The Major Role of Everyday Racial Discrimination, Racial Microaggresions, and Internalized Racism. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2023; 68:178-186. [PMID: 36172639 PMCID: PMC9974651 DOI: 10.1177/07067437221128462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most Black individuals in Canada report having experienced racial discrimination. Although previous studies have shown that there is a strong relationship between racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), no studies in Canada have documented this association among Black individuals. The present study documents (1) the prevalence of PTSD among Black individuals using data from the Black Communities Mental Health project and (2) risk factors associated with PTSD, including racial microaggressions, everyday racial discrimination, and internalized racism. METHOD A total of 860 participants (75.6% of women) aged 15 to 40 years old (M = 24.96, SD = 6.29) completed questionnaires assessing PTSD, experience of traumatic events, racial microaggressions, everyday racial discrimination, and internalized racism. RESULTS Findings showed that 95.1% of participants reported exposure to at least one traumatic event during their lifetime. In total, 67.11% of participants reported probable PTSD with no significant difference between men and women (68.2% and 67.8%, χ2 = 0.132, p = 0.72). Participants born in Canada were more likely to experience significant PTSD symptoms, compared to those born abroad (70.92% and 53.14%, χ2 = 19.69, p < 0.001). A multivariable linear regression model of PTSD symptoms was computed using sociodemographic variables and exposure to traumatic events as independent variables, which explained 25.9% of the variance. In addition to these variables, a second model included racial microaggressions, everyday racial microaggressions, and internalized racism, which explained 51.8% of the variance. The model showed that traumatic events (b = 0.6; p = 0.02), racial microaggressions (b = 0.5; p < 0.001), everyday discrimination (b = 0.2; p = 0.03) and internalized racism (b = 0.5; p < 0.001) were positively associated with PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This article highlights the detrimental consequences of racial discrimination against Black people in Canada. Prevention and mental health programs aimed at mitigating its consequences on the lives of Black people and other racialized populations must be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa Research Chair on Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Jude Mary Cénat, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, 4017, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wina Paul Darius
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cary S. Kogan
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rivera R, Capers T, Chandler M, Matthews E, Rzewinski J, Rees J, Israel S, Lushin V. Socioeconomic Stability Buffers Racial Discrimination Effect on Depression in a Marginalized Community. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:130-140. [PMID: 35040107 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Depression disproportionately burdens poverty-affected minority communities. Racism and racial discrimination are well-known determinants of depression among members of marginalized minority communities. Less is known about potential buffers of the discrimination effects on depression, particularly those that could serve as targets for efficient community-based policies and interventions. Our secondary analysis of data from a community needs assessment survey (N = 677) in an urban minority neighborhood of low socio-economic status revealed that high school completion and current employment significantly weakened the association between discrimination and depression. Our findings frame community-level efforts to foster high school completion and employment as potential strategies to reduce the footprint of racism on the mental health of marginalized community members. Implications for future research and policy are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rivera
- Long Island University Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Tracey Capers
- Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jo Rees
- School of Health Professions, Long Island University Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Shimonah Israel
- Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Victor Lushin
- Long Island University Brooklyn Campus, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Davis A, Solomon M, Belcher H. Examination of Race and Autism Intersectionality Among African American/Black Young Adults. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2022; 4:306-314. [PMID: 36777378 PMCID: PMC9908282 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background African American/Black (AA/B) young adults with diagnoses of autism spectrum disorders rarely are studied in a way that acknowledges both their racial identity and their autism diagnosis. Little is known about intersectional oppression in the lives of these young adults. Early adulthood is a time when a young people of color may come to terms with a society that may not treat them fairly and equally due to their race. Autistic AA/B young adults may be even more vulnerable to stress and psychological disempowerment due to the added impact of negative experiences of being Black and having an autism diagnosis. Methods Thirty-two autistic and 30 non-autistic AA/B young adults took part in an online survey examining risk factors of everyday discrimination, perceived stress and potential protective factors of psychological empowerment, and Black identity. Differences in score measures for the autistic and non-autistic samples were examined along with the predictors of perceived stress assessed. Frequencies of intersectional discrimination experiences were also examined. Results Autistic AA/B participants reported significantly less everyday discriminatory experiences than non-autistic AA/B participants, whereas perceived stress was not significantly different between the two groups. The majority of non-autistic AA/B participants endorsed race as their prime source of experiences of discrimination, whereas autistic AA/B participants also cited being autistic as a major contributor to reports of discrimination. Although the autistic group had significantly lower reports of self-determination, they reported higher on the Black identity, private regard scale, pertaining to feelings about group membership, which can be considered a protective factor. There is heterogeneity in reasons for discriminatory experiences for autistic AA/B young adults whereby some of the participants (12%-30%) endorsed race + disability as dual reasons for experiencing regular discrimination. Conclusions Mental health clinicians and other direct service providers working with autistic AA/B young adults should understand that intersecting identities of race and disability may be at play when they are working with these individuals, and that treatment should consider these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Harolyn Belcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cénat JM, Kouamou LN, Moshirian Farahi SMM, Darius WP, Dalexis RD, Charles M, Kogan CS. Perceived racial discrimination, psychosomatic symptoms, and resilience among Black individuals in Canada: A moderated mediation model. J Psychosom Res 2022; 163:111053. [PMID: 36244137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although no study has explored psychosomatic symptoms in Black communities in Canada, several studies in the United States showed that psychological distress is often express as physical pain among African Americans. Using a cross-sectional design, the present study documents the frequency of psychosomatic symptoms and its association to racial discrimination, and resilience among Black individuals aged 15 to 40 in Canada. METHOD A total of 860 participants (Mage = 25.0 years, SD = 6.3), predominantly born in Canada (79.1%) and women (75.6%), completed the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (somatization subscale), the Everyday Discrimination Scale, and the Resilience Scale-14. RESULTS Findings revealed that 81.7% of participants experienced psychosomatic symptoms, with higher prevalence among women (84.2%) compared to men (70.7%;), ꭓ2 = 21.5, p < .001; participants aged 25 to 40 years old (93.7%) compared to those aged 15-24 years old (75.2%) (ꭓ2 = 45.0, p < .001). Participants reporting greater racial discrimination had more psychosomatic symptoms (89.4%) compared to others (72.9%), ꭓ2 = 39.2, p < .001). A moderated mediation model showed that everyday racial discrimination was positively associated with psychosomatic symptoms (B = 0.1, SE = 0.01, p < .001). The model showed that the association between racial discrimination and psychosomatic symptoms was partially mediated by resilience (B = -0.01, SE = 0.0, p < .01), and negatively moderated by gender (B = -0.04, SE = 0.01, p < .01). In other words, being a woman is associated with higher levels of psychosomatic symptoms among those who have experienced racial discrimination. CONCLUSION By highlighting the association between racial discrimination and psychosomatic symptoms and the role of resilience and gender in this relation, this article reveals important factors to integrate to improve healthcare services, prevention, and interventions among Black individuals with psychosomatic symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa Research Chair on Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michée Charles
- Department of Sociology, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Cary S Kogan
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Paul E, Fancourt D, Razai M. Racial discrimination, low trust in the health system and COVID-19 vaccine uptake: a longitudinal observational study of 633 UK adults from ethnic minority groups. J R Soc Med 2022; 115:439-447. [PMID: 35512716 PMCID: PMC9723809 DOI: 10.1177/01410768221095241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether racial/ethnic discrimination predicts future COVID-19 vaccine refusal, and whether this association is explained by trust in government and the health system. DESIGN Longitudinal observational study of racial/ethnic discrimination occurring since the start of the first lockdown (measured in July 2020) and later COVID-19 vaccine status. SETTING UK (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland). PARTICIPANTS A total of 633 adults belonging to ethnic minority groups who took part in the UCL COVID-19 Social Study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES COVID-19 vaccine refusal (vs. accepted/waiting/had at least one dose) between 23 December 2020 and 14 June 2021. RESULTS Nearly 1 in 10 (6.69%) who had refused a COVID-19 vaccine had experienced racial/ethnic discrimination in a medical setting since the start of the pandemic and had experienced twice as many incidents of racial/ethnic discrimination than those who had accepted the vaccine. Structural equation modelling results indicated a nearly four fold (odds ratio = 3.91, 95% confidence interval = 1.40 to 10.92) total effect of racial/ethnic discrimination on refusing the vaccine which was mediated by low trust in the health system to handle the pandemic (odds ratio = 2.49, 95% confidence interval = 1.12 to 5.39). Analyses adjusted for a range of demographic and COVID-19 related factors. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the importance of addressing racial/ethnic discrimination and the role the National Health Service in regaining trust from ethnic minority groups to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake among ethnic minority adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Paul
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health, University College London, London, WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Daisy Fancourt
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Mohammad Razai
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Slemon A, Susan Dahinten V, Stones C, Bungay V, Varcoe C. Analysis of the social consequences and value implications of the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS): implications for measurement of discrimination in health research. HEALTH SOCIOLOGY REVIEW : THE JOURNAL OF THE HEALTH SECTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2022; 31:247-261. [PMID: 34416129 DOI: 10.1080/14461242.2021.1969980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) is one of the most widely used measures of discrimination in health research, and has been useful for capturing the impact of discrimination on health. However, psychometric analysis of this measure has been predominantly among Black Americans, with limited examination of its effectiveness in capturing discrimination against other social groups. This paper explores the theoretical and historical foundations of the EDS, and draws on the analytic framework of Messick's theory of unified validity to examine the effectiveness of the EDS in capturing diverse experiences of discrimination. Encompassing both social consequences and value implications, Messick's unified validity contends that psychometric evaluation alone is insufficient to justify instrument use or ensure social resonance of findings. We argue that despite the robust psychometric properties and utility in addressing anti-Black race-related discrimination, the theoretical foundations and research use of the EDS have yet to respond to current discrimination theory, particularly intersectionality. This paper concludes with guidance for researchers in using the EDS in health research across diverse populations, including in data collection, analysis, and presentation of findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allie Slemon
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - V Susan Dahinten
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cheyanne Stones
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Vicky Bungay
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Colleen Varcoe
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang L, Cruz-Gonzalez M, Lin Z, Ouyang X, Zhao F, Alegría M. Association of everyday discrimination with health outcomes among Asian and non-Asian US older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:953155. [PMID: 36339195 PMCID: PMC9627216 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.953155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in anti-Asian COVID-19 related discriminatory behaviors have been observed, many of which targeted older adults. Studies demonstrate that racial discrimination is associated with worse health outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and sleep difficulties. No previous studies have examined the impact of day-to-day experiences of discrimination before and during COVID-19 on both Asian and non-Asian older adults within the same sample. We examined whether everyday discrimination was associated with increased anxiety and depression symptoms, decreased levels of functioning, and increased sleep difficulties among Asian and non-Asian US older adults before and during the pandemic. Data came from the Positive Minds-Strong Bodies randomized clinical trial, an evidence-based mental health and disability prevention intervention for racially and ethnically diverse older adults with elevated depression or anxiety symptoms and minor to moderate disability. We conducted secondary data analyses in a cohort of 165 older adults (56 Asian and 109 non-Asian) assessed before COVID-19 (May 2015-May 2018) and during COVID-19 (March 2021-July 2022). Regression models examined whether everyday discrimination impacted health outcomes differently before and during COVID-19, and whether this effect was stronger among Asian compared to non-Asian older adults. Non-Asian older adults reported the same levels of everyday discrimination before and during COVID-19. Consistent with literature suggesting that social distancing has inadvertently kept US Asian populations from experiencing discrimination, Asian older adults reported marginally lower levels of everyday discrimination during the pandemic compared with pre-pandemic. We found that everyday discrimination was not associated with health outcomes before COVID-19. In contrast, during the pandemic, everyday discrimination was associated with worse anxiety and depression symptoms and worse levels of functioning, although only the impact on depression was significantly stronger compared with before the pandemic. This negative impact of everyday discrimination on health outcomes during the pandemic appeared to affect both Asian and non-Asian older adults similarly. Social support and social cohesion buffered against the negative effect of everyday discrimination on depression and level of functioning during the pandemic. Results suggest that public health interventions aimed at reducing everyday discrimination and emphasizing social support and cohesion can potentially improve health outcomes for all US older adult populations. Clinical trial registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov; identifier: NCT02317432.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mario Cruz-Gonzalez
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ziqiang Lin
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xinyi Ouyang
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fengnuan Zhao
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Margarita Alegría
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
McKinley CE, Knipp H. "You Can Get Away with Anything Here… No Justice at All"- Sexual Violence Against U.S. Indigenous Females and Its Consequences. GENDER ISSUES 2022; 39:291-319. [PMID: 36128047 PMCID: PMC9484449 DOI: 10.1007/s12147-021-09291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence against Indigenous women has long been used as a tool of colonial violence and conquest. As a contemporary form of historical oppression that may drive associated health and mental health inequities, Indigenous women in the United States experience sexual violence at greater levels than the general population and at and twice the rate of Indigenous men. We use the Indigenous framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence (FHORT) to understand Indigenous women's experiences of sexual violence and how it differentiates across ecological outcomes related to health and wellness. This exploratory sequential multimethod study with 563 participants (n = 436 qualitative and n = 127 quantitative survey participants) qualitatively explores how Indigenous peoples describe sexual violence and quantitatively investigates key differences across ecological outcomes of wellness related to sexual violence, including alcohol use and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results indicated that all participants (100 percent) who reported sexual violence were women. Thematic analysis of qualitative results revealed the themes related to familial, non-familial, and the historical oppression of a lack of accountability for perpetrators. Quantitative t-Tests results revealed that experiencing sexual violence was associated with significant differences across ecological dimensions of wellness including (a) structural: higher historical oppression, historical loss, oppression, and discrimination; (b) relational: higher adverse childhood experiences and stressful life events and lower family resilience and social support; (c) spiritual: lower spiritual-well-being and life satisfaction; and (d) psychological/behavioral: higher levels of alcohol use, PTSD, and lower levels of psychological resilience. Thus, sexual violence profoundly affected Indigenous women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Knipp
- Tulane University School of Social Work, New Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Asian Australians’ Experiences of Online Racism during the COVID-19 Pandemic. SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci11050227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Between 13 November 2020 and 11 February 2021, an online national survey of 2003 Asian Australians was conducted to measure the type and frequency of self-identified Asian Australians’ experiences of racism during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey also aimed to gauge the relationships between racist experiences and targets’ mental health, wellbeing and sense of belonging. In this paper, we report findings on the type and frequency of online racist experiences and their associations with mental health, wellbeing and belonging. The survey found that 40 per cent of participants experienced racism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Within that group, 66 per cent experienced racism online. The demographic pattern of those most likely to experience online racism were younger age groups, males, those born in Australia, English speakers at home, non-Christians, and migrants who have been in Australia less than 20 years. Analysis also found a strong correlation between Asian Australians’ experiences of online racism and poor mental health, wellbeing and belonging. The relationship between experiencing racism, non-belonging and morbidity were more pronounced for those who experienced online racism compared to those who experienced racism in other offline contexts. This points to the corrosive nature of online racism on social cohesion, health and belonging.
Collapse
|
32
|
Puccinelli M, Seay J, Otto A, Garcia S, Crane TE, Benzo RM, Solle N, Mustanski B, Merchant N, Safren SA, Penedo FJ. An adapted cognitive behavioral stress and self-management (CBSM) intervention for sexual minority men living with HIV and cancer using the SmartManage eHealth platform: Study design and protocol. (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e37822. [PMID: 35849435 PMCID: PMC9345025 DOI: 10.2196/37822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objective Methods Results Conclusions International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Puccinelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Julia Seay
- Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Amy Otto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sofia Garcia
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tracy E Crane
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Roberto M Benzo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Natasha Solle
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brian Mustanski
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nipun Merchant
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Steven A Safren
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Frank J Penedo
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alexander AC, Waring JJ, Olurotimi O, Kurien J, Noble B, Businelle MS, Ra CK, Ehlke SJ, Boozary LK, Cohn AM, Kendzor DE. The relations between discrimination, stressful life events, and substance use among adults experiencing homelessness. Stress Health 2022; 38:79-89. [PMID: 34137166 PMCID: PMC9629914 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated whether stressful life events and everyday discrimination experiences were associated with using one or more substances in the past 30-days and substance use disorder (SUD) among adults experiencing homelessness. We obtained survey data from adults (N = 501) seeking services at a day shelter. Participants self-reported whether they used cigarettes, other tobacco products, cannabis, alcohol, opioids, amphetamine, and cocaine/crack in the past 30-days, and the total number of substances used were also calculated. We measured stressful life events and everyday discrimination using validated scales. We used multivariable logistic and negative binomial regression analyses to evaluate hypothesised associations. Results indicated that reporting a higher number of stressful life events was associated with past 30-days cannabis, tobacco, alcohol, and other substance use, screening positive for a SUD, and using a greater number of substances in the past 30 days. After accounting for stressful life events, everyday discrimination was associated with only past 30-days cannabis use. Overall, we found that reporting stressful life events was related to current substance use and screening positive for a SUD. Findings suggest that life stressors, and discrimination to a lesser extent, were associated with substance use and SUD among adults experiencing homelessness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Alexander
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Joseph J.C. Waring
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Oluwakemi Olurotimi
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Jasmin Kurien
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Bishop Noble
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Michael S. Businelle
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Chaelin K. Ra
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Sarah J. Ehlke
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Laili K. Boozary
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Department of Psychology, Cellular and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
| | - Amy M. Cohn
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Darla E. Kendzor
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gary KM, Hoque M, Yashkin AP, Yashin AI, Akushevich I. Does the Chronic Stress of Everyday Discrimination or Race Itself Better Predict AD Onset Risk? Gerontol Geriatr Med 2022; 8:23337214221142944. [PMID: 36544849 PMCID: PMC9761247 DOI: 10.1177/23337214221142944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using evidence from the Health and Retirement Study, we explore racial disparities in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) onset risk. From a stress process perspective, there is substantial evidence in the literature that everyday discrimination is a chronic strain for Black individuals that acts as a social determinant of illness. However, few studies have examined specific relationships between this social stressor, race, and AD onset risk. Using Cox Proportional Hazard Models, we examined racial differences in exposure and vulnerability to everyday discrimination. Findings suggest that everyday discrimination predicts AD onset risk, and Black individuals experience more frequent exposure to everyday discrimination as a chronic strain. However, contrary to the stress process model, Black respondents were not more vulnerable to the effect of everyday discrimination on AD onset risk. Racial bias from medical professionals during the diagnostic process and mortality selection bias may explain this effect. Overall, the results of this study provide further evidence that discrimination is a key factor in predicting AD while also considering that many racial minorities with high rates of this type of social stress may not receive an unbiased diagnosis and/or survive to late life to develop AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M. Gary
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Katharine Gary, Duke University, Erwin Mill
Building, 2024 W. Main Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Braddock AS, Phad A, Tabak R, Kumanyika S, Johnston S, Koopman R, Prout E, McQueen A. Assessing Racial and Ethnic Discrimination in Children: A Scoping Review of Available Measures for Child Health Disparities Research. Health Equity 2021; 5:727-737. [PMID: 34909543 PMCID: PMC8665809 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2021.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To characterize the availability, content, and psychometric properties of self-reported measures that assess race/ethnicity-related discrimination or psychosocial stress and have potential relevance to studies of health disparities in children and adolescents. Design: Using PRISMA extension guidelines for scoping reviews, we searched Ovid Medline, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Scopus databases from 1946 to April 20, 2020, using the search terms “stress,” “child,” “adolescents,” “discrimination,” and “psychometrics.” We limited the search to articles in English, with children and adolescents, in the United States. For each measure, we extracted information about the content, reliability, and construct validity. Results: The 12 measures that met inclusion criteria assessed discrimination or stress from racial discrimination in African American children and adolescents (n=8), acculturative stress in Hispanic/Latino children (n=1), or bicultural stress in Mexican American adolescents (n=2), and one measure assessed both discrimination-related and acculturative stress in Hispanic/Latino children. The majority (n=7) articles were published between 2001 and 2010. All discrimination measures evaluated individual experiences of discrimination and one also evaluated stressfulness of discrimination and coping. The acculturative stress measures assessed general stress and immigration-related discrimination, and the bicultural stress measures evaluated many different aspects of biculturalism. Conclusions: Despite the recent increased interest in the racial discrimination and stress as a contributor to racial or ethnic health disparities affecting U.S. children and adolescents, the small number of eligible measures identified and incomplete coverage of various types of racial and ethnic discrimination within and across population groups indicates a currently inadequate capacity to conduct child health disparity studies on this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Braddock
- Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Allison Phad
- Center for Diabetes Translation Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rachel Tabak
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shiriki Kumanyika
- Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelly Johnston
- Center for Diabetes Translation Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richelle Koopman
- Family and Community Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Elizabeth Prout
- Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy McQueen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lanaway D, Burlew AK. The Influence of Distressed Coping on the Relationship between Perceived Racial Discrimination and Cannabis Use among Black College Students. J Psychoactive Drugs 2021; 53:404-412. [PMID: 34694206 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2021.1990443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one in five Black students report cannabis use, which is associated with academic challenges, mental health, and interpersonal problems. Understanding motivators to use cannabis among Black students at predominantly White institutions (PWIs) warrants more research. Perceived racial discrimination (PRD), believing one is treated unjustly due to race, is related to substance use and variables associated with poor coping, such as depression and anxiety. Given that research is unavailable for Black college students on the factor structure of the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) using chronicity-based coding, the first aim of the study is to examine the factor structure of the chronicity-based version of the EDS. The second aim is to investigate whether distressed coping is an intervening construct between PRD and cannabis use among Black college students. Participants, recruited from a midwestern PWI (N = 119), completed the EDS, the coping subscale of the Comprehensive Marijuana Motivations Measure, and reported past-year cannabis use. Factor analysis examined the measurement model of the EDS, while path analysis assessed the mediation models. A two-factor model assessing subtle and blatant PRD on the EDS fit the data. The path analysis revealed that distressed coping fully mediated the relationship between subtle PRD and cannabis use. Distressed coping did not mediate the relation between blatant PRD and cannabis use. Institutions might focus on reducing PRD and provide support to Black students to lessen its link to distressed coping and cannabis use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danni Lanaway
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - A Kathleen Burlew
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Njoroge WFM, Forkpa M, Bath E. Impact of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Minoritized Youth. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23:81. [PMID: 34648076 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The impacts of racism and discrimination on developing minoritized youth are increasingly shown as having the potential to create long-lasting adverse outcomes on children's developmental trajectories. RECENT FINDINGS From the quality of the schools they attend, to the level and amount of toxicants in the air they breathe, to equitable access to health care, and within interpersonal relationships and experiences with their peers, multiple forms of racism, systemic/structural, interpersonal/personally mediated, and internalized shape the health status of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPoC) youth. Accordingly, it is exceedingly important to use a developmental lens to distinguish the various outcomes these multiple forms of racism have on the health of minoritized youth. Critically, the time is now for rapid identification of these harms in all of the mediums and spaces in which they present followed by prevention and intervention strategies that are effective in equitably ensuring the healthy development for all of America's children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjikũ F M Njoroge
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Markolline Forkpa
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Smith E, Pössel P. Exploring the Relation between Adolescents' Number of Perceived Reasons for Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 50:549-560. [PMID: 34633601 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methodological impediments have presented challenges in identifying which individuals are at the highest risk of experiencing discrimination and its detrimental corollaries. In the current study, we examined whether adolescents' number of perceived reasons for everyday discriminations (i.e., number of identities and/or characteristics adolescents identify as the reasons(s) they are discriminated against) is associated with frequency of perceived everyday discriminations (PED) and depressive symptoms. Further, we evaluated indirect associations between number of perceived reasons for PEDs and depressive symptoms through frequency of PED, brooding, and reflection. The sample for this cross-sectional study consisted of 328 9th grade students between the ages of 13 and 16 (M = 14.19, SD = 0.56). Around 60% of the sample identified as male, and a majority of the adolescents identified their race as either Black (46%) or White (35%). Adolescents provided data on perceived reasons for PEDs, frequency of PED, brooding, reflection, and depressive symptoms using self-report measures. Adolescents' number of perceived reasons for PEDs was associated with frequency of PED and depressive symptoms. There were also multiple indirect associations between adolescents' number of perceived reasons for PEDs and depressive symptoms through frequency of PED, brooding, and reflection. Our results indicate that accounting for adolescents' number of perceived reasons for PEDs may be useful to both researchers and clinicians in identifying which individuals are at the greatest risk of experiencing PED and associated outcomes. Additional implications and future directions for research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Smith
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Patrick Pössel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Burke TA, Bettis AH, Barnicle SC, Wang SB, Fox KR. Disclosure of Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Across Sexual and Gender Identities. Pediatrics 2021; 148:peds.2021-050255. [PMID: 34521728 PMCID: PMC9115868 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-050255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence suggests that sexual minority (SM) and gender minority (GM) youth are more likely to experience self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) than heterosexual and cisgender youth. A major barrier to identifying and treating SITBs is nondisclosure. In this study, we explored differences in SITB disclosure patterns between SM and GM youth and their heterosexual and cisgender peers. In this study, we further examined the association between discrimination experiences and SITB disclosure. METHODS Adolescents (N = 931) completed questionnaires assessing demographics, SITBs, disclosure history, disclosure barriers, future intentions to disclose SITBs, and discrimination history. RESULTS Few differences in SITB disclosure patterns emerged between SM and GM youth and heterosexual and cisgender youth (P > .05). SM and GM youth endorsed greater rates of fear of disclosure to and worrying parents, two parent-related barriers ([Formula: see text] = 8.11, P = .017; [Formula: see text] = 7.25, P = .027). GM youth reported greater discrimination experiences than SM youth (F = 6.17, P = .002); discrimination experiences impacted their willingness to disclose future SITBs more so than their SM and heterosexual and cisgender peers (F = 11.58, P < .001). Among the full sample, more discrimination experiences were associated with lower previous disclosure honesty to therapists and pediatricians (r = -0.09 to -0.10, P < .05). Among SM and GM youth, discrimination experiences were associated with lesser odds of disclosing suicide attempts in the future (r = -0.12, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Minority stress experiences may interfere with SITB disclosure, particularly among GM youth. Targeted interventions should be considered to reduce minority stress and support disclosure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Burke
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Emotion regulation and coping with racial stressors among African Americans across the lifespan. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
41
|
Chen S, Mallory AB. The effect of racial discrimination on mental and physical health: A propensity score weighting approach. Soc Sci Med 2021; 285:114308. [PMID: 34399293 PMCID: PMC8451383 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The preponderance of research documents the negative consequences of racial discrimination for the mental and physical well-being across several racial/ethnic groups including Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans. Despite this large body of research, few studies have attempted to evaluate racial discrimination as a casual factor of worse health among racial minority groups. The current study utilized nationally representative data to estimate the causal effect of racial discrimination on cardiovascular disease (CVD), self-rated physical health (SRH), body mass index (BMI), depression disorder, and substance use disorder. In addition, we examined whether the effect of racial discrimination on health was moderated by socio-demographic characteristics (i.e., age, race/ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status, marital status, geographic location, and health insurance coverage). METHODS Data were from the combined National Survey of American Life and the National Latino and Asian American Study. We applied a propensity score weighting approach to estimate the differences between individuals who reported ever (N = 4358) or never (N = 1836) experiencing racial discrimination on a list of health outcomes (e.g., CVD, SRH, BMI, depression disorder, and substance use disorder). RESULTS Participants who reported ever experiencing racial discrimination were about 5 % higher CVD risk, had 0.12 points lower SRH, a 3 % higher probability of a depression disorder, and a 2 % higher probability of a substance use disorder. Moderation effects by race/ethnicity, sex, socioeconomic status, geographic region, and health insurance coverage were found. CONCLUSION Our study represents one of the first attempts to apply a propensity score weighting approach to causally link racial discrimination to worse health for racial minority individuals. This study adds to a larger body of research documenting the negative association between racial discrimination and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanting Chen
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 108 East Dean Keeton Street, Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, United States.
| | - Allen B Mallory
- Human Development and Family Science, The Ohio State University, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gonzales KL, Jiang L, Garcia-Alexander G, Jacob MM, Chang J, Williams DR, Bullock A, Manson SM. Perceived Discrimination, Retention, and Diabetes Risk Among American Indians and Alaska Natives in a Diabetes Lifestyle Intervention. J Aging Health 2021; 33:18S-30S. [PMID: 34167349 PMCID: PMC8647809 DOI: 10.1177/08982643211013188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To examine the association of perceived discrimination with participant retention and diabetes risk among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Methods: Data were drawn from the Special Diabetes Program for Indians-Diabetes Prevention Demonstration Project (N = 2553). Results: Perceived discrimination was significantly and negatively associated with short-term and long-term retention and diabetes risk without adjusting. After controlling for socioeconomic characteristics and clinical outcomes, perceived discrimination was not associated with retention but was significantly associated with less improvement in body mass index (BMI) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Every unit increase in the perceived discrimination score was associated with 0.14 kg/m2 less BMI reduction (95% CI: [0.02, 0.26], p = 0.0183) and 1.06 mg/dl lower HDL at baseline (95% CI: [0.36, 1.76], p = 0.0028). Discussion: Among racialized groups, improving retention and health in lifestyle interventions may require investigating perceived discrimination and the broader context of structural racism and colonialism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Gonzales
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University joint School of Public Health, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Luohua Jiang
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jenny Chang
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David R. Williams
- Florence Sprague Norman and Laura Smart Norman Professor of Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann Bullock
- Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention, Indian Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Spero M. Manson
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Partow S, Cook R, McDonald R. A Literature Review of the Measurement of Coping with Stigmatization and Discrimination. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1955680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
44
|
Feng Y, Cheon YM, Yip T, Cham H. Multilevel IRT analysis of the Everyday Discrimination Scale and the Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Index. Psychol Assess 2021; 33:637-651. [PMID: 33793262 PMCID: PMC8365779 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Unfair treatment based on race is an unfortunate reality. While there is increasing interest in mapping the daily and longer-term impact of discrimination in psychology, studies that examine the psychometric properties of indicators spanning these timeframes are limited. Item response analysis examined the measurement characteristics of two daily measures of ethnic/racial discrimination: (a) the six-item Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Index (REDI), and (b) the modified five-item Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS; Williams et al., Journal of Health Psychology, 1997, 2, 335). This study investigated whether the two scales can be appropriately adapted to access adolescents' daily-level ethnic/racial discrimination experiences. Both measures were administered for 14 consecutive days in a sample of 350 adolescents attending public schools in a large, urban area. Results suggest that the REDI has high loading and high difficulty. All REDI items functioned similarly at daily and person levels, suggesting that any single REDI item measured on a single day is sufficient for measuring daily ethnic/racial discrimination experiences. The EDS also shows high loading and high difficulty. However, EDS items functioned differently at the daily and person levels. REDI items were invariant across gender and race/ethnicity (African Americans, Asians, and Latinx). Recommendations for measuring daily ethnic/racial discrimination are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University
| | - Yuen Mi Cheon
- Department of Child Development and Education, Myongji University
| | - Tiffany Yip
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hall OT, Jordan A, Teater J, Dixon-Shambley K, McKiever ME, Baek M, Garcia S, Rood KM, Fielin DA. Experiences of racial discrimination in the medical setting and associations with medical mistrust and expectations of care among black patients seeking addiction treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 133:108551. [PMID: 34244014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experiences of racial discrimination in the medical setting are common among Black patients and may be linked to mistrust in medical recommendations and poorer clinical outcomes. However, little is known about the prevalence of experiences of racial mistreatment by healthcare workers among Black patients seeking addiction treatment, or how these experiences might influence Black patients' medical mistrust or expectations of care. METHODS Participants were 143 Black adults recruited consecutively from two university addiction treatment facilities in Columbus, Ohio. All participants completed validated surveys assessing perceptions of prior racial discrimination in the medical setting and group-based medical mistrust. Participants were also asked a series of questions about their expectations of care with regard to racial discrimination and addiction treatment. Descriptive analyses were used to characterize the sample with regard to demographics, perceived racial discrimination and medical mistrust. Kendall tau-b correlations assessed relationships between racial discrimination, mistrust and expectations of care. RESULTS Seventy-nine percent (n = 113) of participants reported prior experiences of racial discrimination during healthcare. Racial discrimination in the medical setting was associated with greater mistrust in the medical system and worse expectations regarding racial discrimination in addiction treatment including delays in care-seeking due to concern for discrimination, projected non-adherence and fears of discrimination-precipitated relapse. CONCLUSIONS Black patients seeking addiction treatment commonly report experiencing racial discrimination by healthcare workers which may be associated with mistrust in the medical system and expectations of care. Strategies to eliminate and mitigate experiences of racial discrimination may improve addiction treatment receptivity and engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Trent Hall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
| | - Ayana Jordan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Julie Teater
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Kamilah Dixon-Shambley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Monique E McKiever
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Mikyung Baek
- Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Garcia
- College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Kara M Rood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - David A Fielin
- Program in Addiction Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Caqueo-Urízar A, Urzúa A, Mena-Chamorro P, Flores J, Irarrázaval M, Graniffo E, Williams DR. Relationship between Everyday Discrimination and Substance Use among Adolescents in Northern Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6485. [PMID: 34208466 PMCID: PMC8296475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Substance use is a public health problem that affects the normal physical, neurological, and psychological development of adolescents. Apparently, discrimination is an important variable for explaining the initiation and continued use of alcohol and marijuana. Since most research focused on discrimination based on factors, such as race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or gender faced by minority groups, studies on discrimination faced by the general population remain scarce. This cross-sectional study described the relationship between everyday discrimination and alcohol and marijuana use-related behaviors among Chilean adolescents. It included 2330 students between 12 and 20 years of age from educational establishments in the city of Arica. To evaluate substance use, specifically alcohol and marijuana, the Child and Adolescent Evaluation System (SENA) was used. The Everyday Discrimination scale was used to evaluate discrimination. Age and everyday discrimination can predict up to 11% of the variance in substance use. Reducing the incidence of everyday discrimination may help reduce heavy alcohol and marijuana consumption among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Urzúa
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile;
| | - Patricio Mena-Chamorro
- Temuco & Centro Justicia Educacional, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de la Frontera, CJE, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Jerome Flores
- Escuela de Psicología y Filosofía, Universidad de Tarapacá & Centro Justicia Educacional, CJE, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Matías Irarrázaval
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile & Institute for Depression and Personality Research, MIDAP, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Ellen Graniffo
- Facultad de Educación y Humanidades, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile;
| | - David R. Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115-5810, USA;
- Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115-5810, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Opara I, R Leonard N, Thorpe D, Kershaw T. Understanding Neighborhoods' Impact on Youth Substance Use and Mental Health Outcomes in Paterson, New Jersey: Protocol for a Community-Based Participatory Research Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e29427. [PMID: 34047712 PMCID: PMC8196357 DOI: 10.2196/29427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use among youth is a major public health concern. Of note, substance use among youth is increasing in prevalence, and the incidence of substance use at earlier ages is rising. Given the long-term consequences of early substance use, it is important to identify factors that increase youth vulnerability to drug use, as they may be important targets for future interventions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to use innovative methods, such as venue-based sampling, to recruit youth who are disconnected from school and use community-based participatory research to gain a better understanding of the prevalence of substance use and important correlates among youth aged between 13 and 21 years in Paterson, New Jersey, a low-income, urban community. The study will use a convergent, mixed methods design involving multiple data collection components and the analysis of a ministrative data source, designed with the strengths of complex intervention frameworks in mind. The overall aims of the study are to identify the prevalence of substance use among youth who are engaged in school and not engaged in school; to understand important antecedents and correlates of substance use; and to use this information to inform social, environmental, and culturally appropriate interventions to address substance use and its correlates among youths in a lower-resourced urban community. METHODS This study will use both qualitative and quantitative methods to address important questions. Specifically, semistructured interviews using focus group and interview methodologies will be used to assess youths' lived experiences and will account for specific details that quantitative methods may not be able to attain. In addition, quantitative methods will be used to examine direct and multilevel associations between neighborhood factors and youth substance use and mental health outcomes. RESULTS A previous analysis from a substance use initiative in Paterson, New Jersey found that youth who use substances such as marijuana and alcohol are more likely to have higher rates of depression and anxiety. On the basis of the research questions, this study will examine the association between neighborhood characteristics, substance use, and mental health symptoms among youth in Paterson by using quantitative and qualitative methods and will use these findings to inform the adaptation of a community- and evidence-based substance use prevention intervention for these youths. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study will provide an important contribution to understanding the role of socioecological factors in predicting substance use and mental health outcomes among youth in a lower-resourced, urban community. Furthermore, these findings will serve as evidence for the development of a culturally informed, community-based prevention program to address substance use disparities for youth, including those who are truant in Paterson, New Jersey. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/29427.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Opara
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Noelle R Leonard
- Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daneele Thorpe
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Trace Kershaw
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Stephenson R, Todd K, Gamarel KE, Bonar EE, Peitzmeier S. Addendum to: Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Intimate Partner Violence Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Populations: Protocol for a Linear Three-Phase Study (Project Empower). JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e28614. [PMID: 33979298 PMCID: PMC8225160 DOI: 10.2196/28614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/23819.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob Stephenson
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities and The School of NursingUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
| | - Kieran Todd
- Center for Sexuality and Health DisparitiesUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
| | - Kristi E Gamarel
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities and The School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
| | - Erin E Bonar
- Center for Sexuality and Health DisparitiesUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
- Addiction CenterDepartment of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
- The Injury Prevention CenterUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
| | - Sarah Peitzmeier
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities and The School of NursingUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MIUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gordils J, Elliot AJ, Toprakkiran S, Jamieson JP. The effects of COVID-19 on perceived intergroup competition and negative intergroup outcomes. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:419-434. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1918617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
50
|
Argyriou A, Goldsmith KA, Rimes KA. Mediators of the Disparities in Depression Between Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Individuals: A Systematic Review. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:925-959. [PMID: 33689086 PMCID: PMC8035121 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that sexual minorities (e.g., those identifying as lesbian, gay, or bisexual) experience increased rates of depression compared to heterosexual individuals. Minority stress theory suggests that this disparity is due to stigma experienced by sexual minorities. Stigma processes are proposed to contribute to reduced coping/support resources and increased vulnerability processes for mental health problems. This review provided a systematic examination of research assessing the evidence for mediating factors that help explain such disparities. A literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. The review included 40 identified studies that examined mediators of sexual minority status and depressive outcomes using a between-group design (i.e., heterosexual versus sexual minority participants). Studies of adolescents and adult samples were both included. The most common findings were consistent with the suggestion that stressors such as victimization, harassment, abuse, and increased stress, as well as lower social and family support, may contribute to differing depression rates in sexual minority compared to heterosexual individuals. Differences in psychological processes such as self-esteem and rumination may also play a role but have had insufficient research attention so far. However, caution is needed because many papers had important methodological shortcomings such as the use of cross-sectional designs, inferior statistical analyses for mediation, or measures that had not been properly validated. Although firm conclusions cannot be drawn, the current evidence base highlights many factors potentially suitable for further exploration in high-quality longitudinal research or randomized studies intervening with the potential mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Argyriou
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Kimberley A Goldsmith
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Katharine A Rimes
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|