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Zhou Y, Suo W, Zhang X, Liang J, Zhao W, Wang Y, Li H, Ni Q. Targeting mitochondrial quality control for diabetic cardiomyopathy: Therapeutic potential of hypoglycemic drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115669. [PMID: 37820568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a chronic cardiovascular complication caused by diabetes that is characterized by changes in myocardial structure and function, ultimately leading to heart failure and even death. Mitochondria serve as the provider of energy to cardiomyocytes, and mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. In response to a series of pathological changes caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, the mitochondrial quality control system is activated. The mitochondrial quality control system (including mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission, and mitophagy) is core to maintaining the normal structure of mitochondria and performing their normal physiological functions. However, mitochondrial quality control is abnormal in diabetic cardiomyopathy, resulting in insufficient mitochondrial fusion and excessive fission within the cardiomyocyte, and fragmented mitochondria are not phagocytosed in a timely manner, accumulating within the cardiomyocyte resulting in cardiomyocyte injury. Currently, there is no specific therapy or prevention for diabetic cardiomyopathy, and glycemic control remains the mainstay. In this review, we first elucidate the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and explore the link between pathological mitochondrial quality control and the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Then, we summarize how clinically used hypoglycemic agents (including sodium-glucose cotransport protein 2 inhibitions, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, metformin, and α-glucosidase inhibitors) exert cardioprotective effects to treat and prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy by targeting the mitochondrial quality control system. In addition, the mechanisms of complementary alternative therapies, such as active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, exercise, and lifestyle, targeting mitochondrial quality control for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy are also added, which lays the foundation for the excavation of new diabetic cardioprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhou
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wendong Suo
- LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinai Zhang
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liang
- Zhengzhou Shuqing Medical College, Zhengzhou 450064, China
| | - Weizhe Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hong Li
- LongHua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Qing Ni
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100053, China.
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2
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Wang R, Fan R, Meng T, Wang L. Exploration of the inhibitory mechanisms of trans-polydatin/resveratrol on α-glucosidase by multi-spectroscopic analysis, in silico docking and molecular dynamics simulation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 299:122866. [PMID: 37201332 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived phenolics as natural α-glucosidase (α-GLU) inhibitors have attached great attention in the treatment of type-II diabetes mellitus currently. In this study, trans-polydatin and its aglycone resveratrol were found to show a notable inhibitory activity on α-GLU in a mixed-type manner with IC50 values of 18.07 and 16.73 μg/mL, respectively, which were further stronger than anti-diabetic drug acrabose (IC50 = 179.86 μg/mL). Multi-spectroscopic analysis results indicated that polydatin/resveratrol bound to α-GLU with one affinity binding site which was mainly driven by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, and this binding process resulted in conformational alteration of α-GLU. In silico docking study showed that polydatin/resveratrol can well interact with the surrounding amino acid residues in the active cavity of α-GLU. Molecular dynamics simulation further clarified the structure and characterization of α-GLU-polydatin/resveratrol complexes. This study might supply a theoretical basis for the designing of novel functional foods with polydatin/resveratrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Ruyan Fan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Tingyu Meng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
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3
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Keshet A, Shilo S, Godneva A, Talmor-Barkan Y, Aviv Y, Segal E, Rossman H. CGMap: Characterizing continuous glucose monitor data in thousands of non-diabetic individuals. Cell Metab 2023; 35:758-769.e3. [PMID: 37080199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite its rising prevalence, diabetes diagnosis still relies on measures from blood tests. Technological advances in continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices introduce a potential tool to expand our understanding of glucose control and variability in people with and without diabetes. Yet CGM data have not been characterized in large-scale healthy cohorts, creating a lack of reference for CGM data research. Here we present CGMap, a characterization of CGM data collected from over 7,000 non-diabetic individuals, aged 40-70 years, between 2019 and 2022. We provide reference values of key CGM-derived clinical measures that can serve as a tool for future CGM research. We further explored the relationship between CGM-derived measures and diabetes-related clinical parameters, uncovering several significant relationships, including associations of mean blood glucose with measures from fundus imaging and sleep monitoring. These findings offer novel research directions for understanding the influence of glucose levels on various aspects of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayya Keshet
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Smadar Shilo
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; The Jesse and Sara Lea Shafer Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Anastasia Godneva
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yeela Talmor-Barkan
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Yaron Aviv
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Cardiology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Hagai Rossman
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Pheno.AI, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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4
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Guizar-Heredia R, Noriega LG, Rivera AL, Resendis-Antonio O, Guevara-Cruz M, Torres N, Tovar AR. A New Approach to Personalized Nutrition: Postprandial Glycemic Response and its Relationship to Gut Microbiota. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:176-188. [PMID: 36990891 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
A prolonged and elevated postprandial glucose response (PPGR) is now considered a main factor contributing for the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, which could be prevented by dietary interventions. However, dietary recommendations to prevent alterations in PPGR have not always been successful. New evidence has supported that PPGR is not only dependent of dietary factors like the content of carbohydrates, or the glycemic index of the foods, but is also dependent on genetics, body composition, gut microbiota, among others. In recent years, continuous glucose monitoring has made it possible to establish predictions on the effect of different dietary foods on PPGRs through machine learning methods, which use algorithms that integrate genetic, biochemical, physiological and gut microbiota variables for identifying associations between them and clinical variables with aim of personalize dietary recommendations. This has allowed to improve the concept of personalized nutrition, since it is now possible to recommend through these predictions specific dietary foods to prevent elevated PPGRs that are highly variable among individuals. Additional components that can enrich the predictive algorithms are findings of nutrigenomics, nutrigenetics and metabolomics. Thus, this review aims to summarize the evidence of the components that integrate personalized nutrition focused on the prevention of PPGRs, and to show the future of personalized nutrition by laying the groundwork for the development of individualized dietary management and its impact on the improvement of metabolic diseases.
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Zhang Y, Xu J, Liu C, Long X, Zheng M, He J, Lin F, Yu J. Curative effect of zinc-selenium tea on rat's cardiotoxicity induced by long-term exposure to nonylphenol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:101-114. [PMID: 36239032 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether zinc-selenium tea has an curative effect on the cardiotoxicity induced by nonylphenol (NP), and to compare the effect of zinc-selenium tea and green tea. After drinking of zinc-selenium tea or green tea, compared with the control group, the left ventricular anterior wall became thinner, and the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter increased, the anterior wall of the left ventricle became thin at the end of diastole in the NP group. The serum myocardial enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, and α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in the NP group were significantly increased, and the serum myocardial enzymes were significantly decreased after the intervention of zinc-selenium tea. Proteins and mRNA expressions of Collagen I and Collagen III in the tea groups were lower than those in the NP group. In the green tea and zinc-selenium tea intervention groups, the disorder and degree of myocardial fiber were alleviated to varying degrees. The disturbance, breakage, and inflammatory cell infiltration of myocardial fibers in zinc-selenium tea and green tea groups were less than that of NP group. After tea intervention, collagen I and collagen III in the myocardium decreased. The intervention effect of zinc-selenium tea was better than that of green tea. Zinc-selenium tea and green tea could interfere with the cardiotoxicity indued by NP, which would alleviate the myocardial fibrosis by reducing expressions of collagen I and collagen III. Moreover, the curative effect of zinc-selenium tea was better than that of green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuJie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xianping Long
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mucong Zheng
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie He
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fangmei Lin
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Matsuyama T, Yoshinaga SK, Shibue K, Mak TW. Comorbidity-associated glutamine deficiency is a predisposition to severe COVID-19. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3199-3213. [PMID: 34663907 PMCID: PMC8522258 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations have greatly reduced COVID-19 cases, but we must continue to develop our understanding of the nature of the disease and its effects on human immunity. Previously, we suggested that a dysregulated STAT3 pathway following SARS-Co-2 infection ultimately leads to PAI-1 activation and cascades of pathologies. The major COVID-19-associated metabolic risks (old age, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity) share high PAI-1 levels and could predispose certain groups to severe COVID-19 complications. In this review article, we describe the common metabolic profile that is shared between all of these high-risk groups and COVID-19. This profile not only involves high levels of PAI-1 and STAT3 as previously described, but also includes low levels of glutamine and NAD+, coupled with overproduction of hyaluronan (HA). SARS-CoV-2 infection exacerbates this metabolic imbalance and predisposes these patients to the severe pathophysiologies of COVID-19, including the involvement of NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) and HA overproduction in the lung. While hyperinflammation due to proinflammatory cytokine overproduction has been frequently documented, it is recently recognized that the immune response is markedly suppressed in some cases by the expansion and activity of MDSCs (myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and FoxP3+ Tregs (regulatory T cells). The metabolomics profiles of severe COVID-19 patients and patients with advanced cancer are similar, and in high-risk patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to aberrant STAT3 activation, which promotes a cancer-like metabolism. We propose that glutamine deficiency and overproduced HA is the central metabolic characteristic of COVID-19 and its high-risk groups. We suggest the usage of glutamine supplementation and the repurposing of cancer drugs to prevent the development of severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Matsuyama
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
| | | | - Kimitaka Shibue
- Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tak W Mak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, 999077, Hong Kong
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Liu Y, Kong KW, Wu DT, Liu HY, Li HB, Zhang JR, Gan RY. Pomegranate peel-derived punicalagin: Ultrasonic-assisted extraction, purification, and its α-glucosidase inhibitory mechanism. Food Chem 2021; 374:131635. [PMID: 34823934 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pomegranate peel is a by-product of pomegranate fruit rich in polyphenols. In this study, pomegranate peel polyphenols were explored using LC-MS/MS, and punicalagin was the most abundant compound. The highest yield (505.89 ± 1.73 mg/g DW) of punicalagin was obtained by ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) with the ethanol concentration of 53%, sample-to-liquid ratio of 1:25 w/v, ultrasonic power of 757 W, and extraction time of 25 min. Punicalagin was further purified by the macroporous resin D101 and prep-HPLC, reaching the purity of 92.15%. The purified punicalagin had the IC50 of 82 ± 0.02 µg/mL against α-glucosidase, similar to the punicalagin standard with IC50 of 58 ± 0.014 µg/mL, both exhibiting a mixed inhibitory mechanism. Molecular docking further revealed that a steric hindrance with the intermolecular energy of -7.99 kcal/mol was formed between punicalagin and α-glucosidase. Overall, pomegranate peel is a promising source of punicalagin to develop anti-diabetic functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Kin Weng Kong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jia-Rong Zhang
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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8
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Obaroakpo JU, Nan W, Hao L, Liu L, Zhang S, Lu J, Pang X, Lv J. The hyperglycemic regulatory effect of sprouted quinoa yoghurt in high-fat-diet and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic mice via glucose and lipid homeostasis. Food Funct 2021; 11:8354-8368. [PMID: 32930693 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have proposed that quinoa yoghurt (QY) has the anti-diabetic properties based on an in vitro study. Here, its antidiabetic activity was further validated by investigating its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic influence in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice. The results showed that QY increased the body weights of and reduced the fasting blood glucose levels in T2DM mice. QY significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C, while it increased the HDL-C level. In addition, the hepatic glycogen content, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, while lipid peroxidation was remarkably reduced. Sprouted QY had the highest influence on serum oxidation when compared with non-germinated QY. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, while the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was increased. Histopathological studies showed that QY protected the tissue structure of the liver of T2DM mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that QY increased AKT-2 and AMPK-α2 expressions, while it suppressed p85. The qRT-PCR analysis indicated that QY exerted its hypoglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects through the AKT/AMPK/PI3K signaling pathway. Germination significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the glucose and lipid homeostasis in T2DM mice in such a way that sprouted QY showed the highest hypoglycemic and cholesterol-lowering effects when compared with non-germinated QY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Ujiroghene Obaroakpo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China. and Department of Food Science and Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Wenlong Nan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Liyu Hao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- Beijing Nutrition Resources Institute, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jing Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China.
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Mecacci F, Ottanelli S, Vannuccini S, Serena C, Rambaldi MP, Simeone S, Clemenza S, Comito C, Lisi F, Mello G, Petraglia F. What is the role of glycemic control in the development of preeclampsia among women with type 1 diabetes? Pregnancy Hypertens 2021; 25:191-195. [PMID: 34217140 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of glycemic control in development of preeclampsia (PE) in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS An observational case-control study comparing 244 women with type 1 diabetes and 488 controls was conducted. Among women with T1DM HbA1c, average daily glucose values, fasting, preprandial, 1-hour and 2-hour postprandial glucose levels, and daily 3 meals postprandial glucose areas were evaluated. Uterine artery pulsatility indices (PI) at 16, 20, 24 weeks' gestation were obtained. Data analysis included rates of PE in both groups, and association between glycemic control, uterine artery PI and development of PE among women with T1DM. RESULTS PE developed in 13.1% of diabetic women and in 3.5% of women in the control group (odds ratio 4.2; 95% CI 2.2-8.1). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, HbA1c in the 1st trimester, mean daily glucose level in the 1st and 2nd trimester, daily 3 meal postprandial glucose area in the 1st and 2nd trimester, and the uterine arteries PI at 24 weeks' gestation were found to be associated with development of PE. The uterine arteries PI showed a significant positive correlation with the 3 meal postprandial glucose area at 16, 20, 24 weeks. CONCLUSION In women with T1DM, poor glycemic control early in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of subsequent PE. An association between poor placentation, as indicated by the increased PI of uterine arteries, and a maternal metabolic factor, that is the 3 meal post-prandial glucose area, has been shown, supporting the increased rate of PE among women with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mecacci
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Ottanelli
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - S Vannuccini
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - C Serena
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M P Rambaldi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Simeone
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Clemenza
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - C Comito
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - F Lisi
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G Mello
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - F Petraglia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical, Experimental, and Clinical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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10
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Sokołowska E, Sadowska A, Sawicka D, Kotulska-Bąblińska I, Car H. A head-to-head comparison review of biological and toxicological studies of isomaltulose, d-tagatose, and trehalose on glycemic control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5679-5704. [PMID: 33715524 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder contributing to significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Different preventive and therapeutic agents, as well as various pharmacological strategies or non-pharmacological tools, improve the glycemic profile of diabetic patients. Isomaltulose, d-tagatose, and trehalose are naturally occurring, low glycemic sugars that are not synthesized by humans but widely used in food industries. Various studies have shown that these carbohydrates can regulate glucose metabolism and provide support in maintaining glucose homeostasis in patients with diabetes, but also can improve insulin response, subsequently leading to better control of hyperglycemia. In this review, we discussed the anti-hyperglycemic effects of isomaltulose, D-tagatose, and trehalose, comparing their properties with other known sweeteners, and highlighting their importance for the development of the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Sokołowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Diana Sawicka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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11
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Translational insight into prothrombotic state and hypercoagulation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Thromb Res 2020; 198:139-150. [PMID: 33340925 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging and threatening pathological condition, ranging from fatty liver (FL) to chronic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver cirrhosis, and eventually to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent findings suggest that patients with NAFLD have a higher risk of cardiovascular events and thromboembolism and that this risk is independent of metabolic diseases that are frequently associated with NAFLD, such as diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and obesity. The vascular involvement of NAFLD might be considered its systemic burden, conditioning higher mortality in patients affected by the disease. These clinical findings suggested the existence of a prothrombotic state in NAFLD, which is partially unexplored and whose underlying mechanisms are to date not completely understood. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the prothrombotic state in NAFLD across the progression from the healthy liver through the different stages of the disease. We focused on the possible role of several metabolic features of NAFLD possibly leading to hypercoagulation other than endothelial and platelet activation, such as insulin-resistance, nitric oxide production regulation, and gut microbiota homeostasis. Also, we analysed the involvement of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and thromboinflammation taking place in NAFLD. Finally, we described factors striking a prothrombotic imbalance in NASH cirrhosis, with a particular focus on the pathogenesis of portal vein thrombosis.
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Jenkins DJA, Kitts D, Giovannucci EL, Sahye-Pudaruth S, Paquette M, Blanco Mejia S, Patel D, Kavanagh M, Tsirakis T, Kendall CWC, Pichika SC, Sievenpiper JL. Selenium, antioxidants, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1642-1652. [PMID: 33053149 PMCID: PMC7727482 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidants have been promoted for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction and for the prevention of cancer. Our preliminary analysis suggested that only when selenium was present were antioxidant mixtures associated with reduced all-cause mortality. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine the effect of selenium supplementation alone and of antioxidant mixtures with or without selenium on the risk of CVD, cancer, and mortality. METHODS We identified studies using the Cochrane Library, Medline, and Embase for potential CVD outcomes, cancer, and all-cause mortality following selenium supplementation alone or after antioxidant supplement mixtures with and without selenium up to June 5, 2020. RCTs of ≥24 wk were included and data were analyzed using random-effects models and classified by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. RESULTS The meta-analysis identified 9423 studies, of which 43 were used in the final analysis. Overall, no association of selenium alone or antioxidants was seen with CVD and all-cause mortality. However, a decreased risk with antioxidant mixtures was seen for CVD mortality when selenium was part of the mix (RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.97; P = 0.02), with no association when selenium was absent. Similarly, when selenium was part of the antioxidant mixture, a decreased risk was seen for all-cause mortality (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.98; P = 0.02) as opposed to an increased risk when selenium was absent (RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.13; P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION The addition of selenium should be considered for supplements containing antioxidant mixtures if they are to be associated with CVD and all-cause mortality risk reduction. This trial was registered at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42019138268.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Kitts
- Food Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandhya Sahye-Pudaruth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Clinical Nutrition Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Paquette
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Clinical Nutrition Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Clinical Nutrition Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darshna Patel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Clinical Nutrition Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meaghan Kavanagh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Clinical Nutrition Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Tsirakis
- Clinical Nutrition Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cyril W C Kendall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Clinical Nutrition Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sathish C Pichika
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Clinical Nutrition Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chattopadhyay S, George A, John J, Sathyapalan T. Two-Hour Post-Load Plasma Glucose, a Biomarker to Improve the GRACE Score in Patients without Known Diabetes. Cardiology 2020; 145:553-561. [PMID: 32784310 DOI: 10.1159/000509180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess improvement in predictive performance of Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events risk score (GRS) by addition of a glucose matrix. METHODS 1,056 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) survivors without known diabetes had pre-discharge fasting (FPG) and 2-h post-load plasma glucose (2h-PG) measured. GRS was calculated. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE; death and non-fatal myocardial infarction) were recorded during follow-up. Cox proportional hazard regression predicted event-free survival. Likelihood ratio test, Akaike's information criteria, continuous net reclassification index (NRI>0), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were used to test the additional prognostic value of glycaemic indices over GRS. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 36.5 months, 211 MACEs (20.0%), 96 deaths (9.1%), and 115 non-fatal re-infarctions (10.9%), occurred. 2h-PG, but not FPG, independently predicted MACE-free survival at all time points (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.03-1.13, p = 0.002, at 3 years). Risk of MACE increased by 8-11% with every 1 mmol/L rise in 2h-PG. 2h-PG significantly improved the prognostic models containing GRS. Models containing GRS and 2h-PG yielded lowest corrected Akaike's information criteria compared to that with only GRS. 2h-PG, but not FPG, improved NRI>0 (NRI>0 0.169, p = 0.028 at 3 years) and IDI (IDI of 0.66%, p = 0.018 at 3 years) significantly at all time points during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS 2h-PG, but not FPG, improves performance of GRS-containing models in predicting post-ACS prognosis in the short to medium term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chattopadhyay
- Department of Cardiology, Milton Keynes University Hospital, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom,
| | - Anish George
- Department of Cardiology, Scunthorpe General Hospital, Scunthorpe, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph John
- Department of Cardiology, Castle Hill Hospital, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
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Cruz LCD, Teixeira-Araujo AA, Passos Andrade KT, Rocha TCOG, Puga GM, Moreira SR. Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Reduces Hyperglycemia and Enhances Glucose Control Over a 24-Hour Period in Women With Type 2 Diabetes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2826-2835. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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The Postprandial Appearance of Features of Cardiometabolic Risk: Acute Induction and Prevention by Nutrients and Other Dietary Substances. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091963. [PMID: 31438565 PMCID: PMC6770341 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of diets, food, and food components that affect postprandial inflammation, endothelial function, and oxidative stress, which are related to cardiometabolic risk. A high-energy meal, rich in saturated fat and sugars, induces the transient appearance of a series of metabolic, signaling and physiological dysregulations or dysfunctions, including oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, which are directly related to the amplitude of postprandial plasma triglycerides and glucose. Low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are also known to cluster together with insulin resistance, a third risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type-II diabetes, thus making a considerable contribution to cardiometabolic risk. Because of the marked relevance of the postprandial model to nutritional pathophysiology, many studies have investigated whether adding various nutrients and other substances to such a challenge meal might mitigate the onset of these adverse effects. Some foods (e.g., nuts, berries, and citrus), nutrients (e.g., l-arginine), and other substances (various polyphenols) have been widely studied. Reports of favorable effects in the postprandial state have concerned plasma markers for systemic or vascular pro-inflammatory conditions, the activation of inflammatory pathways in plasma monocytes, vascular endothelial function (mostly assessed using physiological criteria), and postprandial oxidative stress. Although the literature is fragmented, this topic warrants further study using multiple endpoints and markers to investigate whether the interesting candidates identified might prevent or limit the postprandial appearance of critical features of cardiometabolic risk.
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Someya T, Amagai M. Toward a new generation of smart skins. Nat Biotechnol 2019; 37:382-388. [DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Peanut skin phenolic extract attenuates hyperglycemic responses in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214591. [PMID: 30917157 PMCID: PMC6436756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes affects at least 285 million people globally, and this number continues to increase. Clinical complications include impaired glucose metabolism, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Evidence has shown that natural phenolics play a protective effect on both the development and management of type 2 diabetes. This study evaluated effects of the extract from peanut skins containing polyphenols on induced- hyperglycemia using in vivo and in vitro methods. A human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) was used to investigate the effect of the peanut skin extract on cell viability after exposure to high glucose concentrations. In vivo, the effect of peanut skin extract on an oral glucose tolerance was investigated in human subjects. Fifteen participants aged 21–32 underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with five treatments: 1) 50-gram glucose solution (reference); 2). 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 12 mg of vegi-capsulated maltodextrin; 3) 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 120 mg of vegi-capsulated maltodextrin-encapsulated peanut skin extract; 4). 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 28 grams of unfortified coated peanuts; 5) 50-gram glucose solution, followed by 28 grams of chili lime coated peanuts fortified with encapsulated peanut skin extract. Glucose levels were measured using a continuous monitor. Peanut skin extract was found to attenuate the decrease in cell viability in high glucose treated HepG2 cells, showing a protective effect against hyperglycemia induced cell death. No difference in the glycemic response area under the curve between any treatments using the tolerance test, but the treatment of the peanut skin extract with the glucose reference resulted in a significantly lower peak blood glucose response at 45 minutes, indicating that it was effective at reducing the glycemic response. The present study shows that the phenolic extract of peanut skins has an antidiabetic effect, further confirming their value as a functional food ingredient.
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Smith HA, Gonzalez JT, Thompson D, Betts JA. Dietary carbohydrates, components of energy balance, and associated health outcomes. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:783-797. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Feng X, Xu Y. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a Metabolic Risk Factor for Glucose Intolerance Among High-Risk Groups of Chinese Adults. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2775-2781. [PMID: 28591087 PMCID: PMC5470866 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is characterized by insulin resistance and causes atherosclerosis. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with insulin resistance and predicts cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we assessed the possible association between homocysteine and IGT. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study of 118 consecutive subjects with IGT (IGT group) and 128 consecutive subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT group). Homocysteine and clinical characteristics were measured. RESULTS The IGT group had higher homocysteine than the NGT group [18.00 (14.00, 22.25) vs. 12.50 (9.00, 15.00) μmol/L, p<0.001]. Homocysteine was positively associated with body mass index (BMI) (r=0.178, p=0.005), triglycerides (r=0.306, p<0.001), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (r=0.312, p<0.001), 2-hour postchallenge glucose (2hPG) (r=0.363, p<0.001), fasting insulin (FINS) (r=0.655, p<0.001), and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r=0.643, p<0.001), and was negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (r=-0.250, p<0.001). After controlling for confounders, hyperinsulinemia (β=7.430, p<0.001) was independently related to hyperhomocysteinemia. In a logistic regression analysis, high triglycerides (OR=1.177, p<0.001) and homocysteine (OR=1.508, p=0.007), and low HDL-C (OR=0.315, p=0.026) were associated with IGT. CONCLUSIONS Patients with IGT have higher homocysteine levels compared with subjects with normal glucose tolerance, and hyperhomocysteinemia might be correlated with IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Feng X, Gao X, Yao Z, Xu Y. Low apoA-I is associated with insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:69. [PMID: 28372564 PMCID: PMC5379622 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Insulin resistance predicts the progression of abnormal glucose metabolism, which is the main cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this study, we assessed the potential association between apoA-I levels and insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and the possible link between apoA-I and IGT. Methods This study evaluated a cross-sectional study of 108 participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT group) and 84 controls (control group). ApoA-I and clinical characteristics were measured, and a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Results The IGT group exhibited significantly lower apoA-I and higher HOMA-IR levels than the control group (apoA-I: 1.37 ± 0.36 vs 1.57 ± 0.39 g/L; HOMA-IR: 4.21 ± 1.56 vs 2.15 ± 0.99; P < 0.001 for both). ApoA-I was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR in both the IGT and control groups (IGT group: r = −0.269, P = 0.005; control group: r = −0.262, P = 0.016). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that low apoA-I levels (β = −1.470, P = 0.002) were independently correlated with high HOMA-IR levels in the IGT group. Moreover, logistic regression analysis identified that low apoA-I was an independent influencing factor for IGT (β = −1.170, OR = 0.310, P = 0.007). Conclusions ApoA-I is inversely associated with insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose tolerance, and low apoA-I is an independent risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance. These results indicate that apoA-I plays an important role in regulating insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in patients with IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China.
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Feng X, Gao X, Jia Y, Zhang H, Xu Y. Atorvastatin Decreased Circulating RANTES Levels in Impaired Glucose Tolerance Patients with Hypercholesterolemia: An Interventional Study. Diabetes Ther 2017; 8:309-319. [PMID: 28120261 PMCID: PMC5380490 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-017-0227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is the major cause of the development of both type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Regulated upon activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES), a proinflammatory chemokine, is associated with atherosclerosis. We investigated the effect of atorvastatin on circulating RANTES in IGT patients with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS This study evaluated cross-sectional and interventional studies of 32 IGT patients with hypercholesterolemia (group A) and 32 controls (group B). Group A was treated with atorvastatin (20 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Platelet-free plasma (PFP) RANTES and clinical characteristics were examined. RESULTS PFP RANTES was significantly higher in group A compared with group B (9.76 ± 3.10 vs 6.43 ± 2.16 ng/ml, P < 0.001). PFP RANTES was positively correlated with total cholesterol (TC) (r = 0.589, P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (r = 0.583, P < 0.001), triglycerides (TG) (r = 0.450, P < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (r = 0.469, P < 0.001), 2-hour postchallenge glucose (2hPG) (r = 0.397, P = 0.001), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (r = 0.353, P = 0.004), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (r = 0.616, P < 0.001), and negatively related to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (r = -0.272, P = 0.029). After controlling for confounders, LDL-C (β = 2.109, P < 0.001) and hsCRP (β = 0.272, P = 0.029) were independently related to RANTES. After atorvastatin treatment, PFP RANTES significantly decreased in group A compared with baseline (from 9.76 ± 3.10 to 7.48 ± 2.78 ng/ml, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin decreased circulating RANTES in IGT patients with hypercholesterolemia, indicating that statins may play an important role in inhibiting inflammatory responses in patients with IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yumei Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Yoshizane C, Mizote A, Yamada M, Arai N, Arai S, Maruta K, Mitsuzumi H, Ariyasu T, Ushio S, Fukuda S. Glycemic, insulinemic and incretin responses after oral trehalose ingestion in healthy subjects. Nutr J 2017; 16:9. [PMID: 28166771 PMCID: PMC5292800 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trehalose is hydrolyzed by a specific intestinal brush-border disaccharidase (trehalase) into two glucose molecules. In animal studies, trehalose has been shown to prevent adipocyte hypertrophy and mitigate insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Recently, we found that trehalose improved glucose tolerance in human subjects. However, the underlying metabolic responses after trehalose ingestion in humans are not well understood. Therefore, we examined the glycemic, insulinemic and incretin responses after trehalose ingestion in healthy Japanese volunteers. Methods In a crossover study, 20 fasted healthy volunteers consumed 25 g trehalose or glucose in 100 mL water. Blood samples were taken frequently over the following 3 h, and blood glucose, insulin, active gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were measured. Results Trehalose ingestion did not evoke rapid increases in blood glucose levels, and had a lower stimulatory potency of insulin and active GIP secretion compared with glucose ingestion. Conversely, active GLP-1 showed higher levels from 45 to 180 min after trehalose ingestion as compared with glucose ingestion. Specifically, active GIP secretion, which induces fat accumulation, was markedly lower after trehalose ingestion. Conclusions Our findings indicate that trehalose may be a useful saccharide for good health because of properties that do not stimulate rapid increases in blood glucose and excessive secretion of insulin and GIP promoting fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyo Yoshizane
- HAYASHIBARA CO. LTD., 675 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, 702-8006, Japan.
| | - Akiko Mizote
- HAYASHIBARA CO. LTD., 675 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, 702-8006, Japan
| | - Mika Yamada
- HAYASHIBARA CO. LTD., 675 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, 702-8006, Japan
| | - Norie Arai
- HAYASHIBARA CO. LTD., 675 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, 702-8006, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Arai
- HAYASHIBARA CO. LTD., 675 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, 702-8006, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Maruta
- HAYASHIBARA CO. LTD., 675 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, 702-8006, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mitsuzumi
- HAYASHIBARA CO. LTD., 675 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, 702-8006, Japan
| | - Toshio Ariyasu
- HAYASHIBARA CO. LTD., 675 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, 702-8006, Japan
| | - Shimpei Ushio
- HAYASHIBARA CO. LTD., 675 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, 702-8006, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fukuda
- HAYASHIBARA CO. LTD., 675 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama, 702-8006, Japan
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The association between impaired glucose tolerance and soluble CD40 ligand: a 15-year prospective cohort study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:1243-1249. [PMID: 26749117 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of the present study was to assess soluble CD40 Ligand (sCD40L) levels in relation to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) at population level. METHODS This study is part of a prospective, population-based cohort study, carried out from 1990 to 2008 in northern Finland. Study members, born in 1935 and living in the City of Oulu, underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and measurement of plasma sCD40L at three different time points during the 15-year follow-up. The total number of study members who underwent OGTT was 768 at the baseline, 557 at the first and 467 at the second follow-up. SCD40L levels in patients with IGT were compared with those in subjects with normal glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose (non-IGT). RESULTS Geometric mean level of sCD40L was significantly higher in the IGT group compared with the non-IGT group at the baseline (0.42 vs. 0.27 ng/mL) and at the first follow-up (1.50 vs. 0.36 ng/mL) (repeated measures mixed models ANOVA, p < 0.05). At the second follow-up (age 72-73 years), however, the difference was not statistically significant (9.44 vs. 7.24 ng/mL). During the entire follow-up, the levels of sCD40L increased significantly both in IGT and non-IGT groups. CONCLUSION We found that plasma sCD40L level increases with age as well as there are elevated levels of plasma sCD40L in subjects with IGT compared with non-IGT. This may indicate an increased cardiovascular risk in older age and in subjects with IGT.
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Choi SI, Park MH, Han JS. Gynura procumbens Extract Alleviates Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2016; 21:181-186. [PMID: 27752493 PMCID: PMC5063202 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2016.21.3.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Gynura procumbens extract against carbohydrate digesting enzymes and its ability to ameliorate postprandial hyperglycemia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. G. procumbens extract showed prominent α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory effects. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of G. procumbens extract against α-glucosidase and α-amylase was 0.092±0.018 and 0.084±0.027 mg/mL, respectively, suggesting that the α-amylase inhibition activity of the G. procumbens extract was more effective than that of the positive control, acarbose (IC50=0.164 mg/mL). The increase in postprandial blood glucose levels was more significantly alleviated in the G. procumbens extract group than in the control group of STZ-induced diabetic mice. Moreover, the area under the curve significantly decreased with G. procumbens extract administration in STZ-induced diabetic mice. These results suggest that G. procumbens extract may help alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting carbohydrate digesting enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-In Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Mi Hwa Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University, Busan 46958, Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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Is it time to implement a standardized oral glucose and fat load test to detect high risk patients? Probably not yet…. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:346-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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You HN, Lee HA, Park MH, Lee JH, Han JS. Phlorofucofuroeckol A isolated from Ecklonia cava alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 752:92-6. [PMID: 25680946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether phlorofucofuroeckol A inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities and alleviated postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Phlorofucofuroeckol A that was isolated from Ecklonia cava (brown algae) demonstrated prominent inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities. The IC50 values of phlorofucofuroeckol A against α-glucosidase and α-amylase were 19.52 and 6.34μM, respectively. These inhibitory activities of phlorofucofuroeckol A were higher than those of acarbose, which was used as a positive control. Increases in postprandial blood glucose levels were significantly more suppressed in the group administered phlorofucofuroeckol A compared to the control group in both diabetic and normal mice. Moreover, the area under the curve was significantly lower after phlorofucofuroeckol A administration (2296 versus 2690mmolmin/l) in the diabetic mice. These results suggested that phlorofucofuroeckol A is a potent α-glucosidase inhibitor and can alleviate the postprandial hyperglycemia that is caused by starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Nui You
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ah Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Hwa Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sook Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea.
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Kaku K, Inagaki N, Kobayashi N. Long-term Effects of Mitiglinide in Japanese Diabetics Inadequately Controlled with DPP-4 Inhibitor or Biguanide Monotherapy. Diabetes Ther 2014; 5:97-111. [PMID: 24488695 PMCID: PMC4065298 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-014-0051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal of treatment in diabetes is to control hyperglycemia to near-normal glucose levels, which is important to prevent the progression of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Mitiglinide is a rapid- and short-acting insulinotropic sulfonylurea receptor ligand that is known to improve postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of mitiglinide in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients inadequately controlled by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor or biguanide monotherapy. METHODS In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) receiving a stable monotherapy regimen with a DPP-4 inhibitor or biguanide added to dietary therapy, an additional 10 mg mitiglinide was administered for 52 weeks. The efficacy end points were postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) (30 min, 1 h, 2 h), postprandial insulin (30 min, 1 h, 2 h), insulinogenic index, 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting plasma glucose. The safety end points included the incidence and types of adverse events and adverse drug reactions. RESULTS A total of 136 patients with T2DM were eligible for enrollment in this study and received mitiglinide. The average HbA1c before the start of mitiglinide administration (baseline) was 7.47% in the DPP-4 inhibitor combined treatment group (DPP-4 inhibitor CTG) and 7.50% in the biguanide combined treatment group (biguanide CTG), and the 2 h PPG was 248.1 and 243.3 mg/dL, respectively. Following the addition of mitiglinide to the treatment regimen for 52 weeks, the early postprandial decrease in insulin secretion improved and PPG improved in both the DPP-4 inhibitor CTG and biguanide CTG. At final evaluation, the HbA1c <7.0% achievement rate was 57.4% in the DPP-4 inhibitor CTG and 29.2% in the biguanide CTG. The incidence of hypoglycemia in the DPP-4 inhibitor CTG and biguanide CTG was 3.0% (2/67 patients) and 2.9% (2/69 patients), respectively. The hypoglycemic symptoms were mild in all cases. CONCLUSION Combination therapy with mitiglinide and DPP-4 inhibitors or biguanides improved glycemic control over the long term without increasing risks to safety due to events such as hypoglycemia, and this is a clinically promising therapeutic strategy in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kaku
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan,
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Hsu TH, Lee CH, Lin FY, Wasser SP, Lo HC. The Fruiting Bodies, Submerged Culture Biomass, and Acidic Polysaccharide Glucuronoxylomannan of Yellow Brain Mushroom Tremella mesenterica Modulate the Immunity of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and Splenocytes in Rats with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 4:56-63. [PMID: 24872934 PMCID: PMC4032843 DOI: 10.4103/2225-4110.124347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic disease with hyperglycemia and impaired immune function, is increasing worldwide. Progression from impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to type 2 DM has recently become a target for early intervention. The fruiting bodies (FB) and submerged culture mycelium (CM) of Tremella mesenterica, an edible and medicinal mushroom, have been demonstrated to have antihyperglycemic and immunomodulatory activities in type 1 DM rats. Herein, we investigated the effects of acidic polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GX) extracted from CM on the immunocyte responses. Male Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) plus nicotinamide (200 mg/kg) for the induction of IGT, and gavaged daily with vehicle, FB, CM, or GX (1 g/kg/day). Rats injected with saline and gavaged vehicle were used as controls. Two weeks later, peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and splenocytes were collected. Ingestion of FB, CM, and GX significantly decreased blood glucose levels in the postprandial period and in oral glucose tolerance test, and partially reversed T-splenocytic proliferation in IGT rats. CM significantly decreased T-helper lymphocytes in the PBLs and B-splenocytes. In addition, FB, CM, and GX significantly reversed the IGT-induced decreases in tumor necrosis factor-α production; GX significantly increased interleukin-6 production in T-lymphocytes in the PBLs and splenocytes; and CM and GX significantly reversed IGT-induced decrease in interferon-γ production in T-lymphocytes in the spleen. In conclusion, FB, CM, and acidic polysaccharide GX of T. mesenterica may increase T-cell immunity via the elevation of proinflammatory and T-helper cytokine production in rats with impaired glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Hao Hsu
- Department of Bioindustry Technology and Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Care, Da-Yeh University, #168, University Rd, Dacun, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, #135 Nanxiao St, Changhua City, Changhua County 50006, Taiwan. ; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, #396, Sec. 1, Changrong Rd, Gueiren Dist, Tainan City 71101, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Lin
- Department of Bioindustry Technology and Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Care, Da-Yeh University, #168, University Rd, Dacun, Changhua County, Taiwan
| | - Solomon P Wasser
- Institute of Evolution and Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Hui-Chen Lo
- Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, #510 Zhongzheng Rd, Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
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Russell WR, Baka A, Björck I, Delzenne N, Gao D, Griffiths HR, Hadjilucas E, Juvonen K, Lahtinen S, Lansink M, Loon LV, Mykkänen H, östman E, Riccardi G, Vinoy S, Weickert MO. Impact of Diet Composition on Blood Glucose Regulation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 56:541-90. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.792772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R. Russell
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Inger Björck
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Delzenne
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | - Ellie Hadjilucas
- Coca-Cola Europe, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs Department, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristiina Juvonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mirian Lansink
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Van Loon
- Department of Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hannu Mykkänen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elin östman
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sophie Vinoy
- Kraft Foods, R&D Centre, Nutrition Department, Saclay, France
| | - Martin O. Weickert
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire and Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Chandra S, Singh AK, Singh M, Das P, Singh S, Pandey HP, Singh RG. Prolonged elevated postprandial sugar augments severity in kidney disease: a north Indian hospital-based study. Ren Fail 2013; 36:50-4. [PMID: 24059749 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.832862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Diabetes plays a major role in progression of renal failure. The risk-factor profile changes during the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) from mild/moderate to end-stage renal disease. The relationship between glycemic indices, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and age at diagnosis in Indians has been less investigated. We assessed association of these risk factors with CKD stages in Indian population. METHODS This study was carried out on patients (n = 162) who were diagnosed with CKD and normal control group (n = 155). For BMI, National Institutes for Health criteria were used to categorize the patients. RESULT The mean age of CKD patients were significantly increased with the advancement of stage. BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP), postprandial sugar level (PP), urea and creatinine were also significantly higher with elevated stages, whereas no differences were observed in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and fasting blood sugar (FBS). The logistic regression study gave a significant result (p = 0.000) when we compared the group of CKD patients with established/prolonged postprandial blood sugar. It was independently associated with mild CKD [odds ratio (OR) = 5.213, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.06-13.21, p = 0.000], moderate CKD (OR = 7.724, 95% CI = 4.05-14.74, p = 0.000) and severe CKD (OR = 7.610, 95% CI = 4.03-14.36, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION SBP and PP were the best predictors of prevalent nephropathy in this population, while DBP and FBS were found to be less effective. This may have implication for kidney disease risk stratification and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chandra
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Moreira SR, Simões GC, Moraes JFVN, Motta DF, Campbell CSG, Simões HG. Blood glucose control for individuals with type-2 diabetes: acute effects of resistance exercise of lower cardiovascular-metabolic stress. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 26:2806-11. [PMID: 22130391 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318242a609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of resistance exercise (RE) intensities on blood glucose (GLUC) of individuals without (ND) and with type-2 diabetes (T2D). Nine individuals with T2D and 10 ND performed: (a) RE circuit at 23% of 1 maximal repetition (1RM) (RE_L); (b) RE circuit at 43% 1RM (RE_M); and (c) control (CON) session. Blood lactate (LAC) and GLUC were measured before, during, and postinterventions. Double product (DP) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. The area under the curve (AUC) revealed the effects of RE circuits in reducing GLUC in individuals with T2D (RE_L: 12,556 ± 3,269 vs. RE_M: 13,433 ± 3,054 vs. CON: 14,576 ± 3,922 mg.dl(-1).145 minutes; p < 0.05) with a lower AUC of GLUC in RE_L in comparison to RE_M. Similarly, for ND the RE_L reduced the AUC of GLUC when compared with RE_M and CON (RE_L: 10,943 ± 956 vs. RE_M: 12,156 ± 1,062 vs. CON: 11,498 ± 882 mg.dl(-1).145 minutes; p < 0.05). The AUC of GLUC was higher for T2D compared with ND on CON condition (p = 0.02). However, after RE circuits the difference between groups for AUC of GLUC was abolished. The RE_M for T2D was more stressful when compared with RE_L for LAC (CON: 1.3 ± 0.5 vs. RE_L: 5.5 ± 1.5 vs. RE_M: 6.8 ± 1.3 mmol·L(-1); p < 0.05), DP (CON: 8,415 ± 1,223 vs. RE_L: 15,980 ± 2,007 vs. RE_M: 18,047 ± 3,693 mmHg.bpm(-1); p < 0.05), and RPE (RE_L: 11 ± 2 vs. RE_M: 13 ± 2 Borg Scale; p < 0.05). We concluded that RE_L and RE_M were effective in reducing GLUC for individuals with T2D, with lower cardiovascular-metabolic and perceptual stress being observed for RE_L. These data suggest that acute RE sessions at light or moderate intensities are effective for controlling GLUC in individuals with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio R Moreira
- College of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), PE, Brazil.
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Selman C, Hempenstall S. Evidence of a metabolic memory to early-life dietary restriction in male C57BL/6 mice. LONGEVITY & HEALTHSPAN 2012; 1:2. [PMID: 24764508 PMCID: PMC3886256 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2395-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Dietary restriction (DR) extends lifespan and induces beneficial metabolic effects in many animals. What is far less clear is whether animals retain a metabolic memory to previous DR exposure, that is, can early-life DR preserve beneficial metabolic effects later in life even after the resumption of ad libitum (AL) feeding. We examined a range of metabolic parameters (body mass, body composition (lean and fat mass), glucose tolerance, fed blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin sensitivity) in male C57BL/6 mice dietary switched from DR to AL (DR-AL) at 11 months of age (mid life). The converse switch (AL-DR) was also undertaken at this time. We then compared metabolic parameters of the switched mice to one another and to age-matched mice maintained exclusively on an AL or DR diet from early life (3 months of age) at 1 month, 6 months or 10 months post switch. Results Male mice dietary switched from AL-DR in mid life adopted the metabolic phenotype of mice exposed to DR from early life, so by the 10-month timepoint the AL-DR mice overlapped significantly with the DR mice in terms of their metabolic phenotype. Those animals switched from DR-AL in mid life showed clear evidence of a glycemic memory, with significantly improved glucose tolerance relative to mice maintained exclusively on AL feeding from early life. This difference in glucose tolerance was still apparent 10 months after the dietary switch, despite body mass, fasting insulin levels and insulin sensitivity all being similar to AL mice at this time. Conclusions Male C57BL/6 mice retain a long-term glycemic memory of early-life DR, in that glucose tolerance is enhanced in mice switched from DR-AL in mid life, relative to AL mice, even 10 months following the dietary switch. These data therefore indicate that the phenotypic benefits of DR are not completely dissipated following a return to AL feeding. The challenge now is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, the time course of these effects and whether similar interventions can confer comparable benefits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Selman
- Integrative and Environmental Physiology, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Sarah Hempenstall
- Integrative and Environmental Physiology, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen,, AB24 2TZ, UK
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Home P. Cardiovascular disease and oral agent glucose-lowering therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2012; 14 Suppl 1:S33-42. [PMID: 22650223 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2012.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although glucose-lowering oral agents have been available for clinical use for over 60 years, the formal evidence base supporting their advantage and safety in regard of cardiovascular (CV) outcomes remains less than optimal. However, a synthesis of the evidence results in a high probability of benefit. For metformin, the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) substudy is convincing for a definite effect in reducing myocardial infarction (MI), but the quantitative extent of that is uncertain. For sulfonylureas, support for reduction in MI comes from the UKPDS extension study, where the central estimate for risk reduction remains the same as in the original planned end to the study, but the greater number of events was statistically significant for the sulfonylurea/insulin arm. Other studies do not support the view that metformin and sulfonylureas differ with respect to MI or indeed CV outcomes more generally. The data available for acarbose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, are weak but not of concern, although some positive substudy data are available for people with impaired glucose tolerance. For peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists the CV data are more controversial, but the purpose-designed randomized controlled trials are clear that pioglitazone is advantageous to placebo (except for heart failure [HF]), whereas rosiglitazone is indistinguishable from metformin/sulfonylureas (even when including HF data). Lower-quality data do, however, lead to significant concerns for MI with rosiglitazone. Early and somewhat low-quality data for the dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors show they are safe and hold promise for cardiovascular advantage, with major randomized controlled trials being underway. Preliminary CV data are available for one sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and look reassuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Home
- The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Adolphe JL, Drew MD, Huang Q, Silver TI, Weber LP. Postprandial impairment of flow-mediated dilation and elevated methylglyoxal after simple but not complex carbohydrate consumption in dogs. Nutr Res 2012; 32:278-84. [PMID: 22575041 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia produces oxidative stress, which may impair endothelial function. Methylglyoxal, a reactive intermediate metabolite of glucose, is known to cause oxidative stress and is produced when excess carbohydrate is consumed in diabetic patients, but postprandial responses in healthy patients are unknown. We hypothesize that methylglyoxal levels will cause impaired endothelial function via increased oxidative stress after consuming a high glycemic index meal in healthy animals. Normal-weight laboratory beagles (n = 6) were used in a crossover study that tested postprandial responses of 4 complex carbohydrate sources (barley, corn, peas, rice) vs a simple carbohydrate (glucose). Blood samples were taken prefeeding and at timed intervals after feeding to measure serum glucose, insulin, nitrotyrosine, and methylglyoxal. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), cardiac function (echocardiography), and blood pressure measurements were determined before and 60 minutes after feeding. The mean (±SEM) glycemic indices of the complex carbohydrate sources were 29 ± 5 for peas, 47 ± 10 for corn, 51 ± 7 for barley, and 55 ± 6 for rice. Postprandial FMD was lowest in the glucose group and significantly different from both the corn group and the FMD value for all complex carbohydrates combined. Methylglyoxal was significantly elevated at 60 minutes postprandial after glucose compared with the other carbohydrate sources. No significant effects of carbohydrate source were observed for blood pressure, nitrotyrosine, or echocardiographic variables. The novel finding of this study was that methylglyoxal levels increased after a single feeding of simple carbohydrate and may be linked to the observed postprandial decrease in endothelial function. Thus, consuming low-glycemic-index foods may protect the cardiovascular system by reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Adolphe
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4
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Chu CS, Lee KT, Cheng KH, Lee MY, Kuo HF, Lin TH, Su HM, Voon WC, Sheu SH, Lai WT. Postchallenge responses of nitrotyrosine and TNF-alpha during 75-g oral glucose tolerance test are associated with the presence of coronary artery diseases in patients with prediabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:21. [PMID: 22397368 PMCID: PMC3316140 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meta-analysis has demonstrated an exponential relationship between 2-hr postchallenge hyperglycemia and coronary artery disease (CAD). Pulsatile hyperglycemia can acutely increase proinflammatory cytokines by oxidative stress. We hypothesized that postchallenge proinflammatory and nitrosative responses after 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests (75 g-OGTT) might be associated with CAD in patients without previously recognized type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Serial changes of plasma glucose (PG), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitrotyrosine levels were analyzed during 75 g-OGTT in 120 patients (81 male; age 62 ± 11 years) before coronary angiography. Patients were classified as normal (NGT; 42%), impaired (IGT; 34%) and diabetic (T2DM; 24%) glucose tolerance by 75 g-OGTT. RESULTS Postchallenge hyperglycemia elicited TNF-α, IL-6 and nitrotyrosine levels time-dependently, and 2-hr median levels of TNF-α (7.1 versus 6.4 pg/ml; P < 0.05) and nitrotyrosine (1.01 versus 0.83 μmol/l; P < 0.05), but not IL-6 or PG, were significantly higher in patients with CAD in either IGT or T2DM groups. After adjusting risk factors and glucose tolerance status, 2-hr nitrotyrosine in highest quartiles (OR: 3.1, P < 0.05) remained an independent predictor of CAD by logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight postchallenge proinflammatory and nitrosative responses by 75 g-OGTT, rather than hyperglycemia per se, are associated with CAD in patients without previous recognized diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sheng Chu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tai Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hong Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yi Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Fu Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Ming Su
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chol Voon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Sheu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ter Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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DeFronzo RA, Abdul-Ghani M. Assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk in prediabetes: impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108:3B-24B. [PMID: 21802577 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) are at high risk, not only to develop diabetes mellitus, but also to experience an adverse cardiovascular (CV) event (myocardial infarction, stroke, CV death) later in life. The underlying pathophysiologic disturbances (insulin resistance and impaired β-cell function) responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes are maximally/near maximally expressed in subjects with IGT/IFG. These individuals with so-called prediabetes manifest all of the same CV risk factors (dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, insulin resistance, procoagulant state, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation) that place patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for macrovascular complications. The treatment of these CV risk factors should follow the same guidelines established for patients with type 2 diabetes, and should be aggressively followed to reduce future CV events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A DeFronzo
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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Guerra S, Boscari F, Avogaro A, Di Camillo B, Sparacino G, de Kreutzenberg SV. Hemodynamics assessed via approximate entropy analysis of impedance cardiography time series: effect of metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H592-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01195.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MS), a predisposing condition for cardiovascular disease, presents disturbances in hemodynamics; impedance cardiography (ICG) can assess these alterations. In subjects with MS, the morphology of the pulses present in the ICG time series is more irregular/complex than in normal subjects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to quantitatively assess the complexity of ICG times series in 53 patients, with or without MS, through a nonlinear analysis algorithm, the approximate entropy, a method employed in recent years for the study of several biological signals, which provides a scalar index, ApEn. We correlated ApEn computed from ICG times series data during fasting and postprandial phase with the presence of alterations in the parameters defining MS [Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III (Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC Jr, Lenfant C; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association. Circulation 109: 433–438, 2004) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition]. Results show that ApEn was significantly higher in subjects with MS compared with those without (1.81 ± 0.09 vs. 1.65 ± 0.13; means ± SD; P = 0.0013, with ATP III definition; 1.82 ± 0.09 vs. 1.67 ± 0.12; P = 0.00006, with the IDF definition). We also demonstrated that ApEn increase parallels the number of components of MS. ApEn was then correlated to each MS component: mean ApEn values of subjects belonging to the first and fourth quartiles of the distribution of MS parameters were statistically different for all parameters but HDL cholesterol. No difference was observed between ApEn values evaluated in fasting and postprandial states. In conclusion, we identified that MS is characterized by an increased complexity of ICG signals: this may have a prognostic relevance in subjects with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelo Avogaro
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova; and
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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Betts JA, Thompson D, Richardson JD, Chowdhury EA, Jeans M, Holman GD, Tsintzas K. Bath Breakfast Project (BBP)--examining the role of extended daily fasting in human energy balance and associated health outcomes: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN31521726]. Trials 2011; 12:172. [PMID: 21740575 PMCID: PMC3146843 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current guidance regarding the role of daily breakfast in human health is largely grounded in cross-sectional observations. However, the causal nature of these relationships has not been fully explored and what limited information is emerging from controlled laboratory-based experiments appears inconsistent with much existing data. Further progress in our understanding therefore requires a direct examination of how daily breakfast impacts human health under free-living conditions. METHODS/DESIGN The Bath Breakfast Project (BBP) is a randomised controlled trial comparing the effects of daily breakfast consumption relative to extended fasting on energy balance and human health. Approximately 70 men and women will undergo extensive laboratory-based assessments of their acute metabolic responses under fasted and post-prandial conditions, to include: resting metabolic rate, substrate oxidation, dietary-induced thermogenesis and systemic concentrations of key metabolites/hormones. Physiological and psychological indices of appetite will also be monitored both over the first few hours of the day (i.e. whether fed or fasted) and also following a standardised test lunch used to assess voluntary energy intake under controlled conditions. Baseline measurements of participants' anthropometric characteristics (e.g. DEXA) will be recorded prior to intervention, along with an oral glucose tolerance test and acquisition of adipose tissue samples to determine expression of key genes and estimates of tissue-specific insulin action. Participants will then be randomly assigned either to a group prescribed an energy intake of ≥3000 kJ before 1100 each day or a group to extend their overnight fast by abstaining from ingestion of energy-providing nutrients until 1200 each day, with all laboratory-based measurements followed-up 6 weeks later. Free-living assessments of energy intake (via direct weighed food diaries) and energy expenditure (via combined heart-rate/accelerometry) will be made during the first and last week of intervention, with continuous glucose monitors worn both to document chronic glycaemic responses to the intervention and to verify compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Betts
- Human Physiology Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Human Physiology Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Judith D Richardson
- Human Physiology Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Enhad A Chowdhury
- Human Physiology Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Matthew Jeans
- Human Physiology Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Geoffrey D Holman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Brandsch C, Schmidt T, Behn D, Weisse K, Mueller AS, Stangl GI. Glutathione deficiency down-regulates hepatic lipogenesis in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:50. [PMID: 20482862 PMCID: PMC2881051 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is supposed to increase lipid accumulation by stimulation of hepatic lipogenesis at transcriptional level. This study was performed to investigate the role of glutathione in the regulation of this process. For that purpose, male rats were treated with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, for 7 days and compared with untreated control rats. RESULTS BSO treatment caused a significant reduction of total glutathione in liver (-70%), which was attributable to diminished levels of reduced glutathione (GSH, -71%). Glutathione-deficient rats had lower triglyceride concentrations in their livers than the control rats (-23%), whereas the circulating triglycerides and the cholesterol concentrations in plasma and liver were not different between the two groups of rats. Livers of glutathione-deficient rats had lower mRNA abundance of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c (-47%), Spot (S)14 (-29%) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT-2, -27%) and a lower enzyme activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS, -26%) than livers of the control rats. Glutathione-deficient rats had also a lower hepatic activity of the redox-sensitive protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)1B, and a higher concentration of irreversible oxidized PTP1B than control rats. No differences were observed in protein expression of total PTP1B and the mature mRNA encoding active XBP1s, a key regulator of unfolded protein and ER stress response. CONCLUSION This study shows that glutathione deficiency lowers hepatic triglyceride concentrations via influencing lipogenesis. The reduced activity of PTP1B and the higher concentration of irreversible oxidized PTP1B could be, at least in part, responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Brandsch
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Abstract
Hyperosmolar food causes atherosclerosis. Hyperosmolal food hypothesis encompasses all the factors involved under one heading and, that is, the generation of heat in the body. The involvement of cigarette smoking is obvious. High glycemic index food and diabetes result in high levels of blood glucose, which raises the core body temperature. The ingestion of hyperosmolal salt, glucose, and amino acids singularly or synergistically raise the core body temperature, forcing abdominal aorta to form an insulation wall of fatty material causing atherosclerotic plaques. The osmolarity of food, that is glucose, salt, and amino acids is reduced when water is ingested with food. The incidence of atherosclerosis goes down with increasing intake of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram K. Mathur
- California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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Enhanced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in response to vascular injury under hyperglycemic conditions is controlled by beta3 integrin signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:965-74. [PMID: 20184965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atheroma formation and restenosis following percutaneous vascular intervention involve the growth and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) into neointimal lesions, in part due to changes in the extracellular matrix. While some clinical studies have suggested that, in comparison to non-diabetics, beta3 integrin inhibition in diabetic patients confers protection from restenosis, little is known regarding the role of beta3 integrin inhibition on SMC responses in this context. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying integrin-mediated regulation of SMC function in diabetes, we examined SMC responses in diabetic mice deficient in integrin beta3 and observed that the integrin was required for enhanced proliferation, migration and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Hyperglycemia-enhanced membrane recruitment and catalytic activity of PKCbeta in an integrin beta3-dependent manner. Hyperglycemia also promoted SMC filopodia formation and cell migration, both of which required alphaVbeta3, PKCbeta, and ERK activity. Furthermore, the integrin-kinase association was regulated by the alphaVbeta3 integrin ligand thrombospondin and the integrin modulator Rap1 under conditions of hyperglycemia. These results suggest that there are differences in SMC responses to vascular injury depending on the presence or absence of hyperglycemia and that SMC response under hyperglycemic conditions is largely mediated through beta3 integrin signaling.
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MANDERS RALPHJF, VAN DIJK JANWILLEMM, VAN LOON LUCJC. Low-Intensity Exercise Reduces the Prevalence of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:219-25. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b3b16d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sun J, Xu Y, Dai Z, Sun Y. Intermittent high glucose stimulate MCP-l, IL-18, and PAI-1, but inhibit adiponectin expression and secretion in adipocytes dependent of ROS. Cell Biochem Biophys 2009; 55:173-80. [PMID: 19756411 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-009-9066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Elevated circulating concentrations of interleukin-18 (IL-18), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and decrease of adiponectin are associated with obesity-related diseases. The mechanism that mediates the aberrant production of the adipokines remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intermittent high glucose on the expression of IL-18, MCP-1, and PAI-1 and adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated for 24 h in media containing different glucose concentrations: 5 mmol/l, 20 mmol/l and a daily alternating 5 or 20 mmol/l glucose, with or without the addition of1.0 mmol/l N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The expression and secretion of IL-18, MCP-1, PAI-1, and adiponectin were determined by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively.The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHdG) were measured. Stable high glucose significantly increased expression and secretion of IL-18, MCP-1, and PAI-1, and reduced adiponectin expression and secretion compared to normal glucose conditions.These effects were significantly greater under intermittent high glucose conditions compared to stable high glucose. The level of ROS and 8-OHdG were significantly elevated under both intermittent and stable high glucose conditions, the effect being greater under intermittent high glucose. The intermittent glucose was more effective in triggering the generation of ROS than stable high glucose. The adding of the NAC, aspecific pharmacological inhibitor of ROS, normalized the expression of these adipokines and the levels of ROS and 8-OHdG under both stable and intermittent glucose conditions.Intermittent high glucose induces a greater aberrant production of key adipokines than stable high glucose, and this effect seems to be related to over-production of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Currie CJ, Poole CD, Papo NL. An overview and commentary on retrospective, continuous glucose monitoring for the optimisation of care for people with diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2009; 25:2389-400. [PMID: 19650750 DOI: 10.1185/03007990903094452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Normoglycaemia in people with diabetes results in improved outcome. Continuous glucose monitoring provides detailed diagnostic information used to optimise therapy with the goal of achieving normoglycaemia. The objective of this study was to review the published literature evaluating the single device available for blinded, professional clinical use of continuous glucose monitoring; in particular all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and relevant observational studies. METHODS Published studies (to 31 March 2009) using the Medtronic MiniMed Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS System Gold, Medtronic MiniMed, Inc., Northridge, CA) were identified using appropriate search terms in a series of clinical databases including: Medline, Pubmed, Google Scholar and Scientific Web of Knowledge. Other measures were also taken such as reviewing the reference lists. FINDINGS In addition to an extensive range of non-randomised studies using the device, seven randomised controlled trials were identified, of which five were in children. Although HbA1c was explicitly stated as the primary endpoint in four studies, the studies were only adequately powered to detect large, between-group minimum differences (range 0.5 to 1.0% HbA1c). Only two studies included subjects with type 2 diabetes. Other endpoints included the frequency of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia. Within-group HbA1c decreases were observed in all but one study. The crude, weighted mean improvement in HbA1c across the studies using the device was 0.6% (range 0% to 0.8%). When compared to a control measure the weighted, mean marginal benefit in HbA1c was 0.2%. No studies recorded how the information was utilised to modify treatment, such as changes in dose titration or treatment regimen. CONCLUSIONS Devices such as the professional CGMS provide detailed diagnostic information. However, any consequent changes in care and outcome can only result from the appropriate application of this information. Although there was a notable improvement in glucose control (HbA1c), existing studies were largely underpowered and did not capture the resulting treatment changes that could lead to improved outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Currie
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff MediCentre, CF14 1UJ, UK.
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Lin HJ, Lee BC, Ho YL, Lin YH, Chen CY, Hsu HC, Lin MS, Chien KL, Chen MF. Postprandial glucose improves the risk prediction of cardiovascular death beyond the metabolic syndrome in the nondiabetic population. Diabetes Care 2009; 32:1721-6. [PMID: 19502543 PMCID: PMC2732157 DOI: 10.2337/dc08-2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With increasing evidence about the cardiovascular risk associated with postprandial nonfasting glucose and lipid dysmetabolism, it remains uncertain whether the postprandial glucose concentration increases the ability of metabolic syndrome to predict cardiovascular events. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was an observational study of 15,145 individuals aged 35-75 years without diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Postprandial glucose was obtained 2 h after a lunch meal. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed using the criteria of the U.S. National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Cardiovascular and all-cause deaths were primary outcomes. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 6.7 years, 410 individuals died, including 82 deaths from cardiovascular causes. In a Cox model adjusting for metabolic syndrome status as well as age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels, elevated 2-h postprandial glucose increased the risk of cardiovascular and all-cause death (per millimole per liter increase, hazard ratio 1.26 [95% CI 1.11-1.42] and 1.10 [1.04-1.16], respectively), with significant trends across the postprandial glucose quintiles. Including 2-h postprandial glucose into a metabolic syndrome-included multivariate risk prediction model conferred a discernible improvement of the model in discriminating between those who died of cardiovascular causes and who did not (integrated discrimination improvement 0.4, P = 0.005; net reclassification improvement 13.4%, P = 0.03); however, the improvement was only marginal for all-cause death. CONCLUSIONS Given the risk prediction based on metabolic syndrome and established cardiovascular risk factors, 2-h postprandial glucose improves the predictive ability to identity nondiabetic individuals at increased risk of cardiovascular death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ju Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Manders RJF, Pennings B, Beckers CPG, Aipassa TI, van Loon LJC. Prevalence of daily hyperglycemia in obese type 2 diabetic men compared with that in lean and obese normoglycemic men: effect of consumption of a sucrose-containing beverage. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:511-8. [PMID: 19605567 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia forms a direct and independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular comorbidities in type 2 diabetes. Consumption of sucrose-sweetened soft drinks might further increase the prevalence of hyperglycemic episodes. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess glycemic control in type 2 diabetic subjects and healthy lean and obese control subjects under strict dietary standardization but otherwise free-living conditions, with and without the consumption of soft drinks. DESIGN Obese type 2 diabetic men (n = 11) and lean (n = 10) and obese (n = 10) normoglycemic male control subjects participated in a randomized crossover study. The subjects were provided with a standardized diet in 2 periods, during which they consumed 250 mL water with or without (control) sucrose (37.5 g) 2 h after breakfast and lunch. Blood glucose concentrations were assessed by continuous glucose monitoring. RESULTS In the type 2 diabetic subjects, the mean 24-h glucose concentrations were significantly elevated (9.1 +/- 0.6 mmol/L), and hyperglycemia (glucose >10 mmol/L) was evident over 33 +/- 8% (8 +/- 2 h) of a 24-h period (P < 0.01). Hyperglycemia was rarely present in the normoglycemic lean and obese control subjects (5 +/- 2%/24 h for both). Consumption of 75 g sucrose, equivalent to 2 cans of a soft drink, did not further augment the prevalence of hyperglycemia throughout the day in any group. CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetic subjects taking oral blood glucose-lowering medication experience hyperglycemia during most of the daytime. Moderate consumption of sucrose-sweetened beverages does not further increase the prevalence of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic subjects or in normoglycemic lean or obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J F Manders
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Netherlands.
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Gredal C, Rosenfalck AM, Dejgaard A, Hilsted J. Targeting postprandial hyperglycaemia in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes with a fixed, weight‐based dose of insulin Aspart. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:739-44. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510802207982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gredal
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Rosenfalck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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Potti LG, Haines ST. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy: A primer on insulin pumps. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2009; 49:e1-13; quiz e14-7. [DOI: 10.1331/japha.2009.08122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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CS-917, a fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitor, improves postprandial hyperglycemia after meal loading in non-obese type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 601:192-7. [PMID: 19014931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia is one of the features of type 2 diabetes. Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis is a predominant cause of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the effect of gluconeogenesis inhibition on postprandial hyperglycemia using CS-917, a novel inhibitor of fructose 1,6-bisphphosphatase (FBPase) which is one of the rate-limiting enzymes of gluconeogenesis. The suppressive effect of CS-917 on postprandial hyperglycemia was evaluated in a meal loading test in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, non-obese type 2 diabetic animal model characterized by impaired insulin secretion. In addition, we describe acute effect of CS-917 on fasting hyperglycemia in overnight-fasted GK rats and chronic effect of CS-917 in multiple dosing GK rats.CS-917 suppressed plasma glucose elevation after meal loading in a dose-dependent manner at doses ranging from 10 to 40 mg/kg. In an overnight-fasted state, CS-917 decreased the plasma glucose levels dose-dependently at doses ranging from 2.5 to 40 mg/kg. Consistent with the inhibition of FBPase, glucose-lowering was associated with an accumulation of hepatic d-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and a reduction in hepatic d-fructose 6-phosphate. Chronic treatment of CS-917 decreased plasma glucose significantly, and no significant increase in plasma lactate and no profound elevation in plasma triglycerides were observed by both acute and chronic treatment of CS-917 in GK rats.These findings suggest that enhanced gluconeogenesis contributes to hyperglycemia in postprandial conditions as well as in fasting conditions, and that CS-917 as an FBPase inhibitor corrects postprandial hyperglycemia as well as fasting hyperglycemia.
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has become an epidemic in the United States, mainly due to an increase in obesity and sedentary lifestyle. Diabetes is considered a cardiovascular risk equivalent, and cardiovascular death remains the most common cause of death in this population. The cardiovascular complications of diabetes, beginning as early as 10 years before the development of frank hyperglycemia, are strongly linked to the development of insulin resistance and the ensuing metabolic disarray often referred to as the metabolic syndrome. To provide proper therapy for cardiovascular prevention, the downstream effects of insulin resistance must be understood. The most important aspect of treating patients with the metabolic syndrome is the realization that treatment must begin before the development of frank hyperglycemia, particularly if cardiovascular events are to be avoided. Thus, in addition to managing the hyperglycemia that develops with the onset of diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension must also be properly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Taylor
- University of Virginia, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1215 Lane Street, Hospital Expansion Building C, Box 800158, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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