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Patel P, Thakkar K, Shah D, Shah U, Pandey N, Patel J, Patel A. Decrypting the multifaceted peripheral neuropathy based on molecular pathology and therapeutics: a comprehensive review. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38588401 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2024.2336916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a multifaceted complication characterized by nerve damage due to oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, and dysregulated metabolic processes. Early PN manifests as sensory changes that develop progressively in a "stocking and glove" pattern. METHODS AND MECHANISMS A thorough review of literature has been done to find the molecular pathology, clinical trials that have been conducted to screen the effects of different drugs, current treatments and novel approaches used in PN therapy. Diabetic neuropathy occurs due to altered protein kinase C activity, elevated polyol pathway activity in neurons, and Schwann cells-induced hyperglycemia. Other causes involve chemotherapy exposure, autoimmune ailments, and chronic ethanol intake. CONCLUSION Symptomatic treatments for neuropathic pain include use of tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and acetyl-L-carnitine. Patients will have new hope if clinicians focus on novel therapies including gene therapy, neuromodulation techniques, and cannabidiol as an alternative to traditional medications, as management is still not ideal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praysha Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Krishna Thakkar
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Div Shah
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Umang Shah
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Nilesh Pandey
- Health Science Center, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Jayesh Patel
- Consultant, Vascular surgeon, Shree Krishna Hospital, Karamsad, Gujarat, India
| | - Alkeshkumar Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, India
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Swanson GR, Garg K, Shaikh M, Keshavarzian A. Increased Intestinal Permeability and Decreased Resiliency of the Intestinal Barrier in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2024; 15:e00689. [PMID: 38334953 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Only 20%-30% of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) develop alcoholic liver disease (ALD). While the development of gut-derived endotoxemia is understood to be a required cofactor, increased intestinal permeability in ALD is not completely understood. METHODS We recruited 178 subjects-58 healthy controls (HCs), 32 with ALD, 53 with AUD but no liver disease (ALC), and 35 with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Intestinal permeability was assessed by a sugar cocktail as a percentage of oral dose. The permeability test was repeated after an aspirin challenge in a subset. RESULTS Five-hour urinary lactulose/mannitol ratio (primarily representing small intestinal permeability) was not statistically different in HC, ALC, ALD, and MASLD groups ( P = 0.40). Twenty-four-hour urinary sucralose (representing whole gut permeability) was increased in ALD ( F = 5.3, P < 0.01) and distinguished ALD from ALC; 24-hour sucralose/lactulose ratio (primarily representing colon permeability) separated the ALD group ( F = 10.2, P < 0.01) from the MASLD group. After aspirin challenge, intestinal permeability increased in all groups and ALD had the largest increase. DISCUSSION In a group of patients, we confirmed that (i) the ALD group has increased intestinal permeability compared with the HC, ALC, or MASLD group. In addition, because small bowel permeability (lactulose/mannitol ratio) is normal, the disruption of intestinal barrier seems to be primarily in the large intestine; (ii) decreased resiliency of intestinal barrier to injurious agents (such as NSAID) might be the mechanism for gut leak in subset of AUD who develop ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth R Swanson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kanika Garg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Yildirim EA, Laptev GY, Tiurina DG, Gorfunkel EP, Ilina LA, Filippova VA, Dubrovin AV, Brazhnik EA, Novikova NI, Melikidi VK, Kalitkina KA, Ponomareva ES, Griffin DK, Romanov MN. Investigating adverse effects of chronic dietary exposure to herbicide glyphosate on zootechnical characteristics and clinical, biochemical and immunological blood parameters in broiler chickens. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:153-164. [PMID: 37594698 PMCID: PMC10810961 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Although the herbicide glyphosate is widely used globally and considered safe, more evidence of its adverse effects on animals and humans is accumulating. The present investigation was aimed at evaluating the impact of different glyphosate concentrations on zootechnical characteristics and clinical, biochemical and immunological blood parameters in Ross 308 broiler chickens. Four groups were employed, including untreated control and three experimental groups fed diets enriched with glyphosate at doses of 10, 20 and 100 ppm that conformed to 0.5, 1 and 5 maximum residue limits, respectively. The results showed that glyphosate is a stress factor triggering a multifaceted effect on important blood parameters (e.g., white blood cell and phagocytic counts), which was shown for the first time in the experiments involving productive meat-type poultry. It was first revealed that glyphosate-induced changes in blood parameters may be related to a negative impact on the zootechnical characteristics including the digestive tract organ development and body weight gain. The study findings suggested that exposure to glyphosate in the feedstuffs can adversely affect the physiological condition and productivity of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Yildirim
- BIOTROF+ Ltd, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Agrarian University", Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Georgi Yu Laptev
- BIOTROF+ Ltd, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Agrarian University", Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Larisa A Ilina
- BIOTROF+ Ltd, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Agrarian University", Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valentina A Filippova
- BIOTROF+ Ltd, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Agrarian University", Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Kseniya A Kalitkina
- BIOTROF+ Ltd, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "St. Petersburg State Agrarian University", Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Michael N Romanov
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, Podolsk, Moscow Oblast, Russia.
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Wang H, Juhasz AL, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Ma LQ, Zhou D, Li H. Alcohol consumption promotes arsenic absorption but reduces tissue arsenic accumulation in mice. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2023; 2:107-116. [PMID: 38074988 PMCID: PMC10702898 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption alters gut microflora and damages intestinal tight junction barriers, which may affect arsenic (As) oral bioavailability. In this study, mice were exposed to arsenate in the diet (6 μg/g) over a 3-week period and gavaged daily with Chinese liquor (0.05 or 0.10 mL per mouse per day). Following ingestion, 78.0% and 72.9% of the total As intake was absorbed and excreted via urine when co-exposed with liquor at daily doses of 0.05 or 0.10 mL, significantly greater than when As was supplied alone (44.7%). Alcohol co-exposure significantly altered gut microbiota but did not significantly alter As biotransformation in the intestinal tract or tissue. Significantly lower relative mRNA expression was observed for genes encoding for tight junctions in the ileum of liquor co-exposed mice, contributing to greater As bioavailability attributable to enhanced As absorption via the intestinal paracellular pathway. However, As concentration in the liver, kidney, and intestinal tissue of liquor-treated mice was decreased by 24.4%-42.6%, 27.5%-38.1%, and 28.1%-48.9% compared to control mice. This was likely due to greater renal glomerular filtration rate induced by alcohol, as suggested by significantly lower expression of genes encoding for renal tight junctions. In addition, in mice gavaged daily with 0.05 mL liquor, the serum antidiuretic hormone level was significantly lower than control mice (2.83 ± 0.59 vs. 5.40 ± 1.10 pg/mL), suggesting the diuretic function of alcohol consumption, which may facilitate As elimination via urine. These results highlight that alcohol consumption has a significant impact on the bioavailability and accumulation of As.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Albert L. Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Yaosheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lizhu Zhang
- Department of Nanxin Pharm, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Lena Q. Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Giada A, Giulia G, Paola S, Silvia F. Characterization of prokineticin system in Crohn's disease pathophysiology and pain, and its modulation by alcohol abuse: A preclinical study. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166791. [PMID: 37336367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease-(CD) pathogenesis is still unknown and chronic pain is a frequent symptom in CD-patients. Identifying novel therapeutic targets and predisposing factors is a primary goal. In this regard, prokineticin system-(PKS) appears a promising target. AIMS AND METHODS TNBS-model was used. DAI, abdominal and visceral pain, and muscle strength were monitored. CD-mice were sacrificed at two times (day 7 and 14 after TNBS) in order to identify PKS involvement in CD pathophysiology and pain. PKS characterization was performed in mesenteric lymph nodes-(MLN), colon, myenteric plexus-(MP), dorsal root ganglia-(DRGs) and spinal cord-(SC). Inflammation/neuroinflammation was also assessed in the same tissues. In order to evaluate alcohol abuse as a possible trigger for CD and its effect on PKS activation, naïve mice were administered (oral-gavage) with ethanol for 10 consecutive days. PKS as well as inflammation/neuroinflammation were evaluated in MLN, colon and MP. RESULTS TNBS treated-mice showed a rapid increase in DAI, abdominal/visceral hypersensitivity and a progressive strength loss. In all tissue analysed of CD-mice, a quick and significant increase of mRNA of PKs and PKRs was observed, associated with an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα) and macrophage/glia markers (iba1, CD11b and GFAP) levels. In alcohol abuse model, ethanol induced in colon and MP a significant PKS activation accompanied by inflammation/neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS We can assume that PKS may be involved in CD development and pain. Furthermore, alcohol appears to activate PKS and may be a trigger factor for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amodeo Giada
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", University of Milan, Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy.
| | - Galimberti Giulia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", University of Milan, Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Sacerdote Paola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", University of Milan, Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Franchi Silvia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", University of Milan, Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
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Mishra G, Singh P, Molla M, Yimer YS, Dinda SC, Chandra P, Singh BK, Dagnew SB, Assefa AN, Ewunetie A. Harnessing the potential of probiotics in the treatment of alcoholic liver disorders. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1212742. [PMID: 37361234 PMCID: PMC10287977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1212742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario, prolonged consumption of alcohol across the globe is upsurging an appreciable number of patients with the risk of alcohol-associated liver diseases. According to the recent report, the gut-liver axis is crucial in the progression of alcohol-induced liver diseases, including steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite several factors associated with alcoholic liver diseases, the complexity of the gut microflora and its great interaction with the liver have become a fascinating area for researchers due to the high exposure of the liver to free radicals, bacterial endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides, inflammatory markers, etc. Undoubtedly, alcohol-induced gut microbiota imbalance stimulates dysbiosis, disrupts the intestinal barrier function, and trigger immune as well as inflammatory responses which further aggravate hepatic injury. Since currently available drugs to mitigate liver disorders have significant side effects, hence, probiotics have been widely researched to alleviate alcohol-associated liver diseases and to improve liver health. A broad range of probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli, Sacchromyces, and Lactococcus are used to reduce or halt the progression of alcohol-associated liver diseases. Several underlying mechanisms, including alteration of the gut microbiome, modulation of intestinal barrier function and immune response, reduction in the level of endotoxins, and bacterial translocation, have been implicated through which probiotics can effectively suppress the occurrence of alcohol-induced liver disorders. This review addresses the therapeutic applications of probiotics in the treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases. Novel insights into the mechanisms by which probiotics prevent alcohol-associated liver diseases have also been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Mishra
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Molla
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Shumet Yimer
- Social Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | | | - Phool Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Teerthanker Mahaveer College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, India
| | | | - Samuel Berihun Dagnew
- Clinical Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Nigussie Assefa
- Social Pharmacy Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amien Ewunetie
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Alcoholic Hepatitis. Med Clin North Am 2023; 107:533-554. [PMID: 37001952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a unique clinical syndrome on the spectrum of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). It constitutes a rising epidemic with increasing incidence and major public health implications. In severe AH, 30-day mortality approaches 30%, yet therapeutic options remain limited. Survival benefit from corticosteroids, the mainstay of medical treatment, is short-lived. Among corticosteroid nonresponders, the use of early liver transplantation is heterogeneous across centers and remains limited by significant barriers. Long-term prognosis is largely dictated by abstinence; however, comorbid alcohol use disorder remains undertreated. Efforts to address these challenges are required to curb the AH epidemic.
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Wallaeys C, Garcia‐Gonzalez N, Libert C. Paneth cells as the cornerstones of intestinal and organismal health: a primer. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 15:e16427. [PMID: 36573340 PMCID: PMC9906427 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are versatile secretory cells located in the crypts of Lieberkühn of the small intestine. In normal conditions, they function as the cornerstones of intestinal health by preserving homeostasis. They perform this function by providing niche factors to the intestinal stem cell compartment, regulating the composition of the microbiome through the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides, performing phagocytosis and efferocytosis, taking up heavy metals, and preserving barrier integrity. Disturbances in one or more of these functions can lead to intestinal as well as systemic inflammatory and infectious diseases. This review discusses the multiple functions of Paneth cells, and the mechanisms and consequences of Paneth cell dysfunction. It also provides an overview of the tools available for studying Paneth cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Wallaeys
- Center for Inflammation Research‐VIBGhentBelgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Natalia Garcia‐Gonzalez
- Center for Inflammation Research‐VIBGhentBelgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Center for Inflammation Research‐VIBGhentBelgium,Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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Fatty Liver Disease-Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic: Similar but Different. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416226. [PMID: 36555867 PMCID: PMC9783455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) and in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there are abnormal accumulations of fat in the liver. This phenomenon may be related to excessive alcohol consumption, as well as the combination of alcohol consumption and medications. There is an evolution from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatic pathology is very similar regarding non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and ALD. Initially, there is lipid accumulation in parenchyma and progression to lobular inflammation. The morphological changes in the liver mitochondria, perivenular and perisinusoidal fibrosis, and hepatocellular ballooning, apoptosis and necrosis and accumulation of fibrosis may lead to the development of cirrhosis and HCC. Medical history of ethanol consumption, laboratory markers of chronic ethanol intake, AST/ALT ratio on the one hand and features of the metabolic syndrome on the other hand, may help in estimating the contribution of alcohol intake and the metabolic syndrome, respectively, to liver steatosis.
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Synbiotic Intervention Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Gut Permeability in an In Vitro and In Vivo Model of Ethanol-Induced Intestinal Dysbiosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123285. [PMID: 36552041 PMCID: PMC9816946 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) alters gut microbiota and tight junctions, causing bacterial components to enter the portal vein and induce oxidative stress-induced inflammation in the liver. Only corticosteroids and liver transplants are treatment options for severe alcoholic hepatitis. ALD's pathophysiology is unknown. However, acetaldehyde's toxic effects cause oxidative stress and intestinal permeability. This study investigates the influence of a synbiotic (a combination of aged garlic extract (AGE) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus MTCC1423) on colonic oxidative stress and inflammation in ALD male Wistar rats and Caco2 cells. MDA measurement by HPLC in CaCo2 cells, blood serum, and colon tissue demonstrated that synbiotic treatment in the ALD model reduces oxidative stress. Further, fecal high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the microbiome's shift towards Firmicutes in the synbiotic group compared to ethanol. In addition, DCFDA labeling and H/E staining demonstrate that the synbiotic is beneficial in inhibiting the development of ALD. In the colon, the synbiotic reduces the activation of CYP2E1 and the inflammatory markers TNF-a and IL-6 while elevating the mRNA expression of ZO-1, occludin, and IL-10. Synbiotics colonize Lactobacillus to restore barrier function and microbiota and reduce colon oxidative stress. Thus, a synbiotic combination can be used in ALD treatment.
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Shah P, Patel V, Ashkar M. De novo non-alcoholic fatty liver disease after pancreatectomy: A systematic review. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:12946-12958. [PMID: 36569000 PMCID: PMC9782952 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i35.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As operative techniques and mortality rates of pancreatectomy have improved, there has been a shift in focus to maintaining and improving the nutritional status of these patients as we continue to learn more about post-operative complications. Although pancreatic endocrine and exocrine insufficiencies are known complications of pancreatectomy, increased longevity of these patients has also led to a higher incidence of de novo fatty liver disease which differs from traditional fatty liver disease given the lack of metabolic syndrome.
AIM To identify and summarize patterns and risk factors of post-pancreatectomy de novo fatty liver disease to guide future management.
METHODS We performed a database search on PubMed selecting papers published between 2001 and 2022 in the English language. PubMed was last accessed 1 June 2022.
RESULTS Various factors influence the development of de novo fatty liver including indication for surgery (benign vs malignant), type of pancreatectomy, amount of pancreas remnant, and peri-operative nutritional status. With an incidence rate up to 75%, de novo non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can develop within 12 mo after pancreatectomy and various risk factors have been established including pancreatic resection line and remnant pancreas volume, peri-operative malnutrition and weight loss, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (EPI), malignancy as the indication for surgery, and postmenopausal status.
CONCLUSION Since majority of risk factors leads to EPI and malnutrition, peri-operative focus on nutrition and enzymes replacement is key in preventing and treating de novo NAFLD after pancreatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Shah
- Gastroenterology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Vanisha Patel
- Internal Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Motaz Ashkar
- Gastroenterology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
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12
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Guo D, Park C, Li Y, Li B, Yang Q, Deng Y, Gao NL, Li R, Wang X, Yi L, Liu Z. Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates depressive disorders in a murine alcohol-LPS (mALPS) model. Food Funct 2022; 13:12766-12776. [PMID: 36416490 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01478e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most common mental disorder in the world. Recently, an increasing number of studies have reported alcohol-related depression. However, there is no simple, efficient, and time-saving alcohol-related depression animal model yet. Based on the fact that people with alcohol addiction often have impaired gastrointestinal (GI) tract health like dysbiosis, which serves as a primary factor to augment lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we first developed a murine alcohol-LPS model (mALPS), with oral gavage of LPS in acute alcohol treated mice, and successfully observed depression-like symptoms. We found that acute alcohol treatment damaged the intestinal barrier and caused dysbiosis, which further increased the translocation of LPS and neuroinflammatory responses (TNF-α and IL-1β) and led to abnormal expression of the depression-related genes, i.e. BDND and IDO, reduced the levels of 5-HT and caused depressive behaviors in mice. Probiotic intervention could improve depressive symptoms without notable adverse effects. Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK), one of the next-generation probiotics, has been widely used for the restoration of the intestinal barrier and reduction of inflammation. Here, we found that AKK significantly ameliorated alcohol-related depressive behaviors in a mALPS model, through enhancing the intestinal barrier and maintaining the homeostasis of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, AKK reduced serum LPS, ameliorated neuroinflammation (TNF-α and IL-1β), normalized the expression of depression-related genes and increased the 5-HT levels in the hippocampus. Our study suggests that AKK supplements will be a promising therapeutic regime for alcohol-associated depression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingming Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan district, Wuhan, China.
| | - Chaiwoo Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan district, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Center for Artificial Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan district, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan district, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan district, Wuhan, China.
| | - Na L Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Center for Artificial Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan district, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan district, Wuhan, China.
| | - Liwen Yi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan district, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan district, Wuhan, China.
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13
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Pan Z, Guo J, Tang K, Chen Y, Gong X, Chen Y, Zhong Y, Xiao X, Duan S, Cui T, Wu X, Zhong Y, Yang X, Shen C, Gao Y. Ginsenoside Rc Modulates SIRT6-NRF2 Interaction to Alleviate Alcoholic Liver Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14220-14234. [PMID: 36300841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a serious worldwide health problem. Ginsenoside Rc is a major active ingredient isolated from Panax ginseng, whose pharmacological effects counteract oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid accumulation. However, it is still unclear whether ginsenoside Rc might exert beneficial effects on alcohol-induced liver injury. To this aim, mice primary hepatocytes (MPHs) were challenged with alcohol to test ginsenoside Rc's effects on their intracellular alcohol metabolism. C57BL/6J mice or SIRT6alb-/- mice were chronically fed a diet with added alcohol or given a single gavage of alcohol with or without ginsenoside Rc. Analyses of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and RNaseq expression were conducted to explore potential targets exploited by ginsenoside Rc to protect against ALD. Our results showed that ginsenoside Rc attenuated alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid accumulation both in vivo and in vitro. Ginsenoside Rc did increase the deacetylase activity of SIRT6, thereby lowering acetylated NRF2 levels, which elevated NRF2's stability, and subsequently exerting an antioxidant effect. In keeping with this, the hepatic knockout of SIRT6 almost abolished the hepatoprotective effects of ginsenoside Rc against ALD. Therefore, our results suggest that ginsenoside Rc attenuated hepatocytes' damage and oxidative stress in ALD by up-regulating the SIRT6/NRF2 pathway. Hence, ginsenoside Rc may be a promising drug to treat or relieve ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisen Pan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Kaijia Tang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xun Gong
- Guangdong Country Garden School, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yingjian Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yadi Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xiao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Siwei Duan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Tianqi Cui
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xiumei Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yanhua Zhong
- Department of Acupuncture-Rehabilitation, Guangzhou-Liwan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Chuangpeng Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
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14
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Forsyth CB, Voigt RM, Swanson GR, Bishehsari F, Shaikh M, Zhang L, Engen P, Keshavarzian A. Alcohol use disorder as a potential risk factor for COVID-19 severity: A narrative review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1930-1943. [PMID: 36394508 PMCID: PMC9722573 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Dec. 2019-January 2020, a pneumonia illness originating in Wuhan, China, designated as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was shown to be caused by a novel RNA coronavirus designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). People with advanced age, male sex, and/or underlying health conditions (obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease) are especially vulnerable to severe COVID-19 symptoms and death. These risk factors impact the immune system and are also associated with poor health, chronic illness, and shortened longevity. However, a large percent of patients without these known risk factors also develops severe COVID-19 disease that can result in death. Thus, there must exist risk factors that promote exaggerated inflammatory and immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus leading to death. One such risk factor may be alcohol misuse and alcohol use disorder because these can exacerbate viral lung infections like SARS, influenza, and pneumonia. Thus, it is highly plausible that alcohol misuse is a risk factor for either increased infection rate when individuals are exposed to SARS-CoV-2 virus and/or more severe COVID-19 in infected patients. Alcohol use is a well-known risk factor for lung diseases and ARDS in SARS patients. We propose that alcohol has three key pathogenic elements in common with other COVID-19 severity risk factors: namely, inflammatory microbiota dysbiosis, leaky gut, and systemic activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We also propose that these three elements represent targets for therapy for severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Forsyth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Rush University Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Robin M. Voigt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Rush University Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Garth R. Swanson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Rush University Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Faraz Bishehsari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Rush University Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Maliha Shaikh
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Phillip Engen
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Rush Center for Integrated Microbiome and Chronobiology Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
- Rush University Graduate College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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15
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Host-microbiome interactions: Gut-Liver axis and its connection with other organs. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:89. [PMID: 36319663 PMCID: PMC9626460 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of connections between gut microbiome and liver has provided important insights into the pathophysiology of liver diseases. Since gut microbial dysbiosis increases gut permeability, the metabolites biosynthesized by them can reach the liver through portal circulation and affect hepatic immunity and inflammation. The immune cells activated by these metabolites can also reach liver through lymphatic circulation. Liver influences immunity and metabolism in multiple organs in the body, including gut. It releases bile acids and other metabolites into biliary tract from where they enter the systemic circulation. In this review, the bidirectional communication between the gut and the liver and the molecular cross talk between the host and the microbiome has been discussed. This review also provides details into the intricate level of communication and the role of microbiome in Gut-Liver-Brain, Gut-Liver-Kidney, Gut-Liver-Lung, and Gut-Liver-Heart axes. These observations indicate a complex network of interactions between host organs influenced by gut microbiome.
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16
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Araujo R, Borges-Canha M, Pimentel-Nunes P. Microbiota Modulation in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2022; 14:4490. [PMID: 36364752 PMCID: PMC9658393 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) comprises a vast range of metabolic dysfunctions, which can be associated to cardiovascular disease risk factors. MS is reaching pandemic levels worldwide and it currently affects around 25% in the adult population of developed countries. The definition states for the diagnosis of MS may be clear, but it is also relevant to interpret the patient data and realize whether similar criteria were used by different clinicians. The different criteria explain, at least in part, the controversies on the theme. Several studies are presently focusing on the microbiota changes according to the components of MS. It is widely accepted that the gut microbiota is a regulator of metabolic homeostasis, being the gut microbiome in MS described as dysbiotic and certain taxonomic groups associated to metabolic changes. Probiotics, and more recently synbiotics, arise as promising therapeutic alternatives that can mitigate some metabolic disturbances, namely by correcting the microbiome and bringing homeostasis to the gut. The most recent studies were revised and the promising results and perspectives revealed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Araujo
- Nephrology & Infectious Diseases R&D Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Borges-Canha
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pimentel-Nunes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network, IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Pérez-Reytor D, Karahanian E. Alcohol use disorder, neuroinflammation, and intake of dietary fibers: a new approach for treatment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022:1-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2114005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diliana Pérez-Reytor
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Karahanian
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center for the Development of Novel Therapeutic Alternatives for Alcohol Use Disorders, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Jung JH, Kim SE, Suk KT, Kim DJ. Gut microbiota-modulating agents in alcoholic liver disease: Links between host metabolism and gut microbiota. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:913842. [PMID: 35935787 PMCID: PMC9354621 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.913842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) involves a wide spectrum of diseases, including asymptomatic hepatic steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which leads to morbidity and mortality and is responsible for 0.9% of global deaths. Alcohol consumption induces bacterial translocation and alteration of the gut microbiota composition. These changes in gut microbiota aggravate hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Alteration of the gut microbiota leads to a weakened gut barrier and changes host immunity and metabolic function, especially related to bile acid metabolism. Modulation and treatment for the gut microbiota in ALD has been studied using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation with meaningful results. In this review, we focused on the interaction between alcohol and gut dysbiosis in ALD. Additionally, treatment approaches for gut dysbiosis, such as abstinence, diet, pro-, pre-, and synbiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation, are covered here under ALD. However, further research through human clinical trials is warranted to evaluate the appropriate gut microbiota-modulating agents for each condition related to ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Han Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Dong Joon Kim,
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19
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Pilarczyk-Zurek M, Sitkiewicz I, Koziel J. The Clinical View on Streptococcus anginosus Group – Opportunistic Pathogens Coming Out of Hiding. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:956677. [PMID: 35898914 PMCID: PMC9309248 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.956677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three distinct streptococcal species: Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius, and Streptococcus constellatus, belonging to the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG), also known as Streptococcus milleri group, have been attracting clinicians and microbiologists, not only as oral commensals but also as opportunistic pathogens. For years they have been simply classified as so called viridans streptococci, and distinct species were not associated with particular clinical manifestations. Therefore, description of SAG members are clearly underrepresented in the literature, compared to other medically relevant streptococci. However, the increasing number of reports of life-threatening infections caused by SAG indicates their emerging pathogenicity. The improved clinical data generated with the application of modern molecular diagnostic techniques allow for precise identification of individual species belonging to SAG. This review summarizes clinical reports on SAG infections and systematizes data on the occurrence of individual species at the site of infection. We also discuss the issue of proper microbiological diagnostics, which is crucial for further clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pilarczyk-Zurek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Sitkiewicz
- Center for Translational Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warszawa, Poland
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- *Correspondence: Joanna Koziel,
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20
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Liu X, Vigorito M, Huang W, Khan MAS, Chang SL. The Impact of Alcohol-Induced Dysbiosis on Diseases and Disorders of the Central Nervous System. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:131-151. [PMID: 34843074 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human digestive tract contains a diverse and abundant microbiota that is important for health. Excessive alcohol use can disrupt the balance of these microbes (known as dysbiosis), leading to elevated blood endotoxin levels and systemic inflammation. Using QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) bioinformatics tool, we have confirmed that peripheral endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) mediates various cytokines to enhance the neuroinflammation signaling pathway. The literature has identified alcohol-mediated neuroinflammation as a possible risk factor for the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), and psychiatric disorders such as addiction to alcohol and other drugs. In this review, we discuss alcohol-use-induced dysbiosis in the gut and other body parts as a causal factor in the progression of Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases including neurodegenerative disease and possibly alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Liu
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, P.R. China
| | - Michael Vigorito
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
- Department of Psychology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Wenfei Huang
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Mohammed A S Khan
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
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21
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Dai J, Zhang X, Zhang J, Yang W, Yang X, Bian H, Chen Z. Blockade of mIL‐6R alleviated lipopolysaccharide‐induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome by suppressing NF‐κB‐mediated Ccl2 expression and inflammasome activation. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e132. [PMID: 35548710 PMCID: PMC9075038 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is characterized by dysregulated cytokine release, immune responses and is associated with organ dysfunction. IL‐6R blockade indicates promising therapeutic effects in cytokine release storm but still remains unknown in SIRS. To address the issue, we generated the human il‐6r knock‐in mice and a defined epitope murine anti‐human membrane‐bound IL‐6R (mIL‐6R) mAb named h‐mIL‐6R mAb. We found that the h‐mIL‐6R and the commercial IL‐6R mAb Tocilizumab significantly improved the survival rate, reduced the levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, IFN‐γ, transaminases and blood urea nitrogen of LPS‐induced SIRS mice. Besides, the h‐mIL‐6R mAb could also dramatically reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines in LPS‐treated THP‐1 cells in vitro. RNA‐seq analysis indicated that the h‐mIL‐6R mAb could regulate LPS‐induced activation of NF‐κB/Ccl2 and NOD‐like receptor signaling pathways. Furthermore, we found that the h‐mIL‐6R mAb could forwardly inhibit Ccl2 expression and NLRP3‐mediated pyroptosis by suppressing NF‐κB in combination with the NF‐κB inhibitor. Collectively, mIL‐6R mAbs suppressed NF‐κB/Ccl2 signaling and inflammasome activation. IL‐6R mAbs are potential alternative therapeutics for suppressing excessive cytokine release, over‐activated inflammatory responses and alleviating organ injuries in SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐Min Dai
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine&Department of Cell Biology State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an P.R. China
- Faculty of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xue‐Qin Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine&Department of Cell Biology State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an P.R. China
| | - Jia‐Jia Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine&Department of Cell Biology State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an P.R. China
| | - Wei‐Jie Yang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine&Department of Cell Biology State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an P.R. China
| | - Xiang‐Min Yang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine&Department of Cell Biology State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an P.R. China
| | - Huijie Bian
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine&Department of Cell Biology State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an P.R. China
| | - Zhi‐Nan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine&Department of Cell Biology State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology the Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an P.R. China
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22
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Kholodnaia A, So-Armah K, Cheng D, Gnatienko N, Patts G, Samet JH, Freiberg M, Lioznov D. Impact of illicit opioid use on markers of monocyte activation and systemic inflammation in people living with HIV. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265504. [PMID: 35511802 PMCID: PMC9070930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We hypothesize that illicit opioid use increases bacterial translocation from the gut, which intensifies systemic inflammation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between opioid use and plasma soluble CD14 [sCD14], interleukin-6 [IL-6] and D-dimer in people living with HIV (PLWH). METHODS We analyzed data from the Russia ARCH study-an observational cohort of 351 ART-naive PLWH in St. Petersburg, Russia. Plasma levels of sCD14 (primary outcome), IL-6 and D-dimer (secondary outcomes) were evaluated at baseline, 12, and 24 months. Participants were categorized into three groups based on illicit opioid use: current, prior, and never opioid use. Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate associations. RESULTS Compared to never opioid use, sCD14 levels were significantly higher for participants with current opioid use (AMD = 197.8 ng/ml [11.4, 384.2], p = 0.04). IL-6 levels were also higher for participants with current vs. never opioid use (ARM = 2.10 [1.56, 2.83], p <0.001). D-dimer levels were higher for current (ARM = 1.95 [1.43, 2.64], p <0.001) and prior (ARM = 1.57 [1.17, 2.09], p = 0.004) compared to never opioid use. CONCLUSIONS Among PLWH, current opioid use compared to never use is associated with increased monocyte activation and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kholodnaia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Academician I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Kaku So-Armah
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine/Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Debbie Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Natalia Gnatienko
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gregory Patts
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey H. Samet
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine/Boston Medical Center, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Matthew Freiberg
- Vanderbilt Center for Clinical Cardiovascular Trials Evaluation (V-C3REATE), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Cardiovascular Division, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Lioznov
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Academician I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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23
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Fecal microbiota transplantation in alcohol-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure: an open-label clinical trial. Hepatol Int 2022; 16:433-446. [DOI: 10.1007/s12072-022-10312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Gut Microbiome in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Role. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030550. [PMID: 35327352 PMCID: PMC8945462 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be a significant health threat globally, and has attracted growing concern in the research field of liver diseases. NAFLD comprises multifarious fatty degenerative disorders in the liver, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis and fibrosis. The fundamental pathophysiology of NAFLD is complex and multifactor-driven. In addition to viruses, metabolic syndrome and alcohol, evidence has recently indicated that the microbiome is related to the development and progression of NAFLD. In this review, we summarize the possible microbiota-based therapeutic approaches and highlight the importance of establishing the diagnosis of NAFLD through the different spectra of the disease via the gut–liver axis.
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Green PG, Alvarez P, Levine JD. Probiotics attenuate alcohol-induced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia: Preliminary observations. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221075345. [PMID: 35189754 PMCID: PMC8874179 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221075345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major health problem that causes millions of deaths annually world-wide. AUD is considered to be a chronic pain disorder, that is exacerbated by alcohol withdrawal, contributing to a high (∼80%) relapse rate. Chronic alcohol consumption has a marked impact on the gut microbiome, recognized to have a significant effect on chronic pain. We tested the hypothesis that modulating gut microbiota through feeding rats with probiotics can attenuate alcohol-induced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia. To test this hypothesis, rats were fed alcohol (6.5%, 4 days on 3 days off) for 3 weeks, which induced skeletal muscle mechanical hyperalgesia. Following alcohol feeding, at which time nociceptive thresholds were ∼37% below pre-alcohol levels, rats received probiotics in their drinking water, either Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG (Culturelle) or De Simone Formulation (a mixture of 8 bacterial species) for 8 days; control rats received plain water to drink. When muscle mechanical nociceptive threshold was evaluated 1 day after beginning probiotic feeding, nociceptive thresholds were significantly higher than rats not receiving probiotics. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds continued to increase during probiotic feeding, with thresholds approaching pre-alcohol levels 5 days after starting probiotics; nociceptive threshold in rats not receiving probiotics remained low. After probiotics were removed from the drinking water, nociceptive thresholds gradually decreased in these two groups, although they remained higher than the group not treated with probiotic (21 days after ending alcohol feeding). These observations suggest that modification of gut microbiota through probiotic feeding has a marked effect on chronic alcohol-induced muscle mechanical hyperalgesia. Our results suggest that administration of probiotics to individuals with AUD may reduce pain associated with alcohol consumption and withdrawal, and may be a novel therapeutic intervention to reduce the high rate of relapse seen in individuals with AUD attempting to abstain from alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Green
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, 8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Neuroscience, 8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Alvarez
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Neuroscience, 8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jon D Levine
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Neuroscience, 8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Medicine, 8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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26
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Crosstalk between Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Liver Injury in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020774. [PMID: 35054960 PMCID: PMC8775426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by the injury, inflammation, and scarring in the liver owing to excessive alcohol consumption. Currently, ALD is a leading cause for liver transplantation. Therefore, extensive studies (in vitro, in experimental ALD models and in humans) are needed to elucidate pathological features and pathogenic mechanisms underlying ALD. Notably, oxidative changes in the liver have been recognized as a signature trait of ALD. Progression of ALD is linked to the generation of highly reactive free radicals by reactions involving ethanol and its metabolites. Furthermore, hepatic oxidative stress promotes tissue injury and, in turn, stimulates inflammatory responses in the liver, forming a pathological loop that promotes the progression of ALD. Accordingly, accumulating further knowledge on the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation may help establish a viable therapeutic approach for treating ALD.
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Sun Y, Kang K, Li YL, Sang LX, Chang B. Tea polyphenols protect mice from acute ethanol-Induced liver injury by modulating the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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28
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Yang SC. A New Perspective on Fish Oil: The Prevention of Alcoholic Liver Disease. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1531-1538. [PMID: 34732632 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of alcoholic liver diseases (ALD) are very complex and interrelated, including abnormal lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and gut-derived endotoxin pathway. On the other hand, fish oil is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which decrease blood triglyceride concentration in hypertriglycemia patients and show protective effects against fatty liver. However, there is limited evidence from studies of the relationship between fish oil and ALD based on the viewpoint of the intestinal integrity and microflora. Therefore, this review discusses the mechanism of amelioration for ALD by fish oil. Based on our previous studies, partial replacement of olive oil by fish oil in alcohol-containing liquid diet ameliorated the liver damage including fatty liver and inflammation in rats. Based on these results, the mechanisms of hepatoprotective effects due to fish oil substitution were discussed in three parts, such as regulating lipid metabolism, decreasing oxidative stress and maintaining intestinal health. First of all, we found that fish oil substitution increased plasma adiponectin levels, and then increasing MCAD and CPT-1 mRNA levels to accelerate fatty acid oxidation in liver, then further prevent ethanol-induced hepatosteatosis in rats with chronic alcohol-feeding. Fish oil replacement also enhanced hepatic autophagy flux, which enhanced lipid degradation, then inhibited lipid accumulation in liver. Secondly, the appreciable proportion of fish oil decreased lipid peroxidation by reducing the protein expression of cytochrome p450 2E1 in chronic alcohol-feeding rats. We also speculated that the appropriate proportion of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs is very important for preventing alcoholic liver disease. At last, substituting fish oil for olive oil normalized the intestinal permeability and fecal microbiota composition, thus providing a low plasma endotoxin level and inflammatory responses, which exert ameliorative effects on ethanol-induced liver injuries in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Ching Yang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University.,Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University.,Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University.,School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University.,Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital
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29
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Prophylactic Treatment of Probiotic and Metformin Mitigates Ethanol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:5245197. [PMID: 34616233 PMCID: PMC8490080 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5245197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol depletes intestinal integrity and promotes gut dysbiosis. Studies have suggested the individual role of probiotics and metformin Met in protecting intestinal barrier function from injuries induced by ethanol. The objective of the current study is to investigate the potential mechanism by which coadministration of probiotic Visbiome® (V) and Met blocks the ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction/gut leakiness utilizing Caco-2 monolayers, a rat model with chronic ethanol injury, and in silico docking interaction models. In Caco-2 monolayers, exposure to ethanol significantly disrupted tight junction (TJ) localization, elevated monolayer permeability, and oxidative stress compared with controls. However, cotreatment with probiotic V and Met largely ameliorated the ethanol-induced mucosal barrier dysfunction, TJ disruption, and gut oxidative stress compared with ethanol-exposed monolayers and individual treatment of either agent. Rats fed with ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet showed decreased expression of TJ proteins, and increased intestinal barrier injury resulting in pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the colon. We found that co-administration of probiotic V and Met improved the expression of intestinal TJ proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory response, leading to reduced ER stress. Moreover, co-administration of probiotic V and Met inhibited the CYP2E1 and NOX gene expression, and increase the translocation of Nrf-2 as well as anti-oxidative genes (SOD, catalase, Gpx, and HO-1), leading to reduced colonic ROS content and malondialdehyde levels. The combined treatment of probiotic V and Met also improved their binding affinities towards HO-1, Nrf-2, SLC5A8, and GPR109A, which could be attributed to their synergistic effect. Our findings based on in-vitro, in-vivo, and in-silico analyses suggest that the combination of probiotic V and Met potentially acts in synergism, attributable to their property of inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress against ethanol-induced intestinal barrier injury.
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Gershteyn IM, Burov AA, Miao BY, Morais VH, Ferreira LMR. Immunodietica: interrogating the role of diet in autoimmune disease. Int Immunol 2021; 32:771-783. [PMID: 32808986 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is an environmental factor in autoimmune disorders, where the immune system erroneously destroys one's own tissues. Yet, interactions between diet and autoimmunity remain largely unexplored, particularly the impact of immunogenetics, one's human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele make-up, in this interplay. Here, we interrogated animals and plants for the presence of epitopes implicated in human autoimmune diseases. We mapped autoimmune epitope distribution across organisms and determined their tissue expression pattern. Interestingly, diet-derived epitopes implicated in a disease were more likely to bind to HLA alleles associated with that disease than to protective alleles, with visible differences between organisms with similar autoimmune epitope content. We then analyzed an individual's HLA haplotype, generating a personalized heatmap of potential dietary autoimmune triggers. Our work uncovered differences in autoimmunogenic potential across food sources and revealed differential binding of diet-derived epitopes to autoimmune disease-associated HLA alleles, shedding light on the impact of diet on autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif M Gershteyn
- Ajax Biomedical Foundation, Newton, MA, USA
- ImmuVia LLC, Waltham, MA, USA
- SoundMedicine LLC, Waltham, MA, USA
| | | | - Brenda Y Miao
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vasco H Morais
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Ajax Biomedical Foundation, Newton, MA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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31
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The Gut Microbiota-Derived Immune Response in Chronic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158309. [PMID: 34361075 PMCID: PMC8347749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic liver disease, the causative factor is important; however, recently, the intestinal microbiome has been associated with the progression of chronic liver disease and the occurrence of side effects. The immune system is affected by the metabolites of the microbiome, and diet is the primary regulator of the microbiota composition and function in the gut–liver axis. These metabolites can be used as therapeutic material, and postbiotics, in the future, can increase or decrease human immunity by modulating inflammation and immune reactions. Therefore, the excessive intake of nutrients and the lack of nutrition have important effects on immunity and inflammation. Evidence has been published indicating that microbiome-induced chronic inflammation and the consequent immune dysregulation affect the development of chronic liver disease. In this research paper, we discuss the overall trend of microbiome-derived substances related to immunity and the future research directions.
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32
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Hyun J, Han J, Lee C, Yoon M, Jung Y. Pathophysiological Aspects of Alcohol Metabolism in the Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115717. [PMID: 34071962 PMCID: PMC8197869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a globally prevalent chronic liver disease caused by chronic or binge consumption of alcohol. The liver is the major organ that metabolizes alcohol; therefore, it is particularly sensitive to alcohol intake. Metabolites and byproducts generated during alcohol metabolism cause liver damage, leading to ALD via several mechanisms, such as impairing lipid metabolism, intensifying inflammatory reactions, and inducing fibrosis. Despite the severity of ALD, the development of novel treatments has been hampered by the lack of animal models that fully mimic human ALD. To overcome the current limitations of ALD studies and therapy development, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced liver injury. Hence, to provide insights into the progression of ALD, this review examines previous studies conducted on alcohol metabolism in the liver. There is a particular focus on the occurrence of ALD caused by hepatotoxicity originating from alcohol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongeun Hyun
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jinsol Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Chanbin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Myunghee Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea;
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.H.); (C.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2262
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33
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Zhang T, Li J, Liu CP, Guo M, Gao CL, Zhou LP, Long Y, Xu Y. Butyrate ameliorates alcoholic fatty liver disease via reducing endotoxemia and inhibiting liver gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:873. [PMID: 34164507 PMCID: PMC8184481 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is characterized by hepatic steatosis and carries an elevated risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanism of AFLD has not been elucidated thoroughly, and there are still no efficient therapies in clinic. Notably, butyrate, one kind of short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota, has been shown to improve methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. And our previous study found that butyrate ameliorated endotoxemia in db/db mice. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of butyrate in the development of AFLD. Methods C57BL/6 mice were treated with saline (normal control), alcohol with or without butyrate by gavage for 6 months. AFLD was evaluated by the levels of serum alcohol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), triglyceride (TG) and intrahepatic TG. And the histology and inflammation in liver and colon were analyzed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemistry and western blot. In addition, gut microbiota composition was analyzed using the V3–V4 regions of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene by sequence. Furthermore, we performed in vitro experiment to verify the role of butyrate in hepatocyte by western blot and transmission electron microscopy. Results We found that butyrate ameliorated alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Furthermore, chronic alcohol feeding induced dysbiosis and dysfunction of the gut microbiota, disrupted the intestinal barrier, and increased serum endotoxin levels. Meanwhile, butyrate improved the intestinal barrier disruption and endotoxemia induced by alcohol, but did not significantly alleviate the microbiome dysfunction. Mechanistically, butyrate ameliorated AFLD by inhibiting gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis. Conclusions In summary, we found butyrate ameliorated alcoholic fatty liver by down-regulating GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. We speculate that butyrate improves AFLD mainly by maintaining intestinal barrier function and alleviating gut leakage. These findings suggest that butyrate may have the potential to serve as a novel treatment for AFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cui-Ping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Man Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chen-Lin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu-Ping Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Luzhou, China
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34
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Wang G, Yang X, Wang J, Zhong D, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Feng L, Zhang Y. Walnut green husk polysaccharides prevent obesity, chronic inflammatory responses, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and colonic tissue damage in high-fat diet fed rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:879-898. [PMID: 33857511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-fat (HF) diets cause obesity, gut microbial dysbiosis and associated disorders and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to increased intestinal permeability, which is an important reason for chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. This study was to investigate the effects and mechanism by which walnut green husk polysaccharides (WGHP) prevents obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver and colon damage in HF diet induced rats. We found that WGHP alleviated HF-induced abnormal weight gain, disordered lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, colonic tissue injury and up-regulate the expression level of colonic tight junction protein in the rats. Besides, the administration of WGHP promoted browning of iWAT and thermogenesis in BAT of HF-fed rats, and improved gut microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the bacterial diversity and reducing the relative abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria in the colon of the rats. Furthermore, WGHP consumption not only increased the SCFAs content but also improved the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and Allobaculum in the gut of rats. Our results suggest that the protective effect of WGHP on metabolic inflammation caused by HF may be due to the regulation of gut microbiota and SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Diying Zhong
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Runguang Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Luoluo Feng
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Youlin Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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Thomes PG, Rasineni K, Saraswathi V, Kharbanda KK, Clemens DL, Sweeney SA, Kubik JL, Donohue TM, Casey CA. Natural Recovery by the Liver and Other Organs after Chronic Alcohol Use. Alcohol Res 2021; 41:05. [PMID: 33868869 PMCID: PMC8041137 DOI: 10.35946/arcr.v41.1.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic, heavy alcohol consumption disrupts normal organ function and causes structural damage in virtually every tissue of the body. Current diagnostic terminology states that a person who drinks alcohol excessively has alcohol use disorder. The liver is especially susceptible to alcohol-induced damage. This review summarizes and describes the effects of chronic alcohol use not only on the liver, but also on other selected organs and systems affected by continual heavy drinking—including the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, heart, and bone. Most significantly, the recovery process after cessation of alcohol consumption (abstinence) is explored. Depending on the organ and whether there is relapse, functional recovery is possible. Even after years of heavy alcohol use, the liver has a remarkable regenerative capacity and, following alcohol removal, can recover a significant portion of its original mass and function. Other organs show recovery after abstinence as well. Data on studies of both heavy alcohol use among humans and animal models of chronic ethanol feeding are discussed. This review describes how (or whether) each organ/tissue metabolizes ethanol, as metabolism influences the organ’s degree of injury. Damage sustained by the organ/tissue is reviewed, and evidence for recovery during abstinence is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Thomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Research Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Research Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Viswanathan Saraswathi
- Research Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Research Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Dahn L Clemens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sarah A Sweeney
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Research Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jacy L Kubik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Research Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Terrence M Donohue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Research Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carol A Casey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Research Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska
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36
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Khan SR, van der Burgh AC, Peeters RP, van Hagen PM, Dalm VASH, Chaker L. Determinants of Serum Immunoglobulin Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664526. [PMID: 33897714 PMCID: PMC8058410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An up-to-date overview of determinants of serum immunoglobulins in adults is pivotal for clinical practice and research, but currently lacking. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify determinants of serum immunoglobulin levels. Methods Embase, Web of Science, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to July 11th, 2019 for articles reporting on determinants of serum immunoglobulin A, G or M (IgA, IgG or IgM) in adult humans. Random and fixed effect models were applied to obtain pooled mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of age and sex with serum immunoglobulins. Results We retrieved 117 articles reporting on determinants of serum immunoglobulins, of which 28 could be meta-analyzed. Older compared to younger individuals had higher IgA (MD: 0.38; CI: 0.18 - 0.58), but lower IgM levels (MD: -0.40; 95%: -0.66 - -0.14). Men had higher IgA (MD: 0.22; CI: 0.03 - 0.42), but lower IgM levels (MD: -0.21; CI: -0.32 - -0.10) than women. Age and sex did not influence IgG. Caucasian ethnicity was associated with lower IgA, IgG, and IgM. Smoking and corticosteroid use were associated with lower IgG. Positive associations were reported of probiotics with IgG, alcohol with IgA, hypertension with IgA and IgG, and acute psychological stress with IgA, IgG, and IgM. Conclusions Older age and male sex are associated with higher IgA, but lower IgM, and urge investigation of age- and sex-specific reference ranges of immunoglobulins. Other identified determinants were ethnicity, diet, lifestyle and cardio-metabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer R Khan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna C van der Burgh
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - P Martin van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Virgil A S H Dalm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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37
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Relationship between Nutrient Intake and Human Gut Microbiota in Monozygotic Twins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57030275. [PMID: 33809761 PMCID: PMC8002349 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The gut microbiota is associated with human health and dietary nutrition. Various studies have been reported in this regard, but it is difficult to clearly analyze human gut microbiota as individual differences are significant. The causes of these individual differences in intestinal microflora are genetic and/or environmental. In this study, we focused on differences between identical twins in Japan to clarify the effects of nutrients consumed on the entire gut microbiome, while excluding genetic differences. Materials and Methods: We selected healthy Japanese monozygotic twins for the study and confirmed their zygosity by matching 15 short tandem repeat loci. Their fecal samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses to identify and compare the fluctuations in intestinal bacteria. Results: We identified 12 genera sensitive to environmental factors, and found that Lactobacillus was relatively unaffected by environmental factors. Moreover, we identified protein, fat, and some nutrient intake that can affect 12 genera, which have been identified to be more sensitive to environmental factors. Among the 12 genera, Bacteroides had a positive correlation with retinol equivalent intake (rs = 0.38), Lachnospira had a significantly negative correlation with protein, sodium, iron, vitamin D, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 intake (rs = −0.38, −0.41, −0.39, −0.63, −0.42, −0.49, respectively), Lachnospiraceae ND3007 group had a positive correlation with fat intake (rs = 0.39), and Lachnospiraceae UCG-008 group had a negative correlation with the saturated fatty acid intake (rs = −0.45). Conclusions: Our study is the first to focus on the relationship between human gut microbiota and nutrient intake using samples from Japanese twins to exclude the effects of genetic factors. These findings will broaden our understanding of the more intuitive relationship between nutrient intake and the gut microbiota and can be a useful basis for finding useful biomarkers that contribute to human health.
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Deters BJ, Saleem M. The role of glutamine in supporting gut health and neuropsychiatric factors. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Asiedu B, Nyakudya TT, Lembede BW, Chivandi E. Early-life exposure to alcohol and the risk of alcohol-induced liver disease in adulthood. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:451-468. [PMID: 33577143 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption remains prevalent among pregnant and nursing mothers despite the well-documented adverse effects this may have on the offspring. Moderate-to-high levels of alcohol consumption in pregnancy result in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) disorders, with brain defects being chief among the abnormalities. Recent findings indicate that while light-to-moderate levels may not cause FAS, it may contribute to epigenetic changes that make the offspring prone to adverse health outcomes including metabolic disorders and an increased propensity in the adolescent-onset of drinking alcohol. On the one hand, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes epigenetic changes that affect lipid and glucose transcript regulating genes resulting in metabolic abnormalities. On the other hand, it can program offspring for increased alcohol intake, enhance its palatability, and increase acceptance of alcohol's flavor through associative learning, making alcohol a plausible second hit for the development of alcohol-induced liver disease. Adolescent drinking results in alcohol dependence and abuse in adulthood. Adolescent drinking results in alcohol dependence and abuse in adulthood. Alterations on the opioid system, particularly, the mu-opioid system, has been implicated in the mechanism that induces increased alcohol consumption and acceptance. This review proposes a mechanism that links PAE to the development of alcoholism and eventually to alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which results from prolonged alcohol consumption. While PAE may not lead to ALD development in childhood, there are chances that it may lead to ALD in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Asiedu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Trevor Tapiwa Nyakudya
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Gezina, South Africa
| | - Busisani Wiseman Lembede
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eliton Chivandi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Chao G, Hong X, Zhang S. Effects of Mast Cells Induced by NSAIDs Impair Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function In Vivo and In Vitro. Inflammation 2021; 44:1396-1404. [PMID: 33566258 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To explore the correlation between altered expression of mast cells and PAR-2 and impaired mucosal barrier in NSAIDs enteropathy through animal and cell experiments, and to elucidate the role of mast cells and PAR-2 in the pathogenesis of NSAIDs enteropathy and the regulatory mechanism of the tight junction of intestinal epithelium. Animal experiments: the NSAIDs-related small intestine injury model was established by intragastric administration of diclofenac sodium, and mast cells were detected by toluidine blue staining. Cell experiments: Intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) was applied with diclofenac sodium and its activity was detected by CCK-8.IEC-6 and RBL-2H3 were co-cultured to evaluate the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells by detecting the concentration of potassium ion and LDH. The expressions of tight junction proteins (zo-1, claudin-1, occludin), cytoskeletal components (actin, tubulin, keratin) and par-2 were analyzed by Western Blot. In animal experiments, the number of mast cells was significantly increased after 24 h of action of diclofenac sodium. In cell experiments, the survival rate of IEC-6 cells decreased significantly when the concentration of diclofenac sodium is more than 50 μg/mL; after 24 h of co-culture, the potassium and LDH concentration in the co-culture group were significantly higher, and the expression of ZO-1, claudin-1, occludin, tubulin, and keratin was decreased. Mast cells activate PAR-2 in intestinal epithelial cells, downregulate the related proteins of cell tight junctions and cytoskeletal proteins, and increase the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chao
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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Harpaz D, Marks RS, Kushmaro A, Eltzov E. Environmental pollutants induce noninherited antibiotic resistance to polymyxin B in Escherichia coli. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1631-1643. [PMID: 33251814 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The mechanisms behind antibiotic resistance by bacteria are important to create alternative molecules. Objective: This study focuses on the impact of environmental pollutants on bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Materials & methods: The effect of various environmental pollutants on noninherited bacterial resistance to antibiotics was examined. Results: The tolerance to the polymyxin-B antibiotic was shown to be conferred to Escherichia coli, by pretreatment with subinhibitory concentrations of environmental toxicants. The cell survival to a sublethal dosage of antibiotics was tested. Exposure to low concentrations of toxic compounds (500 ppb copper, 2% [v/v] ethanol or 0.5 μg/ml trimethoprim) stimulated the bacterial heat shock systems and led to increased tolerance to polymyxin B. Conclusion: Environmental pollutants induce a temporary bacterial noninheritable resistance to antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Harpaz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food science & Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.,Department of Postharvest Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Robert S Marks
- Avram & Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.,The Ilse Katz Center for Meso & Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ariel Kushmaro
- Avram & Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.,The Ilse Katz Center for Meso & Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Department of Postharvest Science, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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Hui Q, Ammeter E, Liu S, Yang R, Lu P, Lahaye L, Yang C. Eugenol attenuates inflammatory response and enhances barrier function during lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the porcine intestinal epithelial cells. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5879378. [PMID: 32735667 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is an essential oil component, possessing antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties; however, the effect of eugenol on porcine gut inflammation has not yet been investigated. In this study, an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) has been set up. Cells were pretreated with 100 μM (16.42 mg/L) eugenol for 2 h followed by 10 μg/mL LPS stimulation for 6 h. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion; reactive oxygen species; gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tight junction proteins, and nutrient transporters; the expression and distribution of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1); transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER); and cell permeability were measured to investigate the effect of eugenol on inflammatory responses and gut barrier function. The results showed that eugenol pretreatment significantly suppressed the LPS-stimulated interleukin-8 level and the mRNA abundance of tumor necrosis factor-α and restored the LPS-stimulated decrease of the mRNA abundance of tight junction proteins, such as ZO-1 and occludin, and the mRNA abundance of nutrient transporters, such as B0 1 system ASC sodium-dependent neutral amino acid exchanger 2, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1, excitatory amino acid transporter 1, and peptide transporter 1. In addition, eugenol improved the expression and even redistribution of ZO-1 and tended to increase TEER value and maintained the barrier integrity. In conclusion, a low dose of eugenol attenuated inflammatory responses and enhanced selectively permeable barrier function during LPS-induced inflammation in the IPEC-J2 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Hui
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Emily Ammeter
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Runqiang Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Chengbo Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation as a Pivot in Drug Abuse. A Focus on the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agents and Biomolecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090830. [PMID: 32899889 PMCID: PMC7555323 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is a major global health and economic problem. However, there are no pharmacological treatments to effectively reduce the compulsive use of most drugs of abuse. Despite exerting different mechanisms of action, all drugs of abuse promote the activation of the brain reward system, with lasting neurobiological consequences that potentiate subsequent consumption. Recent evidence shows that the brain displays marked oxidative stress and neuroinflammation following chronic drug consumption. Brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation disrupt glutamate homeostasis by impairing synaptic and extra-synaptic glutamate transport, reducing GLT-1, and system Xc− activities respectively, which increases glutamatergic neurotransmission. This effect consolidates the relapse-promoting effect of drug-related cues, thus sustaining drug craving and subsequent drug consumption. Recently, promising results as experimental treatments to reduce drug consumption and relapse have been shown by (i) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory synthetic molecules whose effects reach the brain; (ii) natural biomolecules secreted by mesenchymal stem cells that excel in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, delivered via non-invasive intranasal administration to animal models of drug abuse and (iii) potent anti-inflammatory microRNAs and anti-miRNAs which target the microglia and reduce neuroinflammation and drug craving. In this review, we address the neurobiological consequences of brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that follow the chronic consumption of most drugs of abuse, and the current and potential therapeutic effects of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents and biomolecules to reduce these drug-induced alterations and to prevent relapse.
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Uto-Kondo H, Sakurai A, Ogawa K, Yamaguchi Y, Saito T, Kumagai H. Suppressive Effect of Shiitake Extract on Plasma Ethanol Elevation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092647. [PMID: 32878044 PMCID: PMC7551921 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is usually consumed with meals, but chronic consumption is a leading cause of alcoholic liver diseases. We investigated if shiitake extracts with a high lentinic acid content (Shiitake-H) and without lentinic acid (Shiitake-N) could suppress the elevation in plasma ethanol concentrations by accelerating ethanol metabolism and preventing ethanol absorption from the gut. Shiitake-H and Shiitake-N suppressed the elevation in concentrations of ethanol and acetaldehyde in plasma, and promoted the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in the liver. However, these effects of Shiitake-H were more prominent than those of Shiitake-N. Furthermore, Shitake-H promoted ADH and ALDH activities in the stomach. We also examined the change in plasma ethanol concentration by injecting Shiitake-H or Shiitake-N into the ligated loop of the stomach or jejunum together with an ethanol solution. Shiitake-H suppressed the absorption of ethanol from the stomach and jejunum. In conclusion, Shiitake-H accelerates ethanol metabolism in the stomach and liver and inhibits ethanol absorption in the stomach and jejunum indicating that lentinic acid is a functional component in shiitake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Uto-Kondo
- Department of Bioscience in Daily Life, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi 252-0880, Japan;
| | - Ayaka Sakurai
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi 252-0880, Japan; (A.S.); (K.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Kazuki Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi 252-0880, Japan; (A.S.); (K.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yusuke Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi 252-0880, Japan; (A.S.); (K.O.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Takeshi Saito
- ACERA Co., Ltd., 156 Nishitkahashi-machi, Kofu-shi 400-0826, Japan;
| | - Hitomi Kumagai
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi 252-0880, Japan; (A.S.); (K.O.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-466-3946
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Bjørkhaug ST, Neupane SP, Bramness JG, Aanes H, Skar V, Medhus AW, Valeur J. Plasma cytokine levels in patients with chronic alcohol overconsumption: Relations to gut microbiota markers and clinical correlates. Alcohol 2020; 85:35-40. [PMID: 31610228 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related morbidity may involve changes in the gut microbiota and immune dysregulation. We have previously demonstrated alterations in gut microbiota composition and functions in patients with alcohol overconsumption, and now aimed to investigate possible associations between cytokine levels, gut microbiota, and clinical symptoms. METHODS We included hospital inpatients with a history of chronic alcohol overconsumption. For comparison, we included control patients with a low alcohol intake. Cytokine levels (TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-8, IL-6, IFN-γ, MCP-1, IL-1RA, IL-1β, and IL-17) were determined using a customized V-plex assay. We then examined associations of cytokine levels with the abundance of Proteobacteria and Faecalibacterium, percentage of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, psychiatric symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), and biochemical liver variables. RESULTS We included 28 patients with alcohol overconsumption (79% men), and 25 control patients (72% men). Patients with alcohol overconsumption had higher levels of IL-6 (p = 0.002), IFN-γ (p = 0.018), and MCP-1 (p = 0.006), and lower levels of TGF-β1 (p = 0.017) compared with control patients. Inverse correlations were found between Proteobacteria abundance and TNF-α (Rs = -0.55, p = 0.02) and IL-8 (Rs = -0.58, p = 0.014), and between Faecalibacterium and MCP-1 levels (Rs = -0.56, p = 0.02) in the control patients, but not in patients with alcohol overconsumption. Patients with alcohol overconsumption reported more psychiatric symptoms, and these symptoms were inversely correlated with IL-10 levels. There were positive correlations between several of the assessed cytokines and biochemical liver variables, and negative correlations between cytokine levels and albumin. CONCLUSION Patients with alcohol overconsumption had a cytokine profile suggestive of increased systemic inflammatory activity, with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, and MCP-1) and lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β1). The findings may represent a link between alcohol use and alcohol-related morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Traae Bjørkhaug
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sudan Prasad Neupane
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, United States
| | - Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Viggo Skar
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Asle W Medhus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Valeur
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Kubiak-Tomaszewska G, Tomaszewski P, Pachecka J, Struga M, Olejarz W, Mielczarek-Puta M, Nowicka G. Molecular mechanisms of ethanol biotransformation: enzymes of oxidative and nonoxidative metabolic pathways in human. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1180-1201. [PMID: 32338108 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1761571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol, as a small-molecule organic compound exhibiting both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties, quickly pass through the biological barriers. Over 95% of absorbed ethanol undergoes biotransformation, the remaining amount is excreted unchanged, mainly with urine and exhaled air.The main route of ethyl alcohol metabolism is its oxidation to acetaldehyde, which is converted into acetic acid with the participation of cytosolic NAD+ - dependent alcohol (ADH) and aldehyde (ALDH) dehydrogenases. Oxidative biotransformation pathways of ethanol also include reactions catalyzed by the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), peroxisomal catalase and aldehyde (AOX) and xanthine (XOR) oxidases. The resulting acetic acid can be activated to acetyl-CoA by the acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS).It is also possible, to a much smaller extent, non-oxidative routes of ethanol biotransformation including its esterification with fatty acids by ethyl fatty acid synthase (FAEES), re-esterification of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholines, with phospholipase D (PLD), coupling with sulfuric acid by alcohol sulfotransferase (SULT) and with glucuronic acid using UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UGT, syn. UDPGT).The intestinal microbiome plays a significant role in the ethanol biotransformation and in the initiation and progression of liver diseases stimulated by ethanol and its metabolite - acetaldehyde, or by lipopolysaccharide and ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Kubiak-Tomaszewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Tomaszewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Pachecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Struga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Olejarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Nowicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Gori M, Altomare A, Cocca S, Solida E, Ribolsi M, Carotti S, Rainer A, Francesconi M, Morini S, Cicala M, Pier Luca Guarino M. Palmitic Acid Affects Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity and Permeability In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050417. [PMID: 32414055 PMCID: PMC7278681 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA), a long-chain saturated fatty acid, might activate innate immune cells. PA plays a role in chronic liver disease, diabetes and Crohn’s disease, all of which are associated with impaired intestinal permeability. We investigated the effect of PA, at physiological postprandial intestinal concentrations, on gut epithelium as compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ethanol, using an in vitro gut model, the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 grown on transwell inserts. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated; epithelial barrier integrity was investigated by measuring the paracellular flux of fluorescein, and through RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence of tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) mRNAs and proteins, respectively. In PA-exposed Caco-2 monolayers, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were not detected. A significant increase in fluorescein flux was observed in PA-treated monolayers, after 90 min and up to 360 min, whereas with LPS and ethanol, this was only observed at later time-points. Gene expression and immunofluorescence analysis showed TJ and AJ alterations only in PA-exposed monolayers. In conclusion, PA affected intestinal permeability without inducing cytotoxicity or oxidative stress. This effect seemed to be faster and stronger than those with LPS and ethanol. Thus, we hypothesized that PA, besides having an immunomodulatory effect, might play a role in inflammatory and functional intestinal disorders in which the intestinal permeability is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuele Gori
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel: +39-062-2541-9108
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Silvia Cocca
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Eleonora Solida
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Mentore Ribolsi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Simone Carotti
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Francesconi
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Morini
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Michele Cicala
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
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Freiberg MS, Cheng DM, Gnatienko N, Blokhina E, Coleman SM, Doyle MF, Yaroslavtseva T, Bridden C, So-Armah K, Tracy R, Bryant K, Lioznov D, Krupitsky E, Samet JH. Effect of Zinc Supplementation vs Placebo on Mortality Risk and HIV Disease Progression Among HIV-Positive Adults With Heavy Alcohol Use: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e204330. [PMID: 32383748 PMCID: PMC7210486 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Zinc supplementation can reduce alcohol-related microbial translocation and inflammation. OBJECTIVE To assess whether zinc supplementation reduces markers of mortality and risk of cardiovascular disease, reduces levels of inflammation and microbial translocation, and slows HIV disease progression in people with heavy alcohol use who are living with HIV/AIDS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study is a double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of zinc supplementation among participants recruited from 2013 to 2015. Participants were recruited from HIV and addiction clinical and nonclinical care sites in St Petersburg, Russia. Participants were adults (aged 18-70 years) with documented HIV infection who were antiretroviral therapy-naive at baseline and had past 30-day heavy alcohol consumption. Data analysis was performed from February 2017 to February 2020. INTERVENTION Pharmacy-grade zinc gluconate supplementation (15 mg for men and 12 mg for women, taken daily by mouth for 18 months) was compared with a placebo. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was mortality risk measured as a change in Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index score between baseline and 18 months. The VACS Index scores range from 0 to 164, with higher scores indicating higher mortality risk. Secondary outcomes were change in CD4 cell count between baseline and 18 months, the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk (Reynolds Risk Score, which ranges from 0% to 100%, with higher scores indicating higher risk), and changes in inflammatory or microbial translocation biomarkers at 18 months. Adjusted linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 254 participants (184 men [72%]; mean [SD] age, 34 [6] years) were enrolled in the trial; 126 were randomized to receive zinc, and 128 were randomized to receive placebo. Participants had high CD4 cell counts (mean [SD], 521 [292] cells/mm3), and 188 (74%) reported heavy drinking in the past week. In the main analyses, zinc supplementation did not affect changes in the VACS Index score at 18 months (change for zinc, mean [SD], 0.49 [14.6]; median [interquartile range], 0.0 [-7.0 to 6.0]; change for placebo, mean [SD], 5.5 [17.2]; median [interquartile range], 6.0 [-6.0 to 14.0]; adjusted mean difference [AMD], -4.68; 95% CI, -9.62 to 0.25; P = .06) or any secondary outcomes, including change in CD4 cell count (AMD, 41.8 cells/mm3; 95% CI, -20.3 to 103.8 cells/mm3; P = .19), Reynolds Risk Score (AMD, -0.014; 95% CI, -0.167 to 0.139; P = .85), interleukin-6 level (AMD, -0.13 pg/mL; 95% CI, -0.38 to 0.11 pg/mL; P = .30), dimerized plasmin fragment D level (AMD, -0.21 μg/mL fibrinogen equivalent units; 95% CI, -0.48 to 0.07 μg/mL fibrinogen equivalent units; P = .14), soluble CD14 level (AMD, -38.01 ng/mL; 95% CI, -166.90 to 90.88 ng/mL; P = .56), intestinal fatty acid binding protein level (AMD, 0.08 pg/mL; 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.22 pg/mL; P = .32), and lipopolysaccharide binding protein level (AMD, -0.09 ng/mL; 95% CI, -0.23 to 0.06 ng/mL; P = .24). In the per-protocol analyses, zinc supplementation statistically significantly affected changes in the VACS Index score at 18 months (AMD, -7.49; 95% CI, -13.74 to -1.23; P = .02); however, the adherence rate to zinc supplementation was 51%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Zinc supplementation did not reduce mortality risk, CD4 cell counts, cardiovascular disease risk, and levels of inflammation or microbial translocation in people with heavy alcohol use who are living with HIV/AIDS. Zinc supplementation did not change the VACS Index score but may have been limited by low adherence. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01934803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Freiberg
- Vanderbilt Center for Clinical Cardiovascular Trials Evaluation (V-C3REATE), Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Authority Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Debbie M. Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalia Gnatienko
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elena Blokhina
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St Petersburg, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sharon M. Coleman
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Margaret F. Doyle
- Larner College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Colchester
| | - Tatiana Yaroslavtseva
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St Petersburg, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Carly Bridden
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaku So-Armah
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Russell Tracy
- Larner College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Vermont, Colchester
| | - Kendall Bryant
- HIV/AIDS Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dmitry Lioznov
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St Petersburg, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Research Institute of Influenza, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Krupitsky
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St Petersburg, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Department of Addictions, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Jeffrey H. Samet
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Panyod S, Wu WK, Lu KH, Liu CT, Chu YL, Ho CT, Hsiao WLW, Lai YS, Chen WC, Lin YE, Lin SH, Wu MS, Sheen LY. Allicin Modifies the Composition and Function of the Gut Microbiota in Alcoholic Hepatic Steatosis Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3088-3098. [PMID: 32050766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. Alcohol intake induces gut microbiota dysbiosis and alters its function. This study investigated the antibiotic effect of allicin in mice with hepatic steatosis. Male C57BL/6 mice were administered an ethanol diet supplemented with allicin (5 and 20 mg/(kg bw day)) for 4 weeks. Allicin modified the gut microbiota composition. Cecal microbiota exhibited a positive correlation with alcohol and hepatic triacylglycerol, but were suppressed with allicin. Ethanol diet with 5 mg of allicin induced a lower intestinal permeability compared to the ethanol diet alone. Allicin mediated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-CD14-toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-induced hepatic inflammation pathway by reducing LPS, CD14, TLR4, and pro-inflammatory cytokines-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. However, hepatic inflammation primarily resulted from alcohol toxicity rather than LPS production in the gut. The prediction of functional profiles from metagenomic 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) data revealed different functional profiles in each group. The predicted aldehyde dehydrogenase tended to increase in alcoholic mice administered allicin. The predicted LPS-related pathway and LPS biosynthesis protein results exhibited a similar trend as plasma LPS levels. Thus, alcohol and allicin intake shapes the gut microbiota and its functional profile and improves the CD14-TLR4 pathway to alleviate inflammation in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 10800, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Product and Process Research Center, Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 30062, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lin Chu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Wen-Luan Wendy Hsiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yi-Syuan Lai
- Department of Hospitality Management, Yu Da University of Science and Technology, Miaoli 36143, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Hang Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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50
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Improvement of Alcohol-Poisoning Symptoms in Mice by the Oral Administration of Live Lactobacillus plantarum SN13T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051896. [PMID: 32164307 PMCID: PMC7084619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinical study carried out previously by our group has demonstrated that yogurt manufactured with a plant-derived lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum SN13T, significantly reduces the γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) level as a liver-function parameter. In the present study, we show that with the oral administration of live SN13T cells, alcohol-poisoning symptoms in mice are improved, and the condition does not become fatal. However, prior to the simultaneous administration with ethanol, when the cells were heat-killed or sonicated, the improvement was not observed, and almost all of the mice died. In addition, the dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota observed in the mice administered with ethanol was restored by simultaneous administration with live SN13T cells. Furthermore, by analyzing the metabolites detected in contents from the mouse cecum, it was demonstrated that the increase in nonvolatile putrefactive amines observed in the ethanol-administration group was reduced by simultaneous administration with live SN13T cells. Judging from these results, the lactic acid bacterial cells capable of reaching the living bowels prevent ethanol-induced poisoning and restore the intestinal microbiota.
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