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Nigg C, Alothman SA, Alghannam AF, Schipperijn J, AlAhmed R, Alsukait RF, Rakic S, Cetinkaya V, Al-Hazzaa HM, Alqahtani SA. A systematic review on the associations between the built environment and adult's physical activity in global tropical and subtropical climate regions. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:59. [PMID: 38773559 PMCID: PMC11107026 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-024-01582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is a major public health concern, exacerbated in countries with a (sub)tropical climate. The built environment can facilitate physical activity; however, current evidence is mainly from North American and European countries with activity-friendly climate conditions. This study explored associations between built environment features and physical activity in global tropical or subtropical dry or desert climate regions. METHODS A systematic review of four major databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and SportDISCUS) was performed. To be included, studies had to investigate associations between perceived or objective built environment characteristics and adult's physical activity and had to be conducted in a location with (sub)tropical climate. Each investigated association was reported as one case and results were synthesized based upon perceived and objectively assessed environment characteristics as well as Western and non-Western countries. Study quality was evaluated using a tool designed for assessing studies on built environment and physical activity. RESULTS Eighty-four articles from 50 studies in 13 countries with a total of 2546 built environment-physical activity associations were included. Design (connectivity, walking/cycling infrastructure), desirability (aesthetics, safety), and destination accessibility were the built environment characteristics most frequently associated with physical activity across the domains active transport, recreational physical activity, total walking and cycling, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, particularly if multiple attributes were present at the same time. Very few studies assessed built environment attributes specifically relevant to physical activity in (sub)tropical climates. Most studies were conducted in Western countries, with results being largely comparable with non-Western countries. Findings were largely generalizable across gender and age groups. Results from natural experiments indicated that relocating to an activity-friendly neighborhood impacted sub-groups differently. CONCLUSIONS Built environment attributes, including destination accessibility, connectivity, walking and cycling infrastructure, safety, and aesthetics, are positively associated with physical activity in locations with (sub)tropical climate. However, few studies focus on built environment attributes specifically relevant in a hot climate, such as shade or indoor recreation options. Further, there is limited evidence from non-Western countries, where most of the urban population lives in (sub)tropical climates. Policy makers should focus on implementing activity-friendly environment attributes to create sustainable and climate-resilient cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nigg
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, Bern, 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Shaima A Alothman
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, PO Box 47330, Riyadh, 11552, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F Alghannam
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, PO Box 47330, Riyadh, 11552, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 39, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Reem AlAhmed
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department (BESC), King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem F Alsukait
- Community Health Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 145111, Riyadh, 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Severin Rakic
- The World Bank, 1818 H Street N.W, Washington, DC, 20433, USA
| | | | - Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, PO Box 47330, Riyadh, 11552, Saudi Arabia
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Jordan, King Abdullah II St, Amman, Jordan
| | - Saleh A Alqahtani
- Liver Transplant Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, 11564, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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2
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Beenackers MA, Kruize H, Barsties L, Acda A, Bakker I, Droomers M, Kamphuis CBM, Koomen E, Nijkamp JE, Vaandrager L, Völker B, Luijben G, Ruijsbroek A. Urban densification in the Netherlands and its impact on mental health: An expert-based causal loop diagram. Health Place 2024; 87:103218. [PMID: 38564990 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Urban densification is a key strategy to accommodate rapid urban population growth, but emerging evidence suggests serious risks of urban densification for individuals' mental health. To better understand the complex pathways from urban densification to mental health, we integrated interdisciplinary expert knowledge in a causal loop diagram via group model building techniques. Six subsystems were identified: five subsystems describing mechanisms on how changes in the urban system caused by urban densification may impact mental health, and one showing how changes in mental health may alter urban densification. The new insights can help to develop resilient, healthier cities for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle A Beenackers
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hanneke Kruize
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Lisa Barsties
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Annelies Acda
- Annelies Acda Advies - public health, policy and the built environment, Bussum, the Netherlands.
| | - Ingrid Bakker
- Department of Urban Innovation, Research Centre of Social Innovations Flevoland, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Almere, the Netherlands.
| | - Mariël Droomers
- Department of Public Health, City of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Carlijn B M Kamphuis
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Eric Koomen
- Department of Spatial Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeannette E Nijkamp
- Department of Healthy Cities, Research Centre for Built Environment NoorderRuimte, Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lenneke Vaandrager
- Health and Society, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Beate Völker
- Department Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Centre for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Guus Luijben
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Annemarie Ruijsbroek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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3
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Saucy A, Ortega N, Tonne C. Residential relocation to assess impact of changes in the living environment on cardio-respiratory health: A narrative literature review with considerations for exposome research. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117890. [PMID: 38081343 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Residential relocation studies have become increasingly valuable tools for evaluating the effects of changing living environments on human health, but little is known about their application to multiple aspects of the living environment and the most appropriate methodology. This narrative review explores the utility of residential relocation as a natural experiment for studying the impact of changing urban exposures on cardio-metabolic health in high-income settings. It provides a comprehensive overview of the use of residential relocation studies, evaluates their methodological approaches, and synthesizes findings related to health behaviors and cardio-metabolic outcomes. Our search identified 43 relevant studies published between January 1995 and February 2023, from eight countries, predominantly the USA, Canada, and Australia. The majority of eligible studies were published between 2012 and 2021 and examined changes in various domains of the living environment, such as walkability, the built and social environments, but rarely combinations of exposures. Included studies displayed heterogeneity in design and outcomes, 25 involving only movers and 18 considering both movers and non-movers. To mitigate the issue of residential self-selection bias, most studies employed a "change-in-change" design and adjusted for baseline covariates but only a fraction of them accounted for time-varying confounding. Relocation causes simultaneous changes in various features of the living environment, which presents an opportunity for exposome research to establish causal relationships, using large datasets with increased statistical power and a wide range of health outcomes, behaviors and biomarkers. Residential relocation is not a random process. Thus, studies focusing on living environment characteristics need to carefully select time-varying covariates and reference group. Overall, this review informs future research by guiding choices in study design, data requirements, and statistical methodologies. Ultimately, it contributes to the advancement of the urban exposome field and enhances our understanding of the complex relationship between urban environments and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Saucy
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Natalia Ortega
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Cathryn Tonne
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.
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Naseri M, Delbosc A, Kamruzzaman L. The role of neighbourhood design in cycling activity during COVID-19: An exploration of the Melbourne experience. JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY 2023; 106:103510. [PMID: 36531519 PMCID: PMC9742218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2022.103510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 restrictions imposed significant changes on human mobility patterns, with some studies finding significant increases or decreases in cycling. However, to date there is little understanding on how the neighbourhood-level built environment influenced cycling behaviour during the COVID-19 restrictions. As different neighbourhood have different built environment characteristics, it is possible that cycling trends varied across different built environment settings. We aimed to answer this question by examining recreational cycling during different stages of lockdown in Melbourne, Australia. We compared self-reported recreational cycling frequency (weekly) data from 1344 respondents between pre-COVID and two different stages in lockdown. We tested whether the built environment of their residential neighbourhood and different sociodemographic characteristics influenced leisure cycling rates and whether the effect of these factors varied between different stages of COVID-19 restriction. We found that cycling declined significantly during the two stages of COVID-19 lockdown. Cycling infrastructure density and connectivity are two built environment factors that had a significant effect on limiting the decline in leisure cycling during the pandemic. Furthermore, men and younger people had higher cycling rates in comparison to other groups, suggesting that restrictions on indoor activities and travel limits were not enough to encourage women or older people to cycle more during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Naseri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexa Delbosc
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liton Kamruzzaman
- Monash Art Design and Architecture, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Zhong J, Liu W, Niu B, Lin X, Deng Y. Role of Built Environments on Physical Activity and Health Promotion: A Review and Policy Insights. Front Public Health 2022; 10:950348. [PMID: 35910910 PMCID: PMC9326484 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.950348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As urbanization and motorization continue worldwide, various health issues have emerged as a burden between individuals, families and governments at all levels. Under the prevalence of chronic disease, this review synthesizes research on the impact of the various built environments on the multiple health outcomes from a methodological and mechanistic perspective. Besides, it attempts to provide useful planning and policy implications to promote physical activity and health benefits. The finds show that: (1) Current literature has used a variety of dataset, methods, and models to examine the built environment-health benefit connections from the perspective of physical activity; (2) The prevalence of chronic diseases is inextricably linked to the built environment, and policy interventions related to physical activity and physical and mental wellbeing of urban residents should be emphasized; (3) The impact of the built environment on health is manifested in the way various elements of the physical environment guide the lifestyle of residents, thereby influencing physical activity and travel; (4) Given the changes that have occurred in the built environment during the current urban expansion, the link between urban planning and the public health sector should be strengthened in the future, and the relevant authorities should actively pursue policies that promote urban public health in order to improve the health of residents. Finally, it proposes potential policy insights for urban planning and development toward a healthier city and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhong
- Department of Geography and Spatial Information Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research at Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Department of Geography and Spatial Information Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Buqing Niu
- Department of Geography and Spatial Information Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research at Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiongbin Lin
- Department of Geography and Spatial Information Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Land and Marine Spatial Utilization and Governance Research at Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yanhua Deng
- Zhiweibing Center, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningbo, China
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6
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Exploring Associations between Multimodality and Built Environment Characteristics in the U.S. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated associations between multimodality and built environment characteristics, and proposed policy implications for fostering multimodal travel behaviors. It conducted a U.S. nationwide analysis using ordinary least square regression and gradient boosting decision tree regressor models with American Community Survey 2015–2019 5-year estimates and the United States Environmental Protection Agency Smart Location Database version 3.0. Notable findings were as follows: First, built environment characteristics were found to be statistically significant predictors of multimodality across the U.S. Second, certain features were identified as having considerable importance, specifically including population density, regional accessibility, walkability index, and network density, all of which should be given particular attention by transportation and land-use planners. Third, the non-linear effects of built environment characteristics on multimodality suggested an effective range to encourage multimodal transportation choice behaviors in various situations. The findings can guide the development of effective strategies to transform the built environment, which may subsequently be used to minimize reliance on automobiles and promote people to travel more sustainably.
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7
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Chandrabose M, Owen N, Hadgraft N, Giles-Corti B, Sugiyama T. Urban Densification and Physical Activity Change: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study of Australian Adults. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:2116-2123. [PMID: 33984858 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanization, a major force driving changes in neighborhood environments, may affect residents' health by influencing their daily activity levels. We examined associations of population density changes in urban areas with adults' physical activity changes over 12 years using data from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (1999-2012). The analytical sample contained 2,354 participants who remained at the same residential address throughout the study period in metropolitan cities and regional cities (42 study areas). Census-based population density measures were calculated for 1-km-radius buffers around their homes. Population density change was estimated using linear growth models. Two-level linear regression models were used to assess associations between changes in population density and changes in self-reported walking and physical activity durations. The average change in population density was 0.8% per year (range, -4.1 to 7.8) relative to baseline density. After adjustment for confounders, each 1% annual increase in population density was associated with 8.5-minutes/week (95% confidence interval: 0.6, 16.4) and 19.0-minutes/week (95% confidence interval: 3.7, 34.4) increases in walking and physical activity, respectively, over the 12-year study period. Increasing population density through urban planning policies of accommodating population growth within the existing urban boundary, rather than expanding city boundaries, could assist in promoting physical activity at the population level.
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8
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Wang J, Yang Y, Peng J, Yang L, Gou Z, Lu Y. Moderation effect of urban density on changes in physical activity during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2021; 72:103058. [PMID: 34840936 PMCID: PMC8609296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Various social distancing measures were carried out in many cities worldwide during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (COVID-19). These measures have led to decreased physical activity levels and higher health risks among urban populations. Strong evidence has been established that built environment characteristics can stimulate physical activity and thus improve public health during non-pandemic periods. Urban density was arguably one of the most important built environment characteristics. However, little is known about whether high urban density amplifies or attenuates the decline in physical activity during the pandemic. Based on two-wave physical activity data collected before and during the pandemic (in January and May 2020, respectively), we used moderation analysis to compare the changes in physical activity levels between people living in low- and high-density neighborhoods. Our results showed that people living in low-density areas have a smaller decrease in physical activity conducted in neighborhood, compared to those living in high-density areas. Our findings suggest that a flexible and porous urban development strategy could enhance the resilience of a city during the coronavirus pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yiyang Yang
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jiandong Peng
- School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linchuan Yang
- Department of Urban and Rural Planning, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonghua Gou
- School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Noordzij JM, Beenackers MA, Groeniger JO, Timmermans EJ, Motoc I, Huisman M, van Lenthe FJ. Land use mix and physical activity in middle-aged and older adults: a longitudinal study examining changes in land use mix in two Dutch cohorts. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:29. [PMID: 33588882 PMCID: PMC7885364 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With urbanization and aging increasing in coming decades, societies face the challenge of keeping aging populations active. Land use mix (LUM) has been associated with cycling and walking, but whether changes in LUM relate to changes in cycling/walking is less known. Objectives Our objective was to study the effect of LUM on cycling/walking in two Dutch aging cohorts using data with 10 years of follow-up. Methods Data from 1183 respondents from the Health and Living Conditions of the Population of Eindhoven and Surroundings (GLOBE) study and 918 respondents from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) were linked to LUM in 1000-m sausage network buffers at three time-points. Cycling/walking outcomes were harmonized to include average minutes spent cycling/walking per week. Data was pooled and limited to respondents that did not relocate between follow-up waves. Associations between LUM and cycling/walking were estimated using a Random Effects Within-Between (REWB) model that allows for the estimation of both within and between effects. Sensitivity analyses were performed on smaller (500-m) and larger (1600-m) buffers. Results We found evidence of between-individual associations of LUM in 1000-m buffers and walking (β: 11.10, 95% CI: 0.08; 21.12), but no evidence of within-associations in 1000-m buffers. Sensitivity analyses using 500-m buffers showed similar between-associations, but negative within-associations (β: -35.67, 95% CI: − 68.85; − 2.49). We did not find evidence of between-individual associations of LUM in any buffer size and cycling, but did find evidence of negative within-associations between LUM in 1600-m buffers and cycling (β: -7.49, 95% CI: − 14.31; − 0.66). Discussion Our study found evidence of positive associations between LUM and average walking time, but also some evidence of negative associations between a change in LUM and cycling/walking. LUM appears to be related to cycling/walking, but the effect of changes in LUM on cycling/walking is unclear. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01083-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Noordzij
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, P. O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands.
| | - M A Beenackers
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, P. O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - J Oude Groeniger
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, P. O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E J Timmermans
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Motoc
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Huisman
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F J van Lenthe
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, P. O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Xie B, Lu Y, Wu L, An Z. Dose-response effect of a large-scale greenway intervention on physical activities: The first natural experimental study in China. Health Place 2021; 67:102502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
The transportation sector accounts for about a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions. Previous research suggests that major life events may be “windows of opportunity” for travel behaviour change. Our scoping review examined the effects of seven events (transitions to secondary school, post-secondary studies, labour market, marriage, parenthood, retirement, and relocation) on travel behaviours. Five databases were searched (MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, SportDISCUS, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses) and 80 articles met inclusion criteria. Relocation was the most commonly examined event (with 51 studies). Findings illustrate that moving to compact neighbourhoods (with shorter commute distance/travel time, greater walkability/access to destinations) was associated with shifts towards sustainable travel modes (e.g., walking, cycling, and transit). Relocation might be particularly conducive to implementing scalable sustainable transportation interventions, as all six interventions with appropriate statistical power were effective. Entry into the labour market was generally associated with increased car use and declines in sustainable transportation. Qualitative studies suggested that attitudes towards cycling may become negative during adolescence, while attitudes towards driving improve, highlighting a need for concerted action. Evidence for other events was less consistent. Research in developing countries remain scarce and further intervention research is needed to enhance quality of evidence.
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Abstract
Background. The salutogenicity of urban environments is significantly affected by their ergonomics, i.e., by the quality of the interactions between citizens and the elements of the built environment. Measuring and modelling urban ergonomics is thus a key issue to provide urban policy makers with planning solutions to increase the well-being, usability and safety of the urban environment. However, this is a difficult task due to the complexity of the interrelations between the urban environment and human activities. The paper contributes to the definition of a generalized model of urban ergonomics and salutogenicity, focusing on walkability, by discussing the relevant parameters from the large and variegated sets proposed in the literature, by discussing the emerging model structure from a data mining process, by considering the background of the relevant functional dependency already established in the literature, and by providing evidence of the solutions’ effectiveness. The methodology is developed for a case study in central Italy, with a focus on the mobility issue, which is a catalyst to generate more salutogenic and sustainable behaviors.
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Owen CG, Limb ES, Nightingale CM, Rudnicka AR, Ram B, Shankar A, Cummins S, Lewis D, Clary C, Cooper AR, Page AS, Procter D, Ellaway A, Giles-Corti B, Whincup PH, Cook DG. Active design of built environments for increasing levels of physical activity in adults: the ENABLE London natural experiment study. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3310/phr08120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Low physical activity is widespread and poses a serious public health challenge both globally and in the UK. The need to increase population levels of physical activity is recognised in current health policy recommendations. There is considerable interest in whether or not the built environment influences health behaviours, particularly physical activity levels, but longitudinal evidence is limited.
Objectives
The effect of moving into East Village (the former London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Athletes’ Village, repurposed on active design principles) on the levels of physical activity and adiposity, as well as other health-related and well-being outcomes among adults, was examined.
Design
The Examining Neighbourhood Activities in Built Environments in London (ENABLE London) study was a longitudinal cohort study based on a natural experiment.
Setting
East Village, London, UK.
Participants
A cohort of 1278 adults (aged ≥ 16 years) and 219 children seeking to move into social, intermediate and market-rent East Village accommodation were recruited in 2013–15 and followed up after 2 years.
Intervention
The East Village neighbourhood, the former London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Athletes’ Village, is a purpose-built, mixed-use residential development specifically designed to encourage healthy active living by improving walkability and access to public transport.
Main outcome measure
Change in objectively measured daily steps from baseline to follow-up.
Methods
Change in environmental exposures associated with physical activity was assessed using Geographic Information System-derived measures. Individual objective measures of physical activity using accelerometry, body mass index and bioelectrical impedance (per cent of fat mass) were obtained, as were perceptions of change in crime and quality of the built environment. We examined changes in levels of physical activity and adiposity using multilevel models adjusting for sex, age group, ethnic group, housing sector (fixed effects) and baseline household (random effect), comparing the change in those who moved to East Village (intervention group) with the change in those who did not move to East Village (control group). Effects of housing sector (i.e. social, intermediate/affordable, market-rent) as an effect modifier were also examined. Qualitative work was carried out to provide contextual information about the perceived effects of moving to East Village.
Results
A total of 877 adults (69%) were followed up after 2 years (mean 24 months, range 19–34 months, postponed from 1 year owing to the delayed opening of East Village), of whom 50% had moved to East Village; insufficient numbers of children moved to East Village to be considered further. In adults, moving to East Village was associated with only a small, non-significant, increase in mean daily steps (154 steps, 95% confidence interval –231 to 539 steps), more so in the intermediate sector (433 steps, 95% confidence interval –175 to 1042 steps) than in the social and market-rent sectors (although differences between housing sectors were not statistically significant), despite sizeable improvements in walkability, access to public transport and neighbourhood perceptions of crime and quality of the built environment. There were no appreciable effects on time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity or sedentary time, body mass index or percentage fat mass, either overall or by housing sector. Qualitative findings indicated that, although participants enjoyed their new homes, certain design features might actually serve to reduce levels of activity.
Conclusions
Despite strong evidence of large positive changes in neighbourhood perceptions and walkability, there was only weak evidence that moving to East Village was associated with increased physical activity. There was no evidence of an effect on markers of adiposity. Hence, improving the physical activity environment on its own may not be sufficient to increase population physical activity or other health behaviours.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 8, No. 12. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. This research was also supported by project grants from the Medical Research Council National Prevention Research Initiative (MR/J000345/1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Owen
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Limb
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire M Nightingale
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alicja R Rudnicka
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Bina Ram
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Aparna Shankar
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Steven Cummins
- Population Health Innovation Lab, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Daniel Lewis
- Population Health Innovation Lab, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christelle Clary
- Population Health Innovation Lab, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ashley R Cooper
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angie S Page
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Duncan Procter
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anne Ellaway
- Medical Research Council and Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Billie Giles-Corti
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Healthy Liveable Communities, Centre for Urban Research, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter H Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Derek G Cook
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, UK
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Clary C, Lewis D, Limb E, Nightingale CM, Ram B, Page AS, Cooper AR, Ellaway A, Giles-Corti B, Whincup PH, Rudnicka AR, Cook DG, Owen CG, Cummins S. Longitudinal impact of changes in the residential built environment on physical activity: findings from the ENABLE London cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:96. [PMID: 32738916 PMCID: PMC7395376 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has reported associations between features of the residential built environment and physical activity but these studies have mainly been cross-sectional, limiting inference. This paper examines whether changes in a range of residential built environment features are associated with changes in measures of physical activity in adults. It also explores whether observed effects are moderated by socio-economic status. METHODS Data from the Examining Neighbourhood Activity in Built Living Environments in London (ENABLE London) study were used. A cohort of 1278 adults seeking to move into social, intermediate, and market-rent East Village accommodation was recruited in 2013-2015, and followed up after 2 years. Accelerometer-derived steps (primary outcome), and GIS-derived measures of residential walkability, park proximity and public transport accessibility were obtained both at baseline and follow-up. Daily steps at follow-up were regressed on daily steps at baseline, change in built environment exposures and confounding variables using multilevel linear regression to assess if changes in neighbourhood walkability, park proximity and public transport accessibility were associated with changes in daily steps. We also explored whether observed effects were moderated by housing tenure as a marker of socio-economic status. RESULTS Between baseline and follow-up, participants experienced a 1.4 unit (95%CI 1.2,1.6) increase in neighbourhood walkability; a 270 m (95%CI 232,307) decrease in distance to their nearest park; and a 0.7 point (95% CI 0.6,0.9) increase in accessibility to public transport. A 1 s.d. increase in neighbourhood walkability was associated with an increase of 302 (95%CI 110,494) daily steps. A 1 s.d. increase in accessibility to public transport was not associated with any change in steps overall, but was associated with a decrease in daily steps amongst social housing seekers (- 295 steps (95%CI - 595, 3), and an increase in daily steps for market-rent housing seekers (410 95%CI -191, 1010) (P-value for effect modification = 0.03). CONCLUSION Targeted changes in the residential built environment may result in increases in physical activity levels. However, the effect of improved accessibility to public transport may not be equitable, showing greater benefit to the more advantaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Clary
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Daniel Lewis
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Limb
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire M Nightingale
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Bina Ram
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Angie S Page
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ashley R Cooper
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anne Ellaway
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Billie Giles-Corti
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Healthy Liveable Communities, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter H Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alicja R Rudnicka
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Derek G Cook
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher G Owen
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Steven Cummins
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Hooper P, Foster S, Bull F, Knuiman M, Christian H, Timperio A, Wood L, Trapp G, Boruff B, Francis J, Strange C, Badland H, Gunn L, Falconer R, Learnihan V, McCormack G, Sugiyama T, Giles-Corti B. Living liveable? RESIDE's evaluation of the "Liveable Neighborhoods" planning policy on the health supportive behaviors and wellbeing of residents in Perth, Western Australia. SSM Popul Health 2020; 10:100538. [PMID: 32072006 PMCID: PMC7016024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The RESIDential Environments (RESIDE) project is a unique longitudinal natural experiment designed to evaluate the health impacts of the "Liveable Neighbourhoods" planning policy, which was introduced by the Western Australian government to create more walkable suburbs. OBJECTIVES To summarize the RESIDE evidence of the impact of the planning policy on a range of health-supportive behaviours and wellbeing outcomes and to assess the consistency and direction of the estimates of associations. METHODS An audit of 26 RESIDE research papers (from 2003 to 2012) identified the number of positive associations (statistically significant and consistent with policy expectations), negative associations (statistically significant and inconsistent with policy expectations), and null findings from multiple-exposure models between objective and perceived measures of 20 policy design requirements and 13 health-supportive behaviors and wellbeing outcomes. RESULTS In total 332 eligible estimates of associations (n = 257 objective measures and n = 75 perceived measures) were identified. Positively significant findings were detected for: 57% of walking estimates with objectively measured policy design features (negative = 3%; null = 40%) (n = 115) and 54% perceived measures (negative = 0%; null = 33%) (n = 27); 42% of sense of community estimates with objectively measured of policy design features (negative = 8%; null = 50%) (n = 12) and 61% perceived measures (negative = 8%; null = 31%) (n = 13); 39% of safety or crime-related estimates with objectively measured of policy design features (negative = 22%; null = 39%) (n = 28) and 100% perceived measures (n = 7). All (n = 4) estimates for mental health outcomes with objectively measured policy-related design features were positively significant. CONCLUSIONS The synthesis of findings suggests that new suburban communities built in accordance with the "Liveable Neighbourhoods" policy have the potential to encourage health supportive behaviors and wellbeing outcomes including transport and recreation walking, and to create neighborhoods with a stronger sense of community where residents may feel safer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Hooper
- Australian Urban Design Research Centre, School of Design, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Sarah Foster
- Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Fiona Bull
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Knuiman
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Hayley Christian
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lisa Wood
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gina Trapp
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Bryan Boruff
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jacinta Francis
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Cecily Strange
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Hannah Badland
- Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucy Gunn
- Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Vincent Learnihan
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gavin McCormack
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, NW Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Takemi Sugiyama
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Billie Giles-Corti
- Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Changes in perceptions of urban green space are related to changes in psychological well-being: Cross-sectional and longitudinal study of mid-aged urban residents. Health Place 2019; 59:102201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Impact of the Built Environment and Bicycling Psychological Factors on the Acceptable Bicycling Distance of Rural Residents. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11164404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to understand bicycling behavior in China’s rural areas is critical in constructing an improved, sustainable, countryside amid the rapid urbanization in the country. This study analyzes the influence of individual bicycling psychology, objective, and perceived built environment on the acceptable bicycling distance of rural residents. This research is conducted by controlling for the socio-demographic characteristics of the residents on the bases of a face-to-face questionnaire survey and an on-site measurement. Exploratory factor analysis shows three attitudinal common factors on bicycling infrastructure, namely, bicycling ancillary facilities, bicycle lane conditions, and safety, and two bicycling motivation factors, namely, convenience and other motivations. Multiple linear regression was estimated and results of the models were consistent. Individual bicycling psychology and built environment factors significantly influence the acceptable bicycling distance of rural residents. The socio-demographic variables insignificantly influence the acceptable bicycling distance, which is inconsistent with the existing literature. The research results provide a broad empirical base for the complex relationships among individual bicycling psychological factors, objective and perceived built environment, and bicycling behavior. This study presents the first research on bicycling in Chinese rural areas and provides guidance for the development of effective countermeasures in constructing ecovillages.
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Nightingale CM, Limb ES, Ram B, Shankar A, Clary C, Lewis D, Cummins S, Procter D, Cooper AR, Page AS, Ellaway A, Giles-Corti B, Whincup PH, Rudnicka AR, Cook DG, Owen CG. The effect of moving to East Village, the former London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Athletes' Village, on physical activity and adiposity (ENABLE London): a cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2019; 4:e421-e430. [PMID: 31345752 PMCID: PMC6669308 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The built environment can affect health behaviours, but longitudinal evidence is limited. We aimed to examine the effect of moving into East Village, the former London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Athletes' Village that was repurposed on active design principles, on adult physical activity and adiposity. METHODS In this cohort study, we recruited adults seeking new accommodation in East Village and compared physical activity and built environment measures with these data in control participants who had not moved to East Village. At baseline and after 2 years, we objectively measured physical activity with accelerometry and adiposity with body-mass index and bioimpedance, and we assessed objective measures of and participants' perceptions of change in their built environment. We examined the change in physical activity and adiposity between the East Village and control groups, after adjusting for sex, age group, ethnicity, housing tenure, and household (as a random effect). FINDINGS We recruited participants for baseline assessment between Jan 24, 2013, and Jan 7, 2016, and we followed up the cohort after 2 years, between Feb 24, 2015, and Oct 24, 2017. At baseline, 1819 households (one adult per household) consented to initial contact by the study team. 1278 adults (16 years and older) from 1006 (55%) households participated at baseline; of these participants, 877 (69%) adults from 710 (71%) households were assessed after 2 years, of whom 441 (50%) participants from 343 (48%) households had moved to East Village. We found no effect associated with moving to East Village on daily steps, the time spent doing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (either in total or in 10-min bouts or more), daily sedentary time, body-mass index, or fat mass percentage between participants who had moved to East Village and those in the control group, despite sizeable improvements in walkability and neighbourhood perceptions of crime and quality among the East Village group relative to their original neighbourhood at baseline. INTERPRETATION Despite large improvements in neighbourhood perceptions and walkability, we found no clear evidence that moving to East Village was associated with increased physical activity. Improving the built environment on its own might be insufficient to increase physical activity. FUNDING National Institute for Health Research and National Prevention Research Initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Nightingale
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Limb
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Bina Ram
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Aparna Shankar
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Christelle Clary
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Daniel Lewis
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Steven Cummins
- Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Duncan Procter
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences and National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition Theme), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ashley R Cooper
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences and National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition Theme), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Angie S Page
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences and National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition Theme), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anne Ellaway
- Medical Research Council/Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Billie Giles-Corti
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Healthy Liveable Communities, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter H Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alicja R Rudnicka
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Derek G Cook
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Christopher G Owen
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK.
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Hooper P, Foster S, Giles-Corti B. A Case Study of a Natural Experiment Bridging the 'Research into Policy' and 'Evidence-Based Policy' Gap for Active-Living Science. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142448. [PMID: 31295823 PMCID: PMC6678749 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The translation of research into tangible health benefits via changes to urban planning policy and practice is a key intended outcome of academic active-living research endeavours. Conversely, policy-makers and planners identify the need for policy-specific evidence to ensure policy decisions and practices are informed and validated by rigorously established evidence. In practice, however, these two aspirations rarely meet and a research-translation gap remains. The RESIDE project is a unique longitudinal natural experiment designed to evaluate the health impacts of the ‘Liveable Neighbourhoods’ planning policy, which was introduced by the Western Australian Government to create more walkable suburbs. This commentary provides an overview and discussion of the policy-specific study methodologies undertaken to quantitatively assess the implementation of the policy and assess its active living and health impacts. It outlines the key research-translation successes and impact of the findings on the Liveable Neighbourhoods policy and discusses lessons learnt from the RESIDE project to inform future natural experiments of policy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Hooper
- Australian Urban Design Research Centre, School of Design, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Sarah Foster
- Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia
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A Mixed Methods Study on the Barriers and Facilitators of Physical Activity Associated with Residential Relocation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:1094812. [PMID: 30515227 PMCID: PMC6236931 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1094812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence suggesting that neighbourhood characteristics are associated with physical activity, very few mixed methods studies investigate how relocating neighbourhood, and subsequent changes in the built environment, influences physical activity. This sequential mixed methods study estimates associations between changes in overall physical activity and transportation walking and cycling and changes in objectively assessed neighbourhood walkability (quantitative phase) and describes perceived barriers and facilitators to physical activity following residential relocation (qualitative phase). During the quantitative phase, self-reported changes in transportation walking, transportation cycling, and overall physical activity following residential relocation were measured using a 5-point scale: (1) a lot less now, (2) a little less now, (3) about the same, (4) a little more now, and (5) a lot more now. Walkability improvers reported a slight increase in transportation walking (mean = 3.29, standard deviation (SD) = 0.87), while walkability decliners reported little or no perceived change in their transportation walking after relocation (mean = 2.96, SD = 1.12). This difference approached statistical significance (p=0.053). Furthermore, walkability decliners reported a slight decrease in transportation cycling (mean = 2.69, SD = 0.96), while walkability improvers reported little or no perceived change in their transportation cycling after relocation (mean = 3.02, SD = 0.84). This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Change in walkability resulting from relocation was not significantly associated with perceived change in overall physical activity. Our qualitative findings suggest that moving to a neighbourhood with safe paths connecting to nearby destinations can facilitate transportation walking and cycling. Some participants describe adjusting their leisure physical activity to compensate for changes in transportation walking and cycling. Strong contributors to neighbourhood leisure physical activity included the presence of aesthetic features and availability of recreational opportunities that allow for the creation of social connections with community and family.
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21
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Porter AK, Kohl HW, Pérez A, Reininger B, Pettee Gabriel K, Salvo D. Perceived Social and Built Environment Correlates of Transportation and Recreation-Only Bicycling Among Adults. Prev Chronic Dis 2018; 15:E135. [PMID: 30412692 PMCID: PMC6266427 DOI: 10.5888/pcd15.180060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research on perceptions of environmental factors in relation to transportation and recreation bicycling is limited in the United States. We explored the association between perceived social and built environment factors with total, transportation, and recreation bicycling in a sample of adult bicyclists in Austin, Texas, and Birmingham, Alabama. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived social and built environment factors and domain-specific bicycling in a sample of adult bicyclists. Methods Adults aged 18 to 65 who rode a bicycle at least once in the past year completed an internet-based survey that was developed for this study to specifically assess correlates of bicycling; the study was conducted from October 2016 through January 2017. Perceived environmental factors assessed were residential density, traffic safety, destination, connectivity, safety from crime, aesthetics, and bicycle infrastructure. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of each perceived environmental factor (tertile 1, lowest; tertile 3, highest) with recreation-only and transportation bicycling. Effect modification of the relation between environmental factors and bicycling outcomes by sex was also examined. Results The final analytic sample size was 801 participants. All environmental factors examined, including residential density, traffic safety, destinations, connectivity, aesthetics, bicycle infrastructure, and safety from crime showed significantly direct associations with transportation bicycling. Traffic safety, destinations, aesthetics, and bicycle infrastructure showed significant direct and inverse associations with recreation-only bicycling. Effect modification by sex was identified with residential density; a significant direct association with recreation-only bicycling was seen among women. Conclusion These findings illustrate that bicycling for transportation is associated with different perceived environmental factors than is recreation-only bicycling, with some significant modification by sex. Comprehensive tools that assess the perceived environment for bikeability in the United States are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Porter
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas. Dr. Porter is now with the Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, 123 W Franklin St, Building C, Ste 410, Chapel Hill, NC 27516.
| | - Harold W Kohl
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin College of Education, Austin, Texas
| | - Adriana Pérez
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Belinda Reininger
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Brownsville, Brownsville, Texas
| | - Kelley Pettee Gabriel
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas, and The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Department of Women's Health, Austin, Texas
| | - Deborah Salvo
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, Texas, and Center for Nutrition and Health Science Research, National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Dr Salvo is now with the Brown School, Prevention Research Center in St Louis, and Center for Diabetes Translation Research, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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Ding D, Nguyen B, Learnihan V, Bauman AE, Davey R, Jalaludin B, Gebel K. Moving to an active lifestyle? A systematic review of the effects of residential relocation on walking, physical activity and travel behaviour. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52:789-799. [PMID: 29858466 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesise the literature on the effects of neighbourhood environmental change through residential relocation on physical activity, walking and travel behaviour. DESIGN Systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PROSPERO registration number CRD42017077681). DATA SOURCES Electronic databases for peer-reviewed and grey literature were systematically searched to March 2017, followed by forward and backward citation tracking. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA A study was eligible for inclusion if it (1) measured changes in neighbourhood built environment attributes as a result of residential relocation (either prospectively or retrospectively); (2) included a measure of physical activity, walking, cycling or travel modal change as an outcome; (3) was quantitative and (4) included an English abstract or summary. RESULTS A total of 23 studies was included in the review. Among the eight retrospective longitudinal studies, there was good evidence for the relationship between relocation and walking (consistency score (CS)>90%). For the 15 prospective longitudinal studies, the evidence for the effects of environmental change/relocation on physical activity or walking was weak to moderate (CS mostly <45%), even weaker for effects on other outcomes, including physical activity, cycling, public transport use and driving. Results from risk of bias analyses support the robustness of the findings. CONCLUSION The results are encouraging for the retrospective longitudinal relocation studies, but weaker evidence exists for the methodologically stronger prospective longitudinal relocation studies. The evidence base is currently limited, and continued longitudinal research should extend the plethora of cross-sectional studies to build higher-quality evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ding
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Binh Nguyen
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vincent Learnihan
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Adrian E Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel Davey
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- Department of Epidemiology, Healthy People and Places Unit, Population Health, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia.,Ingham Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Klaus Gebel
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland, Australia
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Mueller N, Rojas-Rueda D, Salmon M, Martinez D, Ambros A, Brand C, de Nazelle A, Dons E, Gaupp-Berghausen M, Gerike R, Götschi T, Iacorossi F, Int Panis L, Kahlmeier S, Raser E, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Health impact assessment of cycling network expansions in European cities. Prev Med 2018; 109:62-70. [PMID: 29330030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a health impact assessment (HIA) of cycling network expansions in seven European cities. We modeled the association between cycling network length and cycling mode share and estimated health impacts of the expansion of cycling networks. First, we performed a non-linear least square regression to assess the relationship between cycling network length and cycling mode share for 167 European cities. Second, we conducted a quantitative HIA for the seven cities of different scenarios (S) assessing how an expansion of the cycling network [i.e. 10% (S1); 50% (S2); 100% (S3), and all-streets (S4)] would lead to an increase in cycling mode share and estimated mortality impacts thereof. We quantified mortality impacts for changes in physical activity, air pollution and traffic incidents. Third, we conducted a cost-benefit analysis. The cycling network length was associated with a cycling mode share of up to 24.7% in European cities. The all-streets scenario (S4) produced greatest benefits through increases in cycling for London with 1,210 premature deaths (95% CI: 447-1,972) avoidable annually, followed by Rome (433; 95% CI: 170-695), Barcelona (248; 95% CI: 86-410), Vienna (146; 95% CI: 40-252), Zurich (58; 95% CI: 16-100) and Antwerp (7; 95% CI: 3-11). The largest cost-benefit ratios were found for the 10% increase in cycling networks (S1). If all 167 European cities achieved a cycling mode share of 24.7% over 10,000 premature deaths could be avoided annually. In European cities, expansions of cycling networks were associated with increases in cycling and estimated to provide health and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mueller
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Rojas-Rueda
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maëlle Salmon
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Martinez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Ambros
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Brand
- University of Oxford (UOXF), Transport Studies Unit, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey de Nazelle
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evi Dons
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Mailin Gaupp-Berghausen
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Institute for Transport Studies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regine Gerike
- Dresden University of Technology, Chair of Integrated Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Götschi
- Physical Activity and Health Unit, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Luc Int Panis
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sonja Kahlmeier
- Physical Activity and Health Unit, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Raser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Institute for Transport Studies, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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Kondo MC, Fluehr JM, McKeon T, Branas CC. Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E445. [PMID: 29510520 PMCID: PMC5876990 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Over half of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and this proportion is expected to increase. While there have been numerous reviews of empirical studies on the link between nature and human health, very few have focused on the urban context, and most have examined almost exclusively cross-sectional research. This review is a first step toward assessing the possibility of causal relationships between nature and health in urban settings. Methods: Through systematic review of published literature, we explored the association between urban green space and human health. Results: We found consistent negative association between urban green space exposure and mortality, heart rate, and violence, and positive association with attention, mood, and physical activity. Results were mixed, or no association was found, in studies of urban green space exposure and general health, weight status, depression, and stress (via cortisol concentration). The number of studies was too low to generalize about birth outcomes, blood pressure, heart rate variability, cancer, diabetes, or respiratory symptoms. Conclusions: More studies using rigorous study design are needed to make generalizations, and meta-analyses, of these and other health outcomes possible. These findings may assist urban managers, organizations, and communities in their efforts to increase new or preserve existing green space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Kondo
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
| | - Jaime M Fluehr
- Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Thomas McKeon
- Urban Health Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Charles C Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Kärmeniemi M, Lankila T, Ikäheimo T, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Korpelainen R. The Built Environment as a Determinant of Physical Activity: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies and Natural Experiments. Ann Behav Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/abm/kax043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Kärmeniemi
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie, Finland
- Department of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Lankila
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Ikäheimo
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Center for Environment and Respiratory Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heli Koivumaa-Honkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine (Psychiatry), University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Aapistie, Finland
- Department of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Smith M, Hosking J, Woodward A, Witten K, MacMillan A, Field A, Baas P, Mackie H. Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport - an update and new findings on health equity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:158. [PMID: 29145884 PMCID: PMC5693449 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is mounting to suggest a causal relationship between the built environment and people's physical activity behaviours, particularly active transport. The evidence base has been hindered to date by restricted consideration of cost and economic factors associated with built environment interventions, investigation of socioeconomic or ethnic differences in intervention effects, and an inability to isolate the effect of the built environment from other intervention types. The aims of this systematic review were to identify which environmental interventions increase physical activity in residents at the local level, and to build on the evidence base by considering intervention cost, and the differential effects of interventions by ethnicity and socioeconomic status. METHODS A systematic database search was conducted in June 2015. Articles were eligible if they reported a quantitative empirical study (natural experiment or a prospective, retrospective, experimental, or longitudinal research) investigating the relationship between objectively measured built environment feature(s) and physical activity and/or travel behaviours in children or adults. Quality assessment was conducted and data on intervention cost and whether the effect of the built environment differed by ethnicity or socioeconomic status were extracted. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies were included in the review. Findings showed a positive effect of walkability components, provision of quality parks and playgrounds, and installation of or improvements in active transport infrastructure on active transport, physical activity, and visits or use of settings. There was some indication that infrastructure improvements may predominantly benefit socioeconomically advantaged groups. Studies were commonly limited by selection bias and insufficient controlling for confounders. Heterogeneity in study design and reporting limited comparability across studies or any clear conclusions to be made regarding intervention cost. CONCLUSIONS Improving neighbourhood walkability, quality of parks and playgrounds, and providing adequate active transport infrastructure is likely to generate positive impacts on activity in children and adults. The possibility that the benefits of infrastructure improvements may be inequitably distributed requires further investigation. Opportunities to improve the quality of evidence exist, including strategies to improve response rates and representativeness, use of valid and reliable measurement tools, cost-benefit analyses, and adequate controlling for confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Smith
- School of Nursing, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jamie Hosking
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Alistair Woodward
- School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Karen Witten
- SHORE and Whāriki Research Centre, School of Public Health, Massey University, Box 6137, Wellesley Street, Auckland, PO New Zealand
| | - Alexandra MacMillan
- Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, PO 9054 New Zealand
| | - Adrian Field
- Dovetail Consulting Ltd, Box 78-146, Grey Lynn, Auckland, PO 1245 New Zealand
| | - Peter Baas
- Transport Engineering Research New Zealand Limited, Box 11029, Auckland, PO 1542 New Zealand
| | - Hamish Mackie
- Mackie Consulting Limited, Box 106525, Auckland, PO 1143 New Zealand
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Cradock AL, Barrett JL, Chriqui JF, Evenson KR, Goins KV, Gustat J, Heinrich KM, Perry CK, Scanze M, Schmid TL, Tabak RG, Umstattd Meyer MR, Valko C. Driven to Support: Individual- and County-Level Factors Associated With Public Support for Active Transportation Policies. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:657-666. [PMID: 29108441 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117738758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess predictors of stated support for policies promoting physically active transportation. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING US counties selected on county-level physical activity and obesity health status. PARTICIPANTS Participants completing random-digit dialed telephone survey (n = 906). MEASURES Survey measures assessed stated support for 5 policies to promote physically active transportation, access to active transportation facilities, and time spent in a car. County-level estimates included household car dependence and funding for bicycle-pedestrian projects. ANALYSIS Multivariable generalized linear mixed models using binary distribution and logit link, accounting for clustering within county. RESULTS Respondents supported policies for accommodating bicyclists and pedestrians through street improvements (89%), school active transportation programs (75%), employer-funded active commuting incentives (67%), and allocation of public funding (68%) and tax support (56%) for building and maintaining public transit. Residents spending >2 h/d (vs <0.7 hours) in cars were more likely to support street (odds ratio [OR]: 1.87; confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-3.22) and public transit (OR: 1.85; CI: 1.24-2.77) improvements. Residents in counties investing >$1.6 million in bicycle and pedestrian improvements expressed greater support for funding (OR: 1.71; CI: 1.04-2.83) and tax increases (OR: 1.73; CI: 1.08-2.75) for transit improvements compared to those with lower prior investments (<$276 100). CONCLUSION Support for policies to enable active transportation is higher where relevant investments in active transportation infrastructure are large (>$1.6 M), public transit is nearby, and respondents drive >2 h/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie L Cradock
- 1 Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Barrett
- 1 Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jamie F Chriqui
- 2 Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health and the Institute for Health Research & Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- 3 Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karin Valentine Goins
- 4 Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeanette Gustat
- 5 Department of Epidemiology; Prevention Research Center, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Katie M Heinrich
- 6 Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Cynthia K Perry
- 7 Oregon Health & Science University School of Nursing, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michele Scanze
- 8 College of Architecture, Planning and Landscape Architecture, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas L Schmid
- 9 Physical Activity and Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel G Tabak
- 10 Prevention Research Center, Brown School at Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M Renee Umstattd Meyer
- 11 Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Cheryl Valko
- 10 Prevention Research Center, Brown School at Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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McCormack GR, McLaren L, Salvo G, Blackstaffe A. Changes in Objectively-Determined Walkability and Physical Activity in Adults: A Quasi-Longitudinal Residential Relocation Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050551. [PMID: 28531149 PMCID: PMC5452001 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Causal evidence for the built environment’s role in supporting physical activity is needed to inform land use and transportation policies. This quasi-longitudinal residential relocation study compared within-person changes in self-reported transportation walking, transportation cycling, and overall physical activity during the past 12 months among adults who did and did not move to a different neighbourhood. In 2014, a random sample of adults from 12 neighbourhoods (Calgary, AB, Canada) with varying urban form and socioeconomic status provided complete self-administered questionnaire data (n = 915). Participants, some of whom moved neighbourhood during the past 12 months (n = 95), reported their perceived change in transportation walking and cycling, and overall physical activity during that period. The questionnaire also captured residential self-selection, and sociodemographic and health characteristics. Walk Scores® were linked to each participant’s current and previous neighbourhood and three groups identified: walkability “improvers” (n = 48); “decliners” (n = 47), and; “maintainers” (n = 820). Perceived change in physical activity was compared between the three groups using propensity score covariate-adjusted Firth logistic regression (odds ratios: OR). Compared with walkability maintainers, walkability decliners (OR 4.37) and improvers (OR 4.14) were more likely (p < 0.05) to report an increase in their transportation walking since moving neighbourhood, while walkability decliners were also more likely (OR 3.17) to report decreasing their transportation walking since moving. Walkability improvers were more likely than maintainers to increase their transportation cycling since moving neighbourhood (OR 4.22). Temporal changes in neighbourhood walkability resulting from residential relocation appear to be associated with reported temporal changes in transportation walking and cycling in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R McCormack
- Department of Community Health Science, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Lindsay McLaren
- Department of Community Health Science, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Grazia Salvo
- Department of Community Health Science, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Anita Blackstaffe
- Department of Community Health Science, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Garfinkel-Castro A, Kim K, Hamidi S, Ewing R. Obesity and the built environment at different urban scales: examining the literature*. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:51-61. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Correlates of Helmet Use Among Recreation and Transportation Bicyclists. Am J Prev Med 2016; 51:999-1006. [PMID: 27866599 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Helmet use prevents injury and mortality if a bicyclist is in a collision while riding. This cross-sectional study sought to identify domain-specific (recreation versus transportation) correlates of helmet use among U.S. adult bicyclists, using nationally representative data from 2012. METHODS This analysis, conducted in 2015-2016, utilized data from the 2012 National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behaviors, administered for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Bivariate logistic regressions identified sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental correlates of helmet use among U.S. adult bicyclists. Backwards elimination procedures selected final multivariate models for bicyclists' helmet use in both domains. RESULTS Among recreation cyclists, helmet use was significantly associated with income ($30,000-$75,000, OR=1.79, 95% CI=1.04, 3.10; ≥$75,000, OR=2.34, 95% CI=1.38, 3.97), safety training (OR=2.94, 95% CI=1.46, 5.93), not riding at dark (OR=1.92, 95% CI=1.24, 2.98), feeling threatened while riding (OR=2.24, 95% CI=1.12, 4.45), and using bike lanes/paths (OR=2.04, 95% CI=1.42, 2.93). Helmet use among transportation riders was significantly associated with education (less than high school, OR=2.45, 95% CI=1.13, 5.32; post-high school, OR=3.55, 95% CI=1.96, 6.42), income ($30,000-$75,000, OR=2.11, 95% CI=1.17, 3.8; ≥$75,000, OR=2.33, 95% CI=1.26, 4.27), unemployment (OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.11, 0.76), not using electronics while riding (OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.41, 3.75), safety training (OR=3.19, 95% CI=1.44, 7.07), and injury while riding within the past 2 years (OR=2.81, 95% CI=1.14, 6.94). CONCLUSIONS Correlates of helmet use among bicyclists are domain specific. Although confirmatory longitudinal studies are needed, findings suggest that interventions to increase bicyclists' helmet use consider riding domain.
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Braun LM, Rodríguez DA, Evenson KR, Hirsch JA, Moore KA, Diez Roux AV. Walkability and cardiometabolic risk factors: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Health Place 2016; 39:9-17. [PMID: 26922513 PMCID: PMC5015685 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We used data from 3227 older adults in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2004-2012) to explore cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between walkability and cardiometabolic risk factors. In cross-sectional analyses, linear regression was used to estimate associations of Street Smart Walk Score® with glucose, triglycerides, HDL and LDL cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and waist circumference, while logistic regression was used to estimate associations with odds of metabolic syndrome. Econometric fixed effects models were used to estimate longitudinal associations of changes in walkability with changes in each risk factor among participants who moved residential locations between 2004 and 2012 (n=583). Most cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were small and statistically non-significant. We found limited evidence that higher walkability was cross-sectionally associated with lower blood pressure but that increases in walkability were associated with increases in triglycerides and blood pressure over time. Further research over longer time periods is needed to understand the potential for built environment interventions to improve cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Braun
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - Daniel A Rodríguez
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jana A Hirsch
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kari A Moore
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Hirsch JA, Meyer KA, Peterson M, Rodriguez DA, Song Y, Peng K, Huh J, Gordon-Larsen P. Obtaining Longitudinal Built Environment Data Retrospectively across 25 years in Four US Cities. Front Public Health 2016; 4:65. [PMID: 27148512 PMCID: PMC4835448 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neighborhood transportation infrastructure and public recreational facilities are theorized to improve the activity, weight, and cardiometabolic profiles of individuals living in close proximity to these resources. However, owing to data limitations, there has not been adequate study of the influence of timing and placement of new infrastructure on health over time. METHODS This protocol details methods of the four cities study to perform retrospective field audits in order to capitalize on existing longitudinal health data from the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. We developed and verified measures of recreation facilities (trails, parks) and transportation infrastructure (bus, light rail, bicycle parking, bicycle paths) in Birmingham, AL; Chicago, IL; Minneapolis, MN; and Oakland, CA (USA). We identify introductions, renovations, and closures between 1985 and 2010 to develop measures of facility and infrastructure change. Ultimately, these data were linked to CARDIA sites' respondents' geographic locations over the 25-year study period to examine associations with health behaviors and outcomes. RESULTS Data available for retrospective audits was inconsistent by city, primarily due to record-keeping differences. We found large increases in bicycle infrastructure, with the exception of Birmingham, AL, USA. Excluding the addition of a new rail line in Minneapolis, MN, USA, few changes occurred in bus service, rail, and parks. CONCLUSION Our method represents innovation toward the collection of retrospective neighborhood data for use in longitudinal analyses. The data produced give insight into the way neighborhood infrastructure has changed over time and the potential relationship between these changes and health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana A. Hirsch
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katie A. Meyer
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marc Peterson
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel A. Rodriguez
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yan Song
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jun Huh
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Liao Y. Association of Sociodemographic and Perceived Environmental Factors with Public Bicycle Use among Taiwanese Urban Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030340. [PMID: 27007385 PMCID: PMC4809003 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study examined the sociodemographic and perceived environmental factors associated with public bicycle use among Taiwanese urban adults. Methods: A random-digit-dialing telephone-based cross-sectional survey was administered to Taiwanese urban adults aged 20–64 years in 2015. Data on sociodemographic variables, perceived environmental factors (for attributes identified in the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Environmental Module), and public bicycle use were obtained from 1002 adults in three cities. Adjusted logistic regression was used. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, the results showed that adults aged 20–29 years (odds ratio (OR) = 4.42) with a university degree or higher (OR = 2.03) were more likely to use public bicycles. In addition, adults living in Kaohsiung City were less likely to use public bicycles (OR = 0.24). Adults who saw people being active (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.05–2.86) and had positive aesthetic experiences of their environment (OR = 1.69) were more likely to use public bicycles. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that seeing physically active people and positive aesthetic perceptions of the environment are key factors for developing transportation policies and intervention strategies for promoting public bicycle use among Taiwanese urban adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Liao
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162, Heping East Road Section 1, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Kerr J, Emond JA, Badland H, Reis R, Sarmiento O, Carlson J, Sallis JF, Cerin E, Cain K, Conway T, Schofield G, Macfarlane DJ, Christiansen LB, Van Dyck D, Davey R, Aguinaga-Ontoso I, Salvo D, Sugiyama T, Owen N, Mitáš J, Natarajan L. Perceived Neighborhood Environmental Attributes Associated with Walking and Cycling for Transport among Adult Residents of 17 Cities in 12 Countries: The IPEN Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:290-8. [PMID: 26186801 PMCID: PMC4786986 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prevalence of walking and cycling for transport is low and varies greatly across countries. Few studies have examined neighborhood perceptions related to walking and cycling for transport in different countries. Therefore, it is challenging to prioritize appropriate built-environment interventions. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the strength and shape of the relationship between adults' neighborhood perceptions and walking and cycling for transport across diverse environments. METHODS As part of the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) adult project, self-reported data were taken from 13,745 adults (18-65 years) living in physically and socially diverse neighborhoods in 17 cities across 12 countries. Neighborhood perceptions were measured using the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale, and walking and cycling for transport were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Long Form. Generalized additive mixed models were used to model walking or cycling for transport during the last seven days with neighborhood perceptions. Interactions by city were explored. RESULTS Walking-for-transport outcomes were significantly associated with perceived residential density, land use mix-access, street connectivity, aesthetics, and safety. Any cycling for transport was significantly related to perceived land use mix-access, street connectivity, infrastructure, aesthetics, safety, and perceived distance to destinations. Between-city differences existed for some attributes in relation to walking or cycling for transport. CONCLUSIONS Many perceived environmental attributes supported both cycling and walking; however, highly walkable environments may not support cycling for transport. People appear to walk for transport despite safety concerns. These findings can guide the implementation of global health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kerr
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Address correspondence to J. Kerr, Department of Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Telephone: (858) 534-9305. E-mail:
| | - Jennifer A. Emond
- Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Hannah Badland
- McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Reis
- Pontiff Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Olga Sarmiento
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jordan Carlson
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James F. Sallis
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ester Cerin
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Human Performance, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kelli Cain
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Terry Conway
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Grant Schofield
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Lars B. Christiansen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Delfien Van Dyck
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rachel Davey
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Deborah Salvo
- Nutrition and Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health (Austin Regional Campus), Austin, Texas, USA
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Takemi Sugiyama
- School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Neville Owen
- Behavioural Epidemiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josef Mitáš
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Loki Natarajan
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Heesch KC, Giles-Corti B, Turrell G. Cycling for transport and recreation: Associations with the socio-economic, natural and built environment. Health Place 2015; 36:152-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular physical activity (PA) is foundational to human health, yet most people are inactive. A sound understanding of the determinants of PA may be instructive for building interventions and/or identifying critical target groups to promote PA. Most research on PA correlates has been biased by cross-sectional or passive prospective designs that fail to examine within-person analysis of PA change. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to collect and appraise the available literature on the predictors of PA change conceived broadly in terms of increases/decreases from baseline assessment as well as specifically in terms of adoption and maintenance. METHODS Eligible studies were from English, peer-reviewed published articles that examined predictors of natural change of PA over 3 months + using observational (non-experimental) data in adult samples. Searches were performed from June 2012 to January 2014 in eight databases. RESULTS Sixty-seven independent data-sets, from 12 countries, primarily of medium quality/risk of bias, were identified with 26 correlates spanning demographic, behavioral, intra-individual, inter-individual, and environmental categories. Only intention and the onset of motherhood could reliably predict overall PA change. Among datasets configured to predict PA adoption, affective judgments and behavioral processes of change were the only reliable predictors, although both only have a small number of available studies. There were no reliable predictors of maintenance when compared to PA relapse. CONCLUSION The results underscore the importance of individual-level motivation and behavioral regulation in PA change, but also denote critical social variables. These findings, however, are constrained by PA measurement bias and limited studies that employed time-varying covariation between predictor variables and PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Rhodes
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Victoria, STN CSC, PO Box 3015, Victoria, BC, V8W 3P1, Canada,
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Poulos RG, Hatfield J, Rissel C, Flack LK, Murphy S, Grzebieta R, McIntosh AS. Characteristics, cycling patterns, and crash and injury experiences at baseline of a cohort of transport and recreational cyclists in New South Wales, Australia. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 78:155-164. [PMID: 25790974 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines self-reported retrospective data for a 12 month period from 2038 adult cyclists from New South Wales (Australia), and compares cyclists according to whether they self-identify as riding mainly for transport or mainly for recreation. Statistically significant differences were found in the demographic characteristics, cycling patterns, and crash experiences between these two groups of cyclists. Transport cyclists tended to be younger, travel more days per week, and within morning and evening peak hours than recreational cyclists; recreational cyclists were more likely to identify fitness as a purpose for cycling. The proportion of cyclists experiencing a crash or crash-related injury in the previous 12 months was similar for transport and recreational cyclists, but there were differences in crash types and location which likely reflect different cycling environments. Heterogeneity within transport and recreational cyclists was also found, based on self-reported riding intensity. An understanding of the different cycling patterns and experiences of various types of cyclists is useful to inform road safety, transport and health promotion policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Poulos
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - J Hatfield
- Transport and Road Safety Research Australia, Bar University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Rissel
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L K Flack
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Murphy
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Grzebieta
- Transport and Road Safety Research Australia, Bar University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - A S McIntosh
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
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Hirsch JA, Moore KA, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Brines SJ, Zagorski MA, Rodriguez DA, Diez Roux AV. Built environment change and change in BMI and waist circumference: Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2450-7. [PMID: 25136965 PMCID: PMC4224985 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine longitudinal associations of the neighborhood built environment with objectively measured body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in a geographically and racial/ethnically diverse group of adults. METHODS This study used data from 5,506 adult participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, aged 45-84 years in 2000 (baseline). BMI and WC were assessed at baseline and four follow-up visits (median follow-up 9.1 years). Time-varying built environment measures (population density, land-use, destinations, bus access, and street characteristics) were created using Geographic Information Systems. Principal components analysis was used to derive composite scores for three built environment factors. Fixed-effects models, tightly controlling for all time-invariant characteristics, estimated associations between change in the built environment, and change in BMI and WC. RESULTS Increases in the intensity of development (higher density of walking destinations and population density, and lower percent residential) were associated with less pronounced increases or decreases over time in BMI and WC. Changes in connected retail centers (higher percent retail, higher street connectivity) and public transportation (distance to bus) were not associated with changes in BMI or WC. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal changes in the built environment, particularly increased density, are associated with decreases in BMI and WC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana A. Hirsch
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kari A. Moore
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Shannon J. Brines
- Environmental Spatial Analysis Lab, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Daniel A. Rodriguez
- Department of City & Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Hirsch JA, Moore KA, Clarke PJ, Rodriguez DA, Evenson KR, Brines SJ, Zagorski MA, Diez Roux AV. Changes in the built environment and changes in the amount of walking over time: longitudinal results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:799-809. [PMID: 25234431 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of longitudinal research hinders causal inference on the association between the built environment and walking. In the present study, we used data from 6,027 adults in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who were 45-84 years of age at baseline to investigate the association of neighborhood built environment with trends in the amount of walking between 2000 and 2012. Walking for transportation and walking for leisure were assessed at baseline and at 3 follow-up visits (median follow-up = 9.15 years). Time-varying built environment measures (measures of population density, land use, number of destinations, bus access, and street connectivity) were created using geographic information systems. We used linear mixed models to estimate the associations between baseline levels of and a change in each built environment feature and a change in the frequency of walking. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that higher baseline levels of population density, area zoned for retail, social destinations, walking destinations, and street connectivity were associated with greater increases in walking for transportation over time. Higher baseline levels of land zoned for residential use and distance to buses were associated with less pronounced increases (or decreases) in walking for transportation over time. Increases in the number of social destinations, the number of walking destinations, and street connectivity over time were associated with greater increases in walking for transportation. Higher baseline levels of both land zoned for retail and walking destinations were associated with greater increases in leisure walking, but no changes in built environment features were associated with leisure walking. The creation of mixed-use, dense developments may encourage adults to incorporate walking for transportation into their everyday lives.
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Active commuting and perceptions of the route environment: a longitudinal analysis. Prev Med 2014; 67:134-40. [PMID: 25062909 PMCID: PMC4175182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess associations between changes in perceptions of the environment en route to work and changes in active commuting. METHODS 655 commuters in Cambridge, UK reported perceptions of their commuting route and past-week commuting trips in postal questionnaires in 2009 and 2010. Associations between changes in route perceptions and changes in time spent walking and cycling, proportion of car trips, and switching to or from the car on the commute were modelled using multivariable regression. RESULTS Changes in only a few perceptions were associated with changes in travel behaviour. Commuters who reported that it became less pleasant to walk recorded a 6% (95% CI: 1, 11) net increase in car trips and a 12 min/week (95% CI: -1, -24) net decrease in walking. Increases in the perceived danger of cycling or of crossing the road were also associated with increases in car trips. Increases in the perceived convenience of public transport (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 1.27, 8.63) or safety of cycling (OR: 3.70, 95% CI: 1.44, 9.50) were associated with taking up alternatives to the car. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to improve the safety of routes and convenience of public transport may help promote active commuting and should be evaluated.
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Goodman A, Sahlqvist S, Ogilvie D. New walking and cycling routes and increased physical activity: one- and 2-year findings from the UK iConnect Study. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:e38-46. [PMID: 25033133 PMCID: PMC4151955 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effects of providing new high-quality, traffic-free routes for walking and cycling on overall levels of walking, cycling, and physical activity. METHODS 1796 adult residents in 3 UK municipalities completed postal questionnaires at baseline (2010) and 1-year follow-up (2011), after the construction of the new infrastructure. 1465 adults completed questionnaires at baseline and 2-year follow-up (2012). Transport network distance from home to infrastructure defined intervention exposure and provided a basis for controlled comparisons. RESULTS Living nearer the infrastructure did not predict changes in activity levels at 1-year follow-up but did predict increases in activity at 2 years relative to those living farther away (15.3 additional minutes/week walking and cycling per km nearer; 12.5 additional minutes/week of total physical activity). The effects were larger among participants with no car. CONCLUSIONS These new local routes may mainly have displaced walking or cycling trips in the short term but generated new trips in the longer term, particularly among those unable to access more distant destinations by car. These findings support the potential for walking and cycling infrastructure to promote physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goodman
- Anna Goodman, Shannon Sahlqvist, and David Ogilvie are with the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit and the UK Clinical Research Collaboration Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Anna Goodman is also with the Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Shannon Sahlqvist is also with the Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Heesch KC, Giles-Corti B, Turrell G. Cycling for transport and recreation: associations with socio-economic position, environmental perceptions, and psychological disposition. Prev Med 2014; 63:29-35. [PMID: 24625925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interest is growing in promoting utility cycling (i.e., for transport) as a means of incorporating daily physical activity (PA) into people's lives, but little is known about correlates of utility cycling. Our primary aim was to examine cross-sectional relationships between socio-economic characteristics, neighborhood environment perceptions and psychological disposition with utility cycling (with or without additional recreational cycling). A secondary aim was to compare these relationships with those for recreation-only cycling. METHOD Baseline survey data (2007) from 10,233 participants in HABITAT, a multilevel longitudinal study of PA, sedentary behavior, and health in Brisbane adults aged 40-65years, were analyzed using multinomial regression modeling. RESULTS Greater income, habitual PA, and positive beliefs about PA were associated with utility and recreation-only cycling (p<0.05). Always having vehicle access and not in the labor force were associated with recreation-only cycling (p<0.05). Some or no vehicle access, part-time employment, and perceived environmental factors (little crime, few cul-de-sacs, nearby transport and recreational destinations) were associated with utility cycling (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest differences in associations between socio-economic, neighborhood perceptions and psychological factors and utility and recreation-only cycling in Brisbane residents aged 40-65years. Tailored approaches appear to be required to promote utility and recreational cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiann C Heesch
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4049, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4049, Australia.
| | - Billie Giles-Corti
- McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, University of Melbourne, Level 5, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Gavin Turrell
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4049, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4049, Australia.
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Hino AAF, Reis RS, Sarmiento OL, Parra DC, Brownson RC. Built environment and physical activity for transportation in adults from Curitiba, Brazil. J Urban Health 2014; 91:446-62. [PMID: 24096625 PMCID: PMC4074327 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-013-9831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to assess the association between features of the built environment and levels of walking and cycling as forms of transportation in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Data collection was conducted through a telephone survey in 2008. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to identify walking or cycling as forms of transportation. The built environment characteristics were obtained through the Geographic Information System for 1,206 adults. Density indicators were computed, considering a radius of 500 m around each individual's household. For the accessibility measures, the shortest distance to selected built environment features (e.g., bus stop, bike path) was used. The association between characteristics of the environment and the practice of walking or cycling was assessed through logistic regressions. After considering individual characteristics, higher-income areas (OR = 0.56, 95 % CI = 0.41-0.76), higher density of Bus Rapid Transit stations (OR = 1.50, 95 % CI = 1.22-1.84), and the proportion of residential (OR = 1.25, 95 % CI = 1.02-1.53) and commercial (OR = 1.47, 95 % CI = 1.13-1.91) areas were associated with any walking prevalence (≥ 10 min/week). Higher access to bike paths (OR = 0.80, 95 % CI = 0.64-1.00) was inversely associated with walking at recommended levels (≥ 150 min/week). Higher-income areas (OR = 0.26, 95 % CI = 0.08-0.81), greater number of traffic lights (OR = 0.27, 95 % CI = 0.09-0.88), and higher land use mix (OR = 0.52, 95 % CI = 0.31-0.88) were inversely associated with cycling. The neighborhood built environment may affect active commuting among adults living in urban centers in middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano A F Hino
- Research Group of Physical Activity and Quality of Life (GPAQ), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil,
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Hirsch JA, Diez Roux AV, Moore KA, Evenson KR, Rodriguez DA. Change in walking and body mass index following residential relocation: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:e49-56. [PMID: 24432935 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether moving to neighborhoods with closer proximity of destinations and greater street connectivity was associated with more walking, a greater probability of meeting the "Every Body Walk!" campaign goals (≥ 150 minutes/week of walking), and reductions in body mass index (BMI). METHODS We linked longitudinal data from 701 participants, who moved between 2 waves of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2004-2012), to a neighborhood walkability measure (Street Smart Walk Score) for each residential location. We used fixed-effects models to estimate if changes in walkability resulting from relocation were associated with simultaneous changes in walking behaviors and BMI. RESULTS Moving to a location with a 10-point higher Walk Score was associated with a 16.04 minutes per week (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.13, 29.96) increase in transport walking, 11% higher odds of meeting Every Body Walk! goals through transport walking (adjusted odds ratio = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.21), and a 0.06 kilogram per meters squared (95% CI = -0.12, -0.01) reduction in BMI. Change in walkability was not associated with change in leisure walking. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrated the potential for neighborhood infrastructure to support health-enhancing behaviors and overall health of people in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana A Hirsch
- Jana A. Hirsch, Ana V. Diez Roux, and Kari A. Moore are with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor. Kelly R. Evenson is with the Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Daniel A. Rodriguez is with the Department of City & Regional Planning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Panter J, Griffin S, Dalton AM, Ogilvie D. Patterns and predictors of changes in active commuting over 12 months. Prev Med 2013; 57:776-84. [PMID: 23938464 PMCID: PMC3842498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the predictors of uptake and maintenance of walking and cycling, and of switching to the car as the usual mode of travel, for commuting. METHODS 655 commuters in Cambridge, UK reported all commuting trips using a seven-day recall instrument in 2009 and 2010. Individual and household characteristics, psychological measures relating to car use and environmental conditions on the route to work were self-reported in 2009. Objective environmental characteristics were assessed using Geographical Information Systems. Associations between uptake and maintenance of commuting behaviours and potential predictors were modelled using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Mean within-participant changes in commuting were relatively small (walking: +3.0 min/week, s.d.=66.7; cycling: -5.3 min/week, s.d.=74.7). Self-reported and objectively-assessed convenience of public transport predicted uptake of walking and cycling respectively, while convenient cycle routes predicted uptake of cycling and a pleasant route predicted maintenance of walking. A lack of free workplace parking predicted uptake of walking and alternatives to the car. Less favourable attitudes towards car use predicted continued use of alternatives to the car. CONCLUSIONS Improving the convenience of walking, cycling and public transport and limiting the availability of workplace car parking may promote uptake and maintenance of active commuting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Panter
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit & UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK.
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Badland H, Knuiman M, Hooper P, Giles-Corti B. Socio-ecological predictors of the uptake of cycling for recreation and transport in adults: results from the RESIDE study. Prev Med 2013; 57:396-9. [PMID: 23792583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the uptake of cycling for recreation and transport, and relate these behaviors to individual, social, and environmental exposures over time. METHOD Data were drawn from 909 adults in Time 2 (T2) (2005-2006) and Time 3 (T3) (2007-2008) of the RESIDE study (Australia). Demographics, perceptions of self-efficacy and social support related to cycling, neighborhood environment perceptions, and objective measures of the neighborhood were measured at T2. These were compared with uptake of cycling for recreation and transport at T3. RESULTS At T3, 54 (5.9%) had taken up cycling for recreation and 44 (4.8%) for transport. Positive perceptions of self-efficacy at T2 were consistently positively associated with the uptake of cycling for either purpose at T3. Respondents living in higher walkable neighborhoods (OR=1.63; 95% CI=1.02-2.62) or with higher objectively measured street connectivity (OR=1.80; 95% CI=1.05-3.07) were more likely to start cycling for recreation when compared with their reference groups. No significant relationships existed between objective measures of the neighborhood and uptake of cycling for transport. CONCLUSION Interventions focusing on enhancing self-efficacy and generating social support will likely positively influence both cycling for recreation and transport; and providing infrastructure that creates physically supportive neighborhoods may increase cycling levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Badland
- McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Walter SR, Olivier J, Churches T, Grzebieta R. The impact of compulsory helmet legislation on cyclist head injuries in New South Wales, Australia: a response. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2013; 52:204-209. [PMID: 23339779 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article responds to criticisms made in a rejoinder (Accident Analysis and Prevention 2012, 45: 107-109) questioning the validity of a study on the impact of mandatory helmet legislation (MHL) for cyclists in New South Wales, Australia. We systematically address the criticisms through clarification of our methods, extension of the original analysis and discussion of new evidence on the population-level effects of MHL. Extensions of our analysis confirm the original conclusions that MHL had a beneficial effect on head injury rates over and above background trends and changes in cycling participation. The ongoing debate around MHL draws attention away from important ways in which both safety and participation can be improved through investment in well-connected cycling infrastructure, fostering consideration between road users, and adequate legal protection for vulnerable road users. These are the essential elements for providing a cycling environment that encourages participation, with all its health, economic and environmental benefits, while maximising safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Walter
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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