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Ebrahimi CT, Polanco-Roman L, Saraiya TC, Bauer AG, Hien D. Historical trauma and polysubstance use in Black young adults: The role of contemporary racism. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA : THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND POLICY 2024; 16:922-929. [PMID: 38300572 PMCID: PMC11291707 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The legacy of slavery renders Black individuals vulnerable to the harmful effects of historical trauma which may interact with contemporary racism-related experiences to increase substance use. We examined the associations between historical and contemporary racism-related experiences (i.e., historical loss thinking, major racial discrimination events, racial microaggressions, and internalized racism) and polysubstance use in a group of Black young adults. METHOD Black young adults (N = 163; 60% female) aged 18-35 years (M = 25.7, SD = 3.27) completed surveys online. RESULTS Historical loss thinking (b = 0.03, 95% CI [0.01, 0.05], p = .003), racial microaggressions (b = 0.03, 95% CI [0.02, 0.04], p < .001), major racial discrimination events (b = 0.42, 95% CI [0.30, 0.53], p < .001), and internalized racism (b = 0.49, 95% CI [0.33, 0.65], p < .001) were independently associated with past 12-month polysubstance use. Major racial discrimination events showed the largest association with polysubstance use (β = 0.26, 95% CI [0.08, 0.45], p = .006). No significant interactions between historical loss thinking and contemporary racism-related experiences were observed. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest an association between substance use and historical and contemporary-related experiences among Black young adults. This may suggest that experiences with racism contextualized within historical and contemporary manifestations may impact risk for polysubstance use among Black young adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanya C. Saraiya
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University-New Brunswick
| | | | - Denise Hien
- Center of Alcohol & Substance Use Studies, Rutgers University-New Brunswick
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2
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Suma K, Caughy MO, Bakeman R, Washington J, Murray BK, Owen MT. Active Direction: A new observational measure of African American parenting. Infant Behav Dev 2024; 76:101955. [PMID: 38733670 PMCID: PMC11384543 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
A new observational measure of a culturally salient, supportive African American parenting style, Active Direction, was developed. Ratings were compared to standard qualitative ratings and across two ethnic groups. Active Direction represents the provision of structure to interactions in the form of corrective direction with clear and concise feedback that is assessed for supportiveness rather than simple content or tone. The 7-point rating item was examined in observations of African American (n = 172) and Hispanic American (n = 196) mother-child interactions collected at age 2.5 years in families from low-income households. Ratings were compared and associations to previously reported ratings of the interactions were examined. Active Direction was often observed among the African American mothers (81%) but rarely observed among the Hispanic mothers (16%), with a large effect size difference, supporting the hypothesis that Active Direction may represent a culturally specific approach to parenting for African American parents. Maternal behavior correlations of Active Direction with cognitive stimulation, intrusiveness, scaffolding, and calm authority and with child affiliative obedience and dyadic routines and rituals were significantly higher and detachment significantly lower in the African American compared to the Hispanic sample. The new measure of Active Direction, centered around culturally salient values and differences in both historical and lived experiences, addresses characteristics of parenting in African American families that are supportive of their children's development and provides a fruitful direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Suma
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
| | - Margaret O Caughy
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Roger Bakeman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Julie Washington
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Bryan K Murray
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Margaret Tresch Owen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
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3
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Smith NA, McDonald A, Ferrone CT, Johnson S, Witherspoon DP. Parenting in African American families: Profiles of general and culturally specific dimensions of parent-adolescent relationships during late adolescence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024; 34:928-943. [PMID: 38923203 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Developmental and parenting frameworks suggest that factors at the individual-level and multiple levels of adolescents' contexts are important determinants of how African American parents prepare their children to live in a racially stratified society. Using a person-centered approach, this study explored heterogeneity in profiles of African American parent-adolescent relationships (PARs) using indicators of parent-reported ethnic-racial socialization (cultural socialization, preparation for bias), general parenting practices (autonomy support, monitoring, behavioral control), and relationship quality (warmth, communication, conflict). We also examined how adolescents' characteristics, parents' personal and psychological resources, and contextual sources of stress and support contributed to profile membership. Data were from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study (1991-2000) and consisted of 589 African American caregiver-adolescent dyads (caregivers: 89% female; 57.2% married; adolescents: 50.7% female; Mage = 17, SD = 0.64, range = 15-19 years old). Latent profile analysis revealed four profiles: (a) No-Nonsense High Socializers, (b) Indulgent Average Socializers, (c) Unengaged Silent Socializers, and (d) Authoritative Cultural Socializers. Adolescent characteristics (gender, depression, and problem behavior), parents' personal and psychological resources (parenting self-efficacy, centrality, private regard, and depression), and contextual sources of stress and support (stress: economic hardship, family stress, neighborhood disadvantage and support: marital status, family cohesion, family organization) were correlated with profile membership. Findings suggest that variability in African American PARs is shaped by an extensive set of individual and contextual factors related to adolescents and the family and neighborhood context. These findings have important implications for future research and how to target multiple potential levers for change in African American parenting practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila A Smith
- School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ashley McDonald
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carly Trakofler Ferrone
- Department of Public Policy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Allegheny HealthChoices, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shadane Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dawn P Witherspoon
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Fenner M, Wilson T, Riley A, Culyba AJ. Exploring adolescent-adult connections, coping, and safety among minoritized youth in neighborhoods impacted by community violence. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024; 34:618-630. [PMID: 38477172 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Dyadic interviews were conducted with 32 youth ages 13-21 and their self-identified key adult supports to illuminate how adult supports help protect youth in communities impacted by high levels of violence. Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Youth described choosing social interactions carefully, avoiding high-violence areas, and keeping busy with activities. Many youths discussed the necessity of minimizing contact with peers to avoid violence, resulting in isolation from friends and increased engagement with family at home. Adult supports reflected upon an intergenerational transfer of violence avoidance, safety planning, and coping strategies through sharing their own lived experiences. Dyads highlighted the need for intergenerational programming to address social isolation and build supportive social networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Fenner
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tyia Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Riley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alison J Culyba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Prussien KV, Faust HL, Crosby LE, Smith-Whitley K, Barakat LP, Schwartz LA. The pervasive influence of systems of power on transition readiness for adult care in sickle cell disease: A qualitative study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024; 71:e31156. [PMID: 38953147 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.31156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence and young adulthood are vulnerable developmental periods for individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD), particularly given the impact of social inequities, challenges with transitioning to adult healthcare services, and increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Systems of power, such as institutionalized and interpersonal manifestations of bias, could impact SCD transfer and engagement in adult care through their influence on healthcare transition readiness; yet research in this area is limited. OBJECTIVE To characterize how systems of power impact transition readiness factors described in the Social-ecological Model of AYA Readiness for Transition to Promote Health Equity (SMART-E) framework at the patient, caregiver, and practitioner levels. METHODS Pediatric adolescents and young adults (AYA), transferred AYA, caregivers, and practitioners participated in semi-structured focus groups and individual interviews examining health equity and systems of power during healthcare transition. Focus groups/interviews were transcribed and coded using a deductive approach via the updated SMART-E framework. RESULTS Ten pediatric AYA with SCD, nine transferred AYA with SCD, eight caregivers, and nine practitioners participated in a focus group or interview. Qualitative findings across reporters emphasize the impact of systems of power (e.g., racial bias and disease stigma) on knowledge, skills and self-efficacy, beliefs and expectations, goals and motivation, and emotions and psychosocial functioning at the patient, caregiver, and practitioner levels. CONCLUSION Systems of power are prevalent with respect to transition barriers for AYA with SCD and their supports. Structural, institutional, and individual factors with potential to reduce the influence of systems of power should be further identified and targeted for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemar V Prussien
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haley L Faust
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lori E Crosby
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kim Smith-Whitley
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Pfizer, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lamia P Barakat
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa A Schwartz
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Santo CD, Desmarais A, Christophe NK. Coping with ethnic-racial discrimination: Protective-reactive effects of shift-and-persist coping on internalizing symptoms among Black American adolescents. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024. [PMID: 39140245 DOI: 10.1111/jora.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Ethnic-racial discrimination has pervasive negative effects on Black youth's mental health; therefore, it is crucial to identify factors that provide resilience against discrimination. Two promising factors to help youth cope are ethnic-racial identity (how one feels about their ethnicity/race) and shift-and-persist coping (reappraising and accepting an uncontrollable stressor while remaining optimistic about the future). While there is existing scholarship on ethnic-racial identity among Black youth, this work has not yet assessed the impacts of shift-and-persist in this population. Using a sample of 155 Black youth (ages 13-17), the current study examined the interplay between discrimination, ethnic-racial identity, shift-and-persist coping, and internalizing symptoms. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were positively associated with discrimination and negatively associated with shift-and-persist. Significant interactions between discrimination and shift-and-persist predicting both depressive and anxiety symptoms revealed significant negative associations between shift-and-persist and internalizing symptoms at low and average, but not high discrimination levels. Effects are, thus, protective-reactive; the protective effects of shift-and-persist are not significant for youth facing high levels of discrimination. Ethnic-racial identity, surprisingly, was not significantly associated with either depressive or anxiety symptoms, nor did it interact with shift-and-persist as it has in studies of Latinx youth. By understanding the protective benefits of shift-and-persist and ethnic-racial identity in Black youth, during a pivotal period for mental health, we can provide this growing population with tools to lessen the maladaptive outcomes associated with discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Dal Santo
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ariane Desmarais
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Anderson RE, Johnson N, Jones SCT, Patterson A, Anyiwo N. Racial Socialization and Black Adolescent Mental Health and Developmental Outcomes: A Critical Review and Future Directions. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2024:1-24. [PMID: 39137924 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2024.2384025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Black American adolescents are beleaguered with the most frequent and severe experiences of racial discrimination (RD) among their peers. To protect Black adolescents' mental health and developmental outcomes from the pernicious impact of discrimination, parents and other proximal adults and peers often utilize racial socialization (RS), or communications and behaviors emphasizing the importance of race and the harms of racism. While several recent RS reviews have been conducted across ethnicity, a modern review investigating RS practices related to and predictive of Black adolescent psychosocial outcomes is needed. METHOD To ground our critical systematic review of 45 articles, we first highlighted the ways RD impacts the lives of Black adolescents. Then, drawing from integrative models for Black youth development, we synthesized recent psychological, academic, and sociocultural literatures to describe the role of RS in Black adolescents' wellness. RESULTS The impact of various tenets of RS was seen most clearly as a protective factor against RD with respect to adolescents' mental health (e.g. depression), academic achievement (e.g. GPA), and sociocultural identity (e.g. public and private racial regard) development. Cultural socialization, a strategy related to extolling pride for one's race, was the most consistent RS protective factor, with novel RS constructs (e.g. parental competency) emerging as a method to buffer youth internalizing and externalizing problems. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations are made for future research on understudied components of RS and multiple methods and reporters to capture a more holistic depiction of RS practices. We emphasize preventative and intervening approaches to reduce the impetus for RS and its impact, including burgeoning clinical and community-level programs and the importance for provider training to yield positive mental health outcomes for Black adolescents.
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8
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Prichett LM, Paszek C, Haroz EE. Intersectional trends in child and adolescent suicide-related emergency department encounters in Florida (2016‒2021). J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2024; 5:e13257. [PMID: 39113761 PMCID: PMC11304895 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Emergency department (ED) visits resulting from suicidal thoughts and behaviors have increased at alarming rates among youth in the United States in recent years. Understanding trends among specific racial, ethnic, gender, and/or age subgroups can provide the foundation for tailored solutions for those with the greatest need for support. Methods Using data from the Florida State Emergency Department Database from 2016 to 2021, we calculated annual rates of ED suicide-related diagnoses per 1000 young people aged 8‒21 years. We explored annual trends by age and intersectional race/ethnicity and sex subgroups. Additionally, we examined subgroup-specific stratified percent changes from 2016 to 2019 and 2016 to 2021. Results Among 8‒12-year olds, the highest rates of suicide-related ED encounters occurred among Black males and females and this trend was steady over time. Among 13‒21-year-old patients, Black and White females displayed the highest rates of suicide-related ED encounters across 2016‒2021, and all subgroups experienced a slight decline in 2020 and 2021. Rates generally increased between 2016 and 2019, with the largest percent increase (10.6%) occurring among Black females aged 18‒21 years, whereas there was a trend of decreased rates among most subgroups between 2019 and 2021. Conclusions Across all years and age groups, Black females showed consistently higher rates of suicide-related ED encounters than almost any other subgroup, supporting previous research that Black adolescent females may be disproportionately suffering from the mental health crisis faced by young people. Furthermore, preteen Black males need additional mental health support, as do adolescent and young adult White females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Prichett
- Division of General PediatricsDepartment of PediatricsJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Claudia Paszek
- Division of General PediatricsDepartment of PediatricsJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Emily E. Haroz
- Department of Mental HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Center for Indigenous Health, Social and Behavioral Health Program, Department of International HealthJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health BaltimoreBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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9
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Polanco-Roman L, Ebrahimi CT, Satinsky EN, Benau EM, Martins Lanes A, Iyer M, Galán CA. Racism-Related Experiences and Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Ethnoracially Minoritized Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2024; 53:690-707. [PMID: 38175945 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2023.2292042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite growing evidence demonstrating the association between racial and ethnic discrimination and traumatic stress symptoms in adult populations, the research among youth remains sparse. Drawing upon race-based traumatic stress models, and following the PRISMA-2020 guidelines, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify the state of the empirical evidence in the association between racism-related experiences and traumatic stress symptoms in ethnoracially minoritized youth. METHOD Scientific databases were searched to identify articles with ethnoracially minoritized youth participants under age 18 years old that examined the association between racial and/or ethnic discrimination and traumatic stress symptoms. RESULTS A total of 18 articles comprising 16 studies (N = 4,825 participants) met inclusion criteria. Studies were largely cross-sectional, used nonrandom sampling strategies, focused on Black and Latinx youth, and were conducted in the United States. Furthermore, most studies were theoretically grounded and operationalized racism-related experiences as frequency of direct, personal, everyday discrimination. Few studies examined other dimensions of racism-related experiences. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant positive association with a medium effect size, rpooled = .356, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.27, 0.44, between racism-related experiences and traumatic stress symptoms. No evidence of moderation by age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity, country, or recruitment setting was detected. CONCLUSION Racism-related experiences may confer risk for traumatic stress symptoms in ethnoracially minoritized youth. Attending to racism-related experiences is critical to improve the cultural responsiveness of trauma-informed services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mythili Iyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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10
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Prichett LM, Yolken RH, Severance EG, Carmichael D, Zeng Y, Lu Y, Young AS, Kumra T. COVID-19 and Youth Mental Health Disparities: Intersectional Trends in Depression, Anxiety and Suicide Risk-Related Diagnoses. Acad Pediatr 2024; 24:837-847. [PMID: 38309579 PMCID: PMC11193644 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2024.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mental health disparities were prevalent among racially and ethnically minoritized youth prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. As complete datasets from 2022 become available, we can estimate the extent to which the pandemic further magnified existing inequities. Our objective was to quantify disparities in trajectories of depression, anxiety, and suicide risk-related diagnoses in youth before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, using an intersectional lens of race, ethnicity and gender. METHODS Using electronic medical record data from one mid-Atlantic health care system (2015-2022), we evaluated changes in annual rates of depression, anxiety and suicide risk-related diagnoses in 29,117 youths, aged 8-20 years, using graphical analysis, comparison of adjusted mean differences (AMD) and adjusted mixed multilevel logistic regression. RESULTS Almost all racial and gender subgroups had significantly higher rates of depression and anxiety after the start of COVID-19 compared to the years prior, with the greatest changes observed in Hispanic and Asian females. Suicide risk-related diagnoses significantly increased among all female subgroups, with the largest increase among Asian females (AMD 4.8, 95% CI 0.2-9.3) and Black females (AMD 4.6, 95% CI 2.2-6.9). CONCLUSIONS Rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors in young people continued to increase in the post-pandemic period. Many pre-existing disparities between subgroups, especially females, significantly widened, highlighting the importance of using an intersectional lens. Urgent action is warranted, including universal screening of pediatric patients for suicide risk, broadening effective treatment and support options in minoritized patients, and increasing support services to patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Prichett
- Department of Pediatrics (LM Prichett, D Carmichael, Y Zeng, Y Lu, and T Kumra), Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Department of Pediatrics (RH Yolken and EG Severance), Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Emily G Severance
- Department of Pediatrics (RH Yolken and EG Severance), Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Destini Carmichael
- Department of Pediatrics (LM Prichett, D Carmichael, Y Zeng, Y Lu, and T Kumra), Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics (LM Prichett, D Carmichael, Y Zeng, Y Lu, and T Kumra), Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Yongyi Lu
- Department of Pediatrics (LM Prichett, D Carmichael, Y Zeng, Y Lu, and T Kumra), Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Andrea S Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AS Young), Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Tina Kumra
- Department of Pediatrics (LM Prichett, D Carmichael, Y Zeng, Y Lu, and T Kumra), Division of General Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
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11
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Cusack CE, Ralph-Nearman C, Christian C, Fisher AJ, Levinson CA. Understanding heterogeneity, comorbidity, and variability in depression: Idiographic models and depression outcomes. J Affect Disord 2024; 356:248-256. [PMID: 38608769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This study uses time-intensive, item-level assessment to examine individual depressive and co-occurring symptom dynamics. Participants experiencing moderate-severe depression (N = 31) completed ecological momentary assessment (EMA) four times per day for 20 days (total observations = 2480). We estimated idiographic networks using MDD, anxiety, and ED items. ED items were most frequently included in individual networks relative to depression and anxiety items. We built ridge and logistic regression ensembles to explore how idiographic network centrality metrics performed at predicting between-subject depression outcomes (PHQ-9 change score and clinical deterioration, respectively) at 6-months follow-up. For predicting PHQ-9 change score, R2 ranged between 0.13 and 0.28. Models predicting clinical deterioration ranged from no better than chance to 80 % accuracy. This pilot study shows how co-occurring anxiety and ED symptoms may contribute to the maintenance of depressive symptoms. Future work should assess the predictive utility of psychological networks to develop understanding of how idiographic models may inform clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Cusack
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States of America
| | - Christina Ralph-Nearman
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States of America
| | - Caroline Christian
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States of America
| | - Aaron J Fisher
- University of California-Berkeley, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Cheri A Levinson
- University of Louisville, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, United States of America.
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12
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Oshri A, Reck AJ, Carter SE, Uddin LQ, Geier CF, Beach SRH, Brody GH, Kogan SM, Sweet LH. Racial Discrimination and Risk for Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms Among Black Youths. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2416491. [PMID: 38865126 PMCID: PMC11170300 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Racial discrimination is a psychosocial stressor associated with youths' risk for psychiatric symptoms. Scarce data exist on the moderating role of amygdalar activation patterns among Black youths in the US. Objective To investigate the association between racial discrimination and risk for psychopathology moderated by neuroaffective processing. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used longitudinal self-report and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from Black youth participants in the US from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Data were analyzed from January 2023 to May 2024. Exposures At time 1 of the current study (12 months after baseline), youths self-reported on their experiences of interpersonal racial discrimination and their feelings of marginalization. Amygdalar response was measured during an emotionally valenced task that included blocks of faces expressing either neutral or negative emotion. Main Outcomes and Measures At 24 and 36 months after baseline, youths reported their internalizing (anxiety and depressive symptoms) and externalizing symptoms (aggression and rule-breaking symptoms). Results A total of 1596 youths were a mean (SD) age of 10.92 (0.63) years, and 803 were female (50.3%). Families in the study had a mean annual income range of $25 000 to $34 999. Two factors were derived from factor analysis: interpersonal racial discrimination and feelings of marginalization (FoM). Using structural equation modeling in a linear regression, standardized β coefficients were obtained. Neural response to faces expressing negative emotion within the right amygdala significantly moderated the association between FoM and changes in internalizing symptoms (β = -0.20; 95% CI, -0.32 to -0.07; P < .001). The response to negative facial emotion within the right amygdala significantly moderated the association between FoM and changes in externalizing symptoms (β = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.43; P = .02). Left amygdala response to negative emotion significantly moderated the association between FoM and changes in externalizing symptoms (β = -0.16; 95% CI, -0.32 to -0.01; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of Black adolescents in the US, findings suggest that amygdala function in response to emotional stimuli can both protect and intensify the affective outcomes of feeling marginalized on risk for psychopathology, informing preventive interventions aimed at reducing the adverse effects of racism on internalizing and externalizing symptoms among Black youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Ava Jane Reck
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens
| | | | - Lucina Q. Uddin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Charles F. Geier
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Steven R. H. Beach
- Center of Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Gene H. Brody
- Center of Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Steven M. Kogan
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens
- Center of Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
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Webb EK, Carter SE, Ressler KJ, Fani N, Harnett NG. The neurophysiological consequences of racism-related stressors in Black Americans. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105638. [PMID: 38522814 PMCID: PMC11081835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Racism-related stressors, from experiences of both implicit and explicit racial discrimination to systemic socioeconomic disadvantage, have a cumulative impact on Black Americans' health. The present narrative review synthesizes peripheral (neuroendocrine and inflammation markers), psychophysiological (heart-rate variability, skin conductance), and neuroimaging (structural and functional) findings that demonstrate unique associations with racism-related stress. Emerging evidence reveals how racism-related stressors contribute to differential physiological and neural responses and may have distinct impacts on regions involved with threat and social processing. Ultimately, the neurophysiological effects of racism-related stress may confer biological susceptibility to stress and trauma-related disorders. We note critical gaps in the literature on the neurophysiological impact of racism-related stress and outline additional research that is needed on the multifactorial interactions between racism and mental health. A clearer understanding of the interactions between racism-related stress, neurophysiology, and stress- and trauma-related disorders is critical for preventative efforts, biomarker discovery, and selection of effective clinical treatments for Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kate Webb
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sierra E Carter
- Georgia State University, Department of Psychology, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Negar Fani
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nathaniel G Harnett
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety, Belmont, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Kahhale I, Farrise K, Das A, McPhee J, Galán CA, Park A. Recognizing the Impact of Racism-Based Traumatic Stress on Youth: Implications for Research and Clinical Practice. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:S0890-8567(24)00242-9. [PMID: 38734405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaela Farrise
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | | | - Jeanne McPhee
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Chardée A Galán
- The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania
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15
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Simela C, Akanbi-Akinlolu T, Okundi M, Abdalla H, McAdams TA, Harris A, Augustine A, Le H, Abdinasir K, Ayorech Z, Ahmadzadeh YI. Intergenerational consequences of racism in the United Kingdom: a qualitative investigation into parents' exposure to racism and offspring mental health and well-being. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2024; 29:181-191. [PMID: 38523495 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiences of racism are linked to negative physical and mental health outcomes among those exposed. According to quantitative research derived mainly from the United States, these negative outcomes can have cascading effects in families, when parents' experiences of racism indirectly impact offspring. New research is warranted for families in the United Kingdom, informed by a qualitative approach to canvassing community knowledge and perspectives, exploring how existing findings relate to lived experiences. METHOD We conducted four online focus groups with 14 parents of school-aged children and 14 adolescents who had experienced racism in the United Kingdom. Participants were asked what children know of parents' experiences of racism, and how these experiences can impact parent-child interactions, mental health and well-being. Focus group recordings were transcribed, data coded and analysed through iterative categorisation. RESULTS Analyses drew four themes from participants' insights. Together, themes illuminated the pervasive nature of racism experienced by some families in the United Kingdom. Parent and child experiences of racism were connected and co-occurring, with indirect effects impacting mental health and well-being in both generations. These experiences were linked to both positive and negative changes in parenting behaviour and parent-child relationships, which could be moderated by intersecting identities such as the parent's generational status for immigration to the United Kingdom. Social cohesion, safe spaces and education programmes were highlighted for future intervention. CONCLUSIONS Findings corroborate existing literature, while further emphasising a broader bidirectional picture, requiring a family system and intersectional approach to understanding the mental health impact of racism in families. Avenues for future research are discussed to support development of equitable intervention and support strategies to prevent racism and support those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Androulla Harris
- Centre for Mental Health, Registered Charity No. 1091156, London, UK
| | - Alex Augustine
- Centre for Mental Health, Registered Charity No. 1091156, London, UK
| | - Huong Le
- Centre for Mental Health, Registered Charity No. 1091156, London, UK
| | - Kadra Abdinasir
- Centre for Mental Health, Registered Charity No. 1091156, London, UK
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16
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Fani N, Fulton T, Botzanowski B. The Neurophysiology of Interoceptive Disruptions in Trauma-Exposed Populations. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 38678141 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In the aftermath of psychological trauma, many individuals experience perturbations in interoception, a term that broadly references the ability to accurately detect body signals and integrate these signals with emotional states. These interoceptive disruptions can manifest in different ways, including blunting or amplification of sensitivity to internal physiological signals. In this chapter we review extant neurophysiological research on interoception in trauma-exposed populations, with a particular focus on the effects of chronic interpersonal trauma, such as childhood maltreatment and racial discrimination. We explore research that used different types of interoceptive assays, from self-report measures to electrophysiological and neuroimaging tools to characterize the disruptions in pain perception, interoceptive acuity, and physiological responses that may arise after a traumatic event. Finally, we discuss interventions that are designed to target interoceptive mechanisms, from exposure-based therapies to mindfulness-based practices, as well as future directions in trauma interoception research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Travis Fulton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Boris Botzanowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Henning KN, Omer RD, de Jesus JM, Giombi K, Silverman J, Neal E, Agurs-Collins T, Brown AGM, Pratt C, Yoon SSS, Ajenikoko F, Iturriaga E. Addressing the Harms of Structural Racism on Health in Incarcerated Youth Through Improved Nutrition and Exercise Programs. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-02007-y. [PMID: 38647801 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-02007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Every year, hundreds of thousands of youth across the country enter the juvenile legal system. A significantly disproportionate number of them are youth of color. While youth arrests have declined over the past several decades, racial disparities have increased and persist at every stage of the system. Many youth of color enter the juvenile legal system with a history of trauma and stress that compromises their health and well-being. Arrest, prosecution, and incarceration exacerbate these poor health outcomes. This paper examines several of the health impacts of structural racism in the policing and incarceration of youth of color. The paper begins by highlighting some of the most pressing social determinants of adolescent health and then considers how youth detention and incarceration contribute to unhealthy weight, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease through unhealthy food environments, limited physical activity, and the added stress of the incarceration setting. This paper adds to the existing literature on the harms of youth detention and advocates for harms elimination strategies grounded in a public health approach to public safety and community-based alternatives to detention. For those youth who will remain in detention, the authors offer suggestions to reduce harms and improve the health of systems-involved youth, including opportunities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin N Henning
- Georgetown Law Juvenile Justice Clinic & Initiative, 600 New Jersey Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20001, USA
| | - Rebba D Omer
- Georgetown Law Juvenile Justice Clinic & Initiative, 600 New Jersey Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20001, USA.
| | - Janet M de Jesus
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Jessi Silverman
- Center for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elle Neal
- Multnomah County Health Department, Multnomah County, OR, USA
| | - Tanya Agurs-Collins
- National Cancer Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alison G M Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charlotte Pratt
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Erin Iturriaga
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA
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18
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Heard-Garris N, Yu T, Brody G, Chen E, Ehrlich KB, Miller GE. Racial Discrimination and Metabolic Syndrome in Young Black Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e245288. [PMID: 38635273 PMCID: PMC11229094 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common health condition that predisposes individuals to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and disproportionately affects Black and other racially and ethnically minoritized people. Concurrently, Black individuals also report more exposure to racial discrimination compared with White individuals; however, the role of discrimination in the development of MetS over time and associated mediators in these pathways remain underexplored. Objective To evaluate the association between racial discrimination and MetS in rural Black individuals transitioning from late adolescence into early adulthood and to identify potential mediating pathways. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal cohort study included Black adolescents enrolled in the Strong African American Families Healthy Adults (SHAPE) Project between June 2009 and May 2021. Families resided in rural counties of Georgia, where poverty rates are among the highest in the nation. Analyses included 322 of the 500 participants who originally enrolled in SHAPE and who were eligible to participate. Guardians provided information about socioeconomic disadvantage. Analyses were conducted in April 2023. Exposures Youths reported exposure to racial discrimination annually from ages 19 to 21 years. Main Outcomes and Measures MetS was the main health outcome and was measured at ages 25 and 31 years. MetS was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation guidelines, which requires central adiposity (ie, waist circumference ≥94 cm for males and ≥80 cm for females) and at least 2 of the 4 additional components: signs of early hypertension (ie, systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm Hg); elevated triglyceride levels (ie, >150 mg/dL); elevated fasting glucose level (ie, ≥100 mg/dL); or lowered high-density lipoprotein levels (ie, <40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women). At age 25 years, markers of inflammatory activity (ie, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor [suPAR]) and sleep problems were collected to consider as potential mediators. Results In 322 participants (210 [65.2%] female) ages 19 to 21 years, more frequent exposure to racial discrimination was associated with higher suPAR levels (b = 0.006; 95% CI, 0.001-0.011; P = .01) and more sleep problems at age 25 years (b = 0.062; 95% CI, 0.028-0.097; P < .001) as well as a 9.5% higher risk of MetS diagnosis at age 31 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.20; P = .03). Both suPAR (b = 0.015; 95% CI, 0.002-0.037) and sleep problems (b = 0.020; 95% CI, 0.002-0.047) at age 25 years were significant indirect pathways. No significant interactions between sex and discrimination emerged. Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests that racial discrimination in late adolescence is associated with MetS among Black young adults through biobehavioral pathways. Thus, health interventions for MetS in Black adults will need to contend with sleep behaviors and inflammatory intermediaries as well as address and reduce exposure to racial discrimination to narrow disparities and promote health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Heard-Garris
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
- Division of Advanced General Pediatrics and Primary Care, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Tianyi Yu
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Gene Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Edith Chen
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Katherine B Ehrlich
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens
| | - Gregory E Miller
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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19
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Biesecker CL, Pössel P, Fernandez-Botran R. Discrimination, cognitive styles, and their associations with adolescents' mental and physical health. Res Nurs Health 2024; 47:172-181. [PMID: 38470478 DOI: 10.1002/nur.22379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
This study is based on the hopelessness theory of depression and previous research on perceived everyday discrimination (PED) and both depressive symptoms and Interleukin-6 (an inflammatory cytokine; IL-6) in adolescents. The purpose of this study is to examine the negative attribution, self, and consequence cognitive styles (CSs) proposed in the hopelessness theory as a possible mechanism underlying the association between PED and inflammation in adolescents and expand our understanding of the comorbidities between depressive symptoms and systemic inflammation (IL-6). This cross-sectional study featured a sample of 102 adolescents aged 13-16 (M = 14.10, SD = 0.52) who identified as White (47.5%), Black (41.4%), Mixed Race (7.1%), Latino (2%), and other (2%). Data analysis was conducted using PROCESS to compute regressions and effects between PED, negative CSs, depressive symptoms, and Interleukin-6. Results showed that negative attribution CS is the only negative CS associated with PED, depressive symptoms, and IL-6. Negative attribution CS is also the only negative CS of the three negative CSs that mediates both the association between PED and depressive symptoms and PED and IL-6 in our adolescent sample. Overall, these results indicate that individual negative CSs proposed in the hopelessness theory impact adolescents' physical and mental outcomes differently, which can inform targeted treatments. Nurses should provide cognitive-based interventions and promote societal-level change to reduce the experience and impact of PED on the mental and physical health of their adolescent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Biesecker
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Patrick Pössel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rafael Fernandez-Botran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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20
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Kaplan DM, Tidwell CA, Chung JM, Alisic E, Demiray B, Bruni M, Evora S, Gajewski-Nemes JA, Macbeth A, Mangelsdorf SN, Mascaro JS, Minor KS, Noga RN, Nugent NR, Polsinelli AJ, Rentscher KE, Resnikoff AW, Robbins ML, Slatcher RB, Tejeda-Padron AB, Mehl MR. Diversity, equity, and inclusivity in observational ambulatory assessment: Recommendations from two decades of Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) research. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:3207-3225. [PMID: 38066394 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Ambient audio sampling methods such as the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR) have become increasingly prominent in clinical and social sciences research. These methods record snippets of naturalistically assessed audio from participants' daily lives, enabling novel observational research about the daily social interactions, identities, environments, behaviors, and speech of populations of interest. In practice, these scientific opportunities are equaled by methodological challenges: researchers' own cultural backgrounds and identities can easily and unknowingly permeate the collection, coding, analysis, and interpretation of social data from daily life. Ambient audio sampling poses unique and significant challenges to cultural humility, diversity, equity, and inclusivity (DEI) in scientific research that require systematized attention. Motivated by this observation, an international consortium of 21 researchers who have used ambient audio sampling methodologies created a workgroup with the aim of improving upon existing published guidelines. We pooled formally and informally documented challenges pertaining to DEI in ambient audio sampling from our collective experience on 40+ studies (most of which used the EAR app) in clinical and healthy populations ranging from children to older adults. This article presents our resultant recommendations and argues for the incorporation of community-engaged research methods in observational ambulatory assessment designs looking forward. We provide concrete recommendations across each stage typical of an ambient audio sampling study (recruiting and enrolling participants, developing coding systems, training coders, handling multi-linguistic participants, data analysis and interpretation, and dissemination of results) as well as guiding questions that can be used to adapt these recommendations to project-specific constraints and needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Kaplan
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Colin A Tidwell
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Joanne M Chung
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Eva Alisic
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Burcu Demiray
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Bruni
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, USA
| | - Selena Evora
- Center for Health Promotion and Health Equity, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer S Mascaro
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle S Minor
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Rebecca N Noga
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Nicole R Nugent
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, USA
| | | | - Kelly E Rentscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | | | - Megan L Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, USA
| | | | | | - Matthias R Mehl
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
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21
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Benner AD, Alers-Rojas F, López BA, Chen S. "Some people will tell jokes to you; some people be racist:" A mixed-method examination of racist jokes and adolescents' well-being. Child Dev 2024; 95:1572-1585. [PMID: 38533602 PMCID: PMC11427594 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This study examined how adolescents make meaning of racist jokes and their impact on daily well-being using a sequential mixed-methods research design with interview (N = 20; 60% girls, 5% gender-nonconforming; 45% Asian American, 40% Latina/o/x, 10% Black, 5% biracial/multiethnic) and daily diary data (N = 168; 54% girls; 57% Latina/o/x, 21% biracial/multiethnic, 10% Asian American, 9% White, 4% Black). Qualitative results revealed that racist jokes were common, distinct from other overt forms of discrimination, and perceived as harmless when perpetrated by friends. Quantitatively, approximately half of adolescents reported hearing at least one racist joke during the study period, and racist jokes by friends were associated with higher daily angry, anxious, and depressed moods and stress. Racist jokes by known others and strangers were also significantly associated with poorer well-being, although less consistently. Findings highlight the hidden harmful effects of racist jokes on adolescents' daily mood and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprile D Benner
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Francheska Alers-Rojas
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Briana A López
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Shanting Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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22
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Tynes BM, Maxie-Moreman A, Hoang TMH, Willis HA, English D. Online Racial Discrimination, Suicidal Ideation, and Traumatic Stress in a National Sample of Black Adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry 2024; 81:312-316. [PMID: 38170489 PMCID: PMC10765309 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Importance Because of increased suicide rates among Black youth in the past 2 decades, there is a dire need for research on suicidal ideation and risk factors in this population. Objective To examine the direct and indirect associations between online racial discrimination and suicidal ideation through posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among Black adolescents living in the US, with consideration of potential differential associations by gender and age. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used data drawn from the first wave of the National Survey of Critical Digital Literacy. Black adolescents aged 11 to 19 years were selected from a nationally representative probability-based sample. Data were collected from October 2020 to December 2020 and analyzed from August 2021 to October 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures Hypotheses of the current study were formulated during research design and grounded in empirical literature. The individual online racial discrimination subscale (Online Victimization Scale), the UCLA Child/Adolescent posttraumatic stress disorder Reaction Index for DSM-5, and an item from the second edition of the Children's Depression Inventory were used to assess constructs. Mediation was assessed through mediation models with path analyses using structural equation modeling. Results Among a total 525 participants, 265 were girls (50.5%) and 251 were boys (47.8%); the mean (SD) age was 14.8 (2.5) years. Findings from structural equation modeling analysis indicated that individual online racial discrimination was associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (β = 0.49, SE = 0.06, P < .001), and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were associated with suicidal ideation (β = 0.51, SE = 0.06, P < .001). Posttraumatic stress disorder was identified as a full mediator between online racial discrimination and suicide (β = 0.25, SE = 0.04, P < .001). No differences by gender or age were found. Furthermore, no significant direct association between online racial discrimination and suicidal ideation was found. Conclusions and Relevance This study found an association between individual online racial discrimination and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and suicidal ideation. These risk factors are important to consider in continuing studies of the cause of suicidal ideation for Black adolescents in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendesha M. Tynes
- Center for Empowered Learning and Development With Technology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Tuyet-Mai Ha Hoang
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana
| | - Henry A. Willis
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Devin English
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
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23
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Chen S, Benner A, Kim SY. Peer-based discrimination and adolescent emotional and sleep health: A daily examination of direct and buffering associations. Child Dev 2024; 95:574-592. [PMID: 37908138 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.14025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Using 10-day daily diary data collected in 2019 from 10th grade students in southern U.S. (N = 161, 57% Latina/x/o, 21% Biracial, 10% Asian, 9% White, 4% Black; 55% female, Mage = 15.51), this study examined various forms of peer-based discrimination in adolescents' everyday lives. Results showed that personally experienced discrimination, peer racial teasing, and vicarious discrimination were frequent and impactful events. Results also provided strong evidence for the protective role of psychological resilience and some evidence for the protective-reactive roles of peer support and school climate in moderating the link between peer-based discrimination and daily well-being. The findings highlight the necessity to eliminate peer-based discrimination and shed light on interventions to reduce the harmful effects of peer-based discrimination on adolescents' daily well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanting Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aprile Benner
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Grapin SL, Warner CM, Bixter MT, Cunningham DJ, Bonumwezi J, Mahmud F, Kline EA, Portillo NL, Nisenson D. Online racial discrimination and mental health among Black undergraduates: The moderating role of gender. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:310-318. [PMID: 35380502 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2034833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Online racial discrimination (ORD) is rampant; however, little is known about its associations with mental health among undergraduates. This study explored the relations between ORD and mental health among Black undergraduates. It also investigated gender differences in these relations. Participants: Two hundred seventy-eight Black, cisgender men and women enrolled in a minority-serving public university in the Northeast U.S. Methods: Participants completed measures of ORD, depression, generalized anxiety (GA), and social anxiety (SA) via a Web-based survey. Results: Eighty-five percent of participants experienced at least one ORD incident in the last year. Men and women reported comparable exposure. Gender moderated the relations between ORD and depression and SA, respectively; these associations were stronger for women. Conclusions: Exposure to ORD is prevalent among Black undergraduates and is associated with adverse mental health outcomes, especially for women. Campus mental health interventions should address online discrimination in the context of students' intersecting identities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie Masia Warner
- Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Farah Mahmud
- Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emily A Kline
- Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
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25
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Coyle-Eastwick S, Escobar M, Wimmer J, Lindsey M, Thompson J, Warner CM. Social anxiety disorder in Black American adolescents: Cultural considerations in conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Bull Menninger Clin 2024; 88:171-195. [PMID: 38836849 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2024.88.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by significant distress and avoidance surrounding social and performance situations, with marked interpersonal and academic impairment. This review article highlights cultural considerations relevant to the conceptualization, identification, and treatment of SAD in Black youth. Research evaluating the utility of evidence-based measures to assess SAD suggests they are culturally relevant; however, gaps in knowledge regarding the psychometric properties of even the most widely used instruments are evident. In regard to intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches hold promise, yet there is a lack of research on the use of CBT with Black adolescents. Recommendations to incorporate cultural factors into CBT are provided, and future work investigating culturally adapted interventions is needed. Finally, given significant disparities in access and utilization of mental health services among Black youth, strategies to increase treatment engagement, such as school-based services, are important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Escobar
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey
| | - Jessica Wimmer
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey
- Center for Research on Cultural and Structural Equity at the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Michael Lindsey
- New York University Silver School of Social Work, New York, New York
| | - Jarius Thompson
- Liberty University School of Education, Lynchburg, Virginia, and John F. Kennedy High School Patterson, New Jersey
| | - Carrie Masia Warner
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey
- Center for Research on Cultural and Structural Equity at the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
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26
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Joseph VA, Martínez-Alés G, Olfson M, Shaman J, Gould MS, Gimbrone C, Keyes KM. Trends in Suicide Among Black Women in the United States, 1999-2020. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:914-917. [PMID: 38037401 PMCID: PMC11205256 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Recent increases in suicide deaths among Black women in the US warrant further investigation. Our objective was to clarify the epidemiology of suicide among Black girls and women, by estimating age-period-cohort effects on suicide rates among decedents coded as female aged 15-84 years. Methods: The present study examined annual time-series data from the National Center for Health Statistics’ Multiple Cause of Death 1999-2020 database. Suicide rates by age, period, and cohort were visualized using hexagonal maps, and estimated using modified Poisson regression to address identifiability. Results: In total, our analysis included 9,271 suicide deaths. Results indicated the presence of all three effects: (i) a clear age effect, with higher rates at younger ages, regardless of cohort and time, (ii) a period effect, with rates generally increasing across time for most ages, and (iii) a cohort effect, with a clustering of increased suicide rates among the youngest cohorts. Across regions, rates were highest among the youngest age groups, concentrated in the West. Conclusion: Suicide is increasing rapidly among Black females – with particularly concerning trends among the youngest Black females born in the most recent birth cohorts. Findings suggest a need for increased mental health access and geographically targeted prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Joseph
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Alés
- CAUSALab, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States; Mental Health Network Biomedical Research Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Olfson
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences (EHS), Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States; Columbia Climate School, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Madelyn S Gould
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Catherine Gimbrone
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Katherine M. Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, United States
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27
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Rice TM, Jenkins AI, Smith SM, Alexander C, McGregor CM. Racial Discrimination and Romantic Relationship Dynamics among Black Americans: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF FAMILY THEORY & REVIEW 2023; 15:793-821. [PMID: 38558571 PMCID: PMC10977962 DOI: 10.1111/jftr.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite increasing research, the links between racial discrimination and Black Americans' romantic relationship dynamics remain unclear. Guided by models of mundane extreme environmental stress (Peters & Massey, 1983), sociocultural family stress (McNeil Smith & Landor, 2018), and Black marital outcomes (Bryant et al., 2010), we conducted a systematic review of the literature examining racial discrimination and relationship dynamics among Black Americans in same-race and interracial romantic relationships. Synthesizing findings from 32 published empirical articles, we find support for manifestations of each component of MEES in Black intimate life. We uncover evidence that racial discrimination is associated with compromised relationship functioning for Black Americans. Several psychosocial resources were also identified as either buffering these associations or posing drawbacks/limitations for Black Americans. We discuss notable gaps in the literature and directions for future research including intersectional investigations, broader examination of the MEES context, and de-centering whiteness among studies of interracial relationship dynamics.
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Onovbiona H, Quetsch L, Bradley R. Racial and Practical Barriers to Diagnostic and Treatment Services for Black Families of Autistic Youth: A Mixed-Method Exploration. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06166-5. [PMID: 38038872 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the role race-related barriers and practical barriers to treatment participation play in treatment effectiveness and satisfaction among Black families with autistic youth using a mixed-method approach. In a sample of Black caregivers with autistic youth (N = 101), multiple regressions were conducted to examine the impact of reported racial and practical barriers on parental stress, treatment effectiveness, and treatment satisfaction. Caregivers provided further narratives on their experience navigating diagnostic and treatment services in qualitative interviews. The study demonstrated that Black caregivers of autistic youth are still encountering several racial and logistical barriers when seeking treatment and diagnostic services for their children. These barriers negatively impact caregiver stress and caregiver perceived treatment quality. Contrary to the barriers and stress experienced by Black caregivers, caregivers are generally satisfied with the treatments they are utilizing and find them helpful. The narratives told by caregivers further elucidate the tumultuous experiences of Black caregivers as they seek diagnostic and treatment services for their children. An experience that may be worsened by family, professional, and systemic barriers, and can be improved by advocacy, acceptance, peer and community support, and increased knowledge. Black families of autistic youth call for increased compassion, support, training, and humility among professionals who serve autistic youth.
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Williams CD, Shipman-Lacewell J, Shih SF, Wynn A, de Jesús Elias M, Valrie CR. Black adolescents' racial discrimination and suicide behaviors: Testing perceived school safety as a protective moderator. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:1295-1303. [PMID: 37492005 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined associations between Black adolescents' (Mage = 15.55, SD = 1.23) racial discrimination and suicide behaviors (i.e., suicide ideation, suicide plan, and suicide attempts), and whether perceived school safety was a protective moderator. Furthermore, we tested gender differences in relations, which were not significant. Racial discrimination predicted greater suicide behaviors, and school safety informed less suicide behaviors. School safety moderated the relation between discrimination and suicide plan, such that at low school safety, discrimination predicted having a suicide plan but was not significant at high school safety. Furthermore, school safety moderated the relation between discrimination and suicide attempts. At low school safety, discrimination predicted more suicide attempts, but was not significant at high school safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea D Williams
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Shu-Fang Shih
- Department of Health Administration, College of Health Professions, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Alexandra Wynn
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - María de Jesús Elias
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Cecelia R Valrie
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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English D, Smith JC, Scott-Walker L, Lopez FG, Morris M, Reid M, Lashay C, Bridges D, Rosales A, Cunningham DJ. iTHRIVE 365: A Community-Led, Multicomponent Health Promotion Intervention for Black Same Gender Loving Men. ANNALS OF LGBTQ PUBLIC AND POPULATION HEALTH 2023; 4:363-383. [PMID: 39055282 PMCID: PMC11268836 DOI: 10.1891/lgbtq-2022-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Although health inequities among Black same gender loving men (SGLM) are well documented (e.g., chronic psychological disorders, HIV, suicide), there are few accessible, culturally affirming, and community-led interventions designed to reduce these inequities. The present manuscript describes the process through which we developed iTHRIVE 365, a multicomponent health-promotion intervention designed by Black SGLM for Black SGLM. We utilized a community-based participatory research approach (CBPR) that included collaboration between THRIVE SS, a Black SGLM-run community-based organization, and a multisectoral team of public health, research, and digital design professionals to develop the intervention. A five-phase development process included four phases of focus groups and a technical pilot to assess community priorities and incorporate input on each feature of the intervention. Directed content analysis indicated that participants wanted a multicomponent and technology-mediated intervention that promotes health knowledge and motivation, Black SGLM social support, access to affirming healthcare, and housing and economic resources. iTHRIVE 365 combines multilevel and culturally affirming intervention features to combat the effects of oppression and ultimately promote Black SGLM's biopsychosocial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin English
- Devin English, Justin C. Smith, and Larry Scott-Walker contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-first authors
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Department of Urban-Global Public Health, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Justin C. Smith
- Devin English, Justin C. Smith, and Larry Scott-Walker contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-first authors
- Positive Impact Health Centers, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Larry Scott-Walker
- Devin English, Justin C. Smith, and Larry Scott-Walker contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-first authors
- THRIVE Social Services (THRIVE SS), Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Michael Morris
- THRIVE Social Services (THRIVE SS), Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Malcolm Reid
- THRIVE Social Services (THRIVE SS), Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Dwain Bridges
- THRIVE Social Services (THRIVE SS), Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
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31
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Shim RS, Rodriguez CI. A Mental Health Crisis and Call to Action: Increasing Trends in Suicide Among Black Women in the United States. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:871-873. [PMID: 38037408 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S Shim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, (Shim); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez); Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez)
| | - Carolyn I Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis, (Shim); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez); Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez)
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32
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Gentzler AL, Hughes JL, Johnston M, Alderson JE. Which social media platforms matter and for whom? Examining moderators of links between adolescents' social media use and depressive symptoms. J Adolesc 2023; 95:1725-1748. [PMID: 37698125 PMCID: PMC10841255 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite extensive research on social media and risks for mental health, not enough is known about individual differences in these risks. METHODS The present study, with data collected from 2018 to 2020, investigated the association between social media use (total and for specific platforms) and depressive symptoms in a sample of 237 American adolescents (Mage = 15.10; SD = 0.49; 51.1% girls and 48.5% boys). We investigated several moderators: gender, self-esteem, personality, and negative reactions to social media. Covariates were gender, timing of the follow-up (pre vs. during the pandemic), and depressive symptoms a year earlier. RESULTS Results indicated that greater total time spent on social media was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. This effect held for Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube (but not Snapchat, Facebook, or Twitter). Several moderated effects were found. Twitter was associated with more depressive symptoms for girls but not boys. More frequent Instagram use was linked to more depressive symptoms for less or average-level extraverted teens but not for more extraverted teens, suggesting extraversion may be protective. More frequent TikTok use was associated with more depressive symptoms, particularly for teens who said they have more or average-level negative reactions to social media a year earlier. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that certain adolescents may be at increased risk for serious mental health challenges, like elevated depressive symptoms, when using TikTok, Instagram, or Twitter more frequently, underscoring the importance of examining individual differences and particular social media platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Gentzler
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Matty Johnston
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Adesogan O, Lavner JA, Carter SE, Beach SRH. Shift-and-persist coping and health among rural African American adolescents. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:1209-1221. [PMID: 37340933 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examines whether shift-and-persist coping, a coping strategy defined by accepting challenges and remaining hopeful for the future, is associated with psychosocial and physical health and/or moderates the effects of contextual stress (i.e., racial discrimination, financial strain) on health among African American adolescents living in the rural Southeastern United States. Participants (N = 299, 56% boys, Mage = 12.91) completed measures of shift-and-persist coping, contextual stress, and psychosocial and physical health. Shift-and-persist coping was generally associated with better health but did not buffer the effects of contextual stress. Results suggest that shift-and-persist coping may serve as a source of resilience among African American adolescents living in a context where many experience heightened contextual stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olutosin Adesogan
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin A Lavner
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sierra E Carter
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven R H Beach
- Department of Psychology and Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Wiggins ER, Brisson JM, Lavner JA, Ehrlich KB. The benefits of nurturant-involved parenting for children's internalizing symptoms and cardiometabolic health in high-risk contexts. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2420-2429. [PMID: 37386849 PMCID: PMC11228812 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence that nurturant-involved parenting is linked with children's social, psychological, and physiological development, less is known about the specific contexts in which nurturant-involved parenting is most beneficial for children's mental and physical health. The present study examined how associations between nurturant-involved parenting and children's internalizing symptoms and cardiometabolic risk varied as a function of children's stress and discrimination. Participants included 165 Black and Latinx children (Mage = 11.5 years) and their guardians. Children reported on their ongoing stress, experiences of discrimination, and internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety). Guardians provided information about their nurturant-involved parenting practices. Children's cardiometabolic risk was assessed as a composite reflecting a high level of systolic or diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, HbA1c, triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. Regression analyses indicated that among youth who reported high levels of stress and discrimination, nurturant-involved parenting was negatively associated with cardiometabolic risk. Although children's stress and discrimination were significantly associated with their internalizing symptoms, neither stress nor discrimination moderated the relation between nurturant-involved parenting and internalizing symptoms. Results highlight the significant role that parents play in shaping children's health, particularly among youth experiencing high levels of stress and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie M Brisson
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Justin A Lavner
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Katherine B Ehrlich
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wadsworth H. Family and peer ethnic-racial socialization in adolescents' everyday life: A daily transactional model with ethnic-racial identity and discrimination. Child Dev 2023; 94:1566-1580. [PMID: 37183569 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
There is limited research on ethnic-racial socialization outside the family context (e.g., in peer groups). Using two-week, daily data from 177 U.S. ethnic-racial minority 9th graders in 2017-2020 (Mage = 14.48 years old; 51% females; 52% Black, 20% Latinx, 10% Asian American, 6% Native American, and 12% Other), this study tested a transactional model of family and peer ethnic-racial socialization, identity, and discrimination. Bidirectional associations were observed between family and peer cultural socialization across days (βs = .09-.10). Peer but not family cultural socialization promoted adolescents' ethnic-racial identity on the next day (βs = .07-.10). Ethnic-racial discrimination predicted greater next-day family ethnic-racial socialization (cultural socialization, preparation for bias; βs = .08-.11), whereas family and peer ethnic-racial socialization predicted next-day discrimination (βs = .11-.18). The differential roles of family and peer ethnic-racial socialization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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36
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Valentino K, Zhen-Duan J, Padilla J, Bernard D. Intergenerational Continuity of Child Maltreatment, Parenting, and Racism: Commentary on Valentino et al., (2012). CHILD MALTREATMENT 2023; 28:556-562. [PMID: 37491779 PMCID: PMC10543487 DOI: 10.1177/10775595231191395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent editorials published in Child Maltreatment bring much needed attention to racism in child maltreatment reporting and investigation. In this commentary, we extend these efforts by responding to Valentino et al., (2012) and addressing prior omissions in our race-related work by explicitly discussing the role of racism in our explanation of key study findings. Together with scholars with expertise in the impact of racism on children and families, this commentary (a) discusses theoretical models of child maltreatment and of the influence of racism on parenting and child development; (b) discusses parental responses to racism in relation to the Valentino et al., (2012) findings; and (c) highlights future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Valentino
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jenny Zhen-Duan
- Disparities Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jenny Padilla
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, IN, USA
| | - Donte Bernard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of
Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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37
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Hamad H, Angelöw A, Psouni E. Protocol for evaluation of effects of a psychoeducational trauma-informed intervention directed at schools. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2263322. [PMID: 37824172 PMCID: PMC10572043 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2263322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) can have negative effects on cognitive, social and emotion regulation abilities, which can threaten the child's school integration and capacity to learn. While steady relations to sensitive, understanding adults may moderate these negative outcomes, the difficulties of children with ACEs pose a major challenge for teachers, whose insufficient preparation may lead to career attrition.Objective: Psychoeducational trauma-informed care (TIC) interventions targeting teachers may strengthen teacher preparation and buffer the deleterious outcomes of ACEs, yet the evidence-base for these interventions is limited. Importantly, while minority groups are overrepresented among those with ACEs and additionally risk exposure to ethno-racial trauma, TIC interventions lack a social disadvantage/discrimination perspective. The Present trial addresses these issues.Method: The study protocol employs a quasi-experimental design for assessing effects of a psychoeducational TIC intervention carried out in Swedish schools by Save the Children, Sweden (SCS). We compare, for the first time, an intervention group (N = 160) and a control group (N = 160) over time (pre-intervention, immediately after, 6 and 12 months post-intervention), assessing teacher stress, compassion fatigue, self-efficacy and trauma-informed knowledge. We monitor teacher attitudes and attributions of students' academic weaknesses and behavioural and mental difficulties. The trial is preregistered (DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/V7SH8).Results: We hope that the mitigating effects of the SCS-TIC school intervention may be independent of social category, and that the trial will additionally generate knowledge of how providers and recipients of TIC may respond to it differently depending on their social and cultural identities. As school-based TIC practices and interventions are expansively relied on as means of preventing teacher burnout and career attrition, and buffering negative consequences of ACEs for children, establishing their effects with methodological robustness is important and timely.Conclusion: Such knowledge may be used to tailor and target interventions to specific populations, while ensuring maximum effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Hamad
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Elia Psouni
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Volpe VV, Benson GP, Czoty L, Daniel C. Not Just Time on Social Media: Experiences of Online Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Worse Sleep Quality for Black, Latinx, Asian, and Multi-racial Young Adults. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2312-2319. [PMID: 36125705 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep quality in young adulthood sets the stage for long-term health. Racial/ethnic sleep disparities between White college-attending young adults and college-attending young adults of color exist. The stress of experiencing racial/ethnic discrimination makes it difficult for college-attending young adults of color to get good quality sleep. Yet it remains unclear if experiencing online racial/ethnic discrimination also has consequences for sleep quality, and if this association may vary by frequency of social media use. To investigate the role of racial/ethnic discrimination on sleep quality, we conducted an online survey of 154 college-attending young adults (Mage = 19.51) who identified as Black (42.2%), Latinx (16.9%), Asian (20.8%), or Bi-/multi-racial (20.1%) from a predominantly White university. Results indicated that more exposure to racial/ethnic discrimination was associated with worse sleep quality for young adults of color. Results suggest that online racial/ethnic discrimination has a similar negative impact on sleep quality regardless of the frequency of social media use. Increased attention to negative race-related experiences online as one potential risk factor for poor long-term health for young adults of color is needed, regardless of how many hours they spend on social media. Structural interventions, screening for stress due to exposure to online racial/ethnic discrimination, and facilitating opportunities to prepare for this exposure may be an important priority for sleep health and reduction of racial/ethnic health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa V Volpe
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - G Perusi Benson
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Larsan Czoty
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Christiana Daniel
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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Louder CN, Meyer ML, Del Rey GM, Franklin AR. Elevating community-driven socioecological participation and action: A case study with Black youth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 72:145-156. [PMID: 37166061 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Context is important when considering how racism acts to harm Black youth. Hence, social scientists developed socioecological theories that consider both the individual and the context(s) which shapes them. We used these theories to make sense of the challenges facing Black youth and identify points for intervention. However, these theories were rarely shared with community participants. Theory, at its core, is a way to make sense of the world. Theory shared in an age-appropriate manner can help youth make sense of their experiences in a way that promotes psychological wellness. This paper describes the intentional sharing of socioecological theory with community members engaged in two community-based mental health programs. Our team has collaborated closely with community stakeholders to implement and iteratively improve these programs. This first-person account presents the doctoral students' experiences in engaging community members in using socioecological theory to improve the programs with which they have identified as useful to their community. The article underscores the importance of elevating community voices when engaging in community-based research and how that engagement is more fundamental as programs become well-established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceewin N Louder
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marisol L Meyer
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Del Rey
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alexis R Franklin
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Murry VM, Gonzalez CM, Debreaux ML, Coates EE, Berkel C. Implications of built and social environments on the academic success among African American youth: testing Strong African American Families intervention effects on parental academic racial socialization. Front Psychol 2023; 14:956804. [PMID: 37655195 PMCID: PMC10467428 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.956804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies exploring widening academic disparities have highlighted the role of racialized school settings, which have given way to incidents of discrimination and unfair treatment for students of color, disproportionately affecting African American youth. Research also shows that family-based preventive interventions may avert negative outcomes for this population through the promotion of protective socialization practices. Consequently, the current study tests the efficacy of a culturally tailored preventive family-based program to foster induced changes in academic promotive parenting practices that prepare youth to advance academically by navigating negative race-related experiences in school settings. Data collected over four time periods from the Strong African American Families (SAAF) efficacy trial (Murry and Brody, 2004) with 667 African American families in rural Georgia were used for this study. Structural equation modeling analyses demonstrated that the SAAF program was associated with positive intervention induced changes in parental academic race-related socialization, which in turn, was indirectly associated with reduced school compromising behaviors through the enhancement of racial pride. While discrimination compromised academic success, our findings highlight the protective nature of racial pride in dissuading academic failure and school dropout through the promotion of academic success. This study confirms that a family-based prevention program holds promise to address academic disparities through the enhancement of parenting and youth protective processes that buffer youth from succumbing to racialized social environments such as schools. Implications for research, educational policy, and preventive interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velma McBride Murry
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Department of Health Policy, School of Medicine, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Catherine M. Gonzalez
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Marlena L. Debreaux
- Department of Human and Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Erica E. Coates
- Department of Psychiatry, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital/Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Cady Berkel
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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Davenport MA, Berkley S, Zeiders KH, Landor AM, Sarsar ED. Does ethnic-racial socialization matter? A within-person analysis of racial discrimination and sleep health among Black and Latinx emerging adults. Sleep Health 2023; 9:398-406. [PMID: 37385874 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emerging work suggests that racism-related stressors may contribute to adverse sleep health, yet little is known about how culturally relevant resources may influence the relationship between racism-related stressors and adverse sleep health. The aim of this study was to examine associations between weekly reports of racial hassles and young adults' sleep health (i.e., sleep onset latency, total sleep time, sleep quality) and to determine whether various forms of parental ethnic-racial socialization would moderate these associations. METHODS Participants were 141 college students (Mage = 20.7 years, standard deviation (SD) = 1.22, 70% female) who identified as either Black (n = 88; 62.4%) or Latinx (n = 53; 37.6%). Participants completed an initial 1.5-hour assessment in the laboratory and 4 weekly sleep diary surveys (assessed sleep health and depressive symptoms). RESULTS Weekly racial hassles are related to greater sleep onset latency, decreased total sleep time, and poorer sleep quality. The promotion of mistrust and cultural socialization significantly moderated associations between weekly racial hassles and sleep onset latency and total sleep time, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results provide supportive evidence that parental ethnic-racial socialization practices, a preemptive cultural resource, may be an understudied mechanism in sleep health research. Future research is needed to clarify the role of parental ethnic-racial socialization in promoting sleep health equity among youth and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattina A Davenport
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Child Health Equity and Outcomes Research, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | - Steven Berkley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Antoinette M Landor
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Evelyn D Sarsar
- Norton School of Human Ecology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Pössel P, Dondanville AA. Role of Dysfunctional Attitudes in the Association Between Discrimination and Adolescents' Mental and Physical Health. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231186801. [PMID: 37365901 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231186801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Our study is based on Beck's cognitive stress-vulnerability theory of depression and research on (a) disparities in elevated blood pressure between adolescents from minority and majority backgrounds, (b) the effects of perceived everyday discrimination (PED) on depression and elevated blood pressure, and (c) the associations between depression and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of our study is to integrate Beck's model and the different research lines by examining the associations of the stressor PED and depressive symptoms with blood pressure through the cognitive vulnerability of dysfunctional attitudes in adolescents. In our cross-sectional study, 97 adolescents (40% female) aged 13 to 15 (M = 14.15, SD = .53) who identified as Black (47.5%), white (47.5%), and mixed race (5%) completed self-reports of PED, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive symptoms and had their blood pressure measured. We used the PROCESS command tool for SPSS to compute OLS regressions and direct, indirect, and total effects of PED, dysfunctional attitudes, and depressive symptoms on blood pressure. As predicted, our analyses revealed that PED predicts dysfunctional attitudes and depressive symptoms, dysfunctional attitudes predict marginally significant depressive symptoms and significantly systolic blood pressure. Our findings highlight the relevance of PED and dysfunctional attitudes for adolescents mental (i.e., depressive symptoms) and physical health (i.e., blood pressure). If this pattern is replicated, systemic interventions to reduce PED and individual interventions to address dysfunctional attitudes in adolescents could be promising to improve both mental (i.e., depressive symptoms) and physical health (i.e., BP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pössel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ashley Ann Dondanville
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Hampton-Anderson JN, Novacek DM, Zhen-Duan J, Latimer S, Perry T, Renard D. Redefining the Role of Public Health Professionals Serving Black Youths Seeking Mental Health Care: Implications for Training and Mentoring. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:S140-S148. [PMID: 37339410 PMCID: PMC10282850 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Attrition rates for Black youths in mental health treatment settings are high, and the extant literature suggests this may be because treatment is not meeting their unique needs. Public health professionals, defined here as all individuals who work to increase the well-being of youths, can play a major role in changing these outcomes. The purpose of this article is to suggest a broader scope of practice, or a redefined role, for public health professionals who work with Black youths seeking outpatient mental health care and to explicate ways in which training and mentoring can help accomplish this goal. Bolstered by a socioecological conceptual model, we suggest 3 standards of practice that we believe must be satisfied to meet the requirement for this redefined public health professional role: using a sociocultural framework, exercising flexibility in one's assigned role, and understanding and incorporating culturally specific strengths and protective factors into care. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(S2):S140-S148. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307194).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joya N Hampton-Anderson
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Derek M Novacek
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Jenny Zhen-Duan
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Saundra Latimer
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Tyler Perry
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
| | - Destini Renard
- Joya N. Hampton-Anderson is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Derek M. Novacek is with the Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, and the Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Jenny Zhen-Duan is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Saundra Latimer is with the Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta. Tyler Perry is with the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. Destini Renard is with the College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta
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ANDERSON NATHANIELW, HALFON NEAL, EISENBERG DANIEL, MARKOWITZ ANNAJ, MOORE KRISTINANDERSON, ZIMMERMAN FREDERICKJ. Mixed Signals in Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Well-Being Indicators in the United States: A Call for Improvements to Population Health Monitoring. Milbank Q 2023; 101:259-286. [PMID: 37052602 PMCID: PMC10262392 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Social indicators of young peoples' conditions and circumstances, such as high school graduation, food insecurity, and smoking, are improving even as subjective indicators of mental health and well-being have been worsening. This divergence suggests policies targeting the social indicators may not have improved overall mental health and well-being. There are several plausible reasons for this seeming contradiction. Available data suggest the culpability of one or several common exposures poorly captured by existing social indicators. Resolving this disconnect requires significant investments in population-level data systems to support a more holistic, child-centric, and up-to-date understanding of young people's lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - NEAL HALFON
- University of California Los Angeles Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public
- University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine
- University of California Los Angeles Meyer and Renee Luskin School of Public Affairs
| | - DANIEL EISENBERG
- University of California Los Angeles Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public
| | - ANNA J. MARKOWITZ
- University of CaliforniaLos Angeles Graduate School of Education and Information Studies
| | | | - FREDERICK J. ZIMMERMAN
- University of California Los Angeles Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public
- University of California Los Angeles Meyer and Renee Luskin School of Public Affairs
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45
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Bernard DL, López CM, Banks DE, Hahn AM, Danielson CK. Developmental differences in the impact of racial discrimination on depression and anxiety among Black youth: Examining rumination as a mechanism. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2023; 93:293-303. [PMID: 37155290 PMCID: PMC10332661 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Experiences of racial discrimination are pervasive among Black youth, resulting in psychosocial problems such as depression and anxiety. Rumination plays a key role in linking racial discrimination and internalizing concerns. Developmental age has also been shown to influence the extent to which racial discrimination and rumination impact mental health; however, studies have yet to explore the interplay between these factors. This study examined the association between racial discrimination and internalizing concerns among Black youth, whether racial discrimination was indirectly associated with internalizing concerns through rumination, and whether developmental age moderated these direct and indirect effects. Participants included 158 pre- and early-adolescent youth recruited from a community sample (Mage = 11.56 years; 53% female). Data were from baseline questionnaire responses from a larger longitudinal study conducted in the Southeastern United States examining the effects of interpersonal stressors on youth mental health outcomes. Racial discrimination was directly and indirectly associated with internalizing concerns through rumination. Developmental age moderated the indirect link between racial discrimination and depressive symptoms via rumination with the association being stronger as participant age increased. The impact of racial discrimination on mental health among Black youth is informed by maladaptive coping strategies such as rumination and developmental age. Such factors help to identify who is most at risk for the impact of racial discrimination and potential intervening targets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donte L. Bernard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri Columbia
| | - Cristina M. López
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Devin E. Banks
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri—St. Louis
| | - Austin M. Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Carla K. Danielson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
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Cordoba E, Garofalo R, Kuhn LM, Pearson CR, Batey DS, Bruce J, Radix A, Belkind U, Hidalgo MA, Hirshfield S, Schnall R. A Cross-sectional Study of Perceived Stress and Racial Discrimination Among a National Sample of Young Men Who Have Sex With Men. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2023; 34:226-237. [PMID: 37129475 PMCID: PMC11262710 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Research regarding the impact of racism on stress among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) is sparse. Secondary data were assessed from a 2018-2020 national mHealth prevention trial for YMSM aged 13-18 years (N = 542). Linear regression models examined associations between perceived stress and interpersonal and vicarious racism, adjusting for covariates. Stratified models by race/ethnicity were included. A subanalysis (n = 288) examined associations between nine interpersonal racial discriminatory events and perceived stress. Over 50% of participants experienced racial discrimination. In the multivariable models, exposure to interpersonal (β = 1.43, p-value: .038) and vicarious (β = 1.77, p-value: .008) racism was associated with perceived stress because there were four interpersonal racial discriminatory events. Stratified analysis by race/ethnicity found significant associations between interpersonal and vicarious racism and perceived stress among some racial/ethnic groups. Racial discrimination was common among YMSM, making them susceptible to the possible effects of vicarious and interpersonal racism on stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette Cordoba
- School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Robert Garofalo
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lisa M. Kuhn
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Cynthia R. Pearson
- Indigenous Wellness Research Institute, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 4101 15 Avenue Northeast, Seattle, Washington, 98105
| | - D. Scott Batey
- School of Social Work, Tulane University, 127 Elk Place, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Josh Bruce
- Birmingham AIDS Outreach, 205 32 Street, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Asa Radix
- Birmingham AIDS Outreach, 205 32 Street, Birmingham, AL 35233
- Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, 356 West 18 Street, New York, NY 10011
| | - Uri Belkind
- Birmingham AIDS Outreach, 205 32 Street, Birmingham, AL 35233
- Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, 356 West 18 Street, New York, NY 10011
| | - Marco A. Hidalgo
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 911 Broxton Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - Sabina Hirshfield
- STAR Program, Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 1240, Brooklyn, NY 11203
| | - Rebecca Schnall
- School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Population and Family Health, New York, NY 10032
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Thomas A, Gale A, Golden AR. Online Racial Discrimination, Critical Consciousness, and Psychosocial Distress Among Black and Latino Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:967-979. [PMID: 36609815 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Past research has found that stressful events such as racial discrimination can spur social development in racially marginalized youth. Critical consciousness has been identified as one such developmental task. Yet, there is still much to learn regarding the role of racial discrimination in developing critical consciousness, particularly as it relates to the mechanism linking racial discrimination to critical consciousness. We examine whether stress, in the form of psychological distress, may explain the link between online racial discrimination and critical consciousness. Online racial discrimination is a type of racial discrimination and is a growing risk to safe internet use for ethnically and racially marginalized youth. The current study employed a moderated mediation model to examine the associations between online racial discrimination and critical consciousness (critical agency and critical action). Data were from 356 Black and Latino adolescents, 50% each (Mage = 15.97, SD = 1.61), and 78.92% female. The model included psychological distress as a mediator between online racial discrimination and critical consciousness and self-esteem as a moderator of psychological distress and two critical consciousness dimensions. Psychological distress was a successful mediator, and self-esteem moderated the link between psychological distress and critical consciousness dimensions. The present findings suggest that psychological distress may be one mechanism through which online racial discrimination may impact the development of critical consciousness in Black and Latino adolescents.
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48
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Dondanville AA, Pössel P, Fernandez-Botran GR. Relation Between the Negative Cognitive Triad, Perceived Everyday Discrimination, Depressive Symptoms, and TNF-⍺ in Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023:10.1007/s10578-023-01530-z. [PMID: 37009971 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-023-01530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Our study is guided by Beck's cognitive stress-vulnerability model of depression. We examined the associations between perceived everyday discrimination (PED) and TNF-⍺, an inflammatory biomarker associated with risk for severe illness, through the negative cognitive triad (NCT; negative thoughts about the self, world, and future) and depressive symptoms in adolescents. We utilized a sample of 99 adolescents (36.4% female; ages 13-16, M = 14.10, SD = 0.52) in our cross-sectional study. We used PROCESS and AMOS to compute regressions and direct, indirect, and total effects of PED, NCT aspects and depressive symptoms on TNF-⍺. Negative views of the self and world mediated between PED and depressive symptoms and that negative views of the self and future mediated between PED and TNF-⍺. In conclusion, Beck's theory can be expanded to physical health providing directions for addressing mental and physical health simultaneously by restructuring adolescents' negative view of the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Ann Dondanville
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, 2301 South Third Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Patrick Pössel
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, 2301 South Third Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - G Rafael Fernandez-Botran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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49
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Green DA, Dockery GN, Williams BA. Cyber racism in counseling cyberspaces. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jmcd.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darius A. Green
- Department of Counseling and Human Services University of Colorado Colorado Springs Colorado Springs Colorado USA
| | - Gene N. Dockery
- Department of Counseling and Higher Education Ohio University Athens Ohio USA
| | - Brittany A. Williams
- Department of Counseling and Human Services Syracuse University, Syracuse New York USA
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50
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Keum BT. Impact of Online Racism on Suicide Ideation Through Interpersonal Factors Among Racial Minority Emerging Adults: The Role of Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:4537-4561. [PMID: 35942944 PMCID: PMC9900690 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221117247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While a growing number of studies have documented significant links between online racism (e.g., racist interactions, contents on racial violence) and comorbid factors (e.g., depression) associated with suicide risk, no studies have examined whether online racism predicts suicide ideation and if interpersonal factors can help explain this link. Thus, the current study examined the direct relationship between online racism and suicide ideation among racial minority emerging adults, and the indirect relationships via the interpersonal factors (perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness). Using data from a convenience sample of 338 racial minority emerging adults, we conducted a path analysis with online racism predicting suicide ideation through thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Online racism significantly predicted suicide ideation via perceived burdensomeness but not thwarted belongingness. Post hoc multi-group analysis found that this pathway was consistent across Black, Asian, and Latinx groups but was completely mediated for the Asian group. The findings suggest that online racism can increase feelings of being a burden to society, which can trigger thoughts of suicide. This process may be particularly salient among Asian individuals. Implications for future research are discussed.
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