1
|
Berthon A, Wernisch L, Stoukidi M, Thornton M, Tessier-Lariviere O, Fortier-Poisson P, Mamen J, Pinkney M, Lee S, Sarkans E, Annecchino L, Appleton B, Garsed P, Patterson B, Gonshaw S, Jakopec M, Shunmugam S, Edwards T, Tukiainen A, Jennings J, Lajoie G, Hewage E, Armitage O. Using neural biomarkers to personalize dosing of vagus nerve stimulation. Bioelectron Med 2024; 10:15. [PMID: 38880906 PMCID: PMC11181600 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-024-00147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an established therapy for treating a variety of chronic diseases, such as epilepsy, depression, obesity, and for stroke rehabilitation. However, lack of precision and side-effects have hindered its efficacy and extension to new conditions. Achieving a better understanding of the relationship between VNS parameters and neural and physiological responses is therefore necessary to enable the design of personalized dosing procedures and improve precision and efficacy of VNS therapies. METHODS We used biomarkers from recorded evoked fiber activity and short-term physiological responses (throat muscle, cardiac and respiratory activity) to understand the response to a wide range of VNS parameters in anaesthetised pigs. Using signal processing, Gaussian processes (GP) and parametric regression models we analyse the relationship between VNS parameters and neural and physiological responses. RESULTS Firstly, we illustrate how considering multiple stimulation parameters in VNS dosing can improve the efficacy and precision of VNS therapies. Secondly, we describe the relationship between different VNS parameters and the evoked fiber activity and show how spatially selective electrodes can be used to improve fiber recruitment. Thirdly, we provide a detailed exploration of the relationship between the activations of neural fiber types and different physiological effects. Finally, based on these results, we discuss how recordings of evoked fiber activity can help design VNS dosing procedures that optimize short-term physiological effects safely and efficiently. CONCLUSION Understanding of evoked fiber activity during VNS provide powerful biomarkers that could improve the precision, safety and efficacy of VNS therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guillaume Lajoie
- Université de Montréal and Mila-Quebec AI Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leinen M, Grandy EF, Gebel LMU, Santana TM, Rodriguez AL, Singh SK, Fernandez MI, Dalugdug JC, Garcia-Colon EM, Lybeshari K, Alexander DR, Maura MI, Gonzalez MDC, De Paula Cunha Almeida C, Anyaso-Samuel S, Datta S, Schiefer MA. Bilateral Subdiaphragmatic Vagal Nerve Stimulation Using a Novel Waveform Decreases Body Weight, Food Consumption, Adiposity, and Activity in Obesity-Prone Rats. Obes Surg 2024; 34:1-14. [PMID: 38040984 PMCID: PMC10781827 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity affects millions of Americans. The vagal nerves convey the degree of stomach fullness to the brain via afferent visceral fibers. Studies have found that vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) promotes reduced food intake, causes weight loss, and reduces cravings and appetite. METHODS Here, we evaluate the efficacy of a novel stimulus waveform applied bilaterally to the subdiaphragmatic vagal nerve stimulation (sVNS) for almost 13 weeks. A stimulating cuff electrode was implanted in obesity-prone Sprague Dawley rats maintained on a high-fat diet. Body weight, food consumption, and daily movement were tracked over time and compared against three control groups: sham rats on a high-fat diet that were implanted with non-operational cuffs, rats on a high-fat diet that were not implanted, and rats on a standard diet that were not implanted. RESULTS Results showed that rats on a high-fat diet that received sVNS attained a similar weight to rats on a standard diet due primarily to a reduction in daily caloric intake. Rats on a high-fat diet that received sVNS had significantly less body fat than other high-fat controls. Rats receiving sVNS also began moving a similar amount to rats on the standard diet. CONCLUSION Results from this study suggest that bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagal nerve stimulation can alter the rate of growth of rats maintained on a high-fat diet through a reduction in daily caloric intake, returning their body weight to that which is similar to rats on a standard diet over approximately 13 weeks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Leinen
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Elise F Grandy
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Lourdes M Ubeira Gebel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Tahimi Machin Santana
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Amanda L Rodriguez
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Sundip K Singh
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Michael I Fernandez
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Justin C Dalugdug
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Elaine M Garcia-Colon
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Kamela Lybeshari
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Daniel R Alexander
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Maria I Maura
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Maria D Cabrera Gonzalez
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | | | - Samuel Anyaso-Samuel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, 5Th Fl, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Somnath Datta
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Rd, 5Th Fl, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Matthew A Schiefer
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, 1601 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Elkattawy HA, Mahmoud SM, Hassan AES, Behiry A, Ebrahim HA, Ibrahim AM, Zaghamir DEF, El-Sherbiny M, El-Sayed SF. Vagal Stimulation Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3255. [PMID: 38137476 PMCID: PMC10741668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The harmful consequences of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are posing an increasing threat to public health as the incidence of diabetes and obesity increases globally. A non-invasive treatment with a range of autonomic and metabolic benefits is transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS). AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the possible preventive impacts of VNS against adult rats' NAFLD caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. METHODS A total of thirty-two adult male rats were split into two groups: the HFD-induced NAFLD group (n = 24) and the control normal group (n = 8). The obesogenic diet was maintained for 12 weeks to induce hepatic steatosis. The HFD-induced NAFLD group (n = 24) was separated into three groups: the group without treatment (n = 8), the group with sham stimulation (n = 8), and the group with VNS treatment (n = 8). VNS was delivered for 30 min per day for 6 weeks after the establishment of NAFLD using a digital TENS device. The subsequent assessments included hepatic triglyceride, cholesterol content, serum lipid profile, and liver function testing. In this context, inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL-6) and hepatic oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, and GPx) were also assessed. To clarify the possible mechanisms behind the protective benefits of VNS, additional histological inspection and immunohistochemistry analysis of TNF-α and Caspase-3 were performed. RESULTS In the NAFLD-affected obese rats, VNS markedly decreased the rats' body mass index (BMI) and abdominal circumference (AC). Liver function markers (albumin, ALT, and AST) and the serum lipid profile-which included a notable decrease in the amounts of hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol-were both markedly improved. Additionally, oxidative stress and inflammatory indicators showed a considerable decline with VNS. Notably, the liver tissues examined by histopathologists revealed that there is evidence of the protective impact of VNS on the oxidative and inflammatory states linked to HFD-induced NAFLD while maintaining the architectural and functional condition of the liver. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that VNS may represent a promising therapeutic candidate for managing NAFLD induced by obesity. It can be considered to be an effective adjuvant physiological intervention for the obese population with NAFLD to spare the liver against obesity-induced deleterious injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany A. Elkattawy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 11579, Saudi Arabia;
- Medical Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44519, Egypt; (A.E.-S.H.); (S.F.E.-S.)
| | - Samar Mortada Mahmoud
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44519, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed El-Sayed Hassan
- Medical Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44519, Egypt; (A.E.-S.H.); (S.F.E.-S.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi University, Bukayriah 51941, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Behiry
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Endemic Diseases, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hasnaa Ali Ebrahim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ateya Megahed Ibrahim
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.I.); (D.E.F.Z.)
- Department of Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said P.O. Box 42511, Egypt
| | - Donia Elsaid Fathi Zaghamir
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.I.); (D.E.F.Z.)
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said P.O. Box 42511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 11579, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sherein F. El-Sayed
- Medical Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44519, Egypt; (A.E.-S.H.); (S.F.E.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Chi J, Che K, Wang Y, Wang W. Obesity is associated with impaired postprandial pancreatic polypeptide secretion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1192311. [PMID: 37334299 PMCID: PMC10273268 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1192311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to compare the levels of serum pancreatic polypeptide (PP), insulin (INS), C-peptide (C-P), and glucagon (GCG) before and after glucose stimulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with different body mass indexes (BMI), analyze the relevant factors associated with PP secretion, and further investigate the role of PP in the development of obesity and diabetes. Methods Data were collected from 83 patients from the hospital. The subjects were divided into normal-weight group, overweight group, and obese group according to their BMI. All subjects were tested with the standard bread meal test (SBMT). PP and relevant parameters were measured, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated after 120 min of SBMT. AUCpp (AUC of PP) was used as the dependent variable, and the potential influencing factors were used as independent variables for multiple linear regression analysis. Results The obese and overweight groups had significantly lower PP secretion than the normal-weight group (485.95 pg·h/ml, 95% CI 76.16-895.74, p = 0.021; 664.61 pg·h/ml, 95% CI 285.46-1043.77, p = 0.001) at 60 min postprandial. PP secretion in the obese and overweight groups was also significantly lower than that in the normal-weight group (520.07 pg·h/ml, 95% CI 186.58-853.56, p = 0.003; 467.62 pg·h/ml, 95% CI 159.06-776.18, p = 0.003) at 120 min postprandial. AUCpp was negatively associated with BMI (r = -0.260, p = 0.017) and positively associated with AUCGCG (r = 0.501, p< 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that there was a linear correlation between AUCGCG, BMI, and AUCpp (p< 0.001, p = 0.008). The regression equation was calculated as follows: AUCpp = 1772.255-39.65 × BMI + 0.957 × AUCGCG (R2 = 54.1%, p< 0.001). Conclusion Compared with normal-weight subjects, overweight and obese subjects had impaired PP secretion after glucose stimulation. In T2DM patients, PP secretion was mainly affected by BMI and GCG. Clinical trial registry The Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. Clinical trial registration http://www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR2100047486.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingwei Chi
- Medical Research Center, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Thyroid Diseases, Qingdao, China
| | - Kui Che
- Medical Research Center, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Thyroid Diseases, Qingdao, China
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moris JM, Heinold C, Blades A, Koh Y. Nutrient-Based Appetite Regulation. J Obes Metab Syndr 2022; 31:161-168. [PMID: 35718856 PMCID: PMC9284573 DOI: 10.7570/jomes22031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of appetite is dependent on crosstalk between the gut and the brain, which is a pathway described as the gut-brain axis (GBA). Three primary appetite-regulating hormones that are secreted in the gut as a response to eating a meal are glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), and peptide YY (PYY). When these hormones are secreted, the GBA responds to reduce appetite. However, secretion of these hormones and the response of the GBA can vary depending on the types of nutrients consumed. This narrative review describes how the gut secretes GLP-1, CCK, and PYY in response to proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. In addition, the GBA response based on the quality of the meal is described in the context of which meal types produce greater appetite suppression. Last, the beneficiary role of exercise as a mediator of appetite regulation is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Moris
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Corrinn Heinold
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra Blades
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Yunsuk Koh
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nowakowska M, Üçal M, Charalambous M, Bhatti SFM, Denison T, Meller S, Worrell GA, Potschka H, Volk HA. Neurostimulation as a Method of Treatment and a Preventive Measure in Canine Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: Current State and Future Prospects. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:889561. [PMID: 35782557 PMCID: PMC9244381 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.889561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of neuronal activity for seizure control using various methods of neurostimulation is a rapidly developing field in epileptology, especially in treatment of refractory epilepsy. Promising results in human clinical practice, such as diminished seizure burden, reduced incidence of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, and improved quality of life has brought neurostimulation into the focus of veterinary medicine as a therapeutic option. This article provides a comprehensive review of available neurostimulation methods for seizure management in drug-resistant epilepsy in canine patients. Recent progress in non-invasive modalities, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation is highlighted. We further discuss potential future advances and their plausible application as means for preventing epileptogenesis in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nowakowska
- Research Unit of Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Muammer Üçal
- Research Unit of Experimental Neurotraumatology, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Marios Charalambous
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Sofie F. M. Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Timothy Denison
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Heidrun Potschka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ahmed U, Chang YC, Zafeiropoulos S, Nassrallah Z, Miller L, Zanos S. Strategies for precision vagus neuromodulation. Bioelectron Med 2022; 8:9. [PMID: 35637543 PMCID: PMC9150383 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-022-00091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve is involved in the autonomic regulation of physiological homeostasis, through vast innervation of cervical, thoracic and abdominal visceral organs. Stimulation of the vagus with bioelectronic devices represents a therapeutic opportunity for several disorders implicating the autonomic nervous system and affecting different organs. During clinical translation, vagus stimulation therapies may benefit from a precision medicine approach, in which stimulation accommodates individual variability due to nerve anatomy, nerve-electrode interface or disease state and aims at eliciting therapeutic effects in targeted organs, while minimally affecting non-targeted organs. In this review, we discuss the anatomical and physiological basis for precision neuromodulation of the vagus at the level of nerve fibers, fascicles, branches and innervated organs. We then discuss different strategies for precision vagus neuromodulation, including fascicle- or fiber-selective cervical vagus nerve stimulation, stimulation of vagal branches near the end-organs, and ultrasound stimulation of vagus terminals at the end-organs themselves. Finally, we summarize targets for vagus neuromodulation in neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders and suggest potential precision neuromodulation strategies that could form the basis for effective and safe therapies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kozorosky EM, Lee CH, Lee JG, Nunez Martinez V, Padayachee LE, Stauss HM. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation augments postprandial inhibition of ghrelin. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15253. [PMID: 35441808 PMCID: PMC9020171 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) facilitates weight loss in animals and patients treated with VNS for depression or epilepsy. Likewise, chronic transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) reduces weight gain and improves glucose tolerance in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. If these metabolic effects of taVNS observed in rats translate to humans is unknown. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that acute application of taVNS affects glucotropic and orexigenic hormones which could potentially facilitate weight loss and improve glucose tolerance if taVNS were applied chronically. In two single-blinded randomized cross-over protocols, blood glucose levels, plasma concentrations of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, leptin, and ghrelin, together with heart rate variability and baroreceptor-heart rate reflex sensitivity were determined before and after taVNS (left ear, 10 Hz, 300 µs, 2.0-2.5 mA, 30 min) or sham-taVNS (electrode attached to ear with the stimulator turned off). In a first protocol, subjects (n = 16) were fasted throughout the protocol and in a second protocol, subjects (n = 10) received a high-calorie beverage (220 kCal) after the first blood sample, just before initiation of taVNS or sham-taVNS. No significant effects of taVNS on heart rate variability and baroreceptor-heart rate reflex sensitivity and only minor effects on glucotropic hormones were observed. However, in the second protocol taVNS significantly lowered postprandial plasma ghrelin levels (taVNS: -115.5 ± 28.3 pg/ml vs. sham-taVNS: -51.2 ± 30.6 pg/ml, p < 0.05). This finding provides a rationale for follow-up studies testing the hypothesis that chronic application of taVNS may reduce food intake through inhibition of ghrelin and, therefore, may indirectly improve glucose tolerance through weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina H. Lee
- Burrell College of Osteopathic MedicineLas CrucesNew MexicoUSA
| | - Jessica G. Lee
- Burrell College of Osteopathic MedicineLas CrucesNew MexicoUSA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Geng D, Liu X, Wang Y, Wang J. The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on HRV in healthy young people. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263833. [PMID: 35143576 PMCID: PMC8830655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has shown positive effects on a variety of diseases. Considering that decreased heart rate variability (HRV) is closely associated with morbidity and mortality for a variety of diseases, it is important to investigate the effect of taVNS on HRV. In Study 1, we conducted a two-stage cross-over trial to compare the effects of taVNS and sham taVNS (staVNS) on HRV. In Study 2, we systematically tested the effects of different taVNS parameters on high frequency (HF) component of HRV. The results showed that taVNS significantly increased measurements of root mean square of the difference between successive RR intervals (RMSSD), percentage of number of pairs of adjacent RR intervals differing greater than 50ms (pRR50), standard deviation of all RR intervals (SDRR), HF. Significantly, enhancement of HF and pRR50 persisted into recovery period. In addition, higher baseline LF/HF ratio was associated with greater LF/HF ratio decrease. Findings also showed that there was no significant difference in measurements of HF between different taVNS parameters. These studies suggest that taVNS could increase HRV, it may help taVNS in the treatment of low HRV related diseases. However, taVNS may not have parameter-specific effects on HRV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duyan Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xuanyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodrigues VST, Moura EG, Peixoto TC, Soares P, Lopes BP, Bertasso IM, Silva BS, Cabral S, Kluck GEG, Atella GC, Trindade PL, Daleprane JB, Oliveira E, Lisboa PC. The model of litter size reduction induces long-term disruption of the gut-brain axis: An explanation for the hyperphagia of Wistar rats of both sexes. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15191. [PMID: 35146951 PMCID: PMC8831958 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota affects the host's metabolic phenotype, impacting health and disease. The gut-brain axis unites the intestine with the centers of hunger and satiety, affecting the eating behavior. Deregulation of this axis can lead to obesity onset. Litter size reduction is a well-studied model for infant obesity because it causes overnutrition and programs for obesity. We hypothesize that animals raised in small litters (SL) have altered circuitry between the intestine and brain, causing hyperphagia. We investigated vagus nerve activity, the expression of c-Fos, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), gastrointestinal (GI) hormone receptors, and content of bacterial phyla and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces of adult male and female Wistar rats overfed during lactation. On the 3rd day after birth, litter size was reduced to 3 pups/litter (SL males or SL females) until weaning. Controls had normal litter size (10 pups/litter: 5 males and 5 females). The rats were killed at 5 months of age. The male and female offspring were analyzed separately. The SL group of both sexes showed higher food consumption and body adiposity than the respective controls. SL animals presented dysbiosis (increased Firmicutes, decreased Bacteroidetes) and had increased vagus nerve activity. Only the SL males had decreased hypothalamic GLP-1 receptor expression, while only the SL females had lower acetate and propionate in the feces and higher CCK receptor expression in the hypothalamus. Thus, overfeeding during lactation differentially changes the gut-brain axis, contributing to hyperphagia of the offspring of both sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S. T. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Egberto G. Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Thamara C. Peixoto
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Patricia N. Soares
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Bruna P. Lopes
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Iala M. Bertasso
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Beatriz S. Silva
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - S. S. Cabral
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein BiochemistryBiochemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - G. E. G. Kluck
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein BiochemistryBiochemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - G. C. Atella
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein BiochemistryBiochemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - P. L. Trindade
- Laboratory for studies of Interactions between Nutrition and GeneticsNutrition InstituteRio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - J. B. Daleprane
- Laboratory for studies of Interactions between Nutrition and GeneticsNutrition InstituteRio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Elaine Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Patricia Cristina Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Acute vagus nerve stimulation does not affect liking or wanting ratings of food in healthy participants. Appetite 2021; 169:105813. [PMID: 34798227 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vagus nerve plays a vital role in the regulation of food intake and vagal afferent signals may help regulate food cue reactivity by providing negative homeostatic feedback. Despite strong evidence from preclinical studies on vagal afferent "satiety" signals in guiding food intake, evidence from human studies is largely inconclusive to date. Here, we investigated the acute effects of left or right transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on subjective ratings of wanting and liking of various food and non-food items in 82 healthy participants (46 women, MBMI = 23.1 kg/m2). In contrast to previous reports in patients with depression, we found moderate to anecdotal evidence supporting the absence of taVNS-induced changes in food ratings. To test whether the absence of taVNS effects on food ratings is due to heterogeneity in the sample, we conducted post hoc subgroup analyses by splitting the data according to stimulation side and sex (between-subject factors) as well as caloric density, perceived healthiness, and flavor (sweet vs. savory) of the food (within-subject factors). This multiverse analysis largely supported the absence of taVNS-induced changes since the strongest subgroup effects provided only anecdotal evidence in favor of taVNS-induced changes. We conclude that acute taVNS only has a marginal effect on subjective ratings of food, suggesting that it is an unlikely mechanism for the reported long-term effects of VNS on body weight. In light of an absence of acute taVNS effects on conscious food liking and wanting, our results call for future research on the correspondence between acute and chronic effects of vagal afferent stimulation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Maharjan A, Peng M, Cakmak YO. The effects of frequency-specific, non-invasive, median nerve stimulation on food-related attention and appetite. Appetite 2021; 169:105807. [PMID: 34798222 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Median nerve stimulation (MNS) in the existing literature has been used for treating gastrointestinal disorders and amelioration of nausea and vomiting. Recently, studies have shown that MNS can also exert effects on olfactory performances and corresponding anatomical regions through the activation of vagal pathways. This study aimed to test effects of specific frequencies of MNS on food-related attention and appetite. The experiment used an odourised, dot probe task for testing food-related attention and a combination of behavioural (i.e., visual analogue scales; VAS) and physiological approaches (i.e., electrocardiograph; ECG - root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats-RMSSD: parasympathetic nervous system activation (RMSSD), stress index-SI: sympathetic nervous system activation) for measuring hunger, appetite, and satiation. Twenty-four healthy, male adults completed a VAS and dot probe task before and after receiving either 40 Hz-, 80 Hz-, 120 Hz MNS or sham (control) across four different sessions with continuous ECG recording throughout each session. Data from the dot probe task were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA, while pair-wise tests were used for ECG recordings and VAS. Improvements on the dot probe task, not specific to odour-food congruence were found after 40 Hz MNS (p-value = 0.048; strong effect size (0.308 partial eta squared)) while increased ratings of hunger (VAS) (p-value = 0.03, small effect size (0.47 Cohen-D)) and RMSSD scores (p-value < 0.001; medium effect size (0.76 Cohen-D)) were found after 120 Hz MNS. These findings implore further testing of MNS frequency parameters on improving RMSSD, a characteristic marker of measuring parasympathetic/autonomic nervous system activation pertaining to the vagal network. Furthermore, improving sympathovagal balance is associated with cardiovascular benefits in numerous health-related conditions such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Maharjan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf O Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand; Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rodrigues VST, Moura EG, Peixoto TC, Soares PN, Lopes BP, Oliveira E, Manhães AC, Atella GC, Kluck GEG, Cabral SS, Trindade PL, Daleprane JB, Lisboa PC. Changes in gut-brain axis parameters in adult rats of both sexes with different feeding pattern that were early nicotine-exposed. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112656. [PMID: 34740714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is an endocrine disruptor and imprinting factor during breastfeeding that can cause food intake imbalance in the adulthood. As nicotine affects the intestinal microbiota, altering the composition of the bacterial communities and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) synthesis in a sex-dependent manner, we hypothesized that nicotine could program the gut-brain axis, consequently modifying the eating pattern of adult male and female rats in a model of maternal nicotine exposure (MNE) during breastfeeding. Lactating Wistar rat dams received minipumps that release 6 mg/kg/day of nicotine (MNE group) or saline for 14 days. The progeny received standard diet from weaning until euthanasia (26 weeks of age). We measured: in vivo electrical activity of the vagus nerve; c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius, gastrointestinal peptides receptors, intestinal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), SCFAs and microbiota. MNE females showed hyperphagia despite normal adiposity, while MNE males had unchanged food intake, despite obesity. Adult MNE offspring showed decreased Bacteroidetes and increased Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. MNE females had lower fecal acetate while MNE males showed higher vagus nerve activity. In summary nicotine exposure through the milk induces long-term intestinal dysbiosis, which may affect eating patterns of adult offspring in a sex-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V S T Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E G Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - T C Peixoto
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - P N Soares
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - B P Lopes
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - E Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A C Manhães
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - G C Atella
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein Biochemistry, Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - G E G Kluck
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein Biochemistry, Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - S S Cabral
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein Biochemistry, Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - P L Trindade
- Laboratory for Studies of Interactions Between Nutrition and Genetics, Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, RJ, Brazil
| | - J B Daleprane
- Laboratory for Studies of Interactions Between Nutrition and Genetics, Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, RJ, Brazil
| | - P C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Managing motility disorders of the gastrointestinal segment and obesity through electrical stimulation. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-021-00590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
16
|
Bonaz B, Lane RD, Oshinsky ML, Kenny PJ, Sinha R, Mayer EA, Critchley HD. Diseases, Disorders, and Comorbidities of Interoception. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:39-51. [PMID: 33378656 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Interoception, the sense of the body's internal physiological state, underpins homeostatic reflexes, motivational states, and sensations contributing to emotional experiences. The continuous nature of interoceptive processing, coupled to behavior, is implicated in the neurobiological construction of the sense of self. Aberrant integration and control of interoceptive signals, originating in the brain and/or the periphery, can perturb the whole system. Interoceptive abnormalities are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and in the symptomatic expression of developmental, neurodegenerative, and neurological disorders. Moreover, interoceptive mechanisms appear central to somatic disorders of brain-body interactions, including functional digestive disorders, chronic pain, and comorbid conditions. The present article provides an overview of disorders of interoception and suggests future directions for better understanding, diagnosis, and management of these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonaz
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institute Neurosciences and Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Richard D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5002, USA
| | - Michael L Oshinsky
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Meroni E, Stakenborg N, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Stakenborg M, Aguilera-Lizarraga J, Florens M, Delfini M, de Simone V, De Hertogh G, Goverse G, Matteoli G, Boeckxstaens GE. Vagus Nerve Stimulation Promotes Epithelial Proliferation and Controls Colon Monocyte Infiltration During DSS-Induced Colitis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:694268. [PMID: 34307422 PMCID: PMC8292675 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.694268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously showed increased susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in vagotomized mice. Here, we evaluated whether vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is able to reduce the severity of DSS colitis and aimed to unravel the mechanism involved. Methods: Colitis was induced in wild type mice by 2.5% DSS administration in drinking water for 5 days. VNS (5 Hz, 1 ms, 1 mA) was applied 1 day prior to and after 4 days of DSS administration to evaluate changes in epithelial integrity and inflammatory response, respectively. Epithelial integrity was assessed using TUNEL and Ki67 staining. Monocytes, immature and mature macrophages were sorted from colonic samples and gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were studied. Results: VNS applied prior to DSS administration (i.e., prophylactic VNS) reduced disease activity index (VNS 0.8 ± 0.6 vs. sham 2.8 ± 0.7, p < 0.001, n = 5) and tended to improve histology score. Prophylactic VNS significantly increased epithelial cell proliferation and diminished apoptosis compared to sham stimulation. VNS applied at day 4 during DSS administration (i.e., therapeutic VNS) decreased the influx of monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages and neutrophils, and significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (i.e., Tnfα and Cxcl1) in immature macrophages compared to sham stimulation. Conclusions: A single period of VNS applied prior to DSS exposure reduced DSS-induced colitis by an improvement in epithelial integrity. On the other hand, VNS applied during the inflammatory phase of DSS colitis reduced cytokine expression in immature macrophages. Our data further underscores the potential of VNS as novel therapeutic approach for inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Meroni
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Stakenborg
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro J Gomez-Pinilla
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Stakenborg
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Javier Aguilera-Lizarraga
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Morgane Florens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcello Delfini
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veronica de Simone
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert De Hertogh
- Department of Pathology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gera Goverse
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Matteoli
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Mucosal Immunology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Lab for Intestinal Neuro-Immune Interaction, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pavlov VA. The evolving obesity challenge: targeting the vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex in the response. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 222:107794. [PMID: 33310156 PMCID: PMC8027699 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which have reached pandemic proportions significantly increase the risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other serious conditions. Recent data with COVID-19 patients indicate that obesity also is a significant risk factor for this novel viral disease and poor outcome of associated critical illness. These findings considerably change the view of obesity as a driver of serious, but slowly-progressing chronic diseases, and emphasize the urgency to explore new therapeutic approaches. Inflammation is a recognized driver of metabolic derangements in obesity and MetS, and a core feature of COVID-19 pathobiology. Recent advances in our understanding of inflammatory regulation have highlighted the role of the nervous system and the vagus nerve-based inflammatory reflex. Current bioelectronic and pharmacological therapeutic explorations centered on the inflammatory reflex offer new approaches for conditions characterized by immune and metabolic dysregulation and for ameliorating the escalating burden of obesity, MetS, and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Pavlov
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Galmiche M, Achamrah N, Déchelotte P, Ribet D, Breton J. Role of microbiota-gut-brain axis dysfunctions induced by infections in the onset of anorexia nervosa. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:381-391. [PMID: 34010427 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by low food intake, severe body weight loss, intense fear of gaining weight, and dysmorphophobia. This chronic disease is associated with both psychiatric and somatic comorbidities. Over the years, clinical studies have accumulated evidence that viral or bacterial infections may promote the onset of eating disorders such as AN. This review aims to describe how infections and the subsequent immune responses affect food intake regulation in the short term and also how these processes may lead to long-term intestinal disorders, including gut barrier disruption and gut microbiota dysbiosis, even after the clearance of the pathogens. We discuss in particular how infection-mediated intestinal dysbiosis may promote the onset of several AN symptoms and comorbidities, including appetite dysregulation, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Galmiche
- M. Galmiche, N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, and J. Breton are with Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Najate Achamrah
- M. Galmiche, N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, and J. Breton are with Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- M. Galmiche, N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, and J. Breton are with Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - David Ribet
- M. Galmiche, N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, and J. Breton are with Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- M. Galmiche, N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, and J. Breton are with Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cury J, Vande Perre L, Smets H, Stumpp L, Vespa S, Vanhoestenberghe A, Doguet P, Delbeke J, El Tahry R, Gorza SP, Nonclercq A. Infrared neurostimulation in ex-vivorat sciatic nerve using 1470 nm wavelength. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33770780 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abf28f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To design and implement a setup forex-vivooptical stimulation for exploring the effect of several key parameters (optical power and pulse duration), activation features (threshold, spatial selectivity) and recovery characteristics (repeated stimuli) in peripheral nerves.Approach.A nerve chamber allowing ex-vivo electrical and optical stimulation was designed and built. A 1470 nm light source was chosen to stimulate the nerve. A photodiode module was implemented for synchronization of the electrical and optical channels.Main results. Compound neural action potentials (CNAPs) were successfully generated with infrared light pulses of 200-2000µs duration and power in the range of 3-10 W. These parameters determine a radiant exposure for stimulation in the range 1.59-4.78 J cm-2. Recruitment curves were obtained by increasing durations at a constant power level. Neural activation threshold is reached at a mean radiant exposure of 3.16 ± 0.68 J cm-2and mean pulse energy of 3.79 ± 0.72 mJ. Repetition rates of 2-10 Hz have been explored. In eight out of ten sciatic nerves (SNs), repeated light stimuli induced a sensitization effect in that the CNAP amplitude progressively grows, representing an increasing number of recruited fibres. In two out of ten SNs, CNAPs were composed of a succession of peaks corresponding to different conduction velocities.Significance.The reported sensitization effect could shed light on the mechanism underlying infrared neurostimulation. Our results suggest that, in sharp contrast with electrical stimuli, optical pulses could recruit slow fibres early on. This more physiological order of recruitment opens the perspective for specific neuromodulation of fibre population who remained poorly accessible until now. Short high-power light pulses at wavelengths below 1.5µm offer interesting perspectives for neurostimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Cury
- Bio, Electro and Mechanical Systems (BEAMS), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Opera Photonics, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louis Vande Perre
- Bio, Electro and Mechanical Systems (BEAMS), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo Smets
- Bio, Electro and Mechanical Systems (BEAMS), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lars Stumpp
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium-Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone Vespa
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium-Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Vanhoestenberghe
- Aspire Centre for Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jean Delbeke
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium-Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Riëm El Tahry
- Institute of Neurosciences (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium-Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Antoine Nonclercq
- Bio, Electro and Mechanical Systems (BEAMS), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Farmer AD, Strzelczyk A, Finisguerra A, Gourine AV, Gharabaghi A, Hasan A, Burger AM, Jaramillo AM, Mertens A, Majid A, Verkuil B, Badran BW, Ventura-Bort C, Gaul C, Beste C, Warren CM, Quintana DS, Hämmerer D, Freri E, Frangos E, Tobaldini E, Kaniusas E, Rosenow F, Capone F, Panetsos F, Ackland GL, Kaithwas G, O'Leary GH, Genheimer H, Jacobs HIL, Van Diest I, Schoenen J, Redgrave J, Fang J, Deuchars J, Széles JC, Thayer JF, More K, Vonck K, Steenbergen L, Vianna LC, McTeague LM, Ludwig M, Veldhuizen MG, De Couck M, Casazza M, Keute M, Bikson M, Andreatta M, D'Agostini M, Weymar M, Betts M, Prigge M, Kaess M, Roden M, Thai M, Schuster NM, Montano N, Hansen N, Kroemer NB, Rong P, Fischer R, Howland RH, Sclocco R, Sellaro R, Garcia RG, Bauer S, Gancheva S, Stavrakis S, Kampusch S, Deuchars SA, Wehner S, Laborde S, Usichenko T, Polak T, Zaehle T, Borges U, Teckentrup V, Jandackova VK, Napadow V, Koenig J. International Consensus Based Review and Recommendations for Minimum Reporting Standards in Research on Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (Version 2020). Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:568051. [PMID: 33854421 PMCID: PMC8040977 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.568051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) across basic, translational and clinical research. Contemporaneously, tVNS can be achieved by stimulating either the auricular branch or the cervical bundle of the vagus nerve, referred to as transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) and transcutaneous cervical VNS, respectively. In order to advance the field in a systematic manner, studies using these technologies need to adequately report sufficient methodological detail to enable comparison of results between studies, replication of studies, as well as enhancing study participant safety. We systematically reviewed the existing tVNS literature to evaluate current reporting practices. Based on this review, and consensus among participating authors, we propose a set of minimal reporting items to guide future tVNS studies. The suggested items address specific technical aspects of the device and stimulation parameters. We also cover general recommendations including inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants, outcome parameters and the detailed reporting of side effects. Furthermore, we review strategies used to identify the optimal stimulation parameters for a given research setting and summarize ongoing developments in animal research with potential implications for the application of tVNS in humans. Finally, we discuss the potential of tVNS in future research as well as the associated challenges across several disciplines in research and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Farmer
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust, Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Alexander V. Gourine
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alireza Gharabaghi
- Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University Hospital and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas M. Burger
- Laboratory for Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Ann Mertens
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, 4Brain, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Verkuil
- Clinical Psychology and the Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bashar W. Badran
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Carlos Ventura-Bort
- Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Charly Gaul
- Migraine and Headache Clinic Koenigstein, Königstein im Taunus, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Daniel S. Quintana
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dorothea Hämmerer
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg (CBBS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Elena Freri
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleni Frangos
- Pain and Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eleonora Tobaldini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenijus Kaniusas
- Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- SzeleSTIM GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fioravante Capone
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Complutense University of Madrid and Institute for Health Research, San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gareth L. Ackland
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaurav Kaithwas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Georgia H. O'Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Hannah Genheimer
- Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heidi I. L. Jacobs
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Van Diest
- Research Group Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean Schoenen
- Headache Research Unit, Department of Neurology-Citadelle Hospital, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jessica Redgrave
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jiliang Fang
- Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Radiology, Guang An Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jim Deuchars
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jozsef C. Széles
- Division for Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian F. Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Kaushik More
- Institute for Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neuroscience, 4Brain, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Laura Steenbergen
- Clinical and Cognitive Psychology and the Leiden Institute of Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lauro C. Vianna
- NeuroV̇ASQ̇ - Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lisa M. McTeague
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Mareike Ludwig
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Maria G. Veldhuizen
- Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marijke De Couck
- Faculty of Health Care, University College Odisee, Aalst, Belgium
- Division of Epileptology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Casazza
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Keute
- Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University Hospital and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marta Andreatta
- Department of Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martina D'Agostini
- Research Group Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Weymar
- Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthew Betts
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Prigge
- Neuromodulatory Networks, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Section for Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Michelle Thai
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nathaniel M. Schuster
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, University of California, San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Nicola Montano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience and Imaging in Psychiatry (SNIPLab), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils B. Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rico Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert H. Howland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Roberta Sclocco
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, United States
| | - Roberta Sellaro
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ronald G. Garcia
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sofiya Gancheva
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Faculty of Biological Science, School of Biomedical Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Kampusch
- Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- SzeleSTIM GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susan A. Deuchars
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Köln, Germany
| | - Taras Usichenko
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Polak
- Laboratory of Functional Neurovascular Diagnostics, AG Early Diagnosis of Dementia, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tino Zaehle
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Uirassu Borges
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Köln, Germany
- Department of Social and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Deutsche Sporthochschule, Köln, Germany
| | - Vanessa Teckentrup
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vera K. Jandackova
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Vitaly Napadow
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Logan University, Chesterfield, MO, United States
| | - Julian Koenig
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Section for Experimental Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Huerta TS, Devarajan A, Tsaava T, Rishi A, Cotero V, Puleo C, Ashe J, Coleman TR, Chang EH, Tracey KJ, Chavan SS. Targeted peripheral focused ultrasound stimulation attenuates obesity-induced metabolic and inflammatory dysfunctions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5083. [PMID: 33658532 PMCID: PMC7930257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a growing health concern, is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Chronic low-grade inflammation is implicated in obesity-driven metabolic complications. Peripheral focused ultrasound stimulation (pFUS) is an emerging non-invasive technology that modulates inflammation. Here, we reasoned that focused ultrasound stimulation of the liver may alleviate obesity-related inflammation and other comorbidities. After 8 weeks on a high-fat high-carbohydrate "Western" diet, C57BL/6J mice were subjected to either sham stimulation or focused ultrasound stimulation at the porta hepatis. Daily liver-focused ultrasound stimulation for 8 weeks significantly decreased body weight, circulating lipids and mitigated dysregulation of adipokines. In addition, liver-focused ultrasound stimulation significantly reduced hepatic cytokine levels and leukocyte infiltration. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of hepatic focused ultrasound for alleviating obesity and obesity-associated complications in mice. These findings suggest a previously unrecognized potential of hepatic focused ultrasound as a possible novel noninvasive approach in the context of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás S Huerta
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Alex Devarajan
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Arvind Rishi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Ashe
- GE Research, 1 Research Circle, Niskayuna, NY, 12309, USA
| | - Thomas R Coleman
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Eric H Chang
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang X, Chen H, Val-Laillet D. Hypothesis paper: electroacupuncture targeting the gut-brain axis to modulate neurocognitive determinants of eating behavior-toward a proof of concept in the obese minipig model. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:61-74. [PMID: 32100220 PMCID: PMC7895779 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture has thousands of years of history and perspective for the treatment of many health problems and disorders. Beneficial effects of acupuncture on obesity have been demonstrated at various levels in animals and clinical trials, with almost no adverse effect, even when combined with local electrical stimulation, i.e., electroacupuncture (EA), a way to potentiate the effects of acupuncture. However, there is still scattered evidence about the impact of EA on brain functions related to the control of eating behavior, and notably on the gut-brain axis mechanisms involved in these putative central modulations. During the past 10 years, we have described a convincing diet-induced obese minipig model, and successfully implemented brain imaging and neurocognitive approaches to challenge mechanistic hypotheses and innovative therapeutic strategies. In the present article, we propose to confront the current literature on the acupuncture and EA effects on the gut-brain axis and obesity with the latest developments in nutrition and neuroscience research using the minipig model. Our aims are to (a) elaborate functional hypotheses on the gut-brain mechanisms underlying EA effects on obesity, and especially on the role of the vagus nerve, and (b) present the rational for testing these hypotheses in the minipig model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Zhang
- Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Guanzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, 16 Le Clos, St Gilles, 35590, Rennes, France.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Malbert CH. Vagally Mediated Gut-Brain Relationships in Appetite Control-Insights from Porcine Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020467. [PMID: 33573329 PMCID: PMC7911705 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signals arising from the upper part of the gut are essential for the regulation of food intake, particularly satiation. This information is supplied to the brain partly by vagal nervous afferents. The porcine model, because of its sizeable gyrencephalic brain, omnivorous regimen, and comparative anatomy of the proximal part of the gut to that of humans, has provided several important insights relating to the relevance of vagally mediated gut-brain relationships to the regulation of food intake. Furthermore, its large size combined with the capacity to become obese while overeating a western diet makes it a pivotal addition to existing murine models, especially for translational studies relating to obesity. How gastric, proximal intestinal, and portal information relating to meal arrival and transit are encoded by vagal afferents and their further processing by primary and secondary brain projections are reviewed. Their peripheral and central plasticities in the context of obesity are emphasized. We also present recent insights derived from chronic stimulation of the abdominal vagi with specific reference to the modulation of mesolimbic structures and their role in the restoration of insulin sensitivity in the obese miniature pig model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henri Malbert
- Aniscan Unit, INRAE, Saint-Gilles, 35590 Paris, France;
- National Academy of Medicine, 75000 Paris, France
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xie H, Yepuri N, Meng Q, Dhawan R, Leech CA, Chepurny OG, Holz GG, Cooney RN. Therapeutic potential of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists to combat obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:431-447. [PMID: 32851581 PMCID: PMC7572644 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex (CAIR) represents an important homeostatic regulatory mechanism for sensing and controlling the body's response to inflammatory stimuli. Vagovagal reflexes are an integral component of CAIR whose anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by acetylcholine (ACh) acting at α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) located on cells of the immune system. Recently, it is appreciated that CAIR and α7nAChR also participate in the control of metabolic homeostasis. This has led to the understanding that defective vagovagal reflex circuitry underlying CAIR might explain the coexistence of obesity, diabetes, and inflammation in the metabolic syndrome. Thus, there is renewed interest in the α7nAChR that mediates CAIR, particularly from the standpoint of therapeutics. Of special note is the recent finding that α7nAChR agonist GTS-21 acts at L-cells of the distal intestine to stimulate the release of two glucoregulatory and anorexigenic hormones: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). Furthermore, α7nAChR agonist PNU 282987 exerts trophic factor-like actions to support pancreatic β-cell survival under conditions of stress resembling diabetes. This review provides an overview of α7nAChR function as it pertains to CAIR, vagovagal reflexes, and metabolic homeostasis. We also consider the possible usefulness of α7nAChR agonists for treatment of obesity, diabetes, and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Natesh Yepuri
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Qinghe Meng
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Ravi Dhawan
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Colin A Leech
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Robert N Cooney
- Departments of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pelot NA, Goldhagen GB, Cariello JE, Musselman ED, Clissold KA, Ezzell JA, Grill WM. Quantified Morphology of the Cervical and Subdiaphragmatic Vagus Nerves of Human, Pig, and Rat. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:601479. [PMID: 33250710 PMCID: PMC7672126 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.601479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is necessary to understand the morphology of the vagus nerve (VN) to design and deliver effective and selective vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) because nerve morphology influences fiber responses to electrical stimulation. Specifically, nerve diameter (and thus, electrode-fiber distance), fascicle diameter, fascicular organization, and perineurium thickness all significantly affect the responses of nerve fibers to electrical signals delivered through a cuff electrode. We quantified the morphology of cervical and subdiaphragmatic VNs in humans, pigs, and rats: effective nerve diameter, number of fascicles, effective fascicle diameters, proportions of endoneurial, perineurial, and epineurial tissues, and perineurium thickness. The human and pig VNs were comparable sizes (∼2 mm cervically; ∼1.6 mm subdiaphragmatically), while the rat nerves were ten times smaller. The pig nerves had ten times more fascicles-and the fascicles were smaller-than in human nerves (47 vs. 7 fascicles cervically; 38 vs. 5 fascicles subdiaphragmatically). Comparing the cervical to the subdiaphragmatic VNs, the nerves and fascicles were larger at the cervical level for all species and there were more fascicles for pigs. Human morphology generally exhibited greater variability across samples than pigs and rats. A prior study of human somatic nerves indicated that the ratio of perineurium thickness to fascicle diameter was approximately constant across fascicle diameters. However, our data found thicker human and pig VN perineurium than those prior data: the VNs had thicker perineurium for larger fascicles and thicker perineurium normalized by fascicle diameter for smaller fascicles. Understanding these differences in VN morphology between preclinical models and the clinical target, as well as the variability across individuals of a species, is essential for designing suitable cuff electrodes and stimulation parameters and for informing translation of preclinical results to clinical application to advance the therapeutic efficacy of VNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Pelot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Gabriel B. Goldhagen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jake E. Cariello
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eric D. Musselman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kara A. Clissold
- Histology Research Core, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - J. Ashley Ezzell
- Histology Research Core, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Warren M. Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Alkan I, Altunkaynak BZ, Kivrak EG, Kaplan AA, Arslan G. Is vagal stimulation or inhibition benefit on the regulation of the stomach brain axis in obesity? Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:758-770. [PMID: 33034260 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1809875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Possible effects of the vagus inhibition and stimulation on the hypothalamic nuclei, myenteric plexes and the vagus nerve were investigated.Methods: The female rats divided to the inhibition (INH), stimulation (STI) and, sham (SHAM) groups were fed with high fat diet (including 40% of energy from animal fat). After nine weeks, the rats were allowed to recover for 4 weeks in INH group. In STI group, the left vagus nerve stimulated (30 Hz/500 msn/30 sec.) starting 2nd post operative day for 5 minutes during 4 weeks. Healthy female rats used as control (CONT). Then, tissue samples were analyzed by biochemical, histological and stereological methods.Results: The mean number of the neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the INH group was significantly less; but, that is significantly more in the STI group compared to the other groups. The neuronal density of ventromedial nucleus in the STI group was higher; while the density in the INH group was lower than the other groups. In the dorsomedial nucleus, neuron density of the INH group was lower than the other groups. In terms of the myenteric plexus volumes, that of the INH group was lowest. The myelinated axon number in the INH group was significantly highest. The myelin sheath thickness and axon area of the INH group was significantly lower than the other groups.Discussion: The results of the study show that the vagal inhibition is more effective than the vagal stimulation on the weight loss in the obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Işınsu Alkan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Okan University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrin Zuhal Altunkaynak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Okan University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Elfide Gizem Kivrak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Arife Ahsen Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülay Arslan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chang YC, Cracchiolo M, Ahmed U, Mughrabi I, Gabalski A, Daytz A, Rieth L, Becker L, Datta-Chaudhuri T, Al-Abed Y, Zanos TP, Zanos S. Quantitative estimation of nerve fiber engagement by vagus nerve stimulation using physiological markers. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1617-1630. [PMID: 32956868 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an emerging bioelectronic treatment for brain, metabolic, cardiovascular and immune disorders. Its desired and off-target effects are mediated by different nerve fiber populations and knowledge of their engagement could guide calibration and monitoring of VNS therapies. OBJECTIVE Stimulus-evoked compound action potentials (eCAPs) directly provide fiber engagement information but are currently not feasible in humans. A method to estimate fiber engagement through common, noninvasive physiological readouts could be used in place of eCAP measurements. METHODS In anesthetized rats, we recorded eCAPs while registering acute physiological response markers to VNS: cervical electromyography (EMG), changes in heart rate (ΔHR) and breathing interval (ΔBI). Quantitative models were established to capture the relationship between A-, B- and C-fiber type activation and those markers, and to quantitatively estimate fiber activation from physiological markers and stimulation parameters. RESULTS In bivariate analyses, we found that EMG correlates with A-fiber, ΔHR with B-fiber and ΔBI with C-fiber activation, in agreement with known physiological functions of the vagus. We compiled multivariate models for quantitative estimation of fiber engagement from these markers and stimulation parameters. Finally, we compiled frequency gain models that allow estimation of fiber engagement at a wide range of VNS frequencies. Our models, after calibration in humans, could provide noninvasive estimation of fiber engagement in current and future therapeutic applications of VNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chuan Chang
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Marina Cracchiolo
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA; The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Umair Ahmed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Ibrahim Mughrabi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Arielle Gabalski
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Anna Daytz
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Loren Rieth
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Lance Becker
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Timir Datta-Chaudhuri
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Theodoros P Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Present project is concerned with the possibility to modulate the neural regulation of food intake by non-invasive stimulation of the vagus nerve. This nerve carries viscero-afferent information from the gut and other internal organs and therefore serves an important role in ingestive behavior. The electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve (VNS) is a qualified procedure in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy and depression. Since weight loss is a known common side effect of VNS treatment in patients with implanted devices, VNS is evaluated as a treatment of obesity. To investigate potential VNS-related changes in the cognitive processing of food-related items, 21 healthy participants were recorded in a 3-Tesla scanner in two counterbalanced sessions. Participants were presented with 72 food pictures and asked to rate how much they liked that food. Before entering the scanner subjects received a 1-h sham or verum stimulation, which was implemented transcutanously with a Cerbomed NEMOS® device. We found significant activations in core areas of the vagal afferent pathway, including left brainstem, thalamus, temporal pole, amygdala, insula, hippocampus, and supplementary motor area for the interaction between ratings (high vs low) and session (verum vs sham stimulation). Significant activations were also found for the main effect of verum compared to sham stimulation in the left inferior and superior parietal cortex. These results demonstrate an effect of tVNS on food image processing even with a preceding short stimulation period. This is a necessary prerequisite for a therapeutic application of tVNS which has to be evaluated in longer-term studies.
Collapse
|
30
|
Neuser MP, Teckentrup V, Kühnel A, Hallschmid M, Walter M, Kroemer NB. Vagus nerve stimulation boosts the drive to work for rewards. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3555. [PMID: 32678082 PMCID: PMC7366927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interoceptive feedback transmitted via the vagus nerve plays a vital role in motivation by tuning actions according to physiological needs. Whereas vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) reinforces actions in animals, motivational effects elicited by VNS in humans are still largely elusive. Here, we applied non-invasive transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) on the left or right ear while participants exerted effort to earn rewards using a randomized cross-over design (vs. sham). In line with preclinical studies, acute taVNS enhances invigoration of effort, and stimulation on the left side primarily facilitates invigoration for food rewards. In contrast, we do not find conclusive evidence that acute taVNS affects effort maintenance or wanting ratings. Collectively, our results suggest that taVNS enhances reward-seeking by boosting invigoration, not effort maintenance and that the stimulation side affects generalization beyond food reward. Thus, taVNS may enhance the pursuit of prospective rewards which may pave avenues to treat motivational deficiencies. The vagus nerve transmits signals between the gut and the brain thereby tuning motivated behavior to physiological needs. Here, the authors show that acute non-invasive stimulation of the vagus nerve via the ear enhances the invigoration of effort for rewards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monja P Neuser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Teckentrup
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Kühnel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry and International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Kraeplinstraße 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Obst MA, Heldmann M, Alicart H, Tittgemeyer M, Münte TF. Effect of Short-Term Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) on Brain Processing of Food Cues: An Electrophysiological Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:206. [PMID: 32625072 PMCID: PMC7314996 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The vagus nerve plays an important role in the regulation of food intake. Modulating vagal activity via electrical stimulation (VNS) in patients and animal studies caused changes in food intake, energy metabolism, and body weight. However, the moderating impact of cognitive processes on VNS effects on eating behavior has not been investigated so far. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) affects food intake by altering cognitive functions relevant to the processing of food-related information. Methods: Using a repeated-measurement design, we applied tVNS and a sham stimulation for 2 h on two different days in normal-weight subjects. We recorded standard scalp EEG while subjects watched food and object pictures presented in an oddball task. We analyzed the event-related potentials (ERPs) P1, P2, N2, and LPP and also examined the amount of consumed food and eating duration in a free-choice test meal. Results: Significant differences between stimulations were observed for the P1, P2, and N2 amplitudes. However, we found no tVNS-dependent modulation of food intake nor a specific food-related stimulation effect on the ERPs. Further analyses revealed a negative relationship between P2 amplitude and food intake for the sham stimulation. Significant effects are additionally confirmed by Bayesian statistics. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates tVNS’ impact on visual processing. Since the effects were similar between food and object stimuli, a general effect on visual perceptual processing can be assumed. More detailed investigations of these effects and their relationship with food intake and metabolism seem reasonable for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina A Obst
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helena Alicart
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Aging and Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu H, Zhan P, Meng F, Wang W. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy may influence fasting blood glucose concentration. Biomed Eng Online 2020; 19:40. [PMID: 32471438 PMCID: PMC7257242 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been widely accepted as adjunctive therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy and major depression. Its effects on glycemic control in humans were however poorly understood. The aim of our study was to investigate the potential effects of VNS on fasting blood glucose (FBG) in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Methods Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who had received VNS implants at the same hospital were retrospectively studied. Effects on FBG, weight, body mass index and blood pressure were evaluated at 4, 8 and 12 months of follow-up. Results 32 subjects (11 females/21 males, 19 ± 9 years, body mass index 22.2 ± 4.0 kg/m2) completed 12-month follow-up. At the 4 months, there were no significant changes in FBG concentrations from baseline to follow-up in both Sham-VNS (4.89 ± 0.54 vs. 4.56 ± 0.54 mmol/L, N = 13, p = 0.101) and VNS (4.80 ± 0.54 vs. 4.50 ± 0.56 mmol/L, N = 19, p = 0.117) groups. However, after 8 (4.90 ± 0.42 mmol/L, N = 32, p = 0.001) and 12 (4.86 ± 0.40 mmol/L, N = 32, p = 0.002) months of VNS, FBG levels significantly increased compared to baseline values (4.52 ± 0.54 mmol/L, N = 32). Changes in FBG concentrations at both 8 (R2 = 0.502, N = 32, p < 0.001) and 12 (R2 = 0.572, N = 32, p < 0.001) months were negatively correlated with baseline FBG levels. Conclusions Our study suggests that chronic cervical VNS elevates FBG levels with commonly used stimulation parameters in patients with epilepsy. Trial registration VNSRE, NCT02378792. Registered 4 March 2015—Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02378792
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Liu
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Innovation & Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Center of Medical Device R & D and Clinical Evaluation, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Center of Medical Device R & D and Clinical Evaluation, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Weidong Wang
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Medical Innovation & Research Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China. .,Center of Medical Device R & D and Clinical Evaluation, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Baroreceptors are mechanosensitive elements of the peripheral nervous system that maintain homeostasis by coordinating physiologic responses to external and internal stimuli. While it is recognized that carotid and cardiopulmonary baroreceptor reflexes modulate autonomic output to mitigate excessive fluctuations in arterial blood pressure and to maintain intravascular volume, increasing evidence suggests that baroreflex pathways also project to key regions of the central nervous system that regulate somatosensory, somatomotor, and central nervous system arousal. In addition to maintaining autonomic homeostasis, baroreceptor activity modulates the perception of pain, as well as neuroimmune, neuroendocrine, and cognitive responses to physical and psychologic stressors. This review summarizes the role that baroreceptor pathways play in modulating acute and chronic pain perception. The contribution of baroreceptor function to postoperative outcomes is also presented. Finally, methods that enhance baroreceptor function, which hold promise in improving postoperative and pain management outcomes, are presented.
Collapse
|
34
|
Obesity Affects the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and the Regulation Thereof by Endocannabinoids and Related Mediators. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051554. [PMID: 32106469 PMCID: PMC7084914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus regulates energy homeostasis by integrating environmental and internal signals to produce behavioral responses to start or stop eating. Many satiation signals are mediated by microbiota-derived metabolites coming from the gastrointestinal tract and acting also in the brain through a complex bidirectional communication system, the microbiota–gut–brain axis. In recent years, the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a critical regulator of hypothalamic appetite-related neuronal networks. Obesogenic high-fat diets (HFDs) enhance endocannabinoid levels, both in the brain and peripheral tissues. HFDs change the gut microbiota composition by altering the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio and causing endotoxemia mainly by rising the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the most potent immunogenic component of Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxemia induces the collapse of the gut and brain barriers, interleukin 1β (IL1β)- and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-mediated neuroinflammatory responses and gliosis, which alter the appetite-regulatory circuits of the brain mediobasal hypothalamic area delimited by the median eminence. This review summarizes the emerging state-of-the-art evidence on the function of the “expanded endocannabinoid (eCB) system” or endocannabinoidome at the crossroads between intestinal microbiota, gut-brain communication and host metabolism; and highlights the critical role of this intersection in the onset of obesity.
Collapse
|
35
|
Wesencraft KM, Clancy JA. Using Photogrammetry to Create a Realistic 3D Anatomy Learning Aid with Unity Game Engine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1205:93-104. [PMID: 31894572 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31904-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Learning and processing complex 3D structures can be challenging for students, particularly if relying on 2D images or if there is limited access to the study material. This applies to many fields including anatomy, where students report difficulty visualising complex structures such as the nervous system. We aimed to address this by creating a realistic model of part of the nervous system-the sympathetic nervous system which is known for the 'fight or flight' response. Photogrammetry was chosen to create a 3D digital model of a dissection of the sympathetic nervous system. The 3D model was then incorporated into an interactive learning aid that allowed users to manipulate the model and provided relevant text information and labels. Evaluation of the learning aid by students (n = 7) was positive with 71.4% strongly agreeing that using this application improved their understanding of the anatomy. The majority of students (85.7%) also agreed or strongly agreed that this application provided them with a view of the sympathetic nervous system that they had not seen before. Photogrammetry is a relatively simple and inexpensive method to create realistic 3D digital models that can promote self-directed learning and a greater understanding of complex structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Wesencraft
- Anatomy Facility, School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Simulation and Visualisation, The Glasgow School of Art, The Hub, Pacific Quay, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer A Clancy
- Anatomy Facility, School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dai F, Yin J, Chen JDZ. Effects and Mechanisms of Vagal Nerve Stimulation on Body Weight in Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Obes Surg 2020; 30:948-956. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
37
|
Val-Laillet D. Review: Impact of food, gut-brain signals and metabolic status on brain activity in the pig model: 10 years of nutrition research using in vivo brain imaging. Animal 2019; 13:2699-2713. [PMID: 31354119 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to offer a panorama on 10 years of nutrition research using in vivo brain imaging in the pig model. First, we will review some work describing the brain responses to food signals, including basic tastants such as sweet and bitter at both oral and visceral levels, as well as conditioned preferred and aversive flavours. Second, we will have a look at the impact of weight gain and obesity on brain metabolism and functional responses, drawing the parallel with obese human patients. Third, we will evoke the concept of the developmental origins of health and diseases, and how the pig model can shed light on the importance of maternal nutrition during gestation and lactation for the development of the gut-brain axis and adaptation abilities of the progeny to nutritional environments. Finally, three examples of preventive or therapeutic strategies will be introduced: the use of sensory food ingredients or pre-, pro-, and postbiotics to improve metabolic and cognitive functions; the implementation of chronic vagus nerve stimulation to prevent weight gain and glucose metabolism alterations; and the development of bariatric surgery in the pig model for the understanding of its complex mechanisms at the gut-brain level. A critical conclusion will brush the limitations of neurocognitive studies in the pig model and put in perspective the rationale and ethical concerns underlying the use of pig experimentation in nutrition and neurosciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Val-Laillet
- INRA, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Rennes, St Gilles, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yin J, Ji F, Gharibani P, Chen JD. Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Glycemic Control in a Rodent Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Obes Surg 2019; 29:2869-2877. [PMID: 31222497 PMCID: PMC10461220 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-03901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been reported to reduce body weight and improve sympathovagal imbalance in both basic and clinical studies. Its effects on glycemic control were however unclear. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of VNS with various parameters on blood glucose and its possible mechanisms in rats. METHODS A hyperglycemic rodent model induced by glucagon was used initially to optimize the VNS parameters; then, a type 2 diabetic rodent model induced by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin was used to validate the VNS method. The VNS electrodes were implanted at the dorsal subdiaphragmatic vagus; three subcutaneous electrodes were implanted at the chest area for recording electrocardiogram in rats induced by glucagon. RESULTS (1) VNS with short pulse width of 0.3 ms but not 3 ms reduced blood glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), with a 38.4% reduction at 15 min and 26.9% at 30 min (P < 0.05, vs. sham-VNS respectively). (2) VNS at low frequency of 5 Hz but not 14 Hz or 40 Hz reduced blood glucose during the OGTT (P < 0.05, vs. sham-VNS). (3) Intermittent VNS was more potent than continuous VNS (P < 0.01). (4) No difference was found between unilateral VNS and bilateral VNS. (5) VNS enhanced vagal activity (P = 0.005). (6) The hypoglycemic effect of VNS was blocked by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) antagonist exendin-4. CONCLUSIONS VNS at 5 Hz reduces blood glucose in diabetic rats by enhancing vagal efferent activity and the release of GLP-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyun Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Transtimulation Research, Inc, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Feng Ji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Payam Gharibani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jiande Dz Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kaniusas E, Kampusch S, Tittgemeyer M, Panetsos F, Gines RF, Papa M, Kiss A, Podesser B, Cassara AM, Tanghe E, Samoudi AM, Tarnaud T, Joseph W, Marozas V, Lukosevicius A, Ištuk N, Šarolić A, Lechner S, Klonowski W, Varoneckas G, Széles JC. Current Directions in the Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation I - A Physiological Perspective. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:854. [PMID: 31447643 PMCID: PMC6697069 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the auricular vagus nerve (aVNS) is an emerging technology in the field of bioelectronic medicine with applications in therapy. Modulation of the afferent vagus nerve affects a large number of physiological processes and bodily states associated with information transfer between the brain and body. These include disease mitigating effects and sustainable therapeutic applications ranging from chronic pain diseases, neurodegenerative and metabolic ailments to inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Given the current evidence from experimental research in animal and clinical studies we discuss basic aVNS mechanisms and their potential clinical effects. Collectively, we provide a focused review on the physiological role of the vagus nerve and formulate a biology-driven rationale for aVNS. For the first time, two international workshops on aVNS have been held in Warsaw and Vienna in 2017 within the framework of EU COST Action "European network for innovative uses of EMFs in biomedical applications (BM1309)." Both workshops focused critically on the driving physiological mechanisms of aVNS, its experimental and clinical studies in animals and humans, in silico aVNS studies, technological advancements, and regulatory barriers. The results of the workshops are covered in two reviews, covering physiological and engineering aspects. The present review summarizes on physiological aspects - a discussion of engineering aspects is provided by our accompanying article (Kaniusas et al., 2019). Both reviews build a reasonable bridge from the rationale of aVNS as a therapeutic tool to current research lines, all of them being highly relevant for the promising aVNS technology to reach the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenijus Kaniusas
- Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kampusch
- Institute of Electrodynamics, Microwave and Circuit Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- SzeleSTIM GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress and Aging Associated Disease (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Fernandez Gines
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Attila Kiss
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Podesser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Emmeric Tanghe
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/IMEC, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas Tarnaud
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/IMEC, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Joseph
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/IMEC, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vaidotas Marozas
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Lukosevicius
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Niko Ištuk
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Antonio Šarolić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Wlodzimierz Klonowski
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giedrius Varoneckas
- Sleep Medicine Centre, Klaipeda University Hospital, Klaipëda, Lithuania
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bonaz B, Sinniger V, Pellissier S. Vagus Nerve Stimulation at the Interface of Brain-Gut Interactions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a034199. [PMID: 30201788 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vagus nerve, a key component of the cross-communication between the gut and the brain, is a major element of homeostasis sensing the "milieu intérieur" and boosting the nervous and endocrine responses to maintain the gastrointestinal health status. This nerve has anti-inflammatory properties regulating the gut through the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the release of cortisol and through a vagovagal reflex, which has an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) effect called the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Stimulating this nerve is an interesting tool as a nondrug therapy for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in which brain-gut communication is dysfunctional, such as inflammatory bowel disorders and others. This review presents the rationale of vagal gastrointestinal physiology and diseases and the most recent advances in vagus nerve stimulation. It also highlights the main issues to be addressed in the future to improve this bioelectronic therapy for gastrointestinal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bonaz
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Grenoble University Hospital, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.,U1216, INSERM, GIN, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Sinniger
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Grenoble University Hospital, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 09, France.,U1216, INSERM, GIN, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sonia Pellissier
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, 38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Horn CC, Ardell JL, Fisher LE. Electroceutical Targeting of the Autonomic Nervous System. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:150-162. [PMID: 30724129 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00030.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autonomic nerves are attractive targets for medical therapies using electroceutical devices because of the potential for selective control and few side effects. These devices use novel materials, electrode configurations, stimulation patterns, and closed-loop control to treat heart failure, hypertension, gastrointestinal and bladder diseases, obesity/diabetes, and inflammatory disorders. Critical to progress is a mechanistic understanding of multi-level controls of target organs, disease adaptation, and impact of neuromodulation to restore organ function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Horn
- Biobehavioral Oncology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Ardell
- University of California- Los Angeles (UCLA) Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, Los Angeles, California.,UCLA Neurocardiology Research Program of Excellence, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles, California
| | - Lee E Fisher
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Suarez AN, Noble EE, Kanoski SE. Regulation of Memory Function by Feeding-Relevant Biological Systems: Following the Breadcrumbs to the Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:101. [PMID: 31057368 PMCID: PMC6482164 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC) controls fundamental learning and memory processes, including memory for visuospatial navigation (spatial memory) and flexible memory for facts and autobiographical events (declarative memory). Emerging evidence reveals that hippocampal-dependent memory function is regulated by various peripheral biological systems that are traditionally known for their roles in appetite and body weight regulation. Here, we argue that these effects are consistent with a framework that it is evolutionarily advantageous to encode and recall critical features surrounding feeding behavior, including the spatial location of a food source, social factors, post-absorptive processing, and other episodic elements of a meal. We review evidence that gut-to-brain communication from the vagus nerve and from feeding-relevant endocrine systems, including ghrelin, insulin, leptin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), promote hippocampal-dependent spatial and declarative memory via neurotrophic and neurogenic mechanisms. The collective literature reviewed herein supports a model in which various stages of feeding behavior and hippocampal-dependent memory function are closely linked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Suarez
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chang EH, Chavan SS, Pavlov VA. Cholinergic Control of Inflammation, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Obesity-Associated Disorders: Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:263. [PMID: 31024226 PMCID: PMC6460483 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and obesity-associated disorders have become world-wide epidemics, substantially increasing the risk of debilitating morbidity and mortality. A characteristic feature of these disorders, which include the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes, is chronic low-grade inflammation stemming from metabolic and immune dysregulation. Inflammation in the CNS (neuroinflammation) and cognitive impairment have also been associated with obesity-driven disorders. The nervous system has a documented role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and immune function, and recent studies have indicated the important role of vagus nerve and brain cholinergic signaling in this context. In this review, we outline relevant aspects of this regulation with a specific focus on obesity-associated conditions. We outline accumulating preclinical evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of cholinergic stimulation in alleviating obesity-associated inflammation, neuroinflammation, and metabolic derangements. Recently demonstrated beneficial effects of galantamine, a centrally acting cholinergic drug and cognitive enhancer, in patients with MetS are also summarized. These studies provide a rationale for further therapeutic developments using pharmacological and bioelectronic cholinergic modulation for clinical benefit in obesity-associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric H. Chang
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Sangeeta S. Chavan
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- Center for Bioelectronic Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Malbert CH, Genissel M, Divoux JL, Henry C. Chronic abdominal vagus stimulation increased brain metabolic connectivity, reduced striatal dopamine transporter and increased mid-brain serotonin transporter in obese miniature pigs. J Transl Med 2019; 17:78. [PMID: 30866954 PMCID: PMC6417219 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1831-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective Changes in brain metabolism has been investigated thoroughly during unilateral cervical chronic vagal stimulation in epileptic or depressive patients. Bilateral stimulation of the abdominal vagus (aVNS) has received less attention despite the reduction in body weight and an altered feeding behavior in obese animals that could be clinically relevant in obese individuals. Our study aims to examine the changes in brain glucose metabolism (CMRglu) induced by aVNS in obese adult miniature pigs. Dopamine (DAT) and serotonin transporters (SERT) were also quantified to further understand the molecular origins of the alterations in brain metabolism. Subjects/methods Pairs of stimulating electrodes were implanted during laparoscopy on both abdominal vagal trunks in 20 obese adult’s miniature pigs. Half of the animals were permanently stimulated while the remaining were sham stimulated. Two months after the onset of stimulation, dynamic 18FDG PET and 123I-ioflupane SPECT were performed. Food intake, resting energy expenditure and fat deposition were also assessed longitudinally. Results Food intake was halved and resting energy expenditure was increased by 60% in aVNS group compared to sham. The gain in body weight was also 38% less in aVNS group compared to sham. Brain metabolic connectivity increased between numerous structures including striatum, mid-brain, amygdala and hippocampus. On the contrary, increased CMRglu were restricted to the thalamus, the periaqueducal grey and the amygdala. DAT binding potential was decreased by about one third in the striatum while SERT was about doubled in the midbrain. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that aVNS reduced weight gain as a consequence of diminished daily food intake and increased resting energy expenditure. These changes were associated with enhanced connectivity between several brain areas. A lower striatal DAT together with a doubled mid-brain SERT were likely causative for these changes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1831-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mickael Genissel
- Pegase Unit, Dept of Animal Physiology, INRA, Saint-Gilles, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Dali M, Picq C, Rossel O, Maciejasz P, Malbert CH, Guiraud D. Comparison of the efficiency of chopped and non-rectangular electrical stimulus waveforms in activating small vagus nerve fibers. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 320:1-8. [PMID: 30826387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of morbid obesity, vagus nerve stimulation could be used to control gastric function targeting the small afferent B-fibers and C-fibers. Compared to large A-fibers, activation thresholds of these small efferent fibers are 10 to 100 times greater, inducing technical constraints and possible nerve damages. Although rectangular waveform is commonly used in nerve stimulation, recent modeling and experimental studies suggest that non-rectangular waveforms could reduced the charge injected by the stimulator. NEW METHOD The objective of the present study is to evaluate the charge injection of complex waveforms such as the ramp, quarter sine and chopped pulses in the context of vagus nerve stimulation. We performed in-vivo study on the porcine abdominal vagus nerves and evaluated charge injection at activation thresholds. A modeling study was performed to further extent the results obtained in-vivo. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Compared to the rectangular pulse, the ramp and quarter sine waveforms activated gastric fibers with the lowest charge injection: -23.2% and -30.1% respectively. The efficacy of chopped pulses is questioned through the consideration of the strength-duration curve. CONCLUSION Continuous ramp and quarter sine waveforms effectively activate small diameter fibers. These pulse shapes may be considered for long-term vagus nerve stimulation. The results predicted by computational models were qualitatively consistent with experiments. This suggested the relevance of using modeling in the context of complex waveforms prior to future in-vivo tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Dali
- INRIA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | - David Guiraud
- INRIA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Payne SC, Furness JB, Stebbing MJ. Bioelectric neuromodulation for gastrointestinal disorders: effectiveness and mechanisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:89-105. [PMID: 30390018 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract has extensive, surgically accessible nerve connections with the central nervous system. This provides the opportunity to exploit rapidly advancing methods of nerve stimulation to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Bioelectric neuromodulation technology has considerably advanced in the past decade, but sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence currently remains the only neuromodulation protocol in general use for a gastrointestinal disorder. Treatment of other conditions, such as IBD, obesity, nausea and gastroparesis, has had variable success. That nerves modulate inflammation in the intestine is well established, but the anti-inflammatory effects of vagal nerve stimulation have only recently been discovered, and positive effects of this approach were seen in only some patients with Crohn's disease in a single trial. Pulses of high-frequency current applied to the vagus nerve have been used to block signalling from the stomach to the brain to reduce appetite with variable outcomes. Bioelectric neuromodulation has also been investigated for postoperative ileus, gastroparesis symptoms and constipation in animal models and some clinical trials. The clinical success of this bioelectric neuromodulation therapy might be enhanced through better knowledge of the targeted nerve pathways and their physiological and pathophysiological roles, optimizing stimulation protocols and determining which patients benefit most from this therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Payne
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - John B Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin J Stebbing
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yao G, Kang L, Li J, Long Y, Wei H, Ferreira CA, Jeffery JJ, Lin Y, Cai W, Wang X. Effective weight control via an implanted self-powered vagus nerve stimulation device. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5349. [PMID: 30559435 PMCID: PMC6297229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo vagus nerve stimulation holds great promise in regulating food intake for obesity treatment. Here we present an implanted vagus nerve stimulation system that is battery-free and spontaneously responsive to stomach movement. The vagus nerve stimulation system comprises a flexible and biocompatible nanogenerator that is attached on the surface of stomach. It generates biphasic electric pulses in responsive to the peristalsis of stomach. The electric signals generated by this device can stimulate the vagal afferent fibers to reduce food intake and achieve weight control. This strategy is successfully demonstrated on rat models. Within 100 days, the average body weight is controlled at 350 g, 38% less than the control groups. This work correlates nerve stimulation with targeted organ functionality through a smart, self-responsive system, and demonstrated highly effective weight control. This work also provides a concept in therapeutic technology using artificial nerve signal generated from coordinated body activities. Developing new technologies for the neuromodulation of the vagus nerve can enable therapeutic strategies for body weight control in obese patients. Here, the authors present a battery-free self-powered implantable vagus nerve stimulation system that electrically responds to stomach movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yin Long
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Carolina A Ferreira
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Justin J Jeffery
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Payne SC, Burns O, Stebbing M, Thomas R, Silva AD, Sedo A, Weissenborn F, Hyakumura T, Huynh M, May CN, Williams RA, Furness JB, Fallon JB, Shepherd RK. Vagus nerve stimulation to treat inflammatory bowel disease: a chronic, preclinical safety study in sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/bem-2018-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Electrical stimulation of the left cervical vagus nerve is a feasible therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, due to the location of the electrode placement, stimulation is often associated with side effects. Methods: We developed a cuff electrode array, designed to be implanted onto the vagus nerve of the lower thorax or abdomen, below branches to vital organs, to minimize off-target effects to stimulation. Results: Following chronic implantation and electrical stimulation, electrodes remained functional and neural thresholds stable, while there were minimal off-target affects to stimulation. No nerve damage or corrosion of stimulated electrodes was observed. Conclusion: This novel electrode array, located on the vagus nerve below branches to vital organs, is a safe approach for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Payne
- Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Bionics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Martin Stebbing
- Department of Medical Bionics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Alicia Sedo
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank Weissenborn
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Clive N May
- Department of Medical Bionics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard A Williams
- Department of Medical Bionics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Medical Bionics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James B Fallon
- Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Bionics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robert K Shepherd
- Bionics Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Bionics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Haney MM, Ericsson AC, Lever TE. Effects of Intraoperative Vagal Nerve Stimulation on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Comp Med 2018; 68:452-460. [PMID: 30424824 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota (GM) plays a fundamental role in health and disease and contributes to the bidirectional signaling between the gastrointestinal system and brain. The direct line of communication between these organ systems is through the vagus nerve. Therefore, vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), a commonly used technique for multiple disorders, has potential to modulate the enteric microbiota, enabling investigation and possibly treatment of numerous neurologic disorders in which the microbiota has been linked with disease. Here we investigate the effect of VNS in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). B6SJL-Tg(SOD1*G93A)dl1Gur (SOD1dl) and wildtype mice underwent ventral neck surgery to access the vagus nerve. During surgery, the experimental group received 1 h of VNS, whereas the sham group underwent 1 h of sham treatment. The third (control) group did not undergo any surgical manipulation. Fecal samples were collected before surgery and at 8 d after the initial collection. Microbial DNA was sequenced to determine the GM profiles at both time points. GM profiles did not differ between genotypes at either the initial or end point. In addition, VNS did not alter GM populations, according to the parameters chosen in this study, indicating that this short intraoperative treatment is safe and has no lasting effects on the GM. Future studies are warranted to determine whether different stimulation parameters or chronic use of VNS affect GM profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Haney
- Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Metagenomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Teresa E Lever
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cork SC. The role of the vagus nerve in appetite control: Implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12643. [PMID: 30203877 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The communication between the gut and the brain is important for the control of energy homeostasis. In response to food intake, enteroendocrine cells secrete gut hormones, which ultimately suppress appetite through centrally-mediated processes. Increasing evidence implicates the vagus nerve as an important conduit in transmitting these signals from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. Studies have demonstrated that many of the gut hormones secreted from enteroendocrine cells signal through the vagus nerve, and the sensitivity of the vagus to these signals is regulated by feeding status. Furthermore, evidence suggests that a reduction in the ability of the vagus nerve to respond to the switch between a "fasted" and "fed" state, retaining sensitivity to orexigenic signals when fed or a reduced ability to respond to satiety hormones, may contribute to obesity. This review draws together the evidence that the vagus nerve is a crucial component of appetite regulation via the gut-brain axis, with a particular emphasis on experimental techniques and future developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Cork
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|