1
|
Cao L, Shao N, Du J, Zhu H, Gao J, Li Q, Sun Y, Hu J, Yin G, Xu G. Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hepatopancreatic cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by microcystin-LR in Eriocheir sinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109801. [PMID: 37996048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge about the toxicity of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in crustaceans, despite its high toxicity to aquatic organisms. This research aimed to explore the effects of MC-LR on cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the hepatopancreas of Eriocheir sinensis, as well as elucidate the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and potential mechanisms of toxicity. In vivo and in vitro exposures of crabs to MC-LR and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were performed, followed by assessments of cell morphology, viability, tissue pathology, biochemical indicators, gene expression, and hepatopancreatic transcriptome. Results revealed that MC-LR facilitated the entry of the MC-LR transporter oatp3a into hepatopancreatic cells, leading to upregulated expression of phase I detoxification enzyme genes (cyp4c, cyp2e1, and cyp3) and downregulated the phase II enzyme genes (gst1, gpx, gsr2, gclc, and nqo1), resulting in increased ROS levels and cytotoxic effects. MC-LR exhibited cytotoxicity, reducing cell viability and inducing abnormal nuclear morphology with a 48 h-IC50 value of approximately 120 μm. MC-LR exposure caused biochemical changes indicative of oxidative stress damage and evident hepatopancreatic lesions. Additionally, MC-LR exposure regulated the levels of bax and bcl-2 expression, activating caspase 3 and 6 to induce cell apoptosis. Intervention with NAC attenuated MC-LR-induced ROS production and associated toxic effects. Transcriptome analysis revealed enrichment of differentially expressed genes in pathways related to cytochrome P450-mediated xenobiotic metabolism and the FoxO signaling pathway. These findings shed light on the potential mechanisms underlying MC-LR toxicity and provide valuable references for further research and conservation efforts regarding the health of aquatic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Cao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Nailin Shao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jinliang Du
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Haojun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jiancao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jiawen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Guojun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Gangchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song G, Zhao Y, Lu J, Liu Z, Quan J, Zhu L. Effects of Astaxanthin on Growth Performance, Gut Structure, and Intestinal Microorganisms of Penaeus vannamei under Microcystin-LR Stress. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:58. [PMID: 38200789 PMCID: PMC10778157 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) are biologically active cycloheptapeptide compounds that are released by cyanobacteria during water blooms and are extensively found in aquatic ecosystems. The Penaeus vannamei is a significant species in global aquaculture. However, the high level of eutrophication in aquaculture water frequently leads to outbreaks of cyanobacterial blooms, posing a significant threat to its sustainable cultivation. Astaxanthin (AX) is commonly utilized in aquaculture for its physiological benefits, including promoting growth and enhancing immune function in cultured organisms. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of astaxanthin on P. vannamei exposed to microcystin-induced stress. The experiment consisted of three groups: one group was fed formulated feed containing MC (100 μg/kg), another group was fed formulated feed containing MC (100 μg/kg) + AX (100 mg/kg), and the third group was fed basic feed (control group). After 15 days of feeding, the specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly higher in the MCAX group (2.21% day-1) compared to the MC group (0.77% day-1), and there was no significant difference between the MCAX group (2.21% day-1) and the control group (2.24% day-1). Similarly, the percent of weight gain (PWG) was also significantly higher in the MCAX group (14.61%) compared to the MC group (13.44%) and the control group (16.64%). Compared to the control group, the epithelial cells in the MC group suffered severe damage and detachment from the basement membrane. However, in the MCAX group, although there was still a gap between the intestinal epithelial cells and the basement membrane, the overall intestinal morphology was slightly less impaired than it was in the MC group. The analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed a significant disparity in the community composition (chao 1 and ACE) between the MC and MCAX groups. When comparing the various bacterial genera, the MC group exhibited an increase in Vibrio abundance, whereas the MCAX group showed a decrease in both Shewanella and Vibrio abundance. The results indicate that AX has a positive impact on the growth performance and resistance of P. vannamei against MC by regulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota. AX can be utilized to mitigate the detrimental effects of MC in aquaculture practices. This function could be attributed to the role of AX in preserving the structural integrity of the intestinal mucosa and regulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.L.); (J.Q.); (L.Z.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren X, Wang Y, Zhang K, Ding Y, Zhang W, Wu M, Xiao B, Gu P. Transmission of Microcystins in Natural Systems and Resource Processes: A Review of Potential Risks to Humans Health. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:448. [PMID: 37505717 PMCID: PMC10467081 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid rise of microcystins (MCs) poses a serious threat to global freshwater ecosystems and has become an important issue of global public health. MCs have considerable stability and are the most widely distributed hepatotoxins. It cannot only accumulate in aquatic organisms and transfer to higher nutrients and levels, but also be degraded or transferred during the resource utilization of cyanobacteria. No matter which enrichment method, it will lead to the risk of human exposure. This review summarizes the research status of MCs, and introduces the distribution of MCs in different components of aquatic ecosystems. The distribution of MCs in different aquatic organisms was summarized, and the potential risks of MCs in the environment to human safety were summarized. MCs have polluted all areas of aquatic ecosystems. In order to protect human life from the health threats caused by MCs, this paper also proposes some future research directions to promote MCs control and reduce human exposure to MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peng Gu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.R.); (Y.W.); (K.Z.); (Y.D.); (W.Z.); (M.W.); (B.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shartau RB, Turcotte LDM, Bradshaw JC, Ross ARS, Surridge BD, Nemcek N, Johnson SC. Dissolved Algal Toxins along the Southern Coast of British Columbia Canada. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:395. [PMID: 37368696 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal British Columbia (BC), Canada, negatively impact the salmon aquaculture industry. One disease of interest to salmon aquaculture is Net Pen Liver Disease (NPLD), which induces severe liver damage and is believed to be caused by the exposure to microcystins (MCs). To address the lack of information about algal toxins in BC marine environments and the risk they pose, this study investigated the presence of MCs and other toxins at aquaculture sites. Sampling was carried out using discrete water samples and Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) samplers from 2017-2019. All 283 SPATT samples and all 81 water samples tested positive for MCs. Testing for okadaic acid (OA) and domoic acid (DA) occurred in 66 and 43 samples, respectively, and all samples were positive for the toxin tested. Testing for dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) (20 samples), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) (20 samples), and yessotoxin (YTX) (17 samples) revealed that all samples were positive for the tested toxins. This study revealed the presence of multiple co-occurring toxins in BC's coastal waters and the levels detected in this study were below the regulatory limits for health and recreational use. This study expands our limited knowledge of algal toxins in coastal BC and shows that further studies are needed to understand the risks they pose to marine fisheries and ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Shartau
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Lenora D M Turcotte
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Julia C Bradshaw
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Andrew R S Ross
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | | | - Nina Nemcek
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Stewart C Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
He Y, Hou J, Qiu Y, Ouyang K, Li D, Li L. Microcystin-LR immersion caused sequential endocrine disruption and growth inhibition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) from fertilization to sexual differentiation completion. Toxicology 2023:153569. [PMID: 37295766 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a highly toxic congener and is also one of the most commonly found. Recent studies have demonstrated that MC-LR can disrupt growth and endocrine in fish, but how it works at the stage of the sex differentiation period had not been determined to date. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to MC-LR (0 and 10μg/L), and sampled at 14, 28, and 42 days post fertilization (dpf), respectively. The results demonstrated that MC-LR caused the growth inhibition of zebrafish at 42 dpf. The expression levels of genes related to the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes, as well as the levels of hormone 3,5,3'- Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), were significantly decreased at all time points. A Significant decrease in the ratio of testosterone and estradiol (T/E2) were detected at 28 and 42 dpf in MC-LR group along with changes in genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The result of sex ratio showed that the percentage of females was up to 61.84%, indicating a estrogenic effect induced by MC-LR. The significant changes on hormone levels and gene transcripts occurred mainly in the stage of sex differentiation. The correlation analysis further suggested that key cross-talks among three endocrine axes may be the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), Transthyretin (TTR) and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) signaling molecules. Overall, our findings provide a new insight for understanding the mechanisms by which MC-LR affects fish growth and reproduction during gonadal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya He
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Qiu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gallet A, Halary S, Duval C, Huet H, Duperron S, Marie B. Disruption of fish gut microbiota composition and holobiont's metabolome during a simulated Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) bloom. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:108. [PMID: 37194081 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanobacterial blooms are one of the most common stressors encountered by metazoans living in freshwater lentic systems such as lakes and ponds. Blooms reportedly impair fish health, notably through oxygen depletion and production of bioactive compounds including cyanotoxins. However, in the times of the "microbiome revolution", it is surprising that so little is still known regarding the influence of blooms on fish microbiota. In this study, an experimental approach is used to demonstrate that blooms affect fish microbiome composition and functions, as well as the metabolome of holobionts. To this end, the model teleost Oryzias latipes is exposed to simulated Microcystis aeruginosa blooms of various intensities in a microcosm setting, and the response of bacterial gut communities is evaluated in terms of composition and metabolome profiling. Metagenome-encoded functions are compared after 28 days between control individuals and those exposed to highest bloom level. RESULTS The gut bacterial community of O. latipes exhibits marked responses to the presence of M. aeruginosa blooms in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, abundant gut-associated Firmicutes almost disappear, while potential opportunists increase. The holobiont's gut metabolome displays major changes, while functions encoded in the metagenome of bacterial partners are more marginally affected. Bacterial communities tend to return to original composition after the end of the bloom and remain sensitive in case of a second bloom, reflecting a highly reactive gut community. CONCLUSION Gut-associated bacterial communities and holobiont functioning are affected by both short and long exposure to M. aeruginosa, and show evidence of post-bloom resilience. These findings point to the significance of bloom events to fish health and fitness, including survival and reproduction, through microbiome-related effects. In the context of increasingly frequent and intense blooms worldwide, potential outcomes relevant to conservation biology as well as aquaculture warrant further investigation. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gallet
- UMR7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Halary
- UMR7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- UMR7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Huet
- UMR1161 Virologie, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA - ANSES - ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sébastien Duperron
- UMR7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR7245 Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li D, Miao J, Pan L, Zhou Y, Gao Z, Bi Y, Tang J. Integrated lipidomics and transcriptomics analysis reveal lipid metabolism disturbance in scallop (Chlamys farreri) exposure to benzo[a]pyrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138787. [PMID: 37119930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) commonly bioaccumulates in lipid-rich tissues due to its lipophilicity and further affects lipid metabolism. The present study systematically investigated the lipid metabolism disturbance in digestive glands of scallops (Chlamys farreri) exposure to B[a]P, based on lipidomics, transcriptomics, molecular and biochemical analysis. We exposed the scallops to environmentally relevant concentrations of B[a]P for 21 days. The bioaccumulation of B[a]P, lipid content and lipid peroxidation in digestive glands were measured. Integrated lipidomics and transcriptomics analysis, the differential lipid species were identified and key genes based on the pathways in which genes and lipid species involved together were selected in scallop exposure to 10 μg/L B[a]P. The changes of lipid profile showed that triglycerides (TGs) were accumulated after 21 days exposure, while the phospholipids (PLs) decreased demonstrated membrane structures were disrupted by B[a]P. In combination with the change of gene expression, we speculated that B[a]P could induce lipids accumulation by up-regulating lipid synthesis-related genes expression, down-regulating lipolysis-related genes expression and interfering with lipid transport. Overall, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of lipid metabolism disturbance in bivalves exposed to PAHs, and establishes a foundation for understanding the bioaccumulation mechanism of B[a]P in aquatic organisms, which is of great importance for further ecotoxicological study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Yueyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Zhongyuan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Yaqi Bi
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jian Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu Y, Xu W, Hu X, Su H, Wen G, Yang K, Cao Y. Toxicity of the microcystin-producing cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa to shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:1403-1412. [PMID: 36223040 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is reported to cause cyanobacterial blooms in shrimp breeding ponds, which can result in significant shrimp mortality. However, the toxic effects of M. aeruginosa on Litopenaeus vannamei are still not completely understood. In this paper, the toxicity of M. aeruginosa cells to L. vannamei was examined, and the toxic components in the cells were analyzed through high-pressure liquid chromatography (HLPC). In addition, the immune response of shrimp to the M. aeruginosa cell extract was assessed by measuring the activity of immune-related enzymes, as well as the transcription of the relevant genes. The results showed that M. aeruginosa cells, extract and cell-free cultured medium resulted in a 100%, 98.3%, and 1.7% mortality rate in shrimp, respectively. HPLC analysis results revealed the presence of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) at a concentration of 190.40 mg/kg of cells. In addition, the activity and gene transcription of two immune related enzymes, SOD and LZM, were both significantly reduced in shrimp hepatopancreas (p < 0.05) after injection with extract. However, reduced glutathione (GSH) content was slightly increased, but the ratio of GSH to GSSG decreased. The transcription of gst gene function as detoxification, was significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated that M. aeruginosa cell extract was highly toxic to L. vannamei, and exerted a negative effect on shrimp immunity including reduction of antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity and detoxification activity, due to toxins including microcystin-LR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, 572018, Sanya, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Processing of Marine Fishery Resources of Hainan Province, 572018, Sanya, China
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wujie Xu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Hu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haochang Su
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Wen
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keng Yang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Cao
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin W, Hung TC, Kurobe T, Wang Y, Yang P. Microcystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:765. [PMID: 34822549 PMCID: PMC8623247 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have been present on Earth for over 2 billion years, and can produce a variety of bioactive molecules, such as cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs), the most frequently detected cyanotoxins, pose a threat to the aquatic environment and to human health. The classic toxic mechanism of MCs is the inhibition of the protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A). Immunity is known as one of the most important physiological functions in the neuroendocrine-immune network to prevent infections and maintain internal homoeostasis in fish. The present review aimed to summarize existing papers, elaborate on the MC-induced immunotoxicity in fish, and put forward some suggestions for future research. The immunomodulatory effects of MCs in fish depend on the exposure concentrations, doses, time, and routes of exposure. Previous field and laboratory studies provided strong evidence of the associations between MC-induced immunotoxicity and fish death. In our review, we summarized that the immunotoxicity of MCs is primarily characterized by the inhibition of PP1 and PP2A, oxidative stress, immune cell damage, and inflammation, as well as apoptosis. The advances in fish immunoreaction upon encountering MCs will benefit the monitoring and prediction of fish health, helping to achieve an ecotoxicological goal and to ensure the sustainability of species. Future studies concerning MC-induced immunotoxicity should focus on adaptive immunity, the hormesis phenomenon and the synergistic effects of aquatic microbial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Lin
- Hunan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Health Aquaculture and Product Processing in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Organism Resources and Environmental Ecology, Zoology Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China;
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.-C.H.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Fisheries Resources and Environment, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.-C.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Tomofumi Kurobe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.-C.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Pinhong Yang
- Hunan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Health Aquaculture and Product Processing in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Organism Resources and Environmental Ecology, Zoology Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ding W, Shangguan Y, Zhu Y, Sultan Y, Feng Y, Zhang B, Liu Y, Ma J, Li X. Negative impacts of microcystin-LR and glyphosate on zebrafish intestine: Linked with gut microbiota and microRNAs? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117685. [PMID: 34438504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and glyphosate (GLY) have been classified as a Group 2B and Group 2A carcinogens for humans, respectively, and frequently found in aquatic ecosystems. However, data on the potential hazard of MC-LR and GLY exposure to the fish gut are relatively scarce. In the current study, a subacute toxicity test of zebrafish exposed to MC-LR (35 μg L-1) and GLY (3.5 mg L-1), either alone or in combination was performed for 21 d. The results showed that MC-LR or/and GLY treatment reduced the mRNA levels of tight junction genes (claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occludens-1) and altered the levels of diamine oxidase and D-lactic, indicating increased intestinal permeability in zebrafish. Furthermore, MC-LR and/or GLY treatment remarkably increased the levels of intestinal IL-1β and IL-8 but decreased the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β, indicating that MC-LR and/or GLY exposure induced an inflammatory response in the fish gut. MC-LR and/or GLY exposure also activated superoxide dismutase and catalase, generally upregulated the levels of p53, bax, bcl-2, caspase-3, and caspase-9, downregulated the levels of caspase-8 and caused notable histological injury in the fish gut. Moreover, MC-LR and/or GLY exposure also significantly altered the microbial community in the zebrafish gut and the expression of miRNAs (miR-146a, miR-155, miR-16, miR-21, and miR-223). Chronic exposure to MC-LR and/or GLY can induce intestinal damage in zebrafish, and this study is the first to demonstrate an altered gut microbiome and miRNAs in the zebrafish gut after MC-LR and GLY exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Ding
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yingying Shangguan
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yousef Sultan
- Department of Food Toxicology and Contaminants, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Yiyi Feng
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Bangjun Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Junguo Ma
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen L, Giesy JP, Adamovsky O, Svirčev Z, Meriluoto J, Codd GA, Mijovic B, Shi T, Tuo X, Li SC, Pan BZ, Chen J, Xie P. Challenges of using blooms of Microcystis spp. in animal feeds: A comprehensive review of nutritional, toxicological and microbial health evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142319. [PMID: 33069479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis spp., are Gram-negative, oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes which use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and minerals into organic compounds and biomass. Eutrophication, rising CO2 concentrations and global warming are increasing Microcystis blooms globally. Due to its high availability and protein content, Microcystis biomass has been suggested as a protein source for animal feeds. This would reduce dependency on soybean and other agricultural crops and could make use of "waste" biomass when Microcystis scums and blooms are harvested. Besides proteins, Microcystis contain further nutrients including lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. However, Microcystis produce cyanobacterial toxins, including microcystins (MCs) and other bioactive metabolites, which present health hazards. In this review, challenges of using Microcystis blooms in feeds are identified. First, nutritional and toxicological (nutri-toxicogical) data, including toxicity of Microcystis to mollusks, crustaceans, fish, amphibians, mammals and birds, is reviewed. Inclusion of Microcystis in diets caused greater mortality, lesser growth, cachexia, histopathological changes and oxidative stress in liver, kidney, gill, intestine and spleen of several fish species. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of MCs in muscle of fish fed Microcystis might exceed the provisional tolerable daily intake (TDI) for humans, 0.04 μg/kg body mass (bm)/day, as established by the World Health Organization (WHO), and is thus not safe. Muscle of fish fed M. aeruginosa is of low nutritional value and exhibits poor palatability/taste. Microcystis also causes hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity to mollusks, crustaceans, amphibians, mammals and birds. Microbial pathogens can also occur in blooms of Microcystis. Thus, cyanotoxins/xenobiotics/pathogens in Microcystis biomass should be removed/degraded/inactivated sufficiently to assure safety for use of the biomass as a primary/main/supplemental ingredient in animal feed. As an ameliorative measure, antidotes/detoxicants can be used to avoid/reduce the toxic effects. Before using Microcystis in feed ingredients/supplements, further screening for health protection and cost control is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK; Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Biljana Mijovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, Studentska 5, 73 300 Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ting Shi
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shang-Chun Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Gu X, Chen H, Mao Z, Zeng Q, Yang H, Kan K. Comparative toxicological effects of planktonic Microcystis and benthic Oscillatoria on zebrafish embryonic development: Implications for cyanobacteria risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:115852. [PMID: 33246764 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Planktonic and benthic cyanobacteria blooms are increasing in frequency in recent years. Although many studies have focused on the effects of purified toxins or cyanobacteria extracts on fish developments, the more complex impacts of cyanobacteria cells on fish populations are still considered insufficient. This study compared the toxicological effects of harmful planktonic Microcystis and benthic Oscillatoria on zebrafish (Danio rerio) early stages of development. Zebrafish embryos, at 1-2 h post fertilization (hpf), were exposed to 5, 10, and 20 × 105 cells/mL Microcystis (producing microcystins) or Oscillatoria (producing cylindrospermopsins) until 96 hpf. The results indicated that the effects of benthic Oscillatoria on embryonic development of zebrafish were different from those of planktonic Microcystis. Reduced hatching rates, increased mortality, depressed heart rates and elevated malformation rates were observed following exposures to increased concentrations of Microcystis, whilst Oscillatoria exposures only caused yolk sac edemas. Exposure to a high concentration of Microcystis induced severe oxidative damage, growth inhibition and transcriptional downregulations of genes (GH, GHR1, IGF1, IGF1rb) associated with the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. Although Oscillatoria exposure did not affect the body growth, it obviously enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and up-regulated the expressions of several oxidative stress-related genes. Discrepancies in the developmental toxicity caused by Microcystis and Oscillatoria may not only attributed to the different secondary metabolites they secrete, but also to the different adhesion behaviors of algal cells on embryonic chorion. These results suggested that harmful cyanobacteria cells could influence the successful recruitment of fish, while the effects of benthic cyanobacteria should not be ignored. It also highlighted that the necessity for further investigating the ecotoxicity of intact cyanobacterial samples when assessing the risk of cyanobacterial blooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zhigang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qingfei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Huiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Kecong Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effects of the Marine Biotoxins Okadaic Acid and Dinophysistoxins on Fish. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural high proliferations of toxin-producing microorganisms in marine and freshwater environments result in dreadful consequences at the socioeconomically and environmental level due to water and seafood contamination. Monitoring programs and scientific evidence point to harmful algal blooms (HABs) increasing in frequency and intensity as a result of global climate alterations. Among marine toxins, the okadaic acid (OA) and the related dinophysistoxins (DTX) are the most frequently reported in EU waters, mainly in shellfish species. These toxins are responsible for human syndrome diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Fish, like other marine species, are also exposed to HABs and their toxins. However, reduced attention has been given to exposure, accumulation, and effects on fish of DSP toxins, such as OA. The present review intends to summarize the current knowledge of the impact of DSP toxins and to identify the main issues needing further research. From data reviewed in this work, it is clear that exposure of fish to DSP toxins causes a range of negative effects, from behavioral and morphological alterations to death. However, there is still much to be investigated about the ecological and food safety risks related to contamination of fish with DSP toxins.
Collapse
|
14
|
Rymuszka A, Sieroslawska A, Adaszek Ł. Cytotoxic and immunological responses of fish leukocytes to nodularin exposure in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1660-1672. [PMID: 33624853 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nodularin (NOD) is a cyclic peptide released by bloom-forming toxic cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena commonly occurring in brackish waters throughout the world. Although its hepatotoxic effects are well known, other negative effects of NOD have not yet been completely elucidated. The present study aims were to evaluate and compare the cytotoxic and immunotoxic effects of the toxin on primary leukocytes (from head kidney [HK]) and stable fish leukocytes (carp leucocyte cell line [CLC] cells). The cells were incubated with the cyanotoxin at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, or 0.1 μg/ml. After 24 h of exposure, the concentrations ≥0.05 μg/ml of toxin resulted in cytotoxicity in the primary cells, while in CLC cells, the toxic effect was obtained only with the highest concentration. Similarly, depending on the concentration, exposure to NOD causes a significant inhibition of chemotaxis of the phagocytic abilities of primary leukocytes and a significant reduction in the proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from the HKs. Moreover, CLC cells and HK leukocytes incubated with this toxin at all the mentioned concentrations showed an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. NOD also evidently influenced the expression of genes of cytokine TNF-α and IL-10 and, to a minor extent, IL-1β and TGF-β. Notably, the observed changes in the mRNA levels of cytokines in NOD-exposed cells were evident, but not clearly dose-dependent. Interestingly, NOD did not affect the production and release of IL-1β of the CLC cells. This study provides evidence that NOD may exert cytotoxicity and immune-toxicity effects depending on cell type and toxin concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rymuszka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Sieroslawska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Adaszek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Predicting Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs) in a Regulated River Using a Revised EFDC Model. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs) produce toxins and odors in public water bodies and drinking water. Current process-based models predict algal blooms by modeling chlorophyll-a concentrations. However, chlorophyll-a concentrations represent all algae and hence, a method for predicting the proportion of harmful cyanobacteria is required. We proposed a technique to predict harmful cyanobacteria concentrations based on the source codes of the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code from the National Institute of Environmental Research. A graphical user interface was developed to generate information about general water quality and algae which was subsequently used in the model to predict harmful cyanobacteria concentrations. Predictive modeling was performed for the Hapcheon-Changnyeong Weir–Changnyeong-Haman Weir section of the Nakdong River, South Korea, from May to October 2019, the season in which CyanoHABs predominantly occur. To evaluate the success rate of the proposed model, a detailed five-step classification of harmful cyanobacteria levels was proposed. The modeling results demonstrated high prediction accuracy (62%) for harmful cyanobacteria. For the management of CyanoHABs, rather than chlorophyll-a, harmful cyanobacteria should be used as the index, to allow for a direct inference of their cell densities (cells/mL). The proposed method may help improve the existing Harmful Algae Alert System in South Korea.
Collapse
|
16
|
Duan Y, Xiong D, Wang Y, Dong H, Huang J, Zhang J. Effects of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin-LR on intestinal histology, immune response, and microbial community in Litopenaeus vannamei. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114774. [PMID: 32485489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa (MA) is a primary hazardous cyanobacteria species in aquatic ecosystems that can produce microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which harms aquatic animals. The intestine is an important target tissue for MA and MC-LR. In this study, we investigated the effects of MA and MC-LR exposure on the intestinal microbiota variation and immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp were experimentally exposed to MA and MC-LR for 72 h. The results showed that both MA and MC-LR exposure caused marked histological variation and apoptosis characteristics and increased oxidative stress in the intestine. Furthermore, the relative expression levels of antimicrobial peptide genes (ALF, Crus, Pen-3) decreased, while those of pro-inflammatory cytokines (MyD88, Rel, TNF-a), a pattern-recognition receptor (TLR4) and a mediator of apoptosis (Casp-3) increased. MA and MC-LR exposure also caused intestinal microbiota variation, including decreasing microbial diversity and disturbing microbial composition. Specifically, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased in the two stress groups; that of Bacteroidetes decreased in the MA group but increased in the MC-LR group, while Tenericutes varied inversely with Bacteroidetes. Our results indicate that MA and MC-LR exposure causes intestinal histopathological and microbiota variations and induces oxidative stress and immune responses in L. vannamei. In conclusion, this study reveals the negative effects of MA and MC-LR on the intestinal health of shrimp, which should be considered in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Dalin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Hongbiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Shenzhen Base of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, PR China
| | - Jiasong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Burdick SM, Hewitt DA, Martin BA, Schenk L, Rounds SA. Effects of harmful algal blooms and associated water-quality on endangered Lost River and shortnose suckers. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 97:101847. [PMID: 32732045 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic eutrophication contributes to harmful blooms of cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. In Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, massive blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and smaller blooms of other cyanobacteria are associated with cyanotoxins, hypoxia, high pH, high concentrations of ammonia, and potentially hypercapnia. Recovery of the endangered Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris in Upper Klamath Lake is obstructed by low survival in the juvenile life stage. Water quality associated with the harmful algal blooms and their decomposition (crashes) is often singled out as the primary cause of juvenile sucker mortality. We investigated this general hypothesis with a review of relevant literature and data from decades of monitoring in Upper Klamath Lake. Microcystins, hepatotoxins produced by some cyanobacteria, are unlikely to be directly lethal to suckers; potential effects of other cyanotoxins that are present in the lake warrant investigation. Dissolved-oxygen saturation declined following bloom crashes, but was infrequently low enough for long enough in Upper Klamath Lake to cause direct sucker mortality. Hypercapnia could potentially reach lethal concentrations in the fall and winter, but did not appear to be associated with the summer algal blooms. pH was highest during peaks in cyanobacteria growth, but infrequently reached directly lethal levels (> 10.3). However, pH frequently reached an observed sub-lethal effect level for juvenile suckers (10.0). Un-ionized ammonia rarely exceeded even the lowest effect level measured for suckers. Rather than act as a direct cause of large-scale mortality, the available evidence suggests that water quality associated with massive blooms of cyanobacteria in Upper Klamath Lake contributes to chronic stress for juvenile suckers and may increase mortality due to other factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Summer M Burdick
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - David A Hewitt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - Barbara A Martin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2795 Anderson Ave. Suite 106, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 USA.
| | - Liam Schenk
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 63095 Deschutes Market Rd., Bend, OR 97701 USA.
| | - Stewart A Rounds
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center and Oregon Water Science Center USA; 2130 SW 5th Ave, Portland, OR 97201 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moschny J, Lorenzen W, Hilfer A, Eckenstaler R, Jahns S, Enke H, Enke D, Schneider P, Benndorf RA, Niedermeyer THJ. Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis and Fluorescence Labeling of Clickable Microcystins. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1960-1970. [PMID: 32464061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins, cyclic nonribosomal heptapeptides, are the most well-known cyanobacterial toxins. They are exceptionally well studied, but open questions remain concerning their physiological role for the producing microorganism or their suitability as lead compounds for anticancer drug development. One means to study specialized metabolites in more detail is the introduction of functional groups that make a compound amenable for bioorthogonal, so-called click reactions. Although it was reported that microcystins cannot be derivatized by precursor-directed biosynthesis, we successfully used this approach to prepare clickable microcystins. Supplementing different azide- or terminal alkyne containing amino acid analogues into the cultivation medium of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria strains, we found that these strains differ strongly in their substrate acceptance. Exploiting this flexibility, we generated more than 40 different clickable microcystins. We conjugated one of these derivatives with a fluorogenic dye and showed that neither incorporation of the unnatural amino acid analogue nor attachment of the fluorescent label significantly affects the cytotoxicity against cell lines expressing the human organic anion transporting polypeptides 1B1 or 1B3. Using time-lapse microscopy, we observed that the fluorescent microcystin is rapidly taken up into eukaryotic cells expressing these transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moschny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology/Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Eckenstaler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Heike Enke
- Cyano Biotech GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan Enke
- Cyano Biotech GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Timo H J Niedermeyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology/Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wejnerowski Ł, Falfushynska H, Horyn O, Osypenko I, Kokociński M, Meriluoto J, Jurczak T, Poniedziałek B, Pniewski F, Rzymski P. In Vitro Toxicological Screening of Stable and Senescing Cultures of Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, and Raphidiopsis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E400. [PMID: 32560354 PMCID: PMC7354461 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity of cyanobacteria is the subject of ongoing research, and a number of toxic metabolites have been described, their biosynthesis pathways have been elucidated, and the mechanism of their action has been established. However, several knowledge gaps still exist, e.g., some strains produce hitherto unknown toxic compounds, while the exact dynamics of exerted toxicity during cyanobacterial growth still requires further exploration. Therefore, the present study investigated the toxicity of extracts of nine freshwater strains of Aphanizomenon gracile, an Aphanizomenon sp. strain isolated from the Baltic Sea, a freshwater strain of Planktothrix agardhii, and two strains of Raphidiopsis raciborskii obtained from 25- and 70-day-old cultures. An in vitro experimental model based on Cyprinus carpio hepatocytes (oxidative stress markers, DNA fragmentation, and serine/threonine protein activity) and brain homogenate (cholinesterase activity) was employed. The studied extracts demonstrated toxicity to fish cells, and in general, all examined extracts altered at least one or more of considered parameters, indicating that they possess, to some degree, toxic potency. Although the time from which the extracts were obtained had a significant importance for the response of fish cells, we observed strong variability between the different strains and species. In some strains, extracts that originated from 25-day-old cultures triggered more harmful effects on fish cells compared to those obtained from 70-day-old cultures, whereas in other strains, we observed the opposite effect or a lack of a significant change. Our study revealed that there was no clear or common pattern regarding the degree of cyanobacterial bloom toxicity at a given stage of development. This means that young cyanobacterial blooms that are just forming can pose an equally toxic threat to aquatic vertebrates and ecosystem functioning as those that are stable or old with a tendency to collapse. This might be largely due to a high variability of strains in the bloom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wejnerowski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine; (O.H.); (I.O.)
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine; (O.H.); (I.O.)
| | - Inna Osypenko
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine; (O.H.); (I.O.)
| | - Mikołaj Kokociński
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Tomasz Jurczak
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Filip Pniewski
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Paulino MG, Tavares D, Terezan AP, Sakuragui MM, Pesenti E, Giani A, Cestari MM, Fernandes JB, Fernandes MN. Biotransformations, Antioxidant System Responses, and Histopathological Indexes in the Liver of Fish Exposed to Cyanobacterial Extract. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1041-1051. [PMID: 32102115 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiocystis fernandoi, a microcystin (MC) producer, has been common in cyanobacterial blooms in tropical regions. Microcystin is a hepatotoxin that causes tissue damage and even death in animals, including humans; its detoxification process may involve biotransformation and activation of the antioxidant defense system. We evaluated the detoxification pathway, examined the antioxidant defense system responses, and determined the alterations and the organ histopathological indexes in the liver of the tropical fish Hoplias malabaricus after acute and subchronic intraperitoneal exposure to microcystin. The crude microcystin extract of R. fernandoi had predominantly MC-RR and MC-YR. The detoxification process was activated by increasing ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, whereas glutathione S-transferase was inhibited. The activity of the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase decreased after acute exposure; the SOD-catalase system and the glutathione level increased after subchronic exposure. The carbonyl protein level, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and DNA damage were unchanged after acute exposure, whereas protein carbonyl was unchanged, LPO decreased, and DNA damage increased after subchronic exposure. Histopathological alteration indexes differed between acute and subchronic exposure, but the histopathological organ indexes indicate liver dysfunction in both exposure periods. We conclude that MC-RR and MC-YR induce different liver responses depending on the time of exposure, and the antioxidant defense responses after subchronic exposure may help to partially restore the liver function. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1041-1051. © 2020 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gustavo Paulino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Driele Tavares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Terezan
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Emanuele Pesenti
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Giani
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sopezki MS, Josende ME, Cruz LC, Yunes JS, Lima JV, Zanette J. The effects of Microcystis aeruginosa cells lysate containing microcystins on physiological and molecular responses in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:591-598. [PMID: 31916382 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are potent toxins produced by environmental cyanobacterial blooms. The present study evaluated the effects of a Microcystis aeruginosa cyanobacterial lysate containing 0.1, 1, and 10 μg L-1 MC-LR equivalent in the C. elegans Bristol N2 wild-type and the effects caused by equivalent concentrations of a MC-LR standard. The lysate was prepared from a culture of toxic strain (RST9501) originated from the Patos Lagoon Estuary (RS, Brazil). The minimal concentration necessary to cause significant effects in C. elegans under exposure to M. aeruginosa lysate or to MC-LR standard were, respectively, 10 and 0.1 μg L-1 MC-LR equivalent for growth and 10 and 1 μg L-1 MC-LR equivalent for fertility. Reproduction (ie, brood size) was only affected by the exposure to 10 μg L-1 MC-LR standard and was not affected by the lysate. The nematodes that were exposed to lysate containing 1 μg L-1 MC-LR equivalent or MC-LR were also analyzed for pharyngeal pumping and gene expression using RT-qPCR. The worms' rhythmic contractions of the pharynx were similarly affected by the lysate containing 1 μg L-1 of MC-LR equivalent and the MC-LR standard. The MC-LR standard caused down-regulation of genes related to growth (daf-16), fertility (spe-10), and biotransformation (gst-2). This is the first study to evaluate the effects of a toxic cyanobacterial lysate using the C. elegans model. This study suggests the organism as a potential biotest to evaluate toxicity of natural waters containing M. aeruginosa cells and to environmental risk assessment associated to cyanobacterial bloom events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio S Sopezki
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas: Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Marcelo E Josende
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas: Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Litiele C Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas: Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - João S Yunes
- Laboratório de Cianobactérias e Ficotoxinas, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Juliane V Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas: Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Juliano Zanette
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas: Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gavrilović BR, Prokić MD, Petrović TG, Despotović SG, Radovanović TB, Krizmanić II, Ćirić MD, Gavrić JP. Biochemical parameters in skin and muscle of Pelophylax kl. esculentus frogs: Influence of a cyanobacterial bloom in situ. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 220:105399. [PMID: 31896464 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is little information in scientific literature as to how conditions created by a microcystin (MC) producing cyanobacterial bloom affect the oxidant/antioxidant, biotransformation and neurotoxicity parameters in adult frogs in situ. We investigated biochemical parameters in the skin and muscle of Pelophylax kl. esculentus from Lake Ludaš (Serbia) by comparing frogs that live on the northern bloom side (BS) of the lake with those that inhabit the southern no-bloom side (NBS). A higher protein carbonylation level and lower antioxidant defense system capability in the skin of frogs living in conditions of the cyanobacterial bloom were observed. Inhibition of glutathione-dependent machinery was the major mechanism responsible for the induction of cyanobacterial bloom-mediated oxidative stress in frog skin. On the other hand, the detected higher ability of muscle to overcome bloom prooxidant toxicity was linked to a higher efficiency of the biotransformation system through glutathione-S-transferase activity and/or was the consequence of indirect exposure of the tissue to the bloom. Our results have also revealed that the cyanobacterial bloom conditions induced the cholinergic neurotransmitter system in both tissues. This study provides a better understanding of the ecotoxicological impact of the MC producing cyanobacterial bloom on frogs in situ. However, further investigations of the complex mechanism involved in cyanobacterial bloom toxicity in real environmental conditions are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branka R Gavrilović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko D Prokić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara G Petrović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana G Despotović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana B Radovanović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Imre I Krizmanić
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš D Ćirić
- Scientific Institution Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - National Institute, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena P Gavrić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao J, Chen HQ, Yang HF, Li Y, Chen DJ, Huang YJ, He LX, Zheng CF, Wang LQ, Wang J, Zhang N, Cao J, Liu JY, Shu WQ, Liu WB. Epigenetic silencing of ALX4 regulates microcystin-LR induced hepatocellular carcinoma through the P53 pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:317-330. [PMID: 31132711 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is one of the principal factors that cause liver cancer. Previously we have found that Aristaless-like Homeobox 4 (ALX4) was differentially expressed in MC-LR-induced malignant transformed L02 cells. However, the expression regulation, role and molecular mechanism of ALX4 during the process of liver cancer induced by MC-LR are still unclear. The expression of ALX4 was detected by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and Western blot in MC-LR induced malignantly transformed cell and rat models. Methylation status of ALX4 promoter region was evaluated by methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing. The anti-tumor effects of ALX4 on MC-LR induced liver cancer were identified in vitro and in vivo. ALX4 expression was progressively down-regulated in MC-LR-induced malignantly transformed L02 cells and the MC-LR exposed rat models. ALX4 promoter regions were highly methylated in malignantly transformed cells, while treatment with demethylation agent 5-aza-dC significantly increased ALX4 expression. Functional studies showed that overexpression of ALX4 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, blocks the G1/S phase and promotes the apoptosis. Conversely, knockdown of ALX4 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Mechanism study found that ALX4 exerts its antitumor function through the P53 pathway, C-MYC and MMP9. More importantly, ALX4 expression level showed a negative relation with serum MC-LR levels in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Our results suggested that ALX4 was inactivated by DNA methylation and played a tumor suppressor function through the P53 pathway in MC-LR induced liver cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China; College of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Hong-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- College of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China; The Calmette International Hospital, Kunming 650224, PR China
| | - Dong-Jiao Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China; College of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Yu-Jing Huang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Li-Xiong He
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Chuan-Fen Zheng
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Ling-Qiao Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, PR China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jin-Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Wei-Qun Shu
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Azevedo-Linhares M, Souza ATC, Lenz CA, Leite NF, Brito IA, Folle NMT, Garcia JE, Filipak Neto F, Oliveira Ribeiro CA. Microcystin and pyriproxyfen are toxic to early stages of development in Rhamdia quelen: An experimental and modelling study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 166:311-319. [PMID: 30278392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent increase of freshwater eutrophication has favored cyanobacteria blooms and consequently the increase of toxins such as microcystin-LR in aquatic environments, but few is know about the associated effect of toxin and other compounds. Pyriproxyfen is an insecticide indicated by WHO (World Health Organization) to control Aedes aegypti mosquito (vector of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika diseases), however, the effects are not well described to non-target species, such as fish. The early life stages (ELS) of fish are more sensitive to chemical stress due to higher metabolic rate, immature immune system and high superficial area/volume ratio. In the current study, ELS of R. quelen a Neotropical fish were exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of microcystin (1, 10 and 100 µg L-1; M1, M2 and M3 groups, respectively) from an algal extract, pyriproxyfen (1 and 10 µg L-1, P1 and P2) and their association (co-exposure). The hatching, survival and larvae deformities were analyzed, and applied a mathematical model to evaluate the effects on the population size along further generations. Both compounds were toxic to embryos/larvae of fish, but the effects were more pronounced in M2, P1M2 and P2M1 for hatching and M2, P1M2, P2M1 and P1 for survival. Deformities prevailed in groups exposed to the chemicals at 48 hpf (hours post-fertilization) were suggestions of toxicological interaction in P1M2, P2M1 and P2M2 at 48 and 72 hpf. In 96 hpf, the levels of deformities were lower than in previous times. Model predicted population density over 100 years decreased to lower than 0.5 (50%) in all groups, except for P1M1, indicating risk of extinction. P1M2 had the worse results, followed by M2, P1M3 and P2M1. Cyanobacterial blooms can lead to microcystin-LR levels higher than M2 (10 µg L-1), and the suggestion of toxicological interaction with pyriproxyfen is relevant because both compounds may potentially coexist in aquatic environments. Finally, mathematical models may provide an ecological interpretation of the risk of exposure of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Azevedo-Linhares
- Centro de Tecnologia em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná, CEP 81350-010, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - A T C Souza
- Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - C A Lenz
- Centro de Tecnologia em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná, CEP 81350-010, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - N Ferreira Leite
- Centro de Tecnologia em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná, CEP 81350-010, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - I A Brito
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - N M T Folle
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - J E Garcia
- Estação de Piscicultura Panamá, CEP 88490-000 Paulo Lopes, SC, Brazil
| | - F Filipak Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - C A Oliveira Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Janik AJ, Markle DF, Heidel JR, Kent ML. Histopathology and external examination of heavily parasitized Lost River Sucker Deltistes luxatus (Cope 1879) and Shortnose Sucker Chasmistes brevirostris (Cope 1879) from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1675-1687. [PMID: 30091262 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Shortnose Sucker (Chasimistes brevirostris) and Lost River Sucker (Deltistes luxatus) are endemic to the Upper Klamath Basin of Southern Oregon and Northern California, and their populations are in decline. We used histopathology and external examination of 140 and external examination only of 310 underyearling suckers collected in 2013, 2015 and 2016 to document pathological changes, particularly those relating to parasites. The most severe infection was caused by a Contracaecum sp., infecting the atrium of 8%-33% of Shortnose Suckers. The most prevalent infections were caused by Bolbophorus sp. metacercariae in the muscle of Shortnose Suckers (21%-63%) and Lernaea cyprinacea in the skin and muscle of Lost River Suckers (30%-81%). Histology detected Bolbophorus in only 5% of cases where it was not seen externally. Three myxozoans were observed; a Parvicapsula sp. in the renal tubules (10%), a Myxobolus sp. in the intestinal mucosa (2%) and an unusual multicellular, presporogonic myxozoan in the intestinal lumen of one sucker. Severe gill epithelial hyperplasia was observed in several fish collected in 2016. Trichodinids and Ichthyobodo sp. were observed on some of the gills, but absent in many of the fish with severe lesions. A histiocytic sarcoma was observed in sucker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Janik
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Douglas F Markle
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Jerry R Heidel
- Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Biomedical Science, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Michael L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Biomedical Science, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen L, Wang Y, Giesy JP, Chen F, Shi T, Chen J, Xie P. Microcystin-LR affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal (HPI) axis in early life stages (embryos and larvae) of zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:540-548. [PMID: 29883955 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Frequencies and durations of blooms of cyanobacteria are increasing. Some cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins including microcystins (MCs). MCs are the most common toxic products of hazardous algal blooms (HABs), with the greatest potential for exposure and to cause toxicity. Recently, MCs have been shown to disrupt endocrine functions. In this study, for the first time, effects of MC-LR on the hypothalamic-pituitary-inter-renal (HPI) axis during early embryonic development (embryos/larvae) of zebrafish (Danio rerio), were investigated. Embryos/larvae of zebrafish were exposed to 1, 10, 100, or 300 μg MC-LR/L during the period of 4-168 h post-fertilization (hpf). Exposure to 300 μg MC-LR/L resulted in significantly greater concentrations of whole-body cortisol than those in controls. Expressions of genes along the HPI axis and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR-) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR-) centered gene networks were evaluated by use of quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of mRNA for crh was significantly down-regulated by exposure to 300 μg MC-LR/L, while expressions of crhbp, crhr1, and crhr2 were significantly up-regulated, relative to controls. MC-LR caused significantly lesser levels of mRNA for steroidogenic genes including hmgra, star, and cyp17, but expression of mRNA for hsd20b was significantly greater than that of controls. Treatment with MC-LR also altered profiles of transcription of MR- and GR-centered gene networks, which might result in multiple responses. Taken together, these results demonstrated that MC-LR affected the corticosteroid-endocrine system of larvae of zebrafish. This study provided valuable insights into molecular mechanisms behind potential toxicity and endocrine disruption of MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yeke Wang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada
| | - Feng Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Shi
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Attard TJ, Carter MD, Fang M, Johnson RC, Reid GE. Structural Characterization and Absolute Quantification of Microcystin Peptides Using Collision-Induced and Ultraviolet Photo-Dissociation Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1812-1825. [PMID: 29845563 PMCID: PMC6088756 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC) peptides produced by cyanobacteria pose a hepatotoxic threat to human health upon ingestion from contaminated drinking water. While rapid MC identification and quantification in contaminated body fluids or tissue samples is important for patient treatment and outcomes, conventional immunoassay-based measurement strategies typically lack the specificity required for unambiguous determination of specific MC variants, whose toxicity can significantly vary depending on their structures. Furthermore, the unambiguous identification and accurate quantitation of MC variants using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based methods can be limited due to a current lack of appropriate stable isotope-labeled internal standards. To address these limitations, we have systematically examined here the sequence and charge state dependence to the formation and absolute abundance of both "global" and "variant-specific" product ions from representative MC-LR, MC-YR, MC-RR, and MC-LA peptides, using higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD)-MS/MS, ion-trap collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS and CID-MS3, and 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UPVD)-MS/MS. HCD-MS/MS was found to provide the greatest detection sensitivity for both global and variant-specific product ions in each of the MC variants, except for MC-YR where a variant-specific product uniquely formed via UPVD-MS/MS was observed with the greatest absolute abundance. A simple methodology for the preparation and characterization of 18O-stable isotope-labeled MC reference materials for use as internal standards was also developed. Finally, we have demonstrated the applicability of the methods developed herein for absolute quantification of MC-LR present in human urine samples, using capillary scale liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution / accurate mass spectrometry and HCD-MS/MS. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Troy J Attard
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa D Carter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mengxuan Fang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rudolph C Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Huang H, Wu J, Wang Y, Yuan L, Liu C, Zeng X, Cheng X, Zhuang D, Zhang H. Oxidative Stress Mediates Microcystin-LR-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in KK-1 Cells and C57BL/6 Mice Ovaries. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1058. [PMID: 30131715 PMCID: PMC6090159 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a cyclic heptapeptide intracellular toxin released by cyanobacteria that exhibits strong reproductive toxicity. However, little is known about its biotoxicity to the female reproductive system. The present study investigates unexplored molecular pathways by which oxidative stress acts on MC-LR-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs) and autophagy. In the present study, immortalized murine ovarian granular cells (KK-1 cells) were exposed to 8.5, 17, and 34 μg/mL (IC50) of MC-LR with or without N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC, 10 mM) for 24 h, and C57BL/6 mice were treated with 12.5, 25.0, and 40.0 μg/kg⋅bw of MC-LR with or without NAC (200 mg/kg⋅bw) for 14 days. The results revealed that MC-LR could induce cells apoptosis and morphologic changes in ovarian tissues, induce oxidative stress by stimulating the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), destroying antioxidant capacity, and subsequently trigger ERs and autophagy by inducing the hyper-expression of ATG12, ATG5, ATG16, EIF2α (phosphorylated at S51), CHOP, XBP1, GRP78, Beclin1, and PERK (Thr980). Furthermore, NAC pretreatment partly inhibited MC-LR-induced ERs and autophagy via the PERK/ATG12 and XBP1/Beclin1 pathways. These results suggest that oxidative stress mediated MC-LR-induced ERs and autophagy in KK-1 cells and C57BL/6 mice ovaries. Therefore, oxidative stress plays an important role in female toxicity induced by MC-LR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shenshen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxia Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Le Yuan
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanrui Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Donggang Zhuang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhao S, Liu Y, Wang F, Xu D, Xie P. N-acetylcysteine protects against microcystin-LR-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and germ cell apoptosis in zebrafish testes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 204:463-473. [PMID: 29679867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a reproductive toxicant that induces germ cell apoptosis in the testes, but the underlying mechanisms have not been well understood. In this study, we investigated that MCLR induces germ cell apoptosis is through activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant could protect against germ cell apoptosis by inhibiting the ER stress. Healthy male zebrafish were intraperitoneally injected with NAC (500 nM), beginning at 2 h before different doses of MCLR (0, 50, 100, 200 μg/kg). As expected, acute MCLR exposure resulted in oxidative stress and germ cell apoptosis in zebrafish testes. Further analysis showed that NAC significantly alleviated MCLR-induced testicular germ cell apoptosis and inhibited the caspase-dependent apoptotic proteins. Meanwhile H&E staining showed that NAC could rescue testicular damage induced by MCLR. Moreover, MCLR induced activation of ER stress which consequently triggered apoptosis in zebrafish testes. Interestingly, NAC was effective in improving the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level and activity of antioxidant enzymes in NAC pretreated groups. NAC significantly attenuated MCLR-induced upregulation of GRP78 in testes. In addition, NAC significantly attenuated MCLR-triggered testicular eIF2s1 and MAPK8 activation, indicating that NAC counteracts MCLR-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) in testes. Taken together, the results observed in this study suggested that ER stress plays a critical role in germ cell apoptosis exposed to MCLR and NAC could protect against apoptosis via inhibiting ER stress in zebrafish testes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pham TL, Utsumi M. An overview of the accumulation of microcystins in aquatic ecosystems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 213:520-529. [PMID: 29472035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins produced by toxic cyanobacteria pose a major, worldwide environmental threat to freshwater ecosystems. Microcystins (MCs) are considered to be the most hazardous groups. Indeed, some of the largest aquatic ecosystems on the earth are being contaminated with MCs. Questions have arisen regarding their transfer and bioaccumulation in natural environment. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding toxic cyanobacteria and MCs, with a specific focus on their distribution in different components of aquatic ecosystems. Their accumulation in water columns, aquatic animals, plants, and sediments is summarized. MCs have been contaminating all areas of the aquatic ecosystems. Of these, the water column was the most contaminated with MCs and served as an intermediate transmission substation. Via this route, MCs could enter to other stations such as sediment, animals, aquatic and terrestrial plants. Therefore, the use of water contaminated with MCs may induce food chain contaminations with considerable health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Luu Pham
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Le Manach S, Sotton B, Huet H, Duval C, Paris A, Marie A, Yépremian C, Catherine A, Mathéron L, Vinh J, Edery M, Marie B. Physiological effects caused by microcystin-producing and non-microcystin producing Microcystis aeruginosa on medaka fish: A proteomic and metabolomic study on liver. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 234:523-537. [PMID: 29220784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms have become a common phenomenon in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Microcystis is an important bloom-forming and toxin-producing genus in continental aquatic ecosystems, which poses a potential risk to Human populations as well as on aquatic organisms. Microcystis is known to produce along with various bioactive peptides, the microcystins (MCs) that have attracted more attention notably due to their high hepatotoxicity. To better understand the effects of cyanobacterial blooms on fish, medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) were sub-chronically exposed to either non-MC-producing or MC-producing living strains and, for this latter, to its subsequent MC-extract of Microcystis aeruginosa. Toxicological effects on liver have been evaluated through the combined approach of histopathology and 'omics' (i.e. proteomics and metabolomics). All treatments induce sex-dependent effects at both cellular and molecular levels. Moreover, the modalities of exposure appear to induce differential responses as the direct exposure to the cyanobacterial strains induce more acute effects than the MC-extract treatment. Our histopathological observations indicate that both non-MC-producing and MC-producing strains induce cellular impairments. Both proteomic and metabolomic analyses exhibit various biological disruptions in the liver of females and males exposed to strain and extract treatments. These results support the hypothesis that M. aeruginosa is able to produce bioactive peptides, other than MCs, which can induce toxicological effects in fish liver. Moreover, they highlight the importance of considering cyanobacterial cells as a whole to assess the realistic environmental risk of cyanobacteria on fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Le Manach
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Benoit Sotton
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Hélène Huet
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France; Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BioPôle Alfort, F-94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Alain Paris
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Arul Marie
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Claude Yépremian
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Arnaud Catherine
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Lucrèce Mathéron
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine/FR 3631, Plateforme Spectrométrie de masse et Protéomique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative IFR 83, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- USR 3149 ESPCI/CNRS SMPB, Laboratory of Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marc Edery
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de communication et adaptation des microorganismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang L, Liu J, Zhang D, Luo L, Liao Q, Yuan L, Wu N. Seasonal and spatial variations of microcystins in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:6300-6307. [PMID: 29247414 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and an important drinking water source. Since the year 2000, toxic cyanobacteria have been observed frequently in Poyang Lake. In the present study, spatial and seasonal variations of microcystins (MCs; MC-RR, MC-YR, and MC-LR) in water column were examined monthly from January to December (except the months of March, May, and November) in 2013, by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem triple quadrupole/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). MC-RR was the most dominant variant, followed by MC-LR, while MC-YR was detected in low concentration. Total MC concentrations (intracellular + extracellular MCs) ranged from 1.26 to 9916.05 ng/L, with an average of 469.99 ng/L, and only 3.14% (6 out of 192 samples) of the water samples contained MC concentrations that exceeded the drinking water guideline level of 1 μg/L for MC-LR proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). MC concentrations in water column showed obvious seasonal variations in Poyang Lake. Intracellular and extracellular MCs were both at a low level from January to April but increased quickly from June to August and decreased dramatically thereafter. Intracellular MCs exhibited similar spatial distribution pattern with extracellular MCs. Both intracellular and extracellular MC concentrations in eastern bays and around Songmen Mountain of Poyang Lake were higher than other regions. Intracellular MC concentrations were positively correlated with Chl a (r = 046, P < 0.01), pH (r = 0.25, P < 0.01), cyanobacterial biomass (r = 0.40, P < 0.01), and temperature (r = 0.36, P < 0.01) but negatively correlated with TN (r = - 0.28, P < 0.01), suggesting that TN, cyanobacteria biomass, pH, and temperature might be regulating factors for MC production in Poyang Lake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jutao Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330200, China
| | - Dawen Zhang
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Linguang Luo
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiegen Liao
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanlian Road 602, Nanchang, 330200, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Naicheng Wu
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Saraf SR, Frenkel A, Harke MJ, Jankowiak JG, Gobler CJ, McElroy AE. Effects of Microcystis on development of early life stage Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Comparative toxicity of natural blooms, cultured Microcystis and microcystin-LR. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 194:18-26. [PMID: 29132031 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) caused by algae in the genus Microcystis have been increasing in frequency and severity in recent decades. Microcystis blooms threaten aquatic organisms through effects associated with the rapid increase of biomass and the production of the hepatotoxin microcystin (MC) by toxic strains. Among fish, effects of blooms are likely to be more severe for early life stages, and physiological impacts on this life stage could significantly impact recruitment and fish populations. This study explores the effects of Microcystis blooms on the development of fish using the model organism, the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), under realistic exposure conditions. Medaka embryos were exposed to natural blooms collected from New York City (USA) lakes, lab cultures of Microcystis, and MC-LR solutions. Field collected samples were more toxic than lab cultures (even when compared at the same algal density or MC concentration), causing decreased survival, premature time to hatch, reduced body length, yolk sac edema, and decreased heart rate, while lab culture exposures only resulted in bradycardia. Heart rate was the most sensitive endpoint measured, being depressed in embryos exposed to both lab cultures and field collected blooms. Generalized linear model analysis indicated bradycardia was statistically associated with both cell densities of blooms and MC concentrations, while single factor analysis indicated that MC concentrations had a stronger correlation compared to cell densities. However, MC exposure could not fully explain the effects observed, as exposures to MC-LR solutions alone were not able to reduce heart rate as severely as algal exposures. Collectively, these experiments indicate that factors beyond exposure to MC or even isolated Microcystis strains influence heart rate of fish exposed to Microcystis blooms. Enhanced mortality, depressed heart rate, and abnormal development observed in response to environmentally realistic exposures of Microcystis blooms could affect success of fish at both individual or population levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer R Saraf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000 United States
| | - Amy Frenkel
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000 United States; Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Matthew J Harke
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000 United States; Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY 10964, United States
| | - Jennifer G Jankowiak
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000 United States
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000 United States
| | - Anne E McElroy
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000 United States.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Microcystins Presence in Mussels (M. galloprovincialis) and Water of Two Productive Mediterranean's Lagoons (Sardinia, Italy). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3769245. [PMID: 29359150 PMCID: PMC5735587 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3769245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxins harmful for animal and human health. The most toxic type between them is MC-LR whose presence has been investigated in different reservoirs all around the world. In this work microcystins were monitored in spring and summer in water and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) of two Sardinia lagoons: Cabras and Calich lagoons. A Solid Phase Extraction method was developed to clean and concentrate samples before the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the following Mass Spectrometry detection. MCs presence was detected using the screening ELISA test in both lagoons. MCs peak was revealed in July for water and mussels belonging to Cabras lagoon (0.75 ± 0.07 ng/L in water and 0.12 ± 0.04 ng/g ww in mussels). In water of Calich lagoon there was a constant trend in the concentration of MCs during the considered months, while there was a MCs peak in July (0.6 ± 0.5 ng/g ww) in mussels. The following LC-MS/MS analysis did not reveal MC-LR presence in all analyzed samples. These results can be useful to enrich knowledge on public health and consumer's safeguard.
Collapse
|
35
|
Foss AJ, Butt J, Fuller S, Cieslik K, Aubel MT, Wertz T. Nodularin from benthic freshwater periphyton and implications for trophic transfer. Toxicon 2017; 140:45-59. [PMID: 29107081 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In 2013 and 2015, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection conducted a survey of lotic habitats within the Susquehanna, Delaware, and Ohio River basins in Pennsylvania, USA, to screen for microcystins/nodularins (MCs/NODs) in algae communities and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu). Periphyton (68 from 41 sites), juvenile whole fish (153 from 19 sites) and adult fish liver (115 from 16 sites) samples were collected and screened using an Adda enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples that were positive for MCs/NODs were further analyzed using LC-MS/MS, including 14 variants of microcystin and NOD-R and the MMPB technique. The ELISA was positive for 47% of the periphyton collections, with NOD-R confirmed (0.7-82.2 ng g-1 d.w.) in 20 samples. NOD-R was confirmed in 10 of 15 positive juvenile whole fish samples (0.8-16.7 ng g-1 w.w.) and in 2 of 8 liver samples (1.7 & 2.8 ng g-1 w.w.). The MMPB method resulted in total MCs/NODs measured in periphyton (2.2-1269 ng g-1 d.w.), juvenile whole fish (5.0-210 ng g-1 d.w.) and adult livers (8.5-29.5 ng g-1 d.w.). This work illustrates that NOD-R is present in freshwater benthic algae in the USA, which has broader implications for monitoring and trophic transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Foss
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL 32177, USA(1).
| | - Jeffery Butt
- Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Clean Water, Rachel Carson State Office Building, 400 Market Street Harrisburg, PA 17101, USA.
| | - Sarah Fuller
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL 32177, USA(1)
| | - Kamil Cieslik
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL 32177, USA(1)
| | - Mark T Aubel
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL 32177, USA(1)
| | - Tim Wertz
- Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Clean Water, Rachel Carson State Office Building, 400 Market Street Harrisburg, PA 17101, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Martins ND, Yunes JS, Monteiro DA, Rantin FT, Kalinin AL. Microcystin-LR leads to oxidative damage and alterations in antioxidant defense system in liver and gills of Brycon amazonicus (SPIX & AGASSIZ, 1829). Toxicon 2017; 139:109-116. [PMID: 29024772 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin's (MCs) are toxins produced by several groups of cyanobacteria, in water bodies throughout the world, in a process which is being intensified by human action. Among the variants of MCs, MC-LR stands out for its distribution and toxicity. MCs are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2 A, which causes disruption of the cytoskeleton and consequent cell death. They can also alter the antioxidant system and induce oxidative stress in various organs of many species. There is, however, a lack of information about the effects of MCs on the antioxidant system and oxidative damage in Brazilian fishes. This study evaluated the effect of microcystin-LR on the antioxidant system in liver and gills of the Brazilian fish Brycon amazonicus, after 48 h of i.p injection of 100 μg MC-LR.kg-1 body mass. The liver exhibited increases in the activity of GST (74%) and GPx (217%), and a 47% decrease in SOD activity, with no changes in CAT values. In the gills of fish exposed to MC-LR, CAT and GPx activities did not show significant changes, while SOD and GST activity decreased by 66% and 37%, respectively. The GSH content did not change significantly in the liver, however, a decrease of 43% was observed in the gills. Oxidative damage measured by protein oxidation (PC) and lipoperoxidation (LPO) showed significant effects in both tissues. In hepatic tissue, there was no change in PC levels but LPO increased by 116%. Conversely, in the gills LPO levels did not change but PC increased by 317%. In conclusion, these data show that MC-LR induces oxidative damage in both tissues but in different ways, with being liver most sensitive to LPO and gills to PC. This also suggests that the gills are most sensitive to oxidative stress than liver, due to the inhibition of its antioxidant responses following MC-LR exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Dias Martins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Via Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - João Sarkis Yunes
- Institute of Oceanography, Cyanobacterial Research Unit, Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG, Avenida Italia, Km 8, 96201-900, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diana Amaral Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Via Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tadeu Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Via Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Kalinin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, Via Washington Luís, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hu M, Qu X, Pan L, Fu C, Jia P, Liu Q, Wang Y. Effects of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa on the silver carp Hypophthalmichtys molitrix revealed by hepatic RNA-seq and miRNA-seq. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10456. [PMID: 28874710 PMCID: PMC5585339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing was applied to analyze the effects of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa on the silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Silver carps were exposed to two cyanobacteria species (toxic and non-toxic) for RNA-seq and miRNA-seq analysis. RNA-seq revealed that the liver tissue contained 105,379 unigenes. Of these genes, 143 were significantly differentiated, 82 were markedly up-regulated, and 61 were remarkably down-regulated. GO term enrichment analysis indicated that 35 of the 154 enriched GO terms were significantly enriched. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that 17 of the 118 enriched KEGG pathways were significantly enriched. A considerable number of disease/immune-associated GO terms and significantly enriched KEGG pathways were also observed. The sequence length determined by miRNA-seq was mainly distributed in 20-23 bp and composed of 882,620 unique small RNAs, and 53% of these RNAs were annotated to miRNAs. As confirmed, 272 known miRNAs were differentially expressed, 453 novel miRNAs were predicted, 112 miRNAs were well matched with 7,623 target genes, and 203 novel miRNAs were matched with 15,453 target genes. qPCR also indicated that Steap4, Cyp7a1, CABZ01088134.1, and PPP1R3G were significantly differentially expressed and might play major roles in the toxic, detoxifying, and antitoxic mechanisms of microcystin in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menghong Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrion (CREEFN) of the Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry, Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiancheng Qu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrion (CREEFN) of the Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry, Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisha Pan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chunxue Fu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Peixuan Jia
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Qigen Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrion (CREEFN) of the Ministry Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry, Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Analysis of microcystin-LR and nodularin using triple quad liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and histopathology in experimental fish. Toxicon 2017; 138:82-88. [PMID: 28803056 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic cyanobacterial metabolites produced sporadically in aquatic environments under favorable environmental conditions. Affinity of these toxins to covalently bind with protein phosphatases poses a challenge in their detection. Lemieux oxidation to release 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB), a common moiety to all MCs congeners, has been used in detection of these compounds, however a lack of sensitivity has limited the usefulness of the method. In this study, modifications of the oxidation and solid phase extraction procedures, combined with a sensitive LC/MS/MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry) detection, have resulted in 25 ng/g method detection limits in both liver and plasma samples. Samples harvested from six fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) dosed intraperitoneally with a sublethal MC-LR dose of 250 μg/kg were analyzed, and microcystin concentrations ranging from 370 to 670 ng/g in plasma and 566-1030 ng/g in liver were detected. Similarly, 250 μg/kg nodularin-dosed channel catfish fish were found to contain 835-1520 ng/g in plasma and 933-1140 ng/g in liver. Detection of the toxins in serum and liver combined with the presence of histopathological lesions consistent with these hepatocellular toxin in exposed fish and no positive findings in the control fish demonstrates the usefulness of this analytical procedure for the diagnosis of suspected algal toxicity cases.
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang Z, Zhang J, Li E, Zhang L, Wang X, Song L. Combined toxic effects and mechanisms of microsystin-LR and copper on Vallisneria Natans (Lour.) Hara seedlings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 328:108-116. [PMID: 28103486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) and copper are commonly found in eutrophic water bodies because of eutrophic run-offs, cyanobacterial blooms, and copper algicide applications. However, the ecotoxicological risk of their combination remains unknown. This study investigated the effect of MCLR, Cu, and their mixture on the growth and physiological responses of Vallisneria natans. Results showed that the combined toxicity of them was concentration dependent. Synergistic effects were elicited at low concentrations of MCLR and Cu exposure (≤0.25+0.64mg/L). Additive or antagonistic effects were induced at higher concentrations. Single and combined exposures could induce oxidative stress, such as increased superoxide anion radical levels. To cope with oxidative stress, V. natans could activate their antioxidant defense systems, such as enhanced superoxide dismutase production and changes in peroxidase activities. Exposure to combined MCLR and Cu (even only with 0.005+0.041mg/L) adversely affected their antioxidant defense systems. As a consequence, malondialdehyde levels significantly increased. The interaction of MCLR and Cu could also significantly increase the bioaccumulations of MCLR and Cu. This increase could be accounted for their synergistic toxic effects on V. natans. Our results suggested that the exacerbated ecological hazard of MCLR and Cu with environmental concentrations may harm aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Hubei, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
| | - Junqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Enhua Li
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Hubei, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Hubei, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China
| | - Xuelei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation, Hubei, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang L, Chen C, Liu W, Xia H, Li J, Zhang X. Effects of toxic cyanobacteria and ammonia on flesh quality of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:1200-1206. [PMID: 27311719 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxic cyanobacterial blooms result in the production of an organic biomass containing cyanotoxins (e.g. microcystins) and an elevated ammonia concentration in the water environment. The ingestion of toxic cyanobacteria and exposure to ammonia are grave hazards for fish. The present study assessed the effects of dietary toxic cyanobacteria and ammonia exposure on the flesh quality of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). RESULTS Dietary toxic cyanobacteria and ammonia exposure had no impact on fish growth performance, fillet proximate composition and drip loss, whereas it significantly decreased fillet total amino acids, total essential amino acids, hardness and gumminess, and increased fillet ultimate pH as well as malondialdehyde content. However, there was no significant interaction between dietary toxic cyanobacteria and ammonia exposure on these parameters. Additionally, dietary toxic cyanobacteria significantly increased fillet initial pH, thaw loss and protein carbonyl content, whereas ammonia exposure did not. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that dietary toxic cyanobacteria and ammonia exposure reduced the quality of blunt snout bream fillet. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuanyue Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hu Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Health Aquaculture and Product Processing in Dongting Lake Area of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tzima E, Serifi I, Tsikari I, Alzualde A, Leonardos I, Papamarcaki T. Transcriptional and Behavioral Responses of Zebrafish Larvae to Microcystin-LR Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020365. [PMID: 28208772 PMCID: PMC5343900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptides that constitute a diverse group of toxins produced by cyanobacteria. One of the most toxic variants of this family is microcystin-LR (MCLR) which is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and induces cytoskeleton alterations. In this study, zebrafish larvae exposed to 500 μg/L of MCLR for four days exhibited a 40% reduction of PP2A activity compared to the controls, indicating early effects of the toxin. Gene expression profiling of the MCLR-exposed larvae using microarray analysis revealed that keratin 96 (krt96) was the most downregulated gene, consistent with the well-documented effects of MCLR on cytoskeleton structure. In addition, our analysis revealed upregulation in all genes encoding for the enzymes of the retinal visual cycle, including rpe65a (retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein 65a), which is critical for the larval vision. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis confirmed the microarray data, showing that rpe65a was significantly upregulated at 50 μg/L and 500 μg/L MCLR in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with the microarray data, MCLR-treated larvae displayed behavioral alterations such as weakening response to the sudden darkness and hypoactivity in the dark. Our work reveals new molecular targets for MCLR and provides further insights into the molecular mechanisms of MCLR toxicity during early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Tzima
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 45110 Ιοannina, Greece.
| | - Iliana Serifi
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 45110 Ιοannina, Greece.
| | - Ioanna Tsikari
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - Ioannis Leonardos
- Laboratory of Zoology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Thomais Papamarcaki
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
- Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 45110 Ιοannina, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chen L, Hu Y, He J, Chen J, Giesy JP, Xie P. Responses of the Proteome and Metabolome in Livers of Zebrafish Exposed Chronically to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:596-607. [PMID: 28005350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, changes in expressions of proteins and profiles of metabolites in liver of the small, freshwater fish [Formula: see text] (zebrafish) were investigated after long-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Male zebrafish were exposed via water to 1 or 10 μg MC-LR/L for 90 days, and iTRAQ-based proteomics and 1H NMR-based metabolomics were employed. Histopathological observations showed that MC-LR caused damage to liver, and the effects were more pronounced in fish exposed to 10 μg MC-LR/L. Metabolomic analysis also showed alterations of hepatic function, which included changes in a number of metabolic pathways, including small molecules involved in energy, glucose, lipids, and amino acids metabolism. Concentrations of lactate were significantly greater in individuals exposed to MC-LR than in unexposed controls. This indicated a shift toward anaerobic metabolism, which was confirmed by impaired respiration in mitochondria. Proteomics revealed that MC-LR significantly influenced multiple proteins, including those involved in folding of proteins and metabolism. Endoplasmic reticulum stress contributed to disturbance of metabolism of lipids in liver of zebrafish exposed to MC-LR. Identification of proteins and metabolites in liver of zebrafish responsive to MC-LR provides insights into mechanisms of chronic toxicity of MCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yufei Hu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, 210089, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pindihama GK, Gitari MW. Uptake and Growth Effects of Cyanotoxins on Aquatic Plants Ludwigia Adscendens and Amaranthus Hybridus in Raw Surface Waters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.2.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
44
|
Qiao Q, Le Manach S, Huet H, Duvernois-Berthet E, Chaouch S, Duval C, Sotton B, Ponger L, Marie A, Mathéron L, Lennon S, Bolbach G, Djediat C, Bernard C, Edery M, Marie B. An integrated omic analysis of hepatic alteration in medaka fish chronically exposed to cyanotoxins with possible mechanisms of reproductive toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:119-131. [PMID: 27814527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms threaten human health as well as the population of other living organisms in the aquatic environment, particularly due to the production of natural toxic components, the cyanotoxin. So far, the most studied cyanotoxins are microcystins (MCs). In this study, the hepatic alterations at histological, proteome and transcriptome levels were evaluated in female and male medaka fish chronically exposed to 1 and 5 μg L-1 microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and to the extract of MC-producing Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7820 (5 μg L-1 of equivalent MC-LR) by balneation for 28 days, aiming at enhancing our understanding of the potential reproductive toxicity of cyanotoxins in aquatic vertebrate models. Indeed, both MC and Microcystis extract adversely affect reproductive parameters including fecundity and egg hatchability. The liver of toxin treated female fish present glycogen storage loss and cellular damages. The quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that the quantities of 225 hepatic proteins are dysregulated. In particular, a notable decrease in protein quantities of vitellogenin and choriogenin was observed, which could explain the decrease in reproductive output. Liver transcriptome analysis through Illumina RNA-seq reveals that over 100-400 genes are differentially expressed under 5 μg L-1 MC-LR and Microcystis extract treatments, respectively. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the omic data attests that various metabolic pathways, such as energy production, protein biosynthesis and lipid metabolism, are disturbed by both MC-LR and the Microcystis extract, which could provoke the observed reproductive impairment. The transcriptomics analysis also constitutes the first report of the impairment of circadian rhythm-related gene induced by MCs. This study contributes to a better understanding of the potential consequences of chronic exposure of fish to environmental concentrations of cyanotoxins, suggesting that Microcystis extract could impact a wider range of biological pathways, compared with pure MC-LR, and even 1 μg L-1 MC-LR potentially induces a health risk for aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qiao
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Séverine Le Manach
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Huet
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, BioPôle Alfort, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Evelyne Duvernois-Berthet
- UMR 7221 CNRS/MNHN, Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Soraya Chaouch
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Sotton
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Loïc Ponger
- UMR 7196 MNHN/CNRS, INSERM U1154, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Arul Marie
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lucrèce Mathéron
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine/FR 3631, Plateforme Spectrométrie de masse et Protéomique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative IFR 83, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Gérard Bolbach
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine/FR 3631, Plateforme Spectrométrie de masse et Protéomique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative IFR 83, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chakib Djediat
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Bernard
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Edery
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bieczynski F, Torres WDC, Painefilu JC, Castro JM, Bianchi VA, Frontera JL, Paz DA, González C, Martín A, Villanueva SSM, Luquet CM. Alterations in the intestine of Patagonian silverside (Odontesthes hatcheri) exposed to microcystin-LR: Changes in the glycosylation pattern of the intestinal wall and inhibition of multidrug resistance proteins efflux activity. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 178:106-117. [PMID: 27474942 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation and toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins, particularly microcystin-LR (MCLR) have been extensively studied in fish and aquatic invertebrates. However, MCLR excretion mechanisms, which could reduce this toxin's effects, have received little attention. The Patagonian silverside, Odontesthes hatcheri, is an omnivorous-planktivorous edible fish, which has been shown to digest cyanobacterial cells absorbing MCLR and eliminating the toxin within 48h without suffering significant toxic effects. We studied the effects of MCLR on glycoconjugate composition and the possible role of multidrug resistance associated proteins (Abcc) in MCLR export from the cells in O. hatcheri intestine. We treated O. hatcheri with 5μg MCLRg(-1) body mass administered with the food. Twenty four hours later, the intestines of treated and control fish were processed for lectin-histochemistry using concanavalin A (ConA), Triticum vulgaris agglutinin (WGA), and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA). MCLR affected the distribution of glycoconjugates by augmenting the proportion of ConA-positive at the expense of WGA-positive cells. We studied MCLR effects on the transport of the Abcc-like substrates 2,4-dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione (DNP-SG) and calcein in ex vivo intestine preparations (everted and no-everted sacs and strips). In treated preparations, CDNB together with MCLR (113μg MCLRg(-1) intestine, equivalent to 1.14μmolL(-1) when applied in the bath) or the Abcc inhibitor, MK571 was applied for one hour, during which DNP-SG was measured in the bath every 10min in order to calculate mass-specific DNP-SG transport rate. MCLR significantly inhibited DNP-SG transport (p<0.05), especially in middle intestine (47 and 24%, for luminal and serosal transport, respectively). In middle intestine strips, MCLR and MK571inhibited DNP-SG transport in a concentration dependent fashion (IC50 3.3 and 0.6μmolL(-1), respectively). In middle intestine strips incubated with calcein-AM (0.25μmolL(-1)), calcein efflux was inhibited by MCLR (2.3μmolL(-1)) and MK571 (3μmolL(-1)) by 38 and 27%, respectively (p<0.05). Finally, middle intestine segments were incubated with different concentrations of MCLR applied alone or together with 3μM MK571. After one hour, protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activity, the main target of MCLR, was measured. 2.5μM MCLR did not produce any significant effect, while the same amount plus MK571 inhibited PP1 activity (p<0.05). This effect was similar to that of 5μM MCLR. Our results suggest that in O. hatcheri enterocytes MCLR is conjugated with GSH via GST and then exported to the intestinal lumen through Abcc-like transporters. This mechanism would protect the cell from MCLR toxicity, limiting toxin transport into the blood, which is probably mediated by basolateral Abccs. From an ecotoxicological point of view, elimination of MCLR through this mechanism would reduce the amount of toxin available for trophic transference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Bieczynski
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA - (CONICET-UNCo), CEAN- Ruta 61 km 3, Paraje San Cabao, 8371, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Walter D C Torres
- CEAN- Ruta 61 km 3, Paraje San Cabao, 8371, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Julio C Painefilu
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA - (CONICET-UNCo), CEAN- Ruta 61 km 3, Paraje San Cabao, 8371, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Juan M Castro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA - (CONICET-UNCo), CEAN- Ruta 61 km 3, Paraje San Cabao, 8371, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Virginia A Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA - (CONICET-UNCo), CEAN- Ruta 61 km 3, Paraje San Cabao, 8371, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Jimena L Frontera
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dante A Paz
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina González
- Dirección Técnica y de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Agua y Saneamientos Argentinos, Av. Figueroa Alcorta 6081, 1425, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Martín
- Dirección Técnica y de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Agua y Saneamientos Argentinos, Av. Figueroa Alcorta 6081, 1425, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina S M Villanueva
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, IFISE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA - (CONICET-UNCo), CEAN- Ruta 61 km 3, Paraje San Cabao, 8371, Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Le Manach S, Khenfech N, Huet H, Qiao Q, Duval C, Marie A, Bolbach G, Clodic G, Djediat C, Bernard C, Edery M, Marie B. Gender-Specific Toxicological Effects of Chronic Exposure to Pure Microcystin-LR or Complex Microcystis aeruginosa Extracts on Adult Medaka Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8324-8334. [PMID: 27409512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms often occur in freshwater lakes and constitute a potential health risk to human populations, as well as to other organisms. However, their overall and specific implications for the health of aquatic organisms that are chronically and environmentally exposed to cyanobacteria producing hepatotoxins, such as microcystins (MCs), together with other bioactive compounds have still not been clearly established and remain difficult to assess. The medaka fish was chosen as the experimental aquatic model for studying the cellular and molecular toxicological effects on the liver after chronic exposures (28 days) to environmentally relevant concentrations of pure MC-LR, complex extracts of MC producing or nonproducing cyanobacterial biomasses, and of a Microcystis aeruginosa natural bloom. Our results showed a higher susceptibility of females to the different treatments compared to males at both the cellular and the molecular levels. Although hepatocyte lysis increased with MC-containing treatments, lysis always appeared more severe in the liver of females compare to males, and the glycogen cellular reserves also appeared to decrease more in the liver of females compared to those in the males. Proteomic investigations reveal divergent responses between males and females exposed to all treatments, especially for proteins involved in metabolic and homeostasis processes. Our observations also highlighted the dysregulation of proteins involved in oogenesis in female livers. These results suggest that fish populations exposed to cyanobacteria blooms may potentially face several ecotoxicological issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Le Manach
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nour Khenfech
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Huet
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est , BioPôle Alfort, 94700 Maison-Alfort, France
| | - Qin Qiao
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arul Marie
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gérard Bolbach
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine/FR 3631, Plateforme Spectrométrie de masse et Protéomique, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Clodic
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine/FR 3631, Plateforme Spectrométrie de masse et Protéomique, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie , 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chakib Djediat
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Bernard
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Edery
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle , CP 39, 12 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chen L, Chen J, Zhang X, Xie P. A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 301:381-99. [PMID: 26521084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies provide strong evidence of positive associations between microcystins (MCs) exposure and reproductive toxicity, representing a threat to human reproductive health and the biodiversity of wild life. This paper reviews current knowledge of the reproductive toxicity of MCs, with regard to mammals, fishes, amphibians, and birds, mostly in males. Toxicity of MCs is primarily governed by the inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) and disturbance of cellular phosphorylation balance. MCs exposure is related to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, leading to cytoskeleton disruption, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and DNA damage. MCs induce cell apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial and ROS and ER pathways. Through PP1/2A inhibition and oxidative stress, MCs lead to differential expression/activity of transcriptional factors and proteins involved in the pathways of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and tumor promotion. MC-induced DNA damage is also involved in carcinogenicity. Apart from a direct effect on testes and ovaries, MCs indirectly affect sex hormones by damaging the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and liver. Parental exposure to MCs may result in hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity of offspring. We also summarize the current research gaps which should be addressed by further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gavrilović BR, Prokić MD, Gavrić JP, Despotović SG, Radovanović TB, Borković-Mitić SS, Ognjanović BI, Pavlović SZ, Saičić ZS. Antioxidant parameters in fish white muscle as biomarkers of exposure to a cyanobacterial bloom. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
49
|
Oliveira HHP, Rouleau C, Desbiens I, Ribeiro CAO, Pelletier É. Dual isotopes imaging in whole-body autoradiography (WBARG): distribution of 14C-benzo-a-pyrene and 113Sn-tributyltin in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
50
|
Šulčius S, Pilkaitytė R, Mazur-Marzec H, Kasperovičienė J, Ezhova E, Błaszczyk A, Paškauskas R. Increased risk of exposure to microcystins in the scum of the filamentous cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae accumulated on the western shoreline of the Curonian Lagoon. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 99:264-270. [PMID: 26234611 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of toxic cyanobacteria blooms on the downwind shore of high recreational amenity water bodies with largely increases the risk of exposure to cyanotoxins. In this study analysis of phytoplankton structure, cyanotoxin composition and concentration was performed on cyanobacteria scum material, high- and low-density bloom samples in the Curonian Lagoon. We found that the concentration of cyanotoxins in the scum material increased from ∼30 to ∼300-fold compared to bloom samples. In Microcystis aeruginosa dominated samples microcystin-LR was present at the highest concentration, while the dominance of Planktothrix agardhii was associated with the occurrence of dmMC-RR as the major microcystin variant. The toxicological potential of cyanobacterial scums in the Curonian Lagoon is emphasized, and management by removal of these scums is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigitas Šulčius
- Open Access Centre for Nature Research, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Renata Pilkaitytė
- Open Access Centre for Marine Research, Klaipėda University, H. Manto Str. 84, LT-92294 Klaipėda, Lithuania
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jūratė Kasperovičienė
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Elena Ezhova
- Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, 1 Pr. Mira, Kaliningrad 236000, Russia
| | - Agata Błaszczyk
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Ričardas Paškauskas
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|