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Sanches ALM, da Silva Pinto TJ, Daam MA, Teresa FB, Vieira BH, Reghini MV, de Almeida EA, Espíndola ELG. Isolated and mixed effects of pure and formulated abamectin and difenoconazole on biochemical biomarkers of the gills of Danio rerio. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 273:106978. [PMID: 38870676 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides are released into the environment daily, and their effects on nontarget species in aquatic ecosystems have been widely reported. To evaluate the adverse effects caused in adults of Danio rerio species exposed to the pesticides abamectin, difenoconazole, and their commercial formulations (Kraft 36EC® and Score 250EC®), both isolated and in mixtures, biochemical biomarkers were analyzed in the gills of organisms exposed to sublethal concentrations. To this end, the activities of the enzymes 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), lipid hydroperoxide (LH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), which are indicative of oxidative stress, were measured after 48 h of exposure to the different pesticide treatments. The results showed a significant increase in EROD activity and MDA levels in the gills of fish exposed to the commercial formulation of abamectin. When the fish were exposed to difenoconazole and its commercial formulation, an increase in GST, GPx, and MDA levels and a decrease in GR activity were observed in the gills. Furthermore, the responses of the biomarkers were more pronounced in organisms exposed to mixtures of both active ingredients and commercial formulations. It is concluded that the commercial formulations Kraft 36EC® and Score 250EC® and their mixtures cause significant alterations in the detoxification metabolism of exposed organisms and induce oxidative stress in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Letícia Madeira Sanches
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Resources, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Registro, São Paulo, Brazil; NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, School of Engineering of São Carlos, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Institute of Chemistry, Campinas, Rua Josué de Castro, s/n - Cidade Universitária, 13083-970, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, School of Engineering of São Carlos, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil; CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Fabrício Barreto Teresa
- UEG State University of Goiás, Unit of Exact and Technological Sciences (UnUCET), Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Bruna Horvath Vieira
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, School of Engineering of São Carlos, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marina Vanderlei Reghini
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, School of Engineering of São Carlos, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Alves de Almeida
- Department of Natural Science, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, School of Engineering of São Carlos, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
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Sun J, Xiao P, Yin X, Zhu G, Brock TCM. Aquatic and sediment ecotoxicity data of difenoconazole and its potential environmental risks in ponds bordering rice paddies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116135. [PMID: 38402793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Difenoconazole has a widespread agricultural use to control fungal diseases in crops, including rice. In edge-of-field surface waters the residues of this lipophilic fungicide may be toxic to both pelagic and benthic organisms. To allow an effect assessment we mined the regulatory and open literature for aquatic toxicity data. Since published sediment toxicity data were scarce we conducted 28 d sediment-spiked toxicity test with 8 species of benthic macroinvertebrates. Ecotoxicological threshold levels for effects were assessed by applying the species sensitivity distribution approach. Based on short-term L(E)C50's for aquatic organisms from water-only tests an acute Hazardous Concentration to 5% of the species (HC5) of 100 µg difenoconazole/L was obtained, while the HC5 based on chronic NOEC values was a factor of 104 lower (0.96 µg difenoconazole/L). For benthic macroinvertebrates the chronic HC5, based on 28d-L(E)C10 values, was 0.82 mg difenoconazole/kg dry weight sediment. To allow a risk assessment for water- and sediment-dwelling organisms, exposure concentrations were predicted for the water and sediment compartment of an edge-of-field pond bordering rice paddies treated with difenoconazole using the Chinese Top-Rice modelling approach, the Chinese Nanchang exposure scenario and the Equilibrium Partitioning theory. It appeared that in the vast majority of the 20 climate years simulated, potential risks to aquatic and sediment organisms cannot be excluded. Although the HC5 values based on laboratory toxicity data provide one line of evidence only, our evaluation suggests population- and community-level effects on these organisms due to chronic risks in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Advanced Agriculture Science, 666 Wu Su Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang 311300, China
| | - PengFei Xiao
- JiYang College of Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, 77 Pu Yang road, Zhu Ji, Hang Zhou 311800, China
| | - XiaoHui Yin
- Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Advanced Agriculture Science, 666 Wu Su Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang 311300, China.
| | - GuoNian Zhu
- Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Advanced Agriculture Science, 666 Wu Su Street, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang 311300, China
| | - Theo C M Brock
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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Niama W, Ben Said S, Rame C, Aroua M, Mahouachi M, Froment P, Dupont J. Evaluation of acute toxicity of Scabiosa artropurperea var.maritima aqueous extracts in Swiss mice. Toxicon 2024; 239:107614. [PMID: 38237691 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Scabiosa artropurperea var.maritima is a plant widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and used as a traditional medicine. The present study evaluated the biochemical composition and the potential toxicity of aqueous extract of whole Scabiosa artropurperea var.maritima through acute toxicity oral administration in male mice. Phytochemical analysis of the Scabiosa artropurperea var.maritima revealed high levels of reductor sugars and significant flavonoid and total phenol content. The aqueous extract of Scabiosa artropurperea var.maritima was daily oral administered to mice at doses of 300 (group 1), 2000 (group 2) and 4000 (group 3) mg/kg body weight per day for 14 days. We observed no significant difference in the consumption of food, body weight and relative organ weights except for an increase in the seminal vesicles weight in group 3. Hematological parameters revealed the non-adverse effects of prolonged oral consumption of Scabiosa artropurperea var.maritima except for a slight increase but significant of percentage of hematocrit in group 1 and 3 and a decrease in percentage of granulocytes in group 2. The histopathologic examination did not show any differences in vital organs. We also observed non-adverse effects on the reproductive parameters including testosterone concentration, spermatozoa motility and morphologies. Based on our findings, the aqueous extract of Scabiosa artropurperea var.maritima could be considered safe for oral medication in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijden Niama
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France; Laboratoire Appui à la Durabilité des Systèmes de Production Agricole dans la Région du Nord-Ouest, ESAK, Le Kef, Tunisia, University of Jendouba, 7100, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Samia Ben Said
- Laboratoire Appui à la Durabilité des Systèmes de Production Agricole dans la Région du Nord-Ouest, ESAK, Le Kef, Tunisia, University of Jendouba, 7100, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | | | - Mohamed Aroua
- Laboratoire Appui à la Durabilité des Systèmes de Production Agricole dans la Région du Nord-Ouest, ESAK, Le Kef, Tunisia, University of Jendouba, 7100, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Mokhtar Mahouachi
- Laboratoire Appui à la Durabilité des Systèmes de Production Agricole dans la Région du Nord-Ouest, ESAK, Le Kef, Tunisia, University of Jendouba, 7100, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Pascal Froment
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- CNRS, IFCE, INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France.
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Liu Y, Bei K, Zheng W, Yu G, Sun C. Multiple pesticide residues and risk assessment of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo: a three-year investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:107827-107840. [PMID: 37740810 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29892-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (D. officinale) is a traditional Chinese medicine homologous to food, and its safety has attracted considerable attention. Pesticide residues are critical indicators for evaluating the safety of D. officinale. This study investigated the levels of 130 pesticides in 137 stem samples and 82 leaf samples from five main production areas of D. officinale in Zhejiang Province, along with the associated risk of dietary exposure for the population between 2019 and 2021. Forty-five pesticides were detected in 171 samples, of which pyraclostrobin had the highest detection frequency. Multiple residues were detected in 52.56% of the stem samples and 54.88% of the leaf samples, and one stem sample contained up to 18 pesticides. Here, the level of difenoconazole in three samples (two stem samples and one leaf sample) was higher than the maximum residue limit (MRL) in China. Considering the possible health risks related to pesticide residues, a risk assessment of human exposure to pesticides via the intake of D. officinale stems and leaves was evaluated, indicating negligible short-term, long-term, and cumulative risks to human health. However, considering the high detection rate of unregistered pesticides, the supplementation of pesticide registration information on D. officinale should be expedited, and MRLs should be established to ensure food and drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Liu
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Bei
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Weiran Zheng
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Yu
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Sun
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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de Palma Lopes LF, Rocha GS, de Medeiros JF, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG. The acute effects of fipronil and 2,4-D, individually and in mixture: a threat to the freshwater Calanoida copepod Notodiaptomus iheringi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:80335-80348. [PMID: 37294488 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of copepods' responses to pesticides, individually and in mixture, is little understood. The aims of this study were to evaluate: (i) the effects of the pesticides fipronil and 2,4-D, individually and in mixture, on the freshwater copepod Notodiaptomus iheringi; and (ii) the survival and the feeding rate of copepods after the exposure. Acute toxicity tests using the commercial formulations of fipronil and 2,4-D, individually and in mixture, were performed. The LC10-48h, LC20-48h, and LC50-48h of fipronil to N. iheringi were 2.38 ± 0.48, 3.08 ± 1.14, and 4.97 ± 3.30 μg L-1, respectively. For 2,4-D the LC10-48h, LC20-48h, and LC50-48h were 371.18 ± 29.20, 406.93 ± 53.77, and 478.24 ± 107.77 mg L-1, respectively. Morphological damages on the copepods exposed to pesticides were observed at all concentrations. Fungal filaments covering dead organisms were presented at the treatment highest concentration (R5:7.43 ± 2.78 μg L-1 fipronil). The mixture of the pesticides presented synergistic effects on the mortality of N. iheringi. Post-exposure tests showed no difference between the treatments and the control on the mortality and on the feeding rate for 4 h. However, since delayed toxicity of pesticides can occur, longer post-exposure tests using N. iheringi should be tested. N. iheringi is a key species in the aquatic Brazilian ecosystem and showed sensitivity to fipronil and 2,4-D; thus, more studies with this species assessing other responses are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Giseli Swerts Rocha
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Jéssyca Ferreira de Medeiros
- LQA, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz - Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- LQA, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz - Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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Gallo NC, Lopes LFP, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG, Moreira RA. Toxicity of fipronil and 2,4-D pesticides in Daphnia similis: a multiple endpoint approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63479-63490. [PMID: 37052836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, among the pesticides widely applied simultaneously in sugarcane monocultures are the Regent® 800 WG insecticide (active ingredient (a.i.) fipronil) and the DMA® 806 BR herbicide (a.i. 2,4-D). Thus, this study aimed to investigate, through different endpoints, the effects of the fipronil and 2,4-D pesticides, isolated and as mixtures, on the cladoceran Daphnia similis. To do this, acute toxicity tests were carried out with the compounds acting in isolation and in mixture, where the survival of the organisms was evaluated, and chronic toxicity tests with the isolated compounds, where reproduction and maternal and neonatal body length were evaluated. In this study, the physiological endpoints of D. similis were also analyzed, through the analysis of feeding rates (filtration and ingestion) in exposure and post-exposure scenarios, in order to verify the cladoceran food recovery capacity. In addition, D. similis data were compared with other species when exposed to the studied pesticides, using species sensitivity distribution curves. Acute toxicity tests of the fipronil and 2,4-D showed an average EC50-48 h of 66.68 μg a.i./L and 327.07 mg a.i./L, respectively. In both cases, D. similis showed lower sensitivity compared to other species. For the mixture test, the evaluation by the IA model (independent action) and deviation DR (dose ratio dependent) indicated the occurrence of mostly antagonistic effects. The chronic test with fipronil showed a decrease in the fecundity of the organism at a concentration of 16 μg a.i./L, a concentration already found in aquatic environments. For 2,4-D, no significant differences were observed for reproduction at the concentrations tested. Regarding the maternal body length, there were no significant changes when D. similis were exposed to both fipronil and 2,4-D, but these differences were observed in the body length of the neonates only for 2,4-D. There were no significant changes in the feeding rates of the organisms when exposed to both pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália C Gallo
- NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Laís F P Lopes
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- NEEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
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Pinto TJDS, Moreira RA, Freitas JSS, da Silva LCM, Yoshii MPC, de Palma Lopes LF, Ogura AP, de Mello Gabriel GV, Rosa LMT, Schiesari L, do Carmo JB, Montagner CC, Daam MA, Espindola ELG. Responses of Chironomus sancticaroli to the simulation of environmental contamination by sugarcane management practices: Water and sediment toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159643. [PMID: 36306835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane management practices include the application of pesticides, including the herbicide 2,4-D and the insecticide fipronil. In addition, a by-product from the ethanol industry, called vinasse, is commonly applied to fertilize sugarcane areas. The potential risks of these practices to the edge-of-field aquatic ecosystems were assessed in the present study. This was done by contaminating mesocosms with (single and mixtures of) both pesticides and vinasse and evaluating the effects on the midge Chironomus sancticaroli through in-situ and laboratory bioassays. To this end, outdoor mesocosms were treated with fipronil (F), 2,4-D (D), and vinasse (V) alone and with the mixture of fipronil and 2,4-D (M), as well as with both pesticides and vinasse (MV). C. sancticaroli was deployed in mesocosms before contamination in cages, which were taken out 4- and 8-days-post-contamination. Water and sediment samples were also taken for laboratory bioassays on the first day of contamination, as well as 7-, 14-, 21-, 30-, 45-, and 75-days post-contamination. The responses assessed in subchronic assays (8-day) were survival, growth, head capsule width, development, and mentum deformities. Low survival occurred in the in-situ experiments of all treatments due to the low oxygen levels. In the laboratory tests, effects on survival occurred for F, V, and M over time after exposure to both water and sediment. All organisms died post-exposure to water samples from the MV treatment, even 75-days-post-contamination. Impairments in body length and head capsule width occurred for F, V, and M for water and F, V, M, and MV for sediment samples over time. All treatments increased mentum deformities in exposed larvae for any of the sampling periods. The negative effects observed were more significant in the mixture mesocosms (M and MV), thus indicating increased risks from management practices applying these compounds together or with a short time interval in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Silber Schmidt Freitas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), R. Ver. Geraldo Moisés da Silva, s/n - Universitário, 38302-192 Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Verônica de Mello Gabriel
- Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Luana Maria Tavares Rosa
- Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Luis Schiesari
- EACH, USP - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Janaina Braga do Carmo
- Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
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Conceição de Assis J, Tadei R, Menezes-Oliveira VB, Silva-Zacarin ECM. Are native bees in Brazil at risk from the exposure to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113127. [PMID: 35337830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
All across the world, different countries use Ecological risk assessments (ERA) of pesticides to pollinators as a regulatory tool to understand the safety of pesticide use in agriculture. However, pesticide application is still recognized as one of the main stress factors causing a decline in the global population of bees. In all ERA procedures, the effects of pesticides on the honey bee species Apis mellifera are used as a reference for the effects on all different bee species. To evaluate if tropical native bees are protected by the current risk assessment procedures and to propose improvements to the methods, we assessed the ecological risk of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid posed to native and exotic bee species. The risk was assessed through a low (TIER I) and an intermediate (TIER II) level of analysis. For TIER I the USEPA BeeREX model was used and for TIER II the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) approach was adopted. For the imidacloprid exposure conditions, four different crops were taken into consideration; bean, passion fruit, sunflower and tomato. The imidacloprid risk on native species was assessed both by extrapolating the effects obtained to Apis species, and by using ecotoxicological data from tests performed with native species. In TIER I, the risks calculated through empirical data showed that more than 50% of the non-Apis species presented risk levels of 28-180% higher than those obtained with the extrapolation factor used in the Brazilian pesticide regulation. In TIER II, the SSDs showed that most of the native bees are more sensitive to imidacloprid than the Africanized A. mellifera. This is the first study in which an ERA of a pesticide was conducted on tropical bee species. Here we also present some gaps and perspectives for future studies aiming to improve the risk assessment of pesticides in terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josimere Conceição de Assis
- Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Tadei
- São Paulo State University, UNESP, Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Rio Claro, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Vanessa B Menezes-Oliveira
- Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil; Federal University of Tocantins, UFT, Environmental Engineering Course, Quadra 109 Norte Av. NS-15, ALCNO-14, Plano Diretor Norte. CEP: 77001-090, Palmas/TO, Palmas, Tocantins State, Brazil.
| | - Elaine C M Silva-Zacarin
- Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil; Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Integrity (LEIA), Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Pitombeira de Figueirêdo L, Athayde DB, Pinto TJDS, Daam MA, Guerra GDS, Duarte-Neto PJ, Espíndola ELG. Influence of temperature on the toxicity of the elutriate from a pesticide contaminated soil to two cladoceran species. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:956-966. [PMID: 35672617 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brazil has become one of the largest consumers of pesticides in the world. However, there are still few studies evaluating pesticide toxicity integrating local aquatic and terrestrial environments. In addition, there is growing concern about the influence of temperature conditions related with climate change on contaminants toxicity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the elutriate toxicity of the insecticide Kraft® 36 EC (a.i. abamectin), the fungicide Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole) and their mixture to the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis, using model ecosystems (mesocosms). To this end, mesocosms were filled with natural soil and subjected to the following treatments: Control (Milli-Q water), Kraft (10.8 g abamectin ha-1), Score (20 g difenoconazole ha-1), and Kraft + Score (10.8 g abamectin ha-1 + 20 g difenoconazole ha-1). The experiment lasted 18 days, and the applications were made on days 1, 8, and 15; the occurrence of rainfall was simulated on days 1, 8, and 15 after applications and only rainfall simulation on days 4, 11, and 18. The experiment was conducted under two different temperatures: 23 °C and 33 °C. At 23 °C, single Kraft treatment and in combination with Score showed high toxicity to both cladocerans. At 33 °C, elutriate of the Kraft® and mixture treatments were highly toxic to D. similis but not to C. silvestrii. The results indicate that while Kraft had higher toxicity than Score to both cladocerans, this toxicity was counteracted at 33 °C only for the exotic species, D. similis. The results portray the complexity of pesticide toxicity when considering realistic experimental settings including different organisms and temperature treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pitombeira de Figueirêdo
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Danillo B Athayde
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Glauce da Silva Guerra
- PPGBEA, Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Duarte-Neto
- PPGBEA, Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
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10
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Ogura AP, Moreira RA, da Silva LCM, Negro GS, Freitas JS, da Silva Pinto TJ, Lopes LFDP, Yoshii MPC, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG. Irrigation with Water Contaminated by Sugarcane Pesticides and Vinasse Can Inhibit Seed Germination and Crops Initial Growth. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:330-340. [PMID: 35138446 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane crops are dependent on chemicals for maintaining plantations. Therefore, environmental consequences concern adjacent areas that can be affected by contaminants in common use, including pesticides and vinasse (i.e., a by-product from the ethanol industry). This study aimed to evaluate phytotoxicity through two plant bioassays with water from mesocosms contaminated with the herbicide 2,4-D (447.0 μg L-1), the insecticide fipronil (63.5 μg L-1), and sugarcane vinasse (1.3%). First, the germination test (4 d) with Eruca sativa L. assessed water samples collected three times after the contamination (2 h, 14 d, and 30 d), considering germination, shoot, and root growth. The results from this bioassay indicated higher phytotoxicity for 2,4-D as it fully inhibited the shoot and root growth even in low concentrations (0.2 μg L-1). However, no significant effect was reported for fipronil and vinasse. Also, the 2,4-D effects drastically decreased due to an expressive concentration reduction (99.4% after 30 d in mixture with vinasse). Second, the irrigation test with Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Zea mays L. considered shoot and root growth and biomass under 21 days after plants emergence. The herbicide 2,4-D inhibited the initial growth of tested species, especially the roots (up to 45% inhibition). Furthermore, sugarcane vinasse caused harmful effects on plant growth (up to 31% inhibition). Therefore, our data showed that these contaminants could inhibit plant germination and initial growth under our tested conditions. These evaluations can endorse risk assessments and water management in sugarcane crops surrounding areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Giovana Spinelli Negro
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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11
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Dornelas ASP, de Jesus Ferreira JS, Silva LCR, de Souza Saraiva A, Cavallini GS, Gravato CAS, da Maia Soares AMV, Almeida Sarmento R. The sexual reproduction of the nontarget planarian Girardia tigrina is affected by ecologically relevant concentrations of difenoconazole: new sensitive tools in ecotoxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27095-27103. [PMID: 34981389 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide difenoconazole, widely used to reduce the negative impacts of fungi diseases on areas with intensive farming, can reach freshwater systems causing deleterious effects on nontarget organisms. The acute and chronic toxicity of a commercial formulation containing 250 g L-1 of difenoconazole (Prisma®) as the active ingredient was assessed in the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. The endpoints evaluated were feeding rate, locomotion, regeneration, and sexual reproduction of planarians. The estimated 48 h LC50 of the commercial formulation on planarians expressed as the concentration of the active ingredient difenoconazole was 47.5 mg a.i.L-1. A significant decrease of locomotion (LOEC = 18.56 mg a.i.L-1), delayed regeneration (LOEC = 9.28 mg a.i.L-1), and sexual reproduction impairment, i.e., decreased fecundity and fertility rates (LOEC ≤ 1.16 mg a.i.L-1) were observed on planarians exposed to sublethal concentrations of the formulation. This study demonstrated the importance of using reproductive, physiological, and behavioral parameters as more sensitive and complementary tools to assess the deleterious effects induced by a commercial formulation of difenoconazole on a nontarget freshwater organism. The added value and importance of our research work, namely, the impairment of sexual reproduction of planarians, contributes to the development of useful tools for ecotoxicology and highlights the fact that those tools should be developed as guidelines for testing of chemicals. Our results showed that the use of reproductive parameters of Girardia tigrina would help to complement and achieve a better assessment of the risk posed by triazole fungicides to freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silvestre Pereira Dornelas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal Do Tocantins (UFT), Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, 77402-970, Brazil
| | - Joel Santiago de Jesus Ferreira
- Curso de Engenharia de Bioprocessos E Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Tocantins (UFT), Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, 77402-970, Brazil
| | - Laila Cristina Rezende Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal Do Tocantins (UFT), Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, 77402-970, Brazil
| | - Althiéris de Souza Saraiva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano - Campus Campos Belos (Laboratório de Conservação de Agroecossistemas E Ecotoxicologia), Campos Belos, Goiás, 73840-000, Brazil
| | - Grasiele Soares Cavallini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Química, Universidade Federal Do Tocantins (UFT), Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, 77402-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal Do Tocantins (UFT), Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, 77402-970, Brazil
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12
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Viana NP, da Silva LCM, Portruneli N, Soares MP, Cardoso IL, Bonansea RI, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG, Wunderlin DA, Fernandes MN. Bioconcentration and toxicological impacts of fipronil and 2,4-D commercial formulations (single and in mixture) in the tropical fish, Danio rerio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:11685-11698. [PMID: 34546525 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide fipronil and the herbicide 2,4-D are the most applied pesticides in sugarcane crops leading to aquatic contamination. The whole-body bioconcentration of fipronil and 2,4-D, single and in mixture, was evaluated in Danio rerio after 96-h exposure. The activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase(GST) in whole body and in the gills and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in muscle were determined. The gill histopathology and the morphology of the pavement (PVC) and the mitochondria-rich(MRC) cells at gill surface were analyzed. Bioconcentration occurred after exposure to fipronil (2.69 L kg-1) and 2,4-D (1.73 L kg-1) single and in mixture of fipronil (3.10 L kg-1) and 2,4-D (1.27 L kg-1). Whole-body CAT activity was unchanged, and its activity decreased in the gills after exposure to fipronil and increased after exposure to 2,4-D and mixture. GST and AChE increased after single exposure to each pesticide and mixture of both. Fish exposed to mixture increased the MRC fractional area (MRCFA) which suggested possible ionic regulation disturbance and reduced the microridge of the PVC surface. Synergistic interactions occurred in the CAT activity and MRCFA after exposure to mixture of pesticides. The results indicate that the recommended application dose of fipronil and 2,4-D, single or in mixture, for sugarcane crops affects this fish species altering its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Prudêncio Viana
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Engenharia Ambiental, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (NEEA/CRHEA/SHS), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Natália Portruneli
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Michelly Pereira Soares
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
- Programa Interinstitucional de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos/Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Israel Luz Cardoso
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
- Programa Interinstitucional de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos/Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Rocío Inés Bonansea
- Faculdade de Ciências Químicas, Universidade Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Engenharia Ambiental, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (NEEA/CRHEA/SHS), Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | | | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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13
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Wang Y, Chen C, Yang G, Wang X, Wang Q, Weng H, Zhang Z, Qian Y. Combined lethal toxicity, biochemical responses, and gene expression variations induced by tebuconazole, bifenthrin and their mixture in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113116. [PMID: 34979316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides commonly occur as mixtures in an aqueous environment, causing deleterious effects on human health and the environment. However, the mechanism underlying the combined effects on aqueous organisms remains largely unknown, especially at low concentrations. In the current study, we inspected the interactive toxicity of tebuconazole (TEB), a triazole fungicide, and bifenthrin (BIF), a pyrethroid insecticide, to zebrafish (Danio rerio) using various toxicological assays. Our data revealed that the 96 h-LC50 (lethal concentration 50) values of BIF to fish at different life periods (embryonic, larval, juvenile, and adult periods) ranged from 0.013 (0.011-0.016) to 0.41 (0.35-0.48) mg a.i. L-1, which were lower than that of TEB ranging from 1.1 (0.88-1.3) to 4.8 (4.1-5.7) mg a.i. L-1. Combination of TEB and BIF induced synergetic acute toxicity to embryonic fish. Activities of T-SOD, POD, and GST were distinctly altered in most individual and joint administrations. Expressions of 16 genes associated with oxidative stress, cellular apoptosis, immune system, and endocrine system at the mRNA level were evaluated, and the information revealed that embryonic zebrafish were impacted by both individual compounds and their combinations. Six genes (cas9, P53, gr, TRα, IL-8, and cxcl-clc) exhibited greater changes when exposed to pesticide mixtures. Therefore, the joint effects induced by the pesticides at low concentrations should be considered in the risk assessment of mixtures and regulated as priorities for mixture risk management in the aqueous ecosystem. More research is needed to identify the threshold concentrations of the realistic pesticide mixtures above which synergistic interactions occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Guiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongbiao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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14
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Silva LCM, Moreira RA, Pinto TJS, Vanderlei MR, Athayde DB, Lopes LFP, Ogura AP, Yoshii MPC, Freitas JS, Montagner CC, Goulart BV, Schiesari L, Daam MA, Espíndola ELG. Lethal and sublethal toxicity of pesticides and vinasse used in sugarcane cultivation to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (Crustacea: Cladocera). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 241:106017. [PMID: 34773901 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With the growing use of agrochemicals in Brazil, there is also a growing need for more realistic toxicity assessments that aid in understanding the potential risks of environmental-realistic agrochemical (mixture) exposures in the natural ecosystems. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of environmental realistic (single and mixture) concentrations of the pesticides DMA® 806 BR (active ingredient - a.i. 2,4-D) and Regent® 800 WG (a.i. fipronil) and sugarcane vinasse to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. This evaluation was carried out through lethal (survival), sublethal (reproduction and intrinsic rates of population increase - r) and post-exposure (feeding rate and also reproduction) tests conducted in situ and with water from mesocosms contaminated with the recommended doses of these compounds. The results showed high acute toxicity for treatments containing fipronil and vinasse when acting in isolation, with survival rates only returning to control values on the last sampling day (75 days post application). Reproduction of surviving cladocerans was reduced in all treatments until the end of the experiment and were potentiated effect in the mixture of the three test compounds. The intrinsic rates of population increase were reduced in all treatments except the single 2,4-D treatment. Post-exposure feeding rate and reproduction, however, were not impaired under the conditions analyzed. The results show the high toxicity of recommended doses of fipronil and vinasse (and especially their mixture) and the importance of evaluating the risks of agrochemical mixtures at environmental-realistic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís C M Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Thandy J S Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Marina R Vanderlei
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Danillo B Athayde
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís F P Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan P Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria P C Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane S Freitas
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca V Goulart
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luis Schiesari
- EACH, USP - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
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15
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Li M, Zhang P, Xu W, Yuan J, Li Q, Tao L, Li Z, Zhang Y. Avermectin induces toxic effects in insect nontarget cells involves DNA damage and its associated programmed cell death. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 249:109130. [PMID: 34246796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Avermectin (AVM), is widely applied in the fields of agriculture, possess activities against mites and insects. AVM is generally thought to keep the GABA-related chloride channels open in insect cells. However, AVM induces cytotoxicity in non-neural cells still ambiguous. Here we evaluate the cytotoxicity and other mode of action of AVM in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. Our results showed that AVM suppressed the activity of Sf9 cells and induced programmed cell death. DNA damage of Sf9 cells was detected by alkaline comet assay and PARP. The cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and DNA double-strand breaks demonstrated AVM induced DNA damage in Sf9 cells. In addition, a series of established cytotoxicity tests were conducted to explore the mechanism of AVM toxicity in Sf9 cells. Typical apoptosis changes were occurred including increasing the expression of Bax/Bcl-2 and the activation of caspase-9/-3. Subsequently, Western blotting was used to detected autophagy related proteins including LC3, Beclin1 and p62. We found that AVM upregulated LC3, Beclin1 expression and downregulated p62 expressions. Moreover, we found that AVM induced autophagy may through AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy pathway. These results showed that AVM-induced DNA damage and programmed cell death in Sf9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianzhong Yuan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liming Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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16
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Pitombeira de Figueirêdo L, Athayde DB, Daam MA, Guerra G, Duarte-Neto PJ, Sarmento H, Espíndola ELG. Integrated ecosystem models (soil-water) to analyze pesticide toxicity to aquatic organisms at two different temperature conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129422. [PMID: 33421753 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase the knowledge about pesticides considering the soil-water interaction, ecosystem models (mesoscosms) were used to analyze the of leachate on the immobility and feeding rate of the cladocerans, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and D. similis and algae Raphidocelis subcapitata, at two different temperatures. Mesocosm were filled with natural soil (latosolo) that were contaminated with insecticide/acaricide Kraft 36 EC® and fungicide Score 250 EC®, using the recommended concentration for strawberry crops (10.8 g abamectin/ha and 20 g difenoconazole/ha). Pesticides were applied once (hand sprayers) and the precipitation was simulated twice a week (Days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15 and 18). The mesocosm were kept in a room with a controlled temperature (23 and 33 °C) and photoperiod (12h light/12h dark). The Kraft 36 EC® insecticide showed toxicity for both species of cladocerans tested, with effects on immobility and feeding rate, both at 23 and 33 °C. Score 250 EC® showed to be toxic only for the experiments that analyzed the immobility of C. silvestrii at 23 °C and the feeding of D. smilis at 33 °C, demonstrating that the effects are species-specific and related to the temperature at which they are tested. While for species R. subcapitata there was an effect only for mixture treatments of the pesticides analyzed at both temperatures. Thereby, zooplanktonic organisms may be at risk when exposed to this compound even after percolating in a soil column, which could lead to effects on the entire aquatic trophic chain and that temperature can influence the organism response to the contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pitombeira de Figueirêdo
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Danillo B Athayde
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Glauce Guerra
- PPGBEA, Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Duarte-Neto
- PPGBEA, Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Brazil
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes and Biodiversity, Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
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17
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Pinto TJDS, Freitas JS, Moreira RA, Silva LCMD, Yoshii MPC, Lopes LFDP, Goulart BV, Vanderlei MR, Athayde DB, Fraga PD, Ogura AP, Schiesari L, Montagner CC, Daam MA, Espindola ELG. Functional responses of Hyalella meinerti after exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of 2,4-D, fipronil, and vinasse (individually and in mixture). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 231:105712. [PMID: 33340833 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane crops management in Brazil includes the use of pesticides, as well as alternative organic fertilizers such as vinasse obtained from waste of the ethanol industry. In order to assess the effects of the environmental contamination generated by such sugarcane practices, this study was aimed to investigate the effects of the pesticides 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and fipronil, as well as vinasse, on the survival, behavior, and reproduction of the native epibenthic macroinvertebrate Hyalella meinerti through in situ and laboratory experiments. In situ assays were conducted in mesocosms with six treatments, i.e. untreated control, 2,4-D, fipronil, and vinasse, the mixture of the two pesticides, and both pesticides mixed with vinasse. Survival, swimming behavior, and reproduction were evaluated over time post contamination, from 0-96 h (T1) and 7-14 days (T2) through in situ experiments and 30-44 days (T3) and 75-89 days (T4) post contamination by laboratory bioassays with mesocosm water. In the T1 period, survival of H. meinerti was registered only in controls and mesocosms treated with 2,4-D. In the T2 period, treatments containing fipronil and vinasse (isolated or in both mixture treatments) still caused 100 % of mortality. Survival was recorded only in 2,4-D and control treatments, whereas reproduction only occurred in the control. In the T3 period, no survival occurred to fipronil and both mixture treatments. Vinasse and 2,4-D decreased total reproduction in comparison to control. In the T4 period, amphipods survival was detected when exposed to fipronil and its mixture with 2,4-D. However, these same treatments decreased the amplexus rates and total reproduction, with synergism denoted for the pesticide mixture. The swimming activity of males, females, and couples was decreased in surviving organisms exposed to 2,4-D, fipronil, vinasse, and the mixture of pesticides along all experimental periods. Our study showed that the application of fipronil, 2,4-D, and vinasse isolated or mixed at realistic concentrations of actual sugarcane management practices may negatively impact functional responses of indigenous amphipods in natural aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), R. Ver. Geraldo Moisés da Silva, s/n - Universitário, 38302-192, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Reghini Vanderlei
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Danillo Badolato Athayde
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Priscille Dreux Fraga
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Luis Schiesari
- EACH, USP - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
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18
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Moreira RA, de Araujo GS, Silva ARRG, Daam MA, Rocha O, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Effects of abamectin-based and difenoconazole-based formulations and their mixtures in Daphnia magna: a multiple endpoint approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1486-1499. [PMID: 32388636 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the toxicity of pesticide formulations Kraft® 36 EC (active ingredient-a.i. abamectin) and Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole), and their mixtures in Daphnia magna at different biological levels of organization. Survival, reproduction and biochemical markers (cholinesterase (ChE), catalase (CAT) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)) were some of the endpoints evaluated. Total proteins and lipids were also studied together with energy consumption (Ec). D. magna neonates were exposed for 96 h to Kraft (2, 4, and 6 ng a.i./L) and Score (12.5, 25, and 50 µg a.i./L) for the biochemical experiments, and for 15 days to abamectin (1-5 ng a.i./L) and to difenoconazole (3.12-50 µg a.i./L) to assess possible changes in reproduction. Exposures of organisms to both single compounds did not cause effects to antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, except for LPO occurring at the highest concentration of difenoconazole tested. For ChE and CAT there was enzymatic induction in mixture treatments organisms, occurring at minor pesticides concentrations for CAT and at the two highest concentrations for ChE. There were no significant differences for total protein in D. magna but lipids showed an increase at the highest concentrations of pesticide mixture combinations. There was a significant increase of Ec in individuals of all treatments tested. In the chronic test, increased fecundity occurred for D. magna under difenoconazole exposures and mixtures. This study demonstrated that mixtures of these pesticides caused greater toxicity to D. magna than when tested individually, except for Ec. Therefore, effects of mixtures are very hard to predict only based on information from single compounds, which most possibly is the result of biological complexity and redundancy in response pathways, which need further experimentation to become better known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13.560-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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19
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Silva LCM, Moreira RA, Pinto TJS, Ogura AP, Yoshii MPC, Lopes LFP, Montagner CC, Goulart BV, Daam MA, Espíndola ELG. Acute and chronic toxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil formulations (individually and in mixture) to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1462-1475. [PMID: 32860623 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane and the world's top pesticide market. Therefore, environmental consequences are of concern. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of pesticide formulations largely used in sugarcane crops: the herbicide DMA® 806 BR (a.i. 2,4-D) and the insecticide Regent® 800 WG (a.i. fipronil), isolated and in mixture, to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Toxicity tests with the individual formulated products indicated 48h-EC50 values of 169 ± 18 mg a.i./L for 2,4-D and 3.9 ± 0.50 µg a.i./L for fipronil. In the chronic tests, the 8d-EC50 values for reproduction were 55 mg a.i./L (NOEC/LOEC: 50/60 mg a.i./L) and 1.6 µg a.i./L (NOEC/LOEC: 0.40/0.80 µg a.i./L) for 2,4-D and fipronil, respectively. A significant decrease in reproduction of C. silvestrii in all concentrations tested of fipronil, except at the lowest, was observed. Regarding 2,4-D, the organisms had total inhibition of reproduction in the two highest concentrations. Probably your energy reallocation was focused (trade-off) only on its survival. The acute pesticide mixture toxicity (immobility) revealed a dose level dependent deviation with antagonism at low and synergism at high concentrations. For chronic mixture (reproduction) toxicity, antagonism occurred as a result of the interaction of the pesticides. Based on our results and concentrations measured in Brazilian water bodies, fipronil represents ecological risks for causing direct toxic effects on C. silvestrii. These results are worrisome given that agricultural production is likely to increase in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís C M Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Thandy J S Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan P Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria P C Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís F P Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca V Goulart
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
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20
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Prado FSRD, Dos Santos DM, de Almeida Oliveira TM, Micheletti Burgarelli JA, Castele JB, Vieira EM. Determination and uptake of abamectin and difenoconazole in the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811 via oral and topic acute exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114313. [PMID: 32806434 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bees are considered as important providers of ecosystem services, acting via pollination process in crops and native plants, and contributing significantly to the maintenance of biodiversity. However, the decrease of bee's population has been observed worldwide and besides other factors, this collapse is also related to the extensive use of pesticides. In this sense, studies involving the assessment of adverse effects and the uptake of pesticides by bees are of great concern. This work presents an analytical method for the determination of the insecticide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole in the stingless bee Melipona scutellaris exposed via oral and topic to endpoints concentrations of active ingredients (a.i.) alone and in commercial formulations and the discussion about its mortality and uptake. For this purpose, QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Efficient, Rugged and Safe) acetate modified method was used for extraction and pesticides were determined by LC-MS/MS. The validation parameters have included: a linear range between 0.01 and 1.00 μg mL-1; and LOD and LOQ of 0.038 and 0.076 μg g-1 for abamectin and difenoconazole, respectively. The uptake of tested pesticides via oral and topic was verified by the accumulation in adult forager bees, mainly when the commercial product was tested. Mortality was observed to be higher in oral exposure than in topic tests for both pesticides. For abamectin in a commercial formulation (a.i.) no differences were observed for oral or topic exposure. On the other hand, for difenoconazole, topic exposure had demonstrated higher accumulation in bees, according to the increase of received dose. Through the results, uptake and the possible consequences of bioaccumulated pesticides are also discussed and can contribute to the knowledge about the risks involving the exposure of bees to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Janete Brigante Castele
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil; São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Eny Maria Vieira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil.
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21
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Mansano AS, Moreira RA, Dornfeld HC, Freitas EC, Vieira EM, Daam MA, Rocha O, Seleghim MHR. Individual and mixture toxicity of carbofuran and diuron to the protozoan Paramecium caudatum and the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110829. [PMID: 32531577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of the insecticide carbofuran and herbicide diuron (individually and in mixture) to the invertebrates Paramecium caudatum and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii was evaluated. Acute and chronic toxicity tests were carried out with the diuron and carbofuran active ingredients and their commercial products, Diuron Nortox® 500 SC and Furadan® 350 SC, respectively. Individual toxicity tests showed that C. silvestrii was more sensitive to both carbofuran and diuron than P. caudatum. In single exposures, both pesticides caused adverse effects to C. silvestrii in environmentally relevant concentrations (48 h EC50 = 0.001 mg L-1 and 8 d LOEC = 0.00038 mg L-1 for formulated carbofuran; 8 d LOEC < 0.05 mg L-1 for formulated diuron). For P. caudatum, carbofuran and diuron in single exposures were only slightly toxic (24 h IC50 = 5.1 mg L-1 and 6.9 mg L-1 for formulated carbofuran and diuron, respectively). Acute and chronic exposures to diuron and carbofuran mixtures caused significant deviations of the toxicity predicted by the Concentration Addition and Independent Action reference models for both test species. For the protozoan P. caudatum, a dose-dependent deviation was verified for mortality, with synergism caused mainly by carbofuran and antagonism caused mainly by diuron. For protozoan population growth, however, an antagonistic deviation was observed when the active ingredient mixtures were tested. In the case of C. silvestrii, antagonism at low concentrations and synergism at high concentrations were revealed after acute exposure to active ingredient mixtures, whereas for reproduction an antagonistic deviation was found. Commercial formulation mixtures presented significantly higher toxicity than the active ingredient mixtures. Our results showed that carbofuran and diuron interact and cause different toxic responses than those predicted by the individually tested compounds. Their mixture toxicity should therefore be considered in risk assessments as these pesticides are likely to be present simultaneously in edge-of-field waterbodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrislaine S Mansano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo C Dornfeld
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela C Freitas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eny M Vieira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirna H R Seleghim
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources (PPGERN), Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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22
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Pitombeira de Figueirêdo L, Athayde DB, Daam MA, van Gestel CAM, Guerra GDS, Duarte-Neto PJ, Espíndola ELG. Impact of temperature on the toxicity of Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole) to soil organisms under realistic environmental exposure scenarios. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110446. [PMID: 32171122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides can affect all receiving compartments, especially soils, and their fate and effects may be enhanced by temperature, increasing their risk to ecological functions of soils. In Brazil, the most widely used pesticides are the insecticide Kraft 36 EC® (a.s. abamectin) and the fungicide Score 250 EC® (a.s. difenoconazole), which are commonly used in strawberry, often simultaneously as a mixture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of realistic environmental applications, single and in mixtures, for both pesticides to the springtail Folsomia candida and the plant species Allium cepa (onion) and Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato). Mesocosms filled with Brazilian natural soil (lattosolo) were dosed with water (control), Kraft (10.8 g a.s/ha), Score (20 g.a.s/ha) and Kraft + Score (10.8 + 20 g a.s./ha). The applications were repeated every 7 days, during 18 days of experiment, and simulating rainfall twice a week. Collembola reproduction tests were conducted with soils from the first (day 1) and last day (day 18) of experiment for each treatment. Plant toxicity tests were carried out in the experimental units. The experiments were run at 23 °C and 33 °C. Kraft, alone and in the binary mixture, showed high toxicity to the springtails in soils from both days 1 and 18, especially at 23 °C where it caused 100% mortality. Score however, was not toxic to the springtails. Plant growth was reduced by Score, but responses varied depending on temperature. This study indicates a high environmental risk of the insecticide Kraft, particularly at lower temperatures (23 °C), and an influence of temperature on pesticide fate and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pitombeira de Figueirêdo
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Danillo B Athayde
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Glauce da Silva Guerra
- PPGBEA, Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Duarte-Neto
- PPGBEA, Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, S/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
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23
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Daam MA, Chelinho S, Niemeyer JC, Owojori OJ, De Silva PMCS, Sousa JP, van Gestel CAM, Römbke J. Environmental risk assessment of pesticides in tropical terrestrial ecosystems: Test procedures, current status and future perspectives. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:534-547. [PMID: 31234068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing use of pesticides in tropical countries, research and legislative efforts have focused on their temperate counterparts. This paper presents a review of the literature on environmental risk assessment of pesticides for tropical terrestrial agroecosystems. It aims at evaluating potential differences in pesticide risk between temperate and tropical regions as well as to highlight research needs in the latter. Peculiarities of pesticide risks in tropical terrestrial agroecosystems are discussed in subsections 1) agricultural practices; 2) research efforts; 3) fate and exposure; 4) toxicity testing methods; and 5) sensitivity. The intensive and often inadequate pesticide application practices in tropical areas are likely to result in a relatively greater pesticide exposure in edge-of-field water bodies. Since pesticide fate may be different under tropical conditions, tropical scenarios for models estimating predicted environmental pesticide concentrations should be developed. Sensitivity comparisons do not indicate a consistent similar, greater or lower relative sensitivity of tropical soil organisms as compared to temperate organisms. However, several methods and procedures for application in the tropics need to be developed, which include: 1) identifying and collecting natural soils to be used as reference test substrates in tests; 2) identifying and discerning the range of sensitivity of native test species to soil contaminants; 3) developing test guidelines applicable to tropical/subtropical conditions; and 4) developing methods and procedures for higher tier testing for full development and implementation of environmental risk assessment schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Sónia Chelinho
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Júlia C Niemeyer
- Centre of Curitibanos, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Olugbenga J Owojori
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - P Mangala C S De Silva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, 81000, Sri Lanka
| | - Jóse Paulo Sousa
- CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, P-3000 456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jörg Römbke
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstr. 2-14, 65439, Flörsheim, Germany
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César Dos Santos Lima J, Gazonato Neto AJ, de Pádua Andrade D, Freitas EC, Moreira RA, Miguel M, Daam MA, Rocha O. Acute toxicity of four metals to three tropical aquatic invertebrates: The dragonfly Tramea cophysa and the ostracods Chlamydotheca sp. and Strandesia trispinosa. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:535-541. [PMID: 31128551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The relatively low availability of toxicity data for indigenous tropical species has often been discussed. In addition, several taxonomic groups of invertebrates are understudied, such as dragonflies and ostracods. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the acute toxicity of four metals (cadmium - Cd, copper - Cu, manganese - Mn, and mercury - Hg) to the tropical dragonfly nymphs of Tramea cophysa and two tropical ostracod species (Chlamydotheca sp. and Strandesia trispinosa). Toxicity data for other invertebrates were also mined to allow comparing the sensitivity of the three test species with that of other (temperate and tropical) invertebrates. The order of metal sensitivity was different for the three test species: T. cophysa: Cu > CdHg > Mn, Chlamydotheca sp.: Cd > Cu > Hg > Mn, and S. trispinosa: Cd > Hg > Cu > Mn. However, manganese was the least toxic metal tested for all three species, which is hypothesized to be due to a possible metal transfer to the cuticle of the moulting test species. The sensitivity ranking of the three test species to the metals was S. trispinosa > Chlamydotheca sp.>T. cophysa (except for Cu for which the ranking was Chlamydotheca sp.>T. cophysa > S. trispinosa). Overall, the test species are concluded to be suitable test organisms for tropical toxicity evaluations. Future studies should also evaluate the chronic toxicity and include other important metal exposure routes such as sediment and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio César Dos Santos Lima
- Post-Graduate Program of Sciences of Environmental Engineering, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Antonio José Gazonato Neto
- Post-Graduate Program of Ecology and Natural Resources, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas de Pádua Andrade
- Post-Graduate Program of Ecology and Natural Resources, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Cristina Freitas
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Mariana Miguel
- Post-Graduate Program of Sciences of Environmental Engineering, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Biological Sciences and Health Center, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Miyamoto M, Fujisawa T. Effects of the insecticide esfenvalerate on zooplankton in an indoor synthetic model ecosystem. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2019; 44:112-119. [PMID: 31249470 PMCID: PMC6589407 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d18-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effects of esfenvalerate on zooplankton and their recovery potential were studied using an indoor synthetic model ecosystem. Esfenvalerate was applied to the system by direct spiking to overlying water or the introduction of treated slurry soil to imitate drift and run-off exposure. Four zooplankton taxa, Daphnia magna (Cladocera), Heterocypris incongruens (Ostracoda), Cyclops sp. (Copepoda), and Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera), were exposed to esfenvalerate with Raphidocelis subcapitata (green alga). In a drift scenario, lower doses (0.02-0.5 µg/L) showed slight or negligible effects, but the results for the highest dose (5 µg/L) indicated direct effects, as remarkable population decreases were observed for three taxa (except rotifera). However, for the latter dose, results of weekly or single (Day-15) zooplankton re-introductions after dosing demonstrated resilient recovery. In a run-off scenario, a nominal dose of 20 µg/L, in which the measured water concentrations remained at 3-6%, had effects similar to those of the high drift exposure scenario for cladocera and ostracoda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugu Miyamoto
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Takuo Fujisawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
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Raymundo LB, Rocha O, Moreira RA, Miguel M, Daam MA. Sensitivity of tropical cladocerans to chlorpyrifos and other insecticides as compared to their temperate counterparts. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:937-942. [PMID: 33395815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of temperate toxicity data in tropical risk assessments has often been disputed. Previous sensitivity comparisons between temperate and tropical species, however, have not shown a consistent sensitivity difference between climatically-distinct species. Such comparisons were often limited by a small tropical toxicity dataset. In addition, differences in the taxonomic compositions of the temperate and tropical species assemblages used to construct species sensitivity distributions curves also hampered direct comparisons (e.g. type and ration of crustaceans and insects). The aim of the present study was to compare the sensitivity of temperate and tropical cladocerans to insecticides. Acute laboratory toxicity tests were conducted with five Neotropical cladocerans exposed to a concentration series of the insecticide chlorpyrifos. Subsequently, their EC50 values were compared with those reported in the literature for non-tropical cladocerans. An additional literature toxicity data search for insecticides other than chlorpyrifos was also conducted for both temperate and tropical cladocerans to enable a comparison for a wider range of insecticides and taxa. The order of sensitivity of the native cladocerans to chlorpyrifos was Ceriodaphnia silvestrii (0.039 μg L-1) > Diaphanosoma birgei (0.211 μg L-1) = Daphnia laevis (0.216 μg L-1) > Moina micrura (0.463 μg L-1) = Macrothrix flabelligera (0.619 μg L-1). A regulatory acceptable concentration based on temperate cladoceran toxicity data of both chlorpyrifos and other insecticides also appeared to be sufficiently protective for tropical cladoceran species. Implications for the use of temperate toxicity data in tropical risk assessments and indications for tropical cladoceran test species selection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Broggio Raymundo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Miguel
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Gazonato Neto AJ, Moreira RA, Lima JCDS, Daam MA, Rocha O. Freshwater neotropical oligochaetes as native test species for the toxicity evaluation of cadmium, mercury and their mixtures. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:133-142. [PMID: 30547328 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-2006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of metals, whether isolated or in mixtures, involves changes in biochemical processes as well as in cell membranes, which may lead to deleterious short- and long-term effects on the affected organisms. Among metals, cadmium and mercury stand out due to their abundance in nature, frequent use for industrial activities and biological accumulation, with high levels of residence in trophic chains. Benthic communities are particularly prone to metal pollution since metals usually accumulate in sediments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of mercury and cadmium, single and in mixture, to two native species of epibenthic oligochaetes: Allonais inaequalis and Dero furcatus. In order to assess the potential of these species as bioindicators, we compared their sensitivity with those of other internationally used species by applying the species sensitivity distribution approach. The 96h-LC50 of cadmium chloride was 627 and 364 μg L-1 for A. inaequalis and D. furcatus, respectively, evidencing that the latter species is almost twice as sensitive to this metal than A. inaequalis. For mercury chloride, the 96h-LC50 was 129 μg L-1 for A. inaequalis and 92 μg L-1 for D. furcatus. The sensitivities of these oligochaetes were superior or similar to that of other frequently used oligochaete test species such as Tubifex tubifex and Lumbriculus variegatus. The metal mixtures had synergism in general (D. furcatus) or at high doses only (A. inaequalis), implying a potentiation of their toxic effects when both metals co-occur in the environment. By comparing the derived toxicity values with concentrations of cadmium and mercury measured in the field, it can be concluded that aquatic organisms are likely to be at risk when exposed to the environmental relevant concentrations of cadmium and mercury here tested, especially when they are both present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Gazonato Neto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Dos Santos Lima
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
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Dornfeld CB, Rodgher S, Negri RG, Espíndola ELG, Daam MA. Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera, Chironomidae) as a Sensitive Tropical Test Species in Laboratory Bioassays Evaluating Metals (Copper and Cadmium) and Field Testing. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:42-50. [PMID: 30349930 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite that chironomids are the most widely used benthic insect test species worldwide, little research has been conducted so far with tropical chironomid representatives. This study was designed to evaluate the indigenous midge Chironomus sancticaroli as a candidate test species for use in tropical toxicity assessments. To this end, laboratory water-only toxicity tests were conducted evaluating copper and cadmium. Obtained lethal concentration values were overall comparable or lower than those reported for other chironomids, including those most commonly used in temperate regions (C. riparius and C. dilutus). In addition, C. sancticaroli was deployed in situ in the Monjolinho River (São Paulo State, Brazil), and toxicity of sediment from this river was evaluated in the laboratory. Several field water and sediment quality parameters also were measured to enable correlating these with the effects observed in these toxicity tests. Field sediment toxicity to C. sancticaroli appeared to be related with sediment endosulfan concentrations, whereas effects noted in the in situ test were likely due to low pH values measured in river water. Chironomus sancticaroli appears to be a suitable candidate for inclusion as a test species in tropical toxicity evaluations in both the laboratory and the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Buso Dornfeld
- Department of Biology and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Brasil, No 56, Ilha Solteira, SP, 15.385-000, Brazil
| | - Suzelei Rodgher
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Presidente Dutra, km 137,8, São José dos Campos, SP, 12.247-004, Brazil.
| | - Rogério Galante Negri
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Presidente Dutra, km 137,8, São José dos Campos, SP, 12.247-004, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
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Pitombeira de Figueirêdo L, Daam MA, Mainardi G, Mariën J, Espíndola ELG, van Gestel CAM, Roelofs D. The use of gene expression to unravel the single and mixture toxicity of abamectin and difenoconazole on survival and reproduction of the springtail Folsomia candida. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:342-350. [PMID: 30352348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides risk assessments have traditionally focused on the effects on standard parameters, such as mortality, reproduction and development. However, one of the first signs of adverse effects that occur in organisms exposed to stress conditions is an alteration in their genomic expression, which is specific to the type of stress, sensitive to very low contaminant concentrations and responsive in a few hours. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the single and binary mixture toxicity of commercial products of abamectin (Kraft® 36 EC) and difenoconazole (Score® 250 EC) to Folsomia candida. Laboratory toxicity tests were conducted to access the effects of these pesticides on springtail survival, reproduction and gene expression. The reproduction assays gave EC50 and EC10 values, respectively, of 6.3 and 1.4 mg a.s./kg dry soil for abamectin; 1.0 and 0.12 mg a.s./kg dry soil for Kraft® 36 EC; and 54 and 23 mg a.s./kg dry soil for Score® 250 EC. Technical difenoconazole did not have any effect at the concentrations tested. No significant differences in gene expression were found between the abamectin concentrations tested (EC10 and EC50) and the solvent control. Exposure to Kraft® 36 EC, however, significantly induced Cyp6 expression at the EC50 level, while VgR was significantly downregulated at both the EC10 and EC50. Exposure to the simple pesticide mixture of Kraft® 36 EC + Score® 250 EC caused significant up regulation of ABC transporter, and significant down regulation of VgR relative to the controls. GABA receptor also showed significant down-regulation between the EC10 and EC50 mixture treatments. Results of the present study demonstrate that pesticide-induced gene expression effects precede and occur at lower concentrations than organism-level responses. Integrating "omic" endpoints in traditional bioassays may thus be a promising way forward in pesticide toxicity evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pitombeira de Figueirêdo
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil; Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Giulia Mainardi
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janine Mariën
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Roelofs
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Sanches ALM, Daam MA, Freitas EC, Godoy AA, Meireles G, Almeida AR, Domingues I, Espíndola ELG. Lethal and sublethal toxicity of abamectin and difenoconazole (individually and in mixture) to early life stages of zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:531-538. [PMID: 30029145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the need for the development of alternative test methods for the conventional acute fish toxicity test (AFT) with adult fish has often been discussed. In addition, concerns have been raised on the potential risks related with environmentally realistic pesticide mixtures since risk evaluations have traditionally been based on individual pesticides. The insecticide/acaricide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole are the main pesticides that are intensively used in Brazilian strawberry crop and are hence likely to occur simultaneously in edge-of-field waterbodies. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the lethal and sublethal toxicity of single and mixture exposures of these pesticides to zebrafish early life stages (embryos and juveniles). By comparing the derived toxicity data of the individual compounds with that previously determined for zebrafish adults, the order of life stage sensitivity was juvenile > adult > embryo. The pesticide mixture revealed a dose-level dependent deviation of the independent action model, with antagonism at low dose levels and synergism at high dose levels. Sublethal parameters (especially those related with locomotion) were considerably more sensitive than lethality. Subsequently, the inclusion of sublethal parameters may greatly improve the sensitivity of FET tests and hence its suitability as a substitution of adult fish testing in risk assessment evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Letícia Madeira Sanches
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Emanuela Cristina Freitas
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Aline Andrade Godoy
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Meireles
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
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Rocha O, Neto AJG, Dos Santos Lima JC, Freitas EC, Miguel M, da Silva Mansano A, Moreira RA, Daam MA. Sensitivities of three tropical indigenous freshwater invertebrates to single and mixture exposures of diuron and carbofuran and their commercial formulations. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:834-844. [PMID: 29679314 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As compared to their temperate counterparts, few toxicity tests have been conducted so far into the evaluation of the sensitivity of indigenous tropical species to pesticides. Especially mixture toxicity assessments appear to be scarce. To contribute to increase our knowledge in this arena, we evaluated the acute toxicity of diuron and carbofuran and their mixtures to the neotropical oligochaetes Allonais inaequalis and Dero furcatus, and the ostracod Strandesia trispinosa. Tests were performed with both the pure active ingredients, as well as their formulated products. The toxicity of the latter to the three test organisms was generally greater than that of the pure active ingredients, although absolute differences were rather small. The sensitivity of the indigenous species was slightly greater than temperate test species from the same taxonomic groups. The concentration addition conceptual model best described the results of the mixture toxicity data. Derived deviations of this model appeared to be dependent on the test organism and as to whether the pesticides were applied as active ingredients or their commercial products. Reported field concentrations of the two pesticides indicate risks to freshwater biota, especially if they are both present. The test species used in the present study are concluded to be suitable candidates as surrogate test organisms in local pesticide risk evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Antônio José Gazonato Neto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Dos Santos Lima
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos - SP, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Cristina Freitas
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos - SP, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana Miguel
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos - SP, 13.560-970, Brazil
| | - Adrislaine da Silva Mansano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos - SP, 13.560-970, Brazil
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
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Mahajan R, Chatterjee S. A simple HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous detection of two organophosphates, profenofos and fenthion, and validation by soil microcosm experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:327. [PMID: 29730742 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of two broad spectrum pesticides, profenofos and fenthion, in agricultural system, often results in their accumulation in a non-target niche and leaching into water bodies. The present study, therefore, aims at developing a simple and rapid HPLC method that allows simultaneous extraction and detection of these two pesticides, especially in run-off water. Extraction of the two pesticides from spiked water samples using dichloromethane resulted in recovery ranging between 80 and 90%. An HPLC run of 20 min under optimized chromatographic parameters (mobile phase: methanol (75%) and water (25%); flow rate of 0.8 ml min-1; diode array detector at wavelength 210 nm) resulted in a significant difference in retention times of two pesticides (4.593 min) which allows a window of opportunity to study any possible intermediates/transformants of the parent compounds while evaluating run-off waters from agricultural fields. The HPLC method developed allowed simultaneous detection of profenofos and fenthion with a single injection into the HPLC system with 0.0328 mg l-1 (32.83 ng ml-1) being the limit of detection (LOD) and 0.0995 mg l-1 (99.5 ng ml-1) as the limit of quantification (LOQ) for fenthion; for profenofos, LOD and LOQ were 0.104 mg l-1 (104.50 ng ml-1) and 0.316 mg l-1 (316.65 ng ml-1), respectively. The findings were further validated using the soil microcosm experiment that allowed simultaneous detection and quantification of profenofos and fenthion. The findings indicate towards the practical significance of the methodology developed as the soil microcosm experiment closely mimics the agricultural run-off water under natural environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Mahajan
- Bioremediation and Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, School of Physical and Material Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, TAB-Shahpur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, TAB-Shahpur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Subhankar Chatterjee
- Bioremediation and Metabolomics Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, School of Physical and Material Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, TAB-Shahpur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, TAB-Shahpur, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India.
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do Amaral DF, Montalvão MF, de Oliveira Mendes B, da Silva Castro AL, Malafaia G. Behavioral and mutagenic biomarkers in tadpoles exposed to different abamectin concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12932-12946. [PMID: 29478167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is known that pesticides such as abamectin (ABA) present cytotoxic effects on target organisms; however, the effects from ABA on non-target organisms such as amphibians are poorly understood. The aim of the current study is to investigate whether the exposure of Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles to different abamectin concentrations [12.5, 25, and 50% of the median lethal concentration (LC50)] leads to behavioral and morphological changes and/or generates possible cytotoxic effects. The aggregation test showed that tadpoles exposed to the highest ABA concentrations did not respond to the stimulus from non-familial and unrelated co-specific species. On the other hand, there was no difference in the total number of crossings in the central line of the herein adopted apparatus between groups; it suggests that ABA did not affect animal locomotion in the aforementioned test, although changes in the normal swimming pattern of tadpoles exposed to the pesticide were recorded in the swimming activity test. In addition, the herein exposed animals did not respond to the predatory stimulus in the antipredator response test; this result suggests defensive response deficit caused by the pesticide. With respect to their oral morphology, tadpoles exposed to ABA presented the lowest scores for mandibular pigmentation and structures, as well as for dentition condition. Finally, it was possible seeing that the exposure to ABA, even at the lowest concentration (12.5% of the LC50), resulted in nuclear changes in the erythrocytes of the animals; these changes became evident in the increased number of micronuclei and in other nuclear abnormalities. Thus, besides confirming the cytotoxic potential of ABA in amphibians, the current study corroborates the hypothesis that the exposure to the herein investigated pesticide leads to behavioral and morphological changes in tadpoles, fact that may negatively reflect on the survival, as well as on natural populations of these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Ferreira do Amaral
- Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources - Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Mateus Flores Montalvão
- Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources - Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Oliveira Mendes
- Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources - Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - André Luis da Silva Castro
- Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources - Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
- Biologigal Sciences Department, Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources - Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
- Biologigal Sciences Department, Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
- Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, CEP: 75790-000, Brazil.
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Sanches ALM, Vieira BH, Reghini MV, Moreira RA, Freitas EC, Espíndola ELG, Daam MA. Single and mixture toxicity of abamectin and difenoconazole to adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:582-587. [PMID: 28917210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised in recent years on the potential risks related with pesticide mixtures that are likely to be present in agricultural edge-of-field waterbodies. Despite the high use of pesticides in tropical countries like Brazil, studies evaluating pesticide mixtures are especially scarce in the tropics. The insecticide abamectin and the fungicide difenoconazole are the main pesticides intensively used in Brazilian strawberry crop and are hence likely to occur simultaneously. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the toxicity of abamectin, difenoconazole and their mixture to the tropical fish Danio rerio. Laboratory toxicity tests with the individual pesticides indicated 48 h-LC50 values of 59 μg L-1 for abamectin and 1.4 mg L-1 for difenoconazole. Mixtures of the two pesticides revealed a synergistic deviation of the independent action model. Implications of study findings for the aquatic risk assessment of pesticide mixtures, especially in tropical countries and indications for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Letícia Madeira Sanches
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Horvath Vieira
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marina Vanderlei Reghini
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Cristina Freitas
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970 São Carlos, Brazil; CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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