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Huang K, Wang R, Hu G, Zhou W, Li W, Zou H, Wang G, Li M. Immune response of Rhinogobio ventralis to Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infection: Insights from histopathological and real-time gene expression analyses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:109801. [PMID: 39096983 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a parasite that poses a considerable threat to aquaculture and the ornamental fish industry, but with limited effective treatment options available. This study employed RT-qPCR to detect and analyze the expression changes of partial toll-like receptor (TLR) genes (TLR1 and TLR21), adapter protein and signal transduction molecule genes (MyD88, TRIF, NF-κB, IRAK4, and IRF3), and cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, CXC-α and CXCR1), as well as complement C3, in the skin, gill, fin, liver, head kidney and spleen of Rhinogobio ventralis under different infection conditions. Additionally, tissue sections and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to observe the pathological changes in the gills and fins of R. ventralis after infection with I. multifiliis. The expression patterns of TLR-related DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in diseased wild fish were analyzed, revealing upregulation of TLR1, TLR21, MyD88, NF-κB, IRAK4, TRIF, IRF3, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, CXC-α, CXCR1, and C3 genes in various tissues, indicating that these genes may be involved in the immune response of R. ventralis to I. multifiliis infection. To further analyze the gene expression of sampled from the field, an artificial infection model of R. ventralis was established under laboratory conditions, with additional sampling from the skin and fins. These genes continued to show varying degrees of upregulation, but the results were not entirely consistent with those from Wudongde samples, which may be due to the more complex environment in the wild or differences in the degree of I. multifiliis infection in wild fish. The infection of I. multifiliis caused severe damage to the gills and fins of R. ventralis, characterized by extensive secretions on the gill and fin surfaces, with the presence of attached I. multifiliis trophonts, including damage and loss of gill filaments, swollen gill lamellae, and deformed gill plates, as well as cell proliferation and necrosis of gill epithelial cells. This study sheds light on the role of the TLR signaling pathway in resisting I. multifiliis infection and its associated histopathological changes in R. ventralis, providing valuable insights for the prevention and treatment of I. multifiliis infection in R. ventralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Runqiu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Chinese Sturgeon Research Institute, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang 443100, China
| | - Guangran Hu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weitian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guitang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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2
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Jian C, Wang M, Qian Y, Song X, Wang L, Li L, Huang L, Wang G, Shi X, Dong J, Li H, Lin A, Shi L. A TLR4-Targeting Bioactive Peptide Hydrogel to Regulate Immune-Microenvironment for Diabetic Wound Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400391. [PMID: 38568683 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation and disrupted immunoregulation are critical factors in impeding diabetic wound healing. While immunoregulatory hydrogel dressings hold significant promise for clinical applications in diabetic wound healing, the current application often demands intricate interventions and high-cost treatments involving cytokines and cell therapies. The development of single component immunoregulatory hydrogels remains a complex challenge. To address this issue, an active peptide hydrogel with immunoregulatory properties targeting the TLR4/NF-kB pathway, aiming to promote rapid diabetic wound healing, is engineered. The hydrogel sequence comprises naphthalene derivative, phenylalanine, and glycine to modulate hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics. The amino group on arginine contributes to tissue adhesion and regulation of intermolecular forces, ultimately yielding stable gels. The results underscore the formation of the peptide hydrogel (NFA) via the physical crosslinking of self-assembled nanofibers in water, thereby affording both excellent injectability and tissue adhesion. Notably, NFA demonstrates significant potential in promoting wound healing in a mouse model with full-thickness wounds by regulating macrophage responses in the inflammatory microenvironment through the TLR4/NF-kB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiang Jian
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Minjia Wang
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yunyun Qian
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Xuejiao Song
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ling Li
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Xianjie Shi
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jinqiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Ang Lin
- Vaccine Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Leilei Shi
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases in Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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3
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Han Y, Hu J, Pan J, Song X, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Shi X, Sun M, Yang J. LPS exposure alleviates multiple tissues damage by facilitating macrophage efferocytosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112283. [PMID: 38772299 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in mediating immune responses by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), as well as facilitating apoptotic cell (ACs) clearance (efferocytosis), thus contributing significantly to maintaining homeostasis and promoting tissue resolution. In this study, we investigate the impact of TLR agonists on macrophage efferocytosis. Our findings demonstrate that pretreatment with the TLR agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly enhances macrophage phagocytic ability, thereby promoting efferocytosis both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, LPS pretreatment confers tissue protection against damage by augmenting macrophage efferocytic capacity in murine models. Further examination reveals that LPS modulates efferocytosis by upregulating the expression of Tim4.These results underscore the pivotal role of TLR agonists in regulating the efferocytosis process and suggest potential therapeutic avenues for addressing inflammatory diseases. Overall, our study highlights the intricate interplay between LPS pretreatment and efferocytosis in maintaining tissue homeostasis and resolving inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Keling Road No. 88, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jiukun Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Keling Road No. 88, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jinlin Pan
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Keling Road No. 88, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xueyan Song
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Keling Road No. 88, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yuanshuai Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Keling Road No. 88, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Keling Road No. 88, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Keling Road No. 88, Suzhou 215163, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 1 Lijiang Road, Suzhou 215153, China
| | - Minxuan Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Keling Road No. 88, Suzhou 215163, China.
| | - Jiao Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine Research, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Lijiang Road No. 1, Suzhou 215153, China.
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Zhao B, Zhang S, Amin N, Pan J, Wu F, Shen G, Tan M, Shi Z, Geng Y. Thymoquinone regulates microglial M1/M2 polarization after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the TLR4 signaling pathway. Neurotoxicology 2024; 101:54-67. [PMID: 38325603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke followed by microglia activation, and the regulation of neuroinflammatory responses after ischemic injury involves microglia polarization. microglia polarization is involved in the regulation of neuroinflammatory responses and ischemic stroke-related brain damage. Thymoquinone (TQ) is an anti-inflammatory agent following ischemic stroke onset. However, the significance of TQ in microglia polarization following acute ischemic stroke is still unclear. We predicted that TQ might have neuroprotective properties by modulating microglia polarization. In this work, we mimicked the clinical signs of acute ischemic stroke using a mouse middle cerebral artery ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model. It was discovered that TQ treatment decreased I/R-induced infarct volume, cerebral oedema, and promoted neuronal survival, as well as improved the histopathological changes of brain tissue. The sensorimotor function was assessed by the Garica score, foot fault test, and corner test, and it was found that TQ could improve the motor deficits caused by I/R. Secondly, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, immuno-fluorescence, ELISA, and western blot were used to detect the expression of M1/M2-specific markers in microglia to explore the role of TQ in the modulation of microglial cell polarization after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. We found that TQ was able to promote the polarization of microglia with extremely secreted inflammatory factors from M1 type to M2 type. Furthermore, TQ could block the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway via Hif-1α activation which subsequently may attenuate microglia differentiation following the cerebral ischemia, establishing a mechanism for the TQ's beneficial effects in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Zhao
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nashwa Amin
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt
| | - Jie Pan
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Institute of Systemic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanghong Shen
- Jinhua Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jinhua, 321000, China
| | - Mingming Tan
- Department of Quality Management, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zongjie Shi
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yu Geng
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Hu DN, Zhang R, Iacob CE, Yao S, Yang SF, Chan CC, Rosen RB. Effects of Toll-like receptor 1 and 2 agonist Pam3CSK4 on uveal melanocytes and relevant experimental mouse model. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109749. [PMID: 38113956 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Pam3CSK4 activates Toll-like receptors 2 and 1 (TLR1/2), which recognize mainly molecules from gram-positive pathogens. The effect of Pam3CSK4 on various cytokine and chemokine expression in cultured human uveal melanocytes (UM) has not been studied systematically. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanistic expressions of seven cytokines and chemokines of interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-10, MCP-1 (CCL-2), CXCL-1 (GRO-α), CXCL-8 (IL-8), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in UM. These cytokines are reported to be increased in intraocular fluids or tissues of the patients with endophthalmitis and non-infectious uveitis, as well as in various experimental animal uveitic models in the literature. Flow cytometry was used to measure the effects of Pam3CSK4 on the expression of TLR1/2 in UM. ELISA and Real-time PCR analysis were used to estimate the ability of Pam3CSK4 to elevate these cytokines and chemokines levels in conditioned media and cell lysates of UM, respectively. Flow cytometry measured and compared the phosphorylated MAPK pathway and activated NF-κB signals pathway in UM, treated with and without Pam3CSK4. ELISA analysis tested the effect of various signal inhibitors (ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p38 and NF-κB) on Pam3CSK4-induced IL-6 levels in cultured UM. The role of TLR2 in Pam3CSK4-induced acute anterior uveitis in experimental mouse model was tested in TLR2 knockout (TLR2 KO) mice and their wild-type C57Bl/6 controls. Pam3CSK4 increased the expression of TLR1/2 proteins in cultured UM. Pam3CSK4 significantly elevated the IL-6, MCP-1, CXCL-1, CXCL-8 protein, and mRNA levels in cultured UM, but not IL-10, TNF-α, or IFN-γ. Pam3CSK4 activated NF-κB, ERK, JNK, and p38 expression. Pam3CSK4-induced expression of IL-6 was decreased by NF-κB, ERK, INK, and p38 inhibitors; especially the NF-κB inhibitor, which can completely block the IL-6 stimulation. Intravitreal injection of Pam3CSK4 induced acute anterior uveitis in C57Bl/6 mice, this effect was significantly reduced in TLR2 KO mice. TLR1/2 plays an important role against invading pathogens, especially gram-positive bacteria; but an excessive reaction to molecules from gram-positive bacteria may promote non-infectious uveitis. UM can produce IL-6, MCP-1, CXCL-1, and CXCL-8, and are one of the target cells of TNF-α and IFN-γ. TLR-2 inhibitors might have a beneficial effect in the treatment of certain types of uveitis and other ocular inflammatory-related diseases and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ning Hu
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Codrin E Iacob
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shen Yao
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard B Rosen
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Rodrigues CR, Balachandran Y, Aulakh GK, Singh B. TLR10: An Intriguing Toll-Like Receptor with Many Unanswered Questions. J Innate Immun 2024; 16:96-104. [PMID: 38246135 PMCID: PMC10861218 DOI: 10.1159/000535523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the first pattern recognition receptors found in the innate immune system. The TLR family has 12 members (TLR1-TLR9, TLR11-TLR13) in mice and 10 members (TLR1-TLR10) in humans, with TLR10 being the latest identified. SUMMARY Considerable research has been performed on TLRs; however, TLR10 is known as an orphan receptor for the lack of information on its signalling, role, and ligands. Even though there are recent studies pointing towards the potential TLR10 ligands, their function and signalling pathway are yet to be determined. KEY MESSAGES This review gives an insight into recent findings on TLR10's pro- and anti-inflammatory properties, with the goal of outlining existing results and indicating future research topics on this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rego Rodrigues
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada,
| | - Yadu Balachandran
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Aulakh
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Baljit Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Wang S, Jiang D, Huang F, Qian Y, Qi M, Li H, Wang X, Wang Z, Wang K, Wang Y, Du P, Zhan B, Zhou R, Chu L, Yang X. Therapeutic effect of Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid on bacterial sepsis in mice. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:450. [PMID: 38066526 PMCID: PMC10709918 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary pathophysiological process of sepsis is to stimulate a massive release of inflammatory mediators to trigger systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), the major cause of multi-organ dysfunction and death. Like other helminths, Echinococcus granulosus induces host immunomodulation. We sought to determine whether E. granulosus cyst fluid (EgCF) displays a therapeutic effect on sepsis-induced inflammation and tissue damage in a mouse model. METHODS The anti-inflammatory effects of EgCF were determined by in vitro culture with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo treatment of BALB/C mice with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. The macrophage phenotypes were determined by flow cytometry, and the levels of cytokines in cell supernatants or in sera of mice were measured (ELISA). The therapeutic effect of EgCF on sepsis was evaluated by observing the survival rates of mice for 72 h after CLP, and the pathological injury to the liver, kidney, and lung was measured under a microscope. The expression of TLR-2/MyD88 in tissues was measured by western blot to determine whether TLR-2/MyD88 is involved in the sepsis-induced inflammatory signaling pathway. RESULTS In vitro culture with BMDMs showed that EgCF promoted macrophage polarization to M2 type and inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced M1 macrophages. EgCF treatment provided significant therapeutic effects on CLP-induced sepsis in mice, with increased survival rates and alleviation of tissue injury. The EgCF conferred therapeutic efficacy was associated with upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and INF-γ). Treatment with EgCF induced Arg-1-expressed M2, and inhibited iNOS-expressed M1 macrophages. The expression of TLR-2 and MyD88 in EgCF-treated mice was reduced. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that EgCF confers a therapeutic effect on sepsis by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing regulatory cytokines. The anti-inflammatory effect of EgCF is carried out possibly through inducing macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to regulatory M2 phenotype to reduce excessive inflammation of sepsis and subsequent multi-organ damage. The role of EgCF in regulating macrophage polarization may be achieved by inhibiting the TLR2/MyD88 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Anqing First People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, 246000, China
| | - Donghui Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Feifei Huang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Yayun Qian
- First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Meitao Qi
- Department of Pediatrics, Anqing First People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, 246000, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Kaigui Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Pengfei Du
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rui Zhou
- First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Liang Chu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China.
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8
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Lee S, Seo J, Kim YH, Ju HJ, Kim S, Ji YB, Lee HB, Kim HS, Choi S, Kim MS. Enhanced intra-articular therapy for rheumatoid arthritis using click-crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels loaded with toll-like receptor antagonizing peptides. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:188-205. [PMID: 37866726 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that results in the deterioration of joint cartilage and bone. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been pinpointed as a key factor in RA-related inflammation. While Toll-like receptor antagonizing peptide 2 (TAP2) holds potential as an anti-inflammatory agent, its in vivo degradation rate hinders its efficacy. We engineered depots of TAP2 encapsulated in click-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (TAP2+Cx-HA) for intra-articular administration, aiming to enhance the effectiveness of TAP2 as an anti-inflammatory agent within the joint cavity. Our data demonstrated that FI-TAP2+Cx-HA achieves a longer retention time in the joint cavity compared to FI-TAP2 alone. Mechanistically, we found that TAP2 interacts with TLR4 on the cell membranes of inflammatory cells, thereby inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and maintaining it in an inactive cytoplasmic state. In a rat model of RA, the TAP2+Cx-HA formulation effectively downregulated the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the therapeutic protein 14-3-3ζ. This led to a more rapid restoration of cartilage thickness, increased deposition of glycosaminoglycans, and new bone tissue formation in the regenerated cartilage, in comparison to a single TAP2 treatment after a six-week period. Our results suggest that TAP2+Cx-HA could serve as a potent intra-articular treatment for RA, offering both symptomatic relief and promoting cartilage regeneration. This innovative delivery system holds significant promise for improving the management of RA and other inflammatory joint conditions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we developed a therapy by creating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-antagonizing peptide (TAP2)-loaded click-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (TAP2+Cx-HA) depots for direct intra-articular injection. Our study demonstrates that FI-TAP2+Cx-HA exhibits a more than threefold longer lifetime in the joint cavity compared to FI-TAP2 alone. Furthermore, we found that TAP2 binds to TLR4 and masks the nuclear localization signals of NF-κB, leading to its sequestration in an inactive state in the cytoplasm. In a rat model of RA, TAP2+Cx-HA effectively suppresses inflammatory molecules, specifically TNF-α and IL-6, while upregulating the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the therapeutic protein 14-3-3ζ. This resulted in faster regeneration of cartilage thickness, increased glycosaminoglycan deposits in the regenerated cartilage, and a twofold increase in new bone tissue formation compared to a single TAP2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Young Hun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Ju
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Shina Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Yun Bae Ji
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Hai Bang Lee
- Research Institute, Medipolymers, Woncheon Dong 332-2, Suwon 16522, Korea
| | - Han Su Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; Research Institute, Medipolymers, Woncheon Dong 332-2, Suwon 16522, Korea.
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9
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Martinez-Castillo M, M. Elsayed A, López-Berestein G, Amero P, Rodríguez-Aguayo C. An Overview of the Immune Modulatory Properties of Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Potential Use as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer. Noncoding RNA 2023; 9:70. [PMID: 37987366 PMCID: PMC10660772 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna9060070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in regulating immune responses, immune cell differentiation, activation, and inflammatory processes. In cancer, they are gaining prominence as potential therapeutic targets due to their ability to regulate immune checkpoint molecules and immune-related factors, suggesting avenues for bolstering anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we explore the mechanistic insights into lncRNA-mediated immune modulation, highlighting their impact on immunity. Additionally, we discuss their potential to enhance cancer immunotherapy, augmenting the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T cell therapies. LncRNAs as therapeutic targets hold the promise of revolutionizing cancer treatments, inspiring further research in this field with substantial clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Martinez-Castillo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (M.M.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (P.A.)
- Liver, Pancreas and Motility Laboratory, Unit of Research in Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 06726, Mexico
| | - Abdelrahman M. Elsayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt;
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gabriel López-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (M.M.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (P.A.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paola Amero
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (M.M.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (P.A.)
| | - Cristian Rodríguez-Aguayo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (M.M.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (P.A.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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10
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Galizzi G, Di Carlo M. Mitochondrial DNA and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8586-8606. [PMID: 37998717 PMCID: PMC10670154 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are implicated in the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In fact, although a growing number of studies show crosstalk between these two processes, there remain numerous gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms involved, which requires further clarification. On the one hand, mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to the release of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (mtDAMPs) which are recognized by microglial immune receptors and contribute to neuroinflammation progression. On the other hand, inflammatory molecules released by glial cells can influence and regulate mitochondrial function. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms may help identify biomarkers and molecular targets useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This review of works published in recent years is focused on the description of the mitochondrial contribution to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, with particular attention to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacoma Galizzi
- Institute for Research and Biomedical Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 153-90146 Palermo, Italy;
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11
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Zhang X, Zhang N, Wang Z. Eosinophilic esophagitis and esophageal microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1206343. [PMID: 37600943 PMCID: PMC10434796 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an antigen-mediated chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus, the prevalence of which has steadily increased in recent years. The pathogenesis of EoE is not yet well-defined; however, recent studies have demonstrated that the esophageal microbiota is an essential regulator of physiological and pathological processes of EoE. Currently, research on EoE and microbiota is an emerging field of study that is receiving increasing attention. Here, we review existing EoE-related esophageal microbiota studies to explore the potential mechanisms underlying esophageal microbiota-mediated EoE. The esophageal microbiome is altered in patients with EoE. Although α diversity is usually not significantly different, an increase in Haemophilus and a decrease in Firmicutes were observed in EoE patients. The role of microbiota in initiating and perpetuating inflammation is not fully understood. Current evidence suggests that the penetration of microbiota leads to the activation of epithelial cells as well as innate and adaptive immune cells, with the subsequent release of cytokines, leading to immune responses and inflammation. The involvement of toll-like receptors in EoE also supports the potential role of the microbiota in the progression of this disease. While EoE-induced inflammation can also lead to alterations in the local microbiome. Moreover, dietary modifications, proton pump inhibitors, and corticosteroids can modulate the esophageal microbiota; however, definitive conclusions about the alterations of microbes after treatment cannot be drawn. These findings provide promising avenues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhang
- Microbiota Division, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nana Zhang
- Microbiota Division, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zikai Wang
- Microbiota Division, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Rico-San Román L, Amieva R, Horcajo P, García-Sánchez M, Pastor-Fernández I, Ortega-Mora LM, Collantes-Fernández E. Characterization of Neospora caninum virulence factors NcGRA7 and NcROP40 in bovine target cells. Vet Parasitol 2023; 320:109973. [PMID: 37356132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Bovine neosporosis is one of the major causes of reproductive failure in cattle worldwide, and differences in virulence between isolates have been widely shown. However, the molecular basis and mechanisms underlying virulence in Neospora caninum are mostly unknown. Recently, we demonstrated the involvement of NcGRA7 and NcROP40 in the virulence of N. caninum in a pregnant murine model using single knockout mutants in these genes generated by CRISR/Cas9 technology. In this study, the role of these proteins was investigated in two in vitro models using bovine target cells: trophoblast (F3 cell line) and monocyte-derived macrophages (BoMØ). The proliferation capacity of the single knockout mutant parasites was compared to the wild-type strain, the Nc-Spain7 isolate, using both cell populations. For the bovine trophoblast, no differences were observed in the growth of the defective parasites compared to the wild-type strain, neither in the proliferation kinetics nor in the competition assay. However, in naïve BoMØ, a significant decrease in the proliferation capacity of the mutant parasites was observed from 48 h pi onwards. Stimulation of BoMØ with IFN-γ showed a similar inhibition of tachyzoite growth in defective and wild-type strains in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, BoMØ infected with knockout parasites showed higher expression levels of TLR3, which is involved in pathogen recognition. These results suggest that NcGRA7 and NcROP40 may be involved in the manipulation of innate immune defense mechanisms against neosporosis and confirm the usefulness of the BoMØ model for the evaluation of N. caninum virulence mechanisms. However, the specific functions of these proteins remain unknown, opening the way for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rico-San Román
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Amieva
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Horcajo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta García-Sánchez
- SALUVET-Innova S.L., Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Pastor-Fernández
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Collantes-Fernández
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Włodarczyk R, Těšický M, Vinkler M, Novotný M, Remisiewicz M, Janiszewski T, Minias P. Divergent evolution drives high diversity of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in passerine birds: Buntings and finches. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 144:104704. [PMID: 37019350 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form a key component of animal innate immunity, being responsible for recognition of conserved microbial structures. As such, TLRs may be subject to diversifying and balancing selection, which maintains allelic variation both within and between populations. However, most research on TLRs in non-model avian species is focused on bottlenecked populations with depleted genetic variation. Here, we assessed variation at the extracellular domains of three TLR genes (TLR1LA, TLR3, TLR4) across eleven species from two passerine families of buntings (Emberizidae) and finches (Fringillidae), all having large breeding population sizes (millions of individuals). We found extraordinary TLR polymorphism in our study taxa, with >100 alleles detected at TLR1LA and TLR4 across species and high haplotype diversity (>0.75) in several species. Despite recent species divergence, no nucleotide allelic variants were shared between species, suggesting rapid TLR evolution. Higher variation at TLR1LA and TLR4 than TLR3 was associated with a stronger signal of diversifying selection, as measured with nucleotide substitutions rates and the number of positively selected sites (PSS). Structural protein modelling of TLRs showed that some PSS detected within TLR1LA and TLR4 were previously recognized as functionally important sites or were located in their proximity, possibly affecting ligand recognition. Furthermore, we identified PSS responsible for major surface electrostatic charge clustering, which may indicate their adaptive importance. Our study provides compelling evidence for the divergent evolution of TLR genes in buntings and finches and indicates that high TLR variation may be adaptively maintained via diversifying selection acting on functional ligand binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Włodarczyk
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Martin Těšický
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Novotný
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Cell Biology, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Remisiewicz
- Bird Migration Research Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janiszewski
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Minias
- Department of Biodiversity Studies and Bioeducation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 1/3, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
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14
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Pirker T, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Bampali E, Bochkov V, Bauer R. Glycolipid-enriched fraction of Osmanthus fragrans inhibits LPS-induced expression of inflammatory genes, COX-2, E-selectin, and Interleukin-8. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 309:116328. [PMID: 36870464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Osmanthus fragrans Lour. is a small ornamental tree native to the Southeastern parts of China. It is mainly cultivated because of its characteristic fragrance, and used in the food and perfume industry. Besides, its flowers are used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of diseases including those related to inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to investigate in more detail the anti-inflammatory properties of O. fragrans flowers, and to characterize their active principles and mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS O. fragrans flowers were successively extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The extracts were further fractionated by chromatographic separation. COX-2 mRNA expression in PMA-differentiated, LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells was used as lead assay for activity-guided fractionation. The most potent fraction was chemically analyzed by LC-HRMS. The pharmacological activity was also evaluated in other inflammation-related in-vitro models, such as analysis of IL-8 secretion and E-selectin expression in HUVECtert cells and selective inhibition of COX-isoenzymes. RESULTS n-Hexane and dichloromethane extracts of O. fragrans flowers significantly inhibited COX-2 (PTGS2) mRNA expression. Additionally, both extracts inhibited COX-2 enzyme activity, whereas COX-1 enzyme activity was affected to a significantly lower extent. Fractionation of the extracts led to a highly active, glycolipid-containing fraction. In total, 10 glycolipids were tentatively annotated by LC-HRMS. This fraction also inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA expression, IL-8 secretion and E-selectin expression. The effects were limited to LPS-induced inflammation and not observed when inflammatory genes were induced by TNF-α, IL-1β or FSL-1. Since all these inducers of inflammation act via different receptors, it is likely that the fraction interferes with the binding of LPS to the TLR4-receptor, which mediates pro-inflammatory effects of LPS. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory potential of O. fragrans flower extracts in general, and of the glycolipid-enriched fraction in particular. The effects of glycolipid-enriched fraction are potentially mediated via the inhibition of the TLR4 receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pirker
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Beethovenstraße 8, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Beethovenstraße 8, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Evangelia Bampali
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Beethovenstraße 8, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Humboldtstraße 46/III, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, Beethovenstraße 8, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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15
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Johnson D, Jiang W. Infectious diseases, autoantibodies, and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2023; 137:102962. [PMID: 36470769 PMCID: PMC10235211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Infections are known to trigger flares of autoimmune diseases in humans and serve as an inciting cause of autoimmunity in animals. Evidence suggests a causative role of infections in triggering antigen-specific autoimmunity, previous thought mainly through antigen mimicry. However, an infection can induce bystander autoreactive T and B cell polyclonal activation, believed to result in non-pathogenic and pathogenic autoimmune responses. Lastly, epitope spreading in autoimmunity is a mechanism of epitope changes of autoreactive cells induced by infection, promoting the targeting of additional self-epitopes. This review highlights recent research findings, emphasizes infection-mediated autoimmune responses, and discusses the possible mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Divison of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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16
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Chen X, Cheng L, Pan Y, Chen P, Luo Y, Li S, Zou W, Wang K. Different immunological mechanisms between AQP4 antibody-positive and MOG antibody-positive optic neuritis based on RNA sequencing analysis of whole blood. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1095966. [PMID: 36969199 PMCID: PMC10036921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1095966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the different immunological mechanisms between aquaporin 4 antibody-associated optic neuritis (AQP4-ON) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated optic neuritis (MOG-ON) based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of whole blood. Methods Whole blood was collected from seven healthy volunteers, 6 patients with AQP4-ON and 8 patients with MOG-ON, and used for RNA-seq analysis. An examination of immune cell infiltration was performed using the CIBERSORTx algorithm to identify infiltrated immune cells. Results RNA-seq analysis showed that the inflammatory signaling was mainly activated by TLR2, TLR5, TLR8 and TLR10 in AQP4-ON patients, while which was mainly activated by TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR8 in MOG-ON patients. Biological function identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, as well as Disease Ontology (DO) analysis, showed that the inflammation in AQP4-ON was likely mediated by damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), while which in MOG-ON was likely mediated by pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). Analysis of immune cell infiltration showed that the proportion of immune cell infiltration was related to patients' vision. The infiltration ratios of monocytes (rs=0.69, P=0.006) and M0 macrophages (rs=0.66, P=0.01) were positively correlated with the BCVA (LogMAR), and the infiltration ratio of neutrophils was negatively correlated with the BCVA (LogMAR) (rs=0.65, P=0.01). Conclusion This study reveals different immunological mechanisms between AQP4-ON and MOG-ON based on transcriptomics analysis of patients' whole blood, which may expand the current knowledge regarding optic neuritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangnan University Medical Center (JUMC), Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Libo Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangnan University Medical Center (JUMC), Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangnan University Medical Center (JUMC), Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangnan University Medical Center (JUMC), Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yidan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangnan University Medical Center (JUMC), Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangnan University Medical Center (JUMC), Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjun Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Wuxi Clinical College of Nantong University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiangnan University Medical Center (JUMC), Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Liu S, Li M, Sun F, Zhang J, Liu F. Enhancing the immune effect of oHSV-1 therapy through TLR3 signaling in uveal melanoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:901-912. [PMID: 36030435 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults, with patients having a low overall survival rate. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been shown effective as monotherapy or combined with immunotherapy in the treatment of UM. Oncolytic herpes simplex type I virus (oHSV-1) was found to alter gene expression and immune function in UMs. We investigated whether a combination treatment would be more effective in treating UM and reactive immune cells. METHODS RNA sequencing analysis were used to identify the effect of oHSV-1 infection in UM cells and protein changes were validated by western blot. Cell viability assays were performed through UM cell lines (MUM2B, 92.1, and MP41) and retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) to identify the efficacy and safety of the combination treatment. Western blot, qRT-PCR, cell viability assay and immunocytochemistry were performed to discover the reactivation of immune cells (U937 and HMC3). RESULTS Through RNA sequencing analysis and in vitro molecular biology assays, this study tested the ability of oHSV-1 combined with the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) to re-activate the TLR3 meditated NF-ƙB signaling pathway and further increase the anti-tumor activity of UM cells and macrophages, including the stimulation of macrophage polarization and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the treatment of UM with a combination of oHSV-1 and poly(I:C) generates immune responses and enhances anti-tumoral activity, suggesting the need for further investigations and clinical trials of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Dongjiao Minxiang 1, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 119 Nansihuan West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Fengqiao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University International Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Shengming Kexueyuan 1, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Junwen Zhang
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 119 Nansihuan West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Fusheng Liu
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 119 Nansihuan West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
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18
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Martins YC, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Daniel-Ribeiro CT. A short history of innate immunity. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e230023. [PMID: 37162063 PMCID: PMC10168657 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity refers to the mechanisms responsible for the first line of defense against pathogens, cancer cells and toxins. The innate immune system is also responsible for the initial activation of the body's specific immune response (adaptive immunity). Innate immunity was studied and further developed in parallel with adaptive immunity beginning in the first half of the 19th century and has been gaining increasing importance to our understanding of health and disease. In the present overview, we describe the main findings and ideas that contributed to the development of innate immunity as a continually expanding branch of modern immunology. We start with the toxicological studies by Von Haller and Magendie, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and continue with the discoveries in invertebrate immunity that supported the discovery and characterization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pattern recognition receptors that led to the development of the pattern recognition and danger theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Chaves Martins
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Flávia Lima Ribeiro-Gomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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19
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D'Auria E, Acunzo M, Salvatore S, Grazi R, Agosti M, Vandenplas Y, Zuccotti G. Biotics in atopic diseases: state of the art and future perspectives. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2022; 74:688-702. [PMID: 36149096 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.22.07010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of allergic diseases has growing in recent decades, being a significant burden for patients and their families. Different environmental factors, acting in early life, can significantly affect the timing and diversity of bacterial colonization and the immune system development. Growing evidence points to a correlation between early life microbial perturbation and development of allergic diseases. Besides, changes in the microbiota in one body site may influence other microbiota communities at distance by different mechanisms, including microbial-derived metabolites, mainly the short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Hence, there has been an increasing interest on the role of "biotics" (probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics and postbiotics) in shaping dysbiosis and modulating allergic risk. Systemic type 2 inflammation is emerging as a common pathogenetic pathway of allergic diseases, intertwining communication with the gut mcirobiota. The aim of this review was to provide an update overview of the current knowledge of biotics in prevention and treatment of allergic diseases, also addressing research gaps which need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza D'Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy -
| | - Miriam Acunzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Salvatore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Insubria, F. Del Ponte Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberta Grazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Agosti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Insubria, F. Del Ponte Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- KidZ Health Castle, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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20
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Design and synthesis of hederagenin derivatives modulating STING/NF-κB signaling for the relief of acute liver injury in septic mice. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Manan A, Pirzada RH, Haseeb M, Choi S. Toll-like Receptor Mediation in SARS-CoV-2: A Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810716. [PMID: 36142620 PMCID: PMC9502216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system facilitates defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion and cell damage. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) assist in the activation of the innate immune system by binding to pathogenic ligands. This leads to the generation of intracellular signaling cascades including the biosynthesis of molecular mediators. TLRs on cell membranes are adept at recognizing viral components. Viruses can modulate the innate immune response with the help of proteins and RNAs that downregulate or upregulate the expression of various TLRs. In the case of COVID-19, molecular modulators such as type 1 interferons interfere with signaling pathways in the host cells, leading to an inflammatory response. Coronaviruses are responsible for an enhanced immune signature of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. TLRs have been employed as therapeutic agents in viral infections as numerous antiviral Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs are TLR agonists. This review highlights the therapeutic approaches associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the TLRs involved in COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Manan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Muhammad Haseeb
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Correspondence:
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22
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Ameliorative Effect of Dabigatran on CFA-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis via Modulating Kallikrein-Kinin System in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810297. [PMID: 36142208 PMCID: PMC9499658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects joints, leading to swelling, inflammation, and dysfunction in the joints. Recently, research efforts have been focused on finding novel curative approaches for rheumatoid arthritis, as current therapies are associated with adverse effects. Here, we examined the effectiveness of dabigatran, the antithrombotic agent, in treating complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats. Subcutaneous injection of a single 0.3 mL dosage of CFA into the rat’s hind leg planter surface resulted in articular surface deformities, reduced cartilage thickness, loss of intercellular matrix, and inflammatory cell infiltration. There were also increased levels of the Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA), oxidative stress, and tissue Receptor activator of nuclear factor–kappa B ligand (RANKL). Proteins of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) were also elevated. The inhibitory effects of dabigatran on thrombin led to a subsequent inhibition of KKS and reduced Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression. These effects also decreased RANKL levels and showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Therefore, dabigatran could be a novel therapeutic strategy for arthritis.
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23
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Rizzo C, La Barbera L, Miceli G, Tuttolomondo A, Guggino G. The innate face of Giant Cell Arteritis: Insight into cellular and molecular innate immunity pathways to unravel new possible biomarkers of disease. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 2:933161. [PMID: 39086970 PMCID: PMC11285707 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2022.933161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory chronic disease mainly occurring in elderly individuals. The pathogenesis of GCA is still far from being completely elucidated. However, in susceptible arteries, an aberrant immune system activation drives the occurrence of vascular remodeling which is mainly characterized by intimal hyperplasia and luminal obstruction. Vascular damage leads to ischemic manifestations involving extra-cranial branches of carotid arteries, mostly temporal arteries, and aorta. Classically, GCA was considered a pathological process resulting from the interaction between an unknown environmental trigger, such as an infectious agent, with local dendritic cells (DCs), activated CD4 T cells and effector macrophages. In the last years, the complexity of GCA has been underlined by robust evidence suggesting that several cell subsets belonging to the innate immunity can contribute to disease development and progression. Specifically, a role in driving tissue damage and adaptive immunity activation was described for dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes and macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils and wall components, such as endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In this regard, molecular pathways related to cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, vasoactive molecules and reactive oxygen species may contribute to the inflammatory process underlying GCA. Altogether, innate cellular and molecular pathways may clarify many pathogenetic aspects of the disease, paving the way for the identification of new biomarkers and for the development of new treatment targets for GCA. This review aims to deeply dissect past and new evidence on the innate immunological disruption behind GCA providing a comprehensive description of disease development from the innate perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lidia La Barbera
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Miceli
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Unit of Internal Medicine and Stroke Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Unit of Internal Medicine and Stroke Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Guggino
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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24
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Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Content in Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Early Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152364. [PMID: 35954208 PMCID: PMC9367540 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common hallmark in different neurodegenerative conditions that share neuronal dysfunction and a progressive loss of a selectively vulnerable brain cell population. Alongside ageing and genetics, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are considered key risk factors. Microglia are considered immune sentinels of the central nervous system capable of initiating an innate and adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms underlying the initiation and spread of inflammation in the brain are still poorly described. Recently, a new mechanism of intercellular signalling mediated by small extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been identified. EVs are nanosized particles (30–150 nm) with a bilipid membrane that carries cell-specific bioactive cargos that participate in physiological or pathological processes. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are cellular components recognised by the immune receptors of microglia, inducing or aggravating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. Diverse evidence links mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation mediated by mitochondrial-DAMPs (mtDAMPs) such as mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and cardiolipin, among others. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) are a subtype of EVs produced after mild damage to mitochondria and, upon fusion with multivesicular bodies are released as EVs to the extracellular space. MDVs are particularly enriched in mtDAMPs which can induce an immune response and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, growing evidence supports the association between mitochondrial dysfunction, EV release and inflammation. Here, we describe the role of extracellular vesicles-associated mtDAMPS in physiological conditions and as neuroinflammation activators contributing to neurodegenerative disorders.
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25
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Shivshankar P, Karmouty-Quintana H, Mills T, Doursout MF, Wang Y, Czopik AK, Evans SE, Eltzschig HK, Yuan X. SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Host Response, Immunity, and Therapeutic Targets. Inflammation 2022; 45:1430-1449. [PMID: 35320469 PMCID: PMC8940980 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in a global pandemic with severe socioeconomic effects. Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and organ failure. Binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) on bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells triggers host inflammatory pathways that lead to pathophysiological changes. Proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN) signaling in alveolar epithelial cells counter barrier disruption, modulate host innate immune response to induce chemotaxis, and initiate the resolution of inflammation. Here, we discuss experimental models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection, molecular pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation, and viral hijacking of anti-inflammatory pathways, such as delayed type-I IFN response. Mechanisms of alveolar adaptation to hypoxia, adenosinergic signaling, and regulatory microRNAs are discussed as potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Shivshankar
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tingting Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marie-Francoise Doursout
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yanyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Agnieszka K Czopik
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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26
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Redwan EM, Aljadawi AA, Uversky VN. Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Intrinsic Disorder in the Signaling Pathways Induced by Toll-Like Receptors. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1091. [PMID: 36101469 PMCID: PMC9312352 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the interplay between protein intrinsic disorder, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and signaling pathways induced by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). To this end, 10 HCV proteins, 10 human TLRs, and 41 proteins from the TLR-induced downstream pathways were considered from the prevalence of intrinsic disorder. Mapping of the intrinsic disorder to the HCV-TLR interactome and to the TLR-based pathways of human innate immune response to the HCV infection demonstrates that substantial levels of intrinsic disorder are characteristic for proteins involved in the regulation and execution of these innate immunity pathways and in HCV-TLR interaction. Disordered regions, being commonly enriched in sites of various posttranslational modifications, may play important functional roles by promoting protein-protein interactions and support the binding of the analyzed proteins to other partners such as nucleic acids. It seems that this system represents an important illustration of the role of intrinsic disorder in virus-host warfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.R.); (A.A.A.)
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A. Aljadawi
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.R.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.R.); (A.A.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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27
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Luo L, Liu M, Fan Y, Zhang J, Liu L, Li Y, Zhang Q, Xie H, Jiang C, Wu J, Xiao X, Wu Y. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation improves motor function by inhibiting neuronal pyroptosis and regulating microglial polarization via TLR4/NFκB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in cerebral ischemic mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:141. [PMID: 35690810 PMCID: PMC9188077 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal pyroptosis and neuroinflammation with excess microglial activation are widely involved in the early pathological process of ischemic stroke. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), as a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique, has recently been reported to be anti-inflammatory and regulate microglial function. However, few studies have elucidated the role and mechanism of rTMS underlying regulating neuronal pyroptosis and microglial polarization. Methods We evaluated the motor function in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/r) injury mice after 1-week intermittent theta-burst rTMS (iTBS) treatment in the early phase with or without depletion of microglia by colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor treatment, respectively. We further explored the morphological and molecular biological alterations associated with neuronal pyroptosis and microglial polarization via Nissl, EdU, TTC, TUNEL staining, electron microscopy, multiplex cytokine bioassays, western blot assays, immunofluorescence staining and RNA sequencing. Results ITBS significantly protected against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced locomotor deficits and neuronal damage, which probably relied on the regulation of innate immune and inflammatory responses, as evidenced by RNA sequencing analysis. The peak of pyroptosis was confirmed to be later than that of apoptosis during the early phase of stroke, and pyroptosis was mainly located and more severe in the peri-infarcted area compared with apoptosis. Multiplex cytokine bioassays showed that iTBS significantly ameliorated the high levels of IL-1β, IL-17A, TNF-α, IFN-γ in MCAO/r group and elevated the level of IL-10. ITBS inhibited the expression of neuronal pyroptosis-associated proteins (i.e., Caspase1, IL-1β, IL-18, ASC, GSDMD, NLRP1) in the peri-infarcted area rather than at the border of infarcted core. KEGG enrichment analysis and further studies demonstrated that iTBS significantly shifted the microglial M1/M2 phenotype balance by curbing proinflammatory M1 activation (Iba1+/CD86+) and enhancing the anti-inflammatory M2 activation (Iba1+/CD206+) in peri-infarcted area via inhibiting TLR4/NFκB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Depletion of microglia using CSF1R inhibitor (PLX3397) eliminated the motor functional improvements after iTBS treatment. Conclusions rTMS could alleviate cerebral I/R injury induced locomotor deficits and neuronal pyroptosis by modulating the microglial polarization. It is expected that these data will provide novel insights into the mechanisms of rTMS protecting against cerebral I/R injury and potential targets underlying neuronal pyroptosis in the early phase of stroke. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02501-2. rTMS significantly ameliorated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced locomotor deficits and neuronal damage in the early phase probably through the anti-inflammatory mechanism. The peak of pyroptosis was later than that of apoptosis during the early phase of stroke, and pyroptosis was mainly located and more severe in the peri-infarcted area compared with apoptosis. rTMS inhibited neuronal pyroptosis in the peri-infarcted area rather than at the border of infarcted core. rTMS modulated microglial polarization in the peri-infarcted area via inhibiting TLR4/NFκB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Depletion of microglia eliminated the motor functional improvements after rTMS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Meixi Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yunhui Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jingjun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hongyu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Congyu Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Junfa Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China. .,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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28
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Motkowski R, Alifier M, Abramowicz P, Konstantynowicz J, Mikołuć B, Stasiak-Barmuta A. Innate and Acquired Cellular Immunity in Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia Treated with Simvastatin. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102924. [PMID: 35629051 PMCID: PMC9147505 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the influence of simvastatin treatment in children with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) on parameters of cellular immunity. Twenty-six children with FH were included, of which thirteen were treated with 10 mg simvastatin for at least 26 weeks, and thirteen were age- and sex-matched with a low-cholesterol diet only. Total WBC count and lipid profile were measured. Flow cytometry was used to identify lymphocyte subsets and determine the expression of adhesion molecules (AM) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) on leukocytes. No differences were found in the basic values of peripheral blood count and subpopulations of lymphocytes between groups. The percentage of granulocytes with the expression of AM was higher in those treated with statins. The TLR-2 expression on granulocytes and monocytes showed higher values, whereas the TLR-4 expression was lower on lymphocytes and granulocytes in simvastatin-treated children. Treatment with simvastatin in children with FH is not associated with alterations in the amounts of granulocytes and monocytes. There is no association between statin treatment and the pattern of peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations. The role of AM and TLRs needs further investigation, given the effect of statins on the innate immunity may be important for their efficacy and safety during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Motkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (P.A.); (J.K.); (B.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-7450-622; Fax: +48-85-7450-644
| | - Marek Alifier
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Paweł Abramowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (P.A.); (J.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Jerzy Konstantynowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (P.A.); (J.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Bożena Mikołuć
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland; (P.A.); (J.K.); (B.M.)
| | - Anna Stasiak-Barmuta
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
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Fu HY, Hu ZS, Dong XT, Zhou RB, Du HY. Gelsolin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats by Modulating TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.511.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Porter GA, O’Connor JC. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammation in depression: Pathogenic partners in crime? World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:77-97. [PMID: 35111580 PMCID: PMC8783167 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a debilitating disorder affecting millions of people each year. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammation are two prominent biologic risk factors in the pathogenesis of depression that have received considerable attention. Many clinical and animal studies have highlighted associations between low levels of BDNF or high levels of inflammatory markers and the development of behavioral symptoms of depression. However, less is known about potential interaction between BDNF and inflammation, particularly within the central nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that there is bidirectional regulation between these factors with important implications for the development of depressive symptoms and anti-depressant response. Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators have been shown to reduce expression of BDNF, and BDNF may play an important negative regulatory role on inflammation within the brain. Understanding this interaction more fully within the context of neuropsychiatric disease is important for both developing a fuller understanding of biological pathogenesis of depression and for identifying novel therapeutic opportunities. Here we review these two prominent risk factors for depression with a particular focus on pathogenic implications of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Porter
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Jason C O’Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
- Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
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Zhang XZ, Li FH, Wang XJ. Regulation of Tripartite Motif-Containing Proteins on Immune Response and Viral Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:794882. [PMID: 34925304 PMCID: PMC8671828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.794882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs), exhibiting ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, are involved in regulation of not only autophagy and apoptosis but also pyrotosis and antiviral immune responses of host cells. TRIMs play important roles in modulating signaling pathways of antiviral immune responses via type I interferon, NF-κB, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), and Nrf2. However, viruses are able to antagonize TRIM activity or evenly utilize TRIMs for viral replication. This communication presents the current understanding of TRIMs exploited by viruses to evade host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Huang Li
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry Service (South Section), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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32
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Berman R, Rose CS, Downey GP, Day BJ, Chu HW. Role of Particulate Matter from Afghanistan and Iraq in Deployment-Related Lung Disease. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2408-2423. [PMID: 34808040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 3 million United States military personnel and contractors were deployed to Southwest Asia and Afghanistan over the past two decades. After returning to the United States, many developed persistent respiratory symptoms, including those due to asthma, rhinosinusitis, bronchiolitis, and others, which we collectively refer to as deployment-related lung diseases (DRLD). The mechanisms of different DRLD have not been well defined. Limited studies from us and others suggest that multiple factors and biological signaling pathways contribute to the onset of DRLD. These include, but are not limited to, exposures to high levels of particulate matter (PM) from sandstorms, burn pit combustion products, improvised explosive devices, and diesel exhaust particles. Once inhaled, these hazardous substances can activate lung immune and structural cells to initiate numerous cell-signaling pathways such as oxidative stress, Toll-like receptors, and cytokine-driven cell injury (e.g., interleukin-33). These biological events may lead to a pro-inflammatory response and airway hyperresponsiveness. Additionally, exposures to PM and other environmental hazards may predispose military personnel and contractors to more severe disease due to the interactions of those hazardous materials with subsequent exposures to allergens and cigarette smoke. Understanding how airborne exposures during deployment contribute to DRLD may identify effective targets to alleviate respiratory diseases and improve quality of life in veterans and active duty military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Berman
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Cecile S Rose
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Gregory P Downey
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States
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High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Physical Function, Prevents Muscle Loss, and Modulates Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle of Cerebral Ischemic Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:1849428. [PMID: 34845407 PMCID: PMC8627337 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1849428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although skeletal muscle is the main effector organ largely accounting for disability after stroke, considerably less attention is paid to the secondary abnormalities of stroke-related skeletal muscle loss. It is necessary to explore the mechanism of muscle atrophy after stroke and further develop effective rehabilitation strategy. Here, we evaluated the effects of high-intensity interval (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity aerobic training (MOD) on physical function, muscle mass, and stroke-related gene expression profile of skeletal muscle. After the model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was successfully made, the blood lactate threshold corresponding speed (SLT) and maximum speed (Smax) were measured. Different intensity training protocols (MOD < SLT; SLT < HIIT < Smax) were carried out for 3 weeks beginning at 7 days after MCAO in the MOD and HIIT groups, respectively. We found that both HIIT and MOD prevented stroke-related gastrocnemius muscle mass loss in MCAO mice. HIIT was more beneficial than MOD for improvements in muscle strength, motor coordination, walking competency, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Furthermore, HIIT was superior to MOD in terms of reducing lipid accumulation, levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in paretic gastrocnemius, and improving peripheral blood CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio, level of IL-10. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes among HIIT, MOD, and MCAO groups were highly associated with signaling pathways involved in inflammatory response, more specifically the I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. Following the outcome, we further investigated the infiltrating immune cells abundant in paretic muscles. The results showed that HIIT modulated macrophage activation by downregulating CD86+ (M1 type) macrophages and upregulating CD163+ (M2 type) macrophages via inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NFκB signaling pathway and exerting an anti-inflammatory effect in paretic skeletal muscle. It is expected that these data will provide novel insights into the mechanisms and potential targets underlying muscle wasting in stroke.
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Ijaz A, Veldhuizen EJA, Broere F, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. The Interplay between Salmonella and Intestinal Innate Immune Cells in Chickens. Pathogens 2021; 10:1512. [PMID: 34832668 PMCID: PMC8618210 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a common infection in poultry, which results in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. At the same time, Salmonella infections are a threat to public health, since contaminated poultry products can lead to zoonotic infections. Antibiotics as feed additives have proven to be an effective prophylactic option to control Salmonella infections, but due to resistance issues in humans and animals, the use of antimicrobials in food animals has been banned in Europe. Hence, there is an urgent need to look for alternative strategies that can protect poultry against Salmonella infections. One such alternative could be to strengthen the innate immune system in young chickens in order to prevent early life infections. This can be achieved by administration of immune modulating molecules that target innate immune cells, for example via feed, or by in-ovo applications. We aimed to review the innate immune system in the chicken intestine; the main site of Salmonella entrance, and its responsiveness to Salmonella infection. Identifying the most important players in the innate immune response in the intestine is a first step in designing targeted approaches for immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Ijaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are the most studied pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as they connect the innate to the acquired immune response. To date, there are ten human TLRs which are expressed either on the plasma membrane or on the endosomes. TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR10 are plasma membrane TLRs that recognise extracellular components of pathogens, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 are located on endosomes where they recognise foreign nucleic acids. Of these TLRs, TLR10 is the latest human TLR to be discovered and its function and ligands are still unclear. TLR10 is the only known member of TLR family that can elicit anti-inflammatory effect. TLR10 can inhibit other TLRs by competing with stimulatory TLRs, dimerising with TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6, and by inducing PI3K/Akt to produce IL-1Ra. There is controversy on the function of TLR10 as an anti-inflammatory TLR as initial studies on TLR10 revealed it to promote inflammation. Herein, we review the detailed functions of TLR10 in immunity and give an account of how and when TLR10 can act on both sides of the inflammatory spectrum.
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36
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Reid S, Scholey JW. Recent Approaches to Targeting Canonical NF κB Signaling in the Early Inflammatory Response to Renal IRI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 32:2117-2124. [PMID: 34108233 PMCID: PMC8729839 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most common cause of in-hospital AKI and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. IRI is associated with an early phase of inflammation primarily regulated by the canonical NFκB signaling pathway. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of IRI, few therapeutic strategies have emerged. The purpose of this manuscript is to review interventions targeting NFκB after IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Reid
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James W. Scholey
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Li C, Cao R, Qian S, Qiao C, Liu X, Zhou Z, Li Z. Clostridium butyricum CB1 up-regulates FcRn expression via activation of TLR2/4-NF-κB signaling pathway in porcine small intestinal cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 240:110317. [PMID: 34461425 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) mediates the bidirectional transport of immunoglobulin G (IgG) across hyperpolarized epithelial cells. Overexpression of FcRn increases serum IgG and humoral immune response. Probiotics can improve the host's serum and intestinal mucosal IgG. However, whether probiotics regulate FcRn and its specific mechanism are still unclear. Our research showed that heat inactivated Clostridium butyricum CB1 (heat-inactivated CB1) up-regulated FcRn expression in porcine small intestinal epithelial (IPI-2I) cells. Furthermore, heat-inactivated CB1 stimulation activated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Moreover, FcRn expression decreased after blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway by NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7028, suggesting that heat-inactivated CB1 induced FcRn expression via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), we found that knockdown of TLR2/4, MyD88 and TRIF reduced NF-κB activity induced by heat-inactivated CB1, as well as up-regulation of FcRn expression after heat-inactivated CB1 stimulation. Taken together, our data indicated that heat-inactivated CB1 up-regulated FcRn expression via TLR2/4-MyD88/TRIF-NF-κB signaling pathway. These results provided a new perspective for us to understand the enhancement of C. butyricum on intestinal mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoju Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenyuan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.
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Akhtar N, Joshi A, Singh J, Kaushik V. Design of a novel and potent multivalent epitope based human cytomegalovirus peptide vaccine: An immunoinformatics approach. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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39
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Lu L, Chen X, Liu Y, Yu X. Gut microbiota and bone metabolism. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21740. [PMID: 34143911 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100451r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic skeletal disease. It is characterized by the deterioration of the skeletal microarchitecture and bone loss, leading to ostealgia, and even bone fractures. Accumulating evidence has indicated that there is an inextricable relationship between the gut microbiota (GM) and bone homeostasis involving host-microbiota crosstalk. Any perturbation of the GM can play an initiating and reinforcing role in disrupting the bone remodeling balance during the development of osteoporosis. Although the GM is known to influence bone metabolism, the mechanisms associated with these effects remain unclear. Herein, we review the current knowledge of how the GM affects bone metabolism in health and disease, summarize the correlation between pathogen-associated molecular patterns of GM structural components and bone metabolism, and discuss the potential mechanisms underlying how GM metabolites regulate bone turnover. Deciphering the complicated relationship between the GM and bone health will provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rare Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Tetrasubstituted imidazoles as incognito Toll-like receptor 8 a(nta)gonists. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4351. [PMID: 34272380 PMCID: PMC8285539 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule modulators of TLR8 have drawn much interests as it plays pivotal roles in the innate immune response to single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs) derived from viruses. However, their clinical uses are limited because they can invoke an uncontrolled, global inflammatory response. The efforts described herein culminate in the fortuitous discovery of a tetrasubstituted imidazole CU-CPD107 which inhibits R848-induced TLR8 signaling. In stark contrast, CU-CPD107 shows unexpected synergistic agonist activities in the presence of ssRNA, while CU-CPD107 alone is unable to influence TLR8 signaling. CU-CPD107’s unique, dichotomous behavior sheds light on a way to approach TLR agonists. CU-CPD107 offers the opportunity to avoid the undesired, global inflammation side effects that have rendered imidazoquinolines clinically irrelevant, providing an insight for the development of antiviral drugs. Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) plays essential roles in the innate immune response to viral single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), so small molecule modulators of TLR8 are of interest, however adverse effects limit their use. Here, the authors report a tetrasubstituted imidazole CU-CPD107 with dichotomous behaviour, which inhibits R848-induced TLR8 signaling, but shows synergistic activity in the presence of ssRNA, making it a potential antiviral agent.
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Illouz T, Biragyn A, Iulita MF, Flores-Aguilar L, Dierssen M, De Toma I, Antonarakis SE, Yu E, Herault Y, Potier MC, Botté A, Roper R, Sredni B, London J, Mobley W, Strydom A, Okun E. Immune Dysregulation and the Increased Risk of Complications and Mortality Following Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults With Down Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621440. [PMID: 34248930 PMCID: PMC8267813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of severe outcomes following respiratory tract infections is significantly increased in individuals over 60 years, especially in those with chronic medical conditions, i.e., hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer. Down Syndrome (DS), the most prevalent intellectual disability, is caused by trisomy-21 in ~1:750 live births worldwide. Over the past few decades, a substantial body of evidence has accumulated, pointing at the occurrence of alterations, impairments, and subsequently dysfunction of the various components of the immune system in individuals with DS. This associates with increased vulnerability to respiratory tract infections in this population, such as the influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), and bacterial pneumonias. To emphasize this link, here we comprehensively review the immunobiology of DS and its contribution to higher susceptibility to severe illness and mortality from respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Illouz
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria Florencia Iulita
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Investigation Network for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisi Flores-Aguilar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilario De Toma
- Center for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stylianos E. Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- iGE3 Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eugene Yu
- The Children’s Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program, Genetics and Genomics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, IGBMC - UMR 7104 - Inserm U1258, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Claude Potier
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Botté
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), CNRS UMR7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Randall Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Benjamin Sredni
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - William Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Andre Strydom
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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TLR3 agonists: RGC100, ARNAX, and poly-IC: a comparative review. Immunol Res 2021; 69:312-322. [PMID: 34145551 PMCID: PMC8213534 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3) have been broadly studied among all TLRs over the last few decades together with its agonists due to their contribution to cancer regression. These agonists undeniably have some shared characteristics such as mimicking dsRNA but pathways through which they exhibit antitumor properties are relatively diverse. In this review, three widely studied agonists RGC100, ARNAX, and poly-IC are discussed along with their structural and physiochemical differences including the signaling cascades through which they exert their actions. Comparison has been made to identify the finest agonist with maximum effectivity and the least side effect profile.
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Aya T, Tomioka Y, Takeuchi T. Effect of lactoferrin on murine sperm apoptosis induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1173-1177. [PMID: 34121040 PMCID: PMC8437733 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital bacterial infection is one of the most important causes of infertility, however,
bacteria frequently exist in seminal fluid. Sperm express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on
their cell surfaces and bacterial recognition by TLRs induces sperm apoptosis. In this
study, we examined the lactoferrin (LF) potentiality on sperm apoptosis induced by
bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)
assay indicated that TUNEL-positive sperm cells were scarce in the group treated with LF
and LPS (LF/LPS group) compared to the group treated with LPS only (LPS group). In
addition, real-time RT-PCR detected lower mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-associated
genes in the LF/LPS group compared to the LPS group. These results indicate that LF
treatment of semen might decrease LPS-induced apoptosis of sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Aya
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Saghir SAM, Al-Gabri NA, Ali AA, Al-Attar ASR, Al-Sobarry M, Al-shargi OYA, Alotaibi A, Al-zharani M, Nasr FA, Al-Balagi N, Abdulghani MAM, Alnaimat SM, Althunibat OY, Mahmoud AM. Ameliorative Effect of Thymoquinone-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles on Chronic Lung Injury Induced by Repetitive Intratracheal Instillation of Lipopolysaccharide in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5511523. [PMID: 34136063 PMCID: PMC8177996 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5511523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), the active constituent of Nigella sativa, possesses several benefits in traditional and modern medicines. This study examined the effect of a single dose of Nano-TQ on chronic lung injury induced by repetitive intratracheal installation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rats received LPS twice weekly for 8 weeks via intratracheal installation and a single dose of TQ-PLGA NPs on the day after the last dose of LPS. Six rats from each group were sacrificed after 8 and 10 weeks, and samples were collected for analysis. Repetitive intratracheal installation of LPS caused histopathological alterations, including partial or complete obstruction of the alveoli, interstitial edema, mild fibroblastic proliferation, fibrous strands besides lymphocytes and plasma infiltrations, suffered fetalization, bronchiectasis, hypertrophied arterioles, and others. Investigation of the ultrastructure revealed prominent necrotic pneumocytes with destructed chromatin and remnant of necrotic debris in the narrowing alveolar lumen in LPS-induced rats. TQ-PLGA NPs effectively ameliorated LPS-induced histopathological and ultrastructural alterations in the lung of rats. In addition, TQ-PLGA NPs significantly alleviated serum levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 in LPS-induced rats. In conclusion, TQ-PLGA NPs prevented inflammation and tissue injury in the lungs of rats challenged with repetitive intratracheal installation of LPS. Therefore, TQ-PLGA NPs represent a promising candidate for the prevention of lung injury induced by LPS, pending further studies to determine its safety and exact protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan A. M. Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Naif A. Al-Gabri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar 87246, Yemen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Laboratory of Djibouti Regional livestock Quarantine, Abu Yasser International Est., Djibouti
| | - Abdelmoniem A. Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Al-Sayed R. Al-Attar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mosa'd Al-Sobarry
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ittihad Private University, Al-Raqqah, Syria
| | | | - Amal Alotaibi
- Basic Science Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-zharani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd A. Nasr
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mahfoudh A. M. Abdulghani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Al Qassim 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman M. Alnaimat
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Osama Y. Althunibat
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an 71111, Jordan
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Biotechnology Department, Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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45
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Santosa A, Xu C, Arkachaisri T, Kong KO, Lateef A, Lee TH, Leong KH, Low AHL, Sriranganathan MK, Tan TC, Teng GG, Thong BYH, Fong W, Lahiri M. Recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination in people with rheumatic disease: Developed by the Singapore Chapter of Rheumatologists. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:746-757. [PMID: 33973379 PMCID: PMC8207070 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aim People with rheumatic diseases (PRD) remain vulnerable in the era of the COVID‐19 pandemic. We formulated recommendations to meet the urgent need for a consensus for vaccination against SARS‐CoV‐2 in PRD. Methods Systematic literature reviews were performed to evaluate: (a) outcomes in PRD with COVID‐19; (b) efficacy, immunogenicity and safety of COVID‐19 vaccination; and (c) published guidelines/recommendations for non‐live, non‐COVID‐19 vaccinations in PRD. Recommendations were formulated based on the evidence and expert opinion according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology. Results The consensus comprises 2 overarching principles and 7 recommendations. Vaccination against SARS‐CoV‐2 in PRD should be aligned with prevailing national policy and should be individualized through shared decision between the healthcare provider and patient. We strongly recommend that eligible PRD and household contacts be vaccinated against SARS‐CoV‐2. We conditionally recommended that the COVID‐19 vaccine be administered during quiescent disease if possible. Immunomodulatory drugs, other than rituximab, can be continued alongside vaccination. We conditionally recommend that the COVID‐19 vaccine be administered prior to commencing rituximab if possible. For patients on rituximab, the vaccine should be administered a minimum of 6 months after the last dose and/or 4 weeks prior to the next dose of rituximab. Post‐vaccination antibody titers against SARS‐CoV‐2 need not be measured. Any of the approved COVID‐19 vaccines may be used, with no particular preference. Conclusion These recommendations provide guidance for COVID‐19 vaccination in PRD. Most recommendations in this consensus are conditional, reflecting a lack of evidence or low‐level evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Santosa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thaschawee Arkachaisri
- Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Paediatric Subspecialties, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Ooi Kong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aisha Lateef
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Woodlands Health Campus, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tau Hong Lee
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keng Hong Leong
- Leong Keng Hong Arthritis and Medical Clinic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Hsiu Ling Low
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Teck Choon Tan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gim Gee Teng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernard Yu-Hor Thong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Warren Fong
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manjari Lahiri
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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46
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Wu H, Chen C, Ziani S, Nelson LJ, Ávila MA, Nevzorova YA, Cubero FJ. Fibrotic Events in the Progression of Cholestatic Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051107. [PMID: 34062960 PMCID: PMC8147992 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are associated with active hepatic fibrogenesis, which can ultimately lead to the development of cirrhosis. However, the exact relationship between the development of liver fibrosis and the progression of cholestatic liver disease remains elusive. Periductular fibroblasts located around the bile ducts seem biologically different from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The fibrotic events in these clinical conditions appear to be related to complex crosstalk between immune/inflammatory mechanisms, cytokine signalling, and perturbed homeostasis between cholangiocytes and mesenchymal cells. Several animal models including bile duct ligation (BDL) and the Mdr2-knockout mice have improved our understanding of mechanisms underlying chronic cholestasis. In the present review, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms of fibrosis in order to help to identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Wu
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
| | - Chaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Xishan People’s Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Siham Ziani
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
| | - Leonard J. Nelson
- Institute for Bioengineering (IBioE), School of Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3 JL, Scotland, UK;
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences (EPS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Matías A. Ávila
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Navarra IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yulia A. Nevzorova
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (H.W.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.A.N.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1385; Fax: +34-91-394-1641
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47
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Aranda-Uribe IS, López-Vázquez JC, Barbosa-Cobos RE, Ramírez-Bello J. TLR4 and TLR9 polymorphisms are not associated with either rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus in Mexican patients. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3561-3565. [PMID: 33939072 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling pathways induce a proinflammatory microenvironment to eradicate pathogens. However, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), TLRs can promote chronic inflammation. It has been shown that some TLR4 and TLR9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are risk factors for RA and SLE, but these findings have not been replicated in all populations; thus, results are inconclusive. We evaluated the TLR4 Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile, - 1892G/A SNPs, and the TLR9 Pro545Pro SNP to assess potential associations with RA and SLE in Mexican patients. This study included 474 patients with RA, 283 patients with SLE, and 424 healthy controls. We used a 5' nuclease allelic discrimination assay to genotype individuals for the four TLR4 and TLR9 polymorphisms. We found that the genotype or allelic frequencies of the TLR4 Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile, - 1892G/A, and TLR9 Pro545Pro polymorphisms were similar between patients and controls. We found no association under different genetic models. A haplotype analysis of TLR4 showed no association with either RA or SLE. We found no significant differences in the allelic or genotypic frequencies of TLR4 Asp299Gly, Thr399IIe, - 1892G/A, or TLR9 Pro545Pro between patients and controls. These findings suggested that these variants are not risk factors for RA or SLE in Mexican patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Sammir Aranda-Uribe
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto, Politécnico Nacional No. 5160, DelegaciónGustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07760, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos López-Vázquez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto, Politécnico Nacional No. 5160, DelegaciónGustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07760, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Julian Ramírez-Bello
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Av. Instituto, Politécnico Nacional No. 5160, DelegaciónGustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07760, Mexico City, Mexico.
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48
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Wang C, Liu J, Lu W. Toll-Like Receptors Gene Polymorphisms in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672346. [PMID: 33981318 PMCID: PMC8107678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important initiators of the immune response, both innate and acquired. Evidence suggests that gene polymorphisms within TLRs cause malfunctions of certain key TLR-related signaling pathways, which subsequently increases the risk of autoimmune diseases. We illustrate and discuss the current findings on the role of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms in numerous autoimmune diseases in this review, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, Graves’ disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The study of genetic variation in TLRs in different populations has shown a complex interaction between immunity and environmental factors. This interaction suggests that TLR polymorphisms affect the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases differently in various populations. The identification of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms can expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, which will subsequently guide effective medical management and provide insight into prognosis and advanced treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changlun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junxian Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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49
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Valsamidou E, Gioxari A, Amerikanou C, Zoumpoulakis P, Skarpas G, Kaliora AC. Dietary Interventions with Polyphenols in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review Directed from the Preclinical Data to Randomized Clinical Studies. Nutrients 2021; 13:1420. [PMID: 33922527 PMCID: PMC8145539 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a major cause of limited functionality and thus a decrease in the quality of life of the inflicted. Given the fact that the existing pharmacological treatments lack disease-modifying properties and their use entails significant side effects, nutraceuticals with bioactive compounds constitute an interesting field of research. Polyphenols are plant-derived molecules with established anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that have been extensively evaluated in clinical settings and preclinical models in OA. As more knowledge is gained in the research field, an interesting approach in the management of OA is the additive and/or synergistic effects that polyphenols may have in an optimized supplement. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the recent literature regarding the use of combined polyphenols in the management of OA. For that purpose, a PubMed literature survey was conducted with a focus on some preclinical osteoarthritis models and randomized clinical trials on patients with osteoarthritis from 2018 to 2021 which have evaluated the effect of combinations of polyphenol-rich extracts and purified polyphenol constituents. Data indicate that combined polyphenols may be promising for the treatment of osteoarthritis in the future, but more clinical trials with novel approaches in the identification of the in-between relationship of such constituents are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Valsamidou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 18345 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (A.G.); (C.A.)
- Qualia Pharma, Ν. Kifissia, 14564 Attiki, Greece;
| | - Aristea Gioxari
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 18345 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (A.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Charalampia Amerikanou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 18345 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (A.G.); (C.A.)
| | - Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- Qualia Pharma, Ν. Kifissia, 14564 Attiki, Greece;
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, Egaleo, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - George Skarpas
- Hellenic Open University/Sports Injuries & Regenarative Medicine Orthopaedic Clinic at “MITERA” Hospital, Marousi, 15123 Attiki, Greece;
| | - Andriana C. Kaliora
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 18345 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (A.G.); (C.A.)
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50
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Wang X, Ye C, Xun T, Mo L, Tong Y, Ni W, Huang S, Liu B, Zhan X, Yang X. Bacteroides Fragilis Polysaccharide A Ameliorates Abnormal Voriconazole Metabolism Accompanied With the Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:663325. [PMID: 33995087 PMCID: PMC8115215 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.663325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal agent voriconazole (VRC) exhibits extreme inter-individual and intra-individual variation in terms of its clinical efficacy and toxicity. Inflammation, as reflected by C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, significantly affects the metabolic ratio and trough concentrations of voriconazole. Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) is an important component of the human intestinal microbiota. Clinical data have shown that B. fragilis abundance is comparatively higher in patients not presenting with adverse drug reactions, and inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) levels are negatively correlated with B. fragilis abundance. B. fragilis natural product capsular polysaccharide A (PSA) prevents various inflammatory disorders. We tested the hypothesis that PSA ameliorates abnormal voriconazole metabolism by inhibiting inflammation. Germ-free animals were administered PSA intragastrically for 5 days after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Their blood and liver tissues were collected to measure VRC concentrations. PSA administration dramatically improved the resolution phase of LPS-induced hepatic VRC metabolism and inflammatory factor secretion. It reversed inflammatory lesions and alleviated hepatic pro-inflammatory factor secretion. Both in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that PSA reversed LPS-induced IL-1β secretion, downregulated the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulated CYP2C19 and P-gp. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that PSA from the probiotic B. fragilis ameliorates abnormal voriconazole metabolism by inhibiting TLR4-mediated NF-κB transcription and regulating drug metabolizing enzyme and transporter expression. Thus, PSA could serve as a clinical adjunct therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunxiao Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianrong Xun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqian Mo
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Tong
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wensi Ni
- Department of Pediatric, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suping Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xixiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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