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Popova AV, Stefanov M, Mihailova G, Borisova P, Georgieva K. Response of Tomato Plants, Ailsa Craig and Carotenoid Mutant tangerine, to Simultaneous Treatment by Low Light and Low Temperature. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1929. [PMID: 39065456 PMCID: PMC11281013 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants, wild type Ailsa Craig, and carotenoid mutant tangerine that accumulates prolycopene instead of all-trans-lycopene were exposed to a combined treatment by low light and low temperature for 5 days. The ability of plants to recover from the stress after development for 3 days at control conditions was followed as well. The suffered oxidative stress was evaluated by the extent of pigment content, lipid peroxidation, membrane stability, and H2O2 generation. The level of MDA content under combined treatment in tangerine implies that the mutant demonstrates lower sensitivity to stress in comparison with Ailsa Craig. The oxidative protective strategy of plants was estimated by following the antioxidant and antiradical activity of phenolic metabolites, including anthocyanins, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT). Presented results revealed that the oxidative stress was much stronger expressed after exposure of both types of plants to low light combined with low temperature compared to that after treatment with only low light. The most significant antioxidant protection was provided by phenolic substances, including anthocyanins. The lower sensitivity of tangerine plants to low light can be attributed to the higher activity of the antioxidant enzyme CAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta V. Popova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad, G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Martin Stefanov
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad, G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Gergana Mihailova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad, G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (G.M.); (K.G.)
| | - Preslava Borisova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad, G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Katya Georgieva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad, G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (G.M.); (K.G.)
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Sari GM, Kusumawati I, Arifandi YA, Swannjo JB. Effects of cosmos caudatus (Kenikir) antioxidant properties on bone metabolism marker in rat. Curr Res Physiol 2024; 7:100128. [PMID: 38841653 PMCID: PMC11150957 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2024.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cosmos caudatus leaves are one of around 7500 types of plants that are known to have herbal or medicinal plant properties in Indonesia. This research determines the effectiveness of Cosmos caudatus as an antioxidant agent against cells, biomolecules, and bone density. Forty-three male rat aged 3-4 months were divided into four groups.Group P0 was only given distilled water. Group P1 was given kenikir leaf extract at a dose of 0.91 mg/kg. Group P2 was given kenikir leaf extract at a dose of 1.82 mg/kg. And group P3 was given kenikir leaf extract at 3.64 mg/kg ad libitum once a day for 28 days. The highest average SOD level was in the 1.82 mg/bb P2 conversion dose group (1.09 ± 1.76). The lowest mean CTX level was in the P2 group (8.30 ± 1.10). There was a significant increase in mean trabecular bone in the P2 group (43.33 ± 5.32). The number of osteoblast cells increased significantly at P2 (103.94 (SD 38.14)). The number of osteoclasts decreased from the control group (P0) to 0.60 (SD 0.43) at P2. Indicate that the Cosmos caudatus extract may have advantages as an antioxidant support agent for bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadis Meinar Sari
- Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Idha Kusumawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yoga Akbar Arifandi
- Medical Profession Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Demircan N, Sonmez MC, Akyol TY, Ozgur R, Turkan I, Dietz KJ, Uzilday B. Alternative electron sinks in chloroplasts and mitochondria of halophytes as a safety valve for controlling ROS production during salinity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14397. [PMID: 38894507 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Electron flow through the electron transport chain (ETC) is essential for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Electron fluxes depend on environmental parameters, e.g., ionic and osmotic conditions and endogenous factors, and this may cause severe imbalances. Plants have evolved alternative sinks to balance the reductive load on the electron transport chains in order to avoid overreduction, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and to cope with environmental stresses. These sinks act primarily as valves for electron drainage and secondarily as regulators of tolerance-related metabolism, utilizing the excess reductive energy. High salinity is an environmental stressor that stimulates the generation of ROS and oxidative stress, which affects growth and development by disrupting the redox homeostasis of plants. While glycophytic plants are sensitive to high salinity, halophytic plants tolerate, grow, and reproduce at high salinity. Various studies have examined the ETC systems of glycophytic plants, however, information about the state and regulation of ETCs in halophytes under non-saline and saline conditions is scarce. This review focuses on alternative electron sinks in chloroplasts and mitochondria of halophytic plants. In cases where information on halophytes is lacking, we examined the available knowledge on the relationship between alternative sinks and gradual salinity resilience of glycophytes. To this end, transcriptional responses of involved components of photosynthetic and respiratory ETCs were compared between the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana and the halophyte Schrenkiella parvula, and the time-courses of these transcripts were examined in A. thaliana. The observed regulatory patterns are discussed in the context of reactive molecular species formation in halophytes and glycophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Demircan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | | | - Turgut Yigit Akyol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rengin Ozgur
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ismail Turkan
- Department of Soil and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Yasar University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Baris Uzilday
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
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Fedoreyeva LI, Lazareva EM, Kononenko NV. Features of the Effect of Quercetin on Different Genotypes of Wheat under Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4487. [PMID: 38674072 PMCID: PMC11050432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the common abiotic stresses that negatively affects the development and productivity of agricultural crops. Quercetin is used to protect plants from oxidative stress when exposed to environmental stressors. O2 deficiency leads to impaired development and morphometric parameters in wheat varieties Orenburgskaya 22 (Triticum aestivum L.) and varieties Zolotaya (Triticum durum Desf.). Cytological analysis revealed various types of changes in the cytoplasm under conditions of hypoxia and treatment with quercetin. The most critical changes in the cytoplasm occur in the Zolotaya variety during pretreatment with quercetin followed by hypoxia, and in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety during hypoxia. Quercetin has a protective effect only on the Orenburgskaya 22 variety, and also promotes a more effective recovery after exposure to low O2 content. Hypoxia causes an increase in reactive oxygen species and activates the antioxidant system. It has been shown that the most active components of the antioxidant system in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety are MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD, and in the Zolotaya variety GSH. We have shown that quercetin provides resistance only to the wheat genotype Orenburgskaya 22, as a protective agent against abiotic stress, which indicates the need for a comprehensive study of the effects of exogenous protectors before use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Ivanovna Fedoreyeva
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.L.); (N.V.K.)
| | - Elena Michailovna Lazareva
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.L.); (N.V.K.)
- Biological Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Neonila Vasilievna Kononenko
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.L.); (N.V.K.)
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Vergara-Cruces Á, Pramanick I, Pearce D, Vogirala VK, Byrne MJ, Low JKK, Webster MW. Structure of the plant plastid-encoded RNA polymerase. Cell 2024; 187:1145-1159.e21. [PMID: 38428394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Chloroplast genes encoding photosynthesis-associated proteins are predominantly transcribed by the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). PEP is a multi-subunit complex composed of plastid-encoded subunits similar to bacterial RNA polymerases (RNAPs) stably bound to a set of nuclear-encoded PEP-associated proteins (PAPs). PAPs are essential to PEP activity and chloroplast biogenesis, but their roles are poorly defined. Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of native 21-subunit PEP and a PEP transcription elongation complex from white mustard (Sinapis alba). We identify that PAPs encase the core polymerase, forming extensive interactions that likely promote complex assembly and stability. During elongation, PAPs interact with DNA downstream of the transcription bubble and with the nascent mRNA. The models reveal details of the superoxide dismutase, lysine methyltransferase, thioredoxin, and amino acid ligase enzymes that are subunits of PEP. Collectively, these data provide a foundation for the mechanistic understanding of chloroplast transcription and its role in plant growth and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Vergara-Cruces
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ishika Pramanick
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David Pearce
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Vinod K Vogirala
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre (eBIC), Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Matthew J Byrne
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre (eBIC), Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Jason K K Low
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Michael W Webster
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Nakane D, Akiyama Y, Suzuki S, Miyazaki R, Akitsu T. Improvement of the SOD activity of the Cu 2+ complexes by hybridization with lysozyme and its hydrogen bond effect on the activity enhancement. Front Chem 2024; 11:1330833. [PMID: 38304569 PMCID: PMC10830756 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1330833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We prepared L-amino acids (L-valine and L-serine, respectively) based on the Schiff base Cu2+ complexes CuSV and CuSS in the absence/presence of hydroxyl groups and their imidazole-bound compounds CuSV-Imi and CuSS-Imi to reveal the effects of hydroxyl groups on SOD activity. The structural and spectroscopic features of the Cu2+ complexes were evaluated using X-ray crystallography, UV-vis spectroscopy, and EPR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic behavior upon addition of lysozyme indicated that both CuSV and CuSS were coordinated by the imidazole group of His15 in lysozyme at their equatorial position, leading to the formation of hybrid proteins with lysozyme. CuSS-Imi showed a higher SOD activity than CuSV-Imi, indicating that the hydroxyl group of CuSS-Imi played an important role in the disproportionation of O2 - ion. Hybridization of the Cu2+ complexes CuSV and CuSS with lysozyme resulted in higher SOD activity than that of CuSV-Imi and CuSS-Imi. The improvements in SOD activity suggest that there are cooperative effects between Cu2+ complexes and lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nakane
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Kononenko NV, Lazareva EM, Fedoreyeva LI. Mechanisms of Antioxidant Resistance in Different Wheat Genotypes under Salt Stress and Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16878. [PMID: 38069196 PMCID: PMC10707134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Various stressors lead to an increase in ROS and damage to plant tissues. Plants have a powerful antioxidant system (AOS), which allows them to neutralize excess ROS. We detected an intense fluorescent glow of ROS in the cells of the cap, meristem, and elongation zones in the roots of wheat Triticum aestivum (Orenburgskaya 22 variety) and Triticum durum (Zolotaya variety). An increase in ROS was accompanied by DNA breaks in the nuclei of wheat root cells, the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and the translocation of phosphatidylserine into the outer layer of the plasma membrane under salt stress and hypoxia. The different resistances of the two wheat varieties to different abiotic stresses were revealed. The soft wheat variety Orenburgskaya 22 showed high resistance to salt stress but sensitivity to hypoxia, and the durum wheat variety Zolotaya showed tolerance to hypoxia but high sensitivity to salt stress. Different activations of AOS components (GSH, MnSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, CAT, PX, GPX, and GST) were revealed in different wheat genotypes. The basis for the tolerance of the Zolotaya variety to hypoxia is the high content of glutathione (GSH) and the activation of glutathione-dependent enzymes. One of the mechanisms of high resistance to salt stress in the Orenburgskaya 22 variety is a decrease in the level of ROS as a result of the increased activity of the MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD genes. Identifying the mechanisms of plant tolerance to abiotic stress is the most important task for improving breeding varieties of agricultural plants and increasing their yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neonila V. Kononenko
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.K.); (E.M.L.)
| | - Elena M. Lazareva
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.K.); (E.M.L.)
- Biological Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa I. Fedoreyeva
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.K.); (E.M.L.)
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Zheng L, Assane Hamidou A, Zhao X, Ouyang Z, Lin H, Li J, Zhang X, Luo K, Chen Y. Superoxide dismutase gene family in cassava revealed their involvement in environmental stress via genome-wide analysis. iScience 2023; 26:107801. [PMID: 37954140 PMCID: PMC10638475 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a crucial metal-containing enzyme that plays a vital role in catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide anions, converting them into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, essential for enhancing plant stress tolerance. We identified 8 SOD genes (4 CSODs, 2 FSODs, and 2 MSODs) in cassava. Bioinformatics analyses provided insights into chromosomal location, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, conserved motifs, and gene ontology annotations. MeSOD genes were classified into two groups through phylogenetic analysis, revealing evolutionary connections. Promoters of these genes harbored stress-related cis-elements. Duplication analysis indicated the functional significance of MeCSOD2/MeCSOD4 and MeMSOD1/MeMSOD2. Through qRT-PCR, MeCSOD2 responded to salt stress, MeMSOD2 to drought, and cassava bacterial blight. Silencing MeMSOD2 increased XpmCHN11 virulence, indicating MeMSOD2 is essential for cassava's defense against XpmCHN11 infection. These findings enhance our understanding of the SOD gene family's role in cassava and contribute to strategies for stress tolerance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linling Zheng
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Abdoulaye Assane Hamidou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xuerui Zhao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Zhiwei Ouyang
- HNU-ASU Joint International Tourism College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hongxin Lin
- Soil Fertilizer and Resources Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Junyi Li
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali 763537, Colombia
| | - Kai Luo
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yinhua Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
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Fu X, Lv CY, Zhang YY, Ai XZ, Bi HG. Comparative transcriptome analysis of grafting to improve chilling tolerance of cucumber. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1349-1364. [PMID: 36949344 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01854-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Grafting with pumpkin as rootstock could improve chilling tolerance of cucumber; however, the underlying mechanism of grafting-induced chilling tolerance remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the difference of physiological and transcriptional level between own-rooted (Cs/Cs) and hetero-grafted (Cs/Cm) cucumber seedlings under chilling stress. The results showed that grafting with pumpkin significantly alleviated the chilling injury as evidenced by slightly symptoms, lower contents of electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2-) and higher relative water content in Cs/Cm seedlings compared with Cs/Cs seedlings under chilling stress. RNA-seq data showed that grafting induced more DGEs at 8 °C/5 °C compared with 25 °C/18 °C. In accordance with the increase of the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT, APX), grafting upregulated the expression of the regulated redox-related genes such as GST, SOD, and APX. Moreover, grafting increased the expression of genes participated in central carbon metabolism to promote the conversion and decomposition of sugar, which provided more energy for the growth of Cs/Cm seedlings under chilling stress. In addition, grafting regulated the genes involved in the intracellular signal transduction pathways such as calcium signal (CAML, CML, and CDPK) and inositol phospholipid signal (PLC), as well as changed the gene expression of plant hormone signal transduction pathways (ARF, GAI, ABF, and PYR/PYL). These results provide a physiological and transcriptional basis for the molecular mechanism of grafting-induced chilling tolerance of cucumber seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Yu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- Tai'an Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Xi-Zhen Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Huan-Gai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Crop Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Cerqueira JVA, de Andrade MT, Rafael DD, Zhu F, Martins SVC, Nunes-Nesi A, Benedito V, Fernie AR, Zsögön A. Anthocyanins and reactive oxygen species: a team of rivals regulating plant development? PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 112:213-223. [PMID: 37351824 PMCID: PMC10352431 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a family of water-soluble vacuolar pigments present in almost all flowering plants. The chemistry, biosynthesis and functions of these flavonoids have been intensively studied, in part due to their benefit for human health. Given that they are efficient antioxidants, intense research has been devoted to studying their possible roles against damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the redox homeostasis established between antioxidants and ROS is important for plant growth and development. On the one hand, high levels of ROS can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, on the other, they are also required for cell signaling, plant development and stress responses. Thus, a balance is needed in which antioxidants can remove excessive ROS, while not precluding ROS from triggering important cellular signaling cascades. In this article, we discuss how anthocyanins and ROS interact and how a deeper understanding of the balance between them could help improve plant productivity, nutritional value, and resistance to stress, while simultaneously maintaining proper cellular function and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor A Cerqueira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Moab T de Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Diego D Rafael
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Feng Zhu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Samuel V C Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Vagner Benedito
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Zhang H, Zhou J, Kou X, Liu Y, Zhao X, Qin G, Wang M, Qian G, Li W, Huang Y, Wang X, Zhao Z, Li S, Wu X, Jiang L, Feng X, Zhu JK, Li L. Syntaxin of plants71 plays essential roles in plant development and stress response via regulating pH homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1198353. [PMID: 37342145 PMCID: PMC10277689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1198353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
SYP71, a plant-specific Qc-SNARE with multiple subcellular localization, is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in nodules in Lotus, and is implicated in plant resistance to pathogenesis in rice, wheat and soybean. Arabidopsis SYP71 is proposed to participate in multiple membrane fusion steps during secretion. To date, the molecular mechanism underlying SYP71 regulation on plant development remains elusive. In this study, we clarified that AtSYP71 is essential for plant development and stress response, using techniques of cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and transcriptomics. AtSYP71-knockout mutant atsyp71-1 was lethal at early development stage due to the failure of root elongation and albinism of the leaves. AtSYP71-knockdown mutants, atsyp71-2 and atsyp71-3, had short roots, delayed early development, and altered stress response. The cell wall structure and components changed significantly in atsyp71-2 due to disrupted cell wall biosynthesis and dynamics. Reactive oxygen species homeostasis and pH homeostasis were also collapsed in atsyp71-2. All these defects were likely resulted from blocked secretion pathway in the mutants. Strikingly, change of pH value significantly affected ROS homeostasis in atsyp71-2, suggesting interconnection between ROS and pH homeostasis. Furthermore, we identified AtSYP71 partners and propose that AtSYP71 forms distinct SNARE complexes to mediate multiple membrane fusion steps in secretory pathway. Our findings suggest that AtSYP71 plays an essential role in plant development and stress response via regulating pH homeostasis through secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyue Kou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guochen Qin
- Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Weifang, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangtao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongshun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Institute of Advanced Biotechnology and School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Advanced Bioindustry Technologies, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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12
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Casatejada A, Puerto-Galán L, Pérez-Ruiz JM, Cejudo FJ. The contribution of glutathione peroxidases to chloroplast redox homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Redox Biol 2023; 63:102731. [PMID: 37245286 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidizing signals mediated by the thiol-dependent peroxidase activity of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (PRXs) plays an essential role in fine-tuning chloroplast redox balance in response to changes in light intensity, a function that depends on NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC). In addition, plant chloroplasts are equipped with glutathione peroxidases (GPXs), thiol-dependent peroxidases that rely on thioredoxins (TRXs). Despite having a similar reaction mechanism than 2-Cys PRXs, the contribution of oxidizing signals mediated by GPXs to the chloroplast redox homeostasis remains poorly known. To address this issue, we have generated the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) double mutant gpx1gpx7, which is devoid of the two GPXs, 1 and 7, localized in the chloroplast. Furthermore, to analyze the functional relationship of chloroplast GPXs with the NTRC-2-Cys PRXs redox system, the 2cpab-gpx1gpx7 and ntrc-gpx1gpx7 mutants were generated. The gpx1gpx7 mutant displayed wild type-like phenotype indicating that chloroplast GPXs are dispensable for plant growth at least under standard conditions. However, the 2cpab-gpx1gpx7 showed more retarded growth than the 2cpab mutant. The simultaneous lack of 2-Cys PRXs and GPXs affected PSII performance and caused higher delay of enzyme oxidation in the dark. In contrast, the ntrc-gpx1gpx7 mutant combining the lack of NTRC and chloroplast GPXs behaved like the ntrc mutant indicating that the contribution of GPXs to chloroplast redox homeostasis is independent of NTRC. Further supporting this notion, in vitro assays showed that GPXs are not reduced by NTRC but by TRX y2. Based on these results, we propose a role for GPXs in the chloroplast redox hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Casatejada
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Leonor Puerto-Galán
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain.
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13
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Furuya T, Nakane D, Kitanishi K, Katsuumi N, Tsaturyan A, Shcherbakov IN, Unno M, Akitsu T. A novel hybrid protein composed of superoxide-dismutase-active Cu(II) complex and lysozyme. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6892. [PMID: 37106030 PMCID: PMC10140267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel hybrid protein composed of a superoxide dismutase-active Cu(II) complex (CuST) and lysozyme (CuST@lysozyme) was prepared. The results of the spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses confirmed that CuST binds to lysozyme. We determined the crystal structure of CuST@lysozyme at 0.92 Å resolution, which revealed that the His15 imidazole group of lysozyme binds to the Cu(II) center of CuST in the equatorial position. In addition, CuST was fixed in position by the weak axial coordination of the Thr89 hydroxyl group and the hydrogen bond between the guanidinium group of the Arg14 residue and the hydroxyl group of CuST. Furthermore, the combination of CuST with lysozyme did not decrease the superoxide dismutase activity of CuST. Based on the spectral, electrochemical, structural studies, and quantum chemical calculations, an O2- disproportionation mechanism catalyzed by CuST@lysozyme is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsundo Furuya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakane
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Kitanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Natsuki Katsuumi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Arshak Tsaturyan
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien UMR 5516, 42023, Saint-Étienne, France
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachka Ave., Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Igor N Shcherbakov
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 7 Zorge Str., Rostov-On-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Masaki Unno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 316-8511, Japan
| | - Takashiro Akitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan.
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14
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Genome-Wide Identification of Superoxide Dismutase and Expression in Response to Fruit Development and Biological Stress in Akebia trifoliata: A Bioinformatics Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030726. [PMID: 36978974 PMCID: PMC10045841 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Akebia trifoliata is a newly domesticated perennial fruit tree, and the lack of molecular research on stress resistance seriously affects its genetic improvement and commercial value development. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) can effectively eliminate the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the rapid growth of plant organs under biotic and abiotic stresses, maintaining a steady state of physiological metabolism. In this study, 13 SODs consisting of two FeSODs (FSDs), four MnSODs (MSDs) and seven Cu/ZnSODs (CSDs) were identified in the A. trifoliata genome. Structurally, the phylogeny, intron–exon pattern and motif sequences within these three subfamilies show high conservation. Evolutionarily, segmental/wide genome duplication (WGD) and dispersed duplication form the current SOD profile of A. trifoliata. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed the metabolic pathways of nine (69.2%) SODs involved in fruit development, among which AktMSD4 regulates fruit development and AktCSD4 participates in the stress response. In addition, under the stress of multiple pathogens, six (46.6%) SODs were continuously upregulated in the rinds of resistant lines; of these, three SODs (AktMSD1, AktMSD2 and AktMSD3) were weakly or not expressed in susceptible lines. The results pave the way for theoretical research on SODs and afford the opportunity for genetic improvement of A. trifoliata.
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15
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de Oliveira NT, Namorato FA, Rao S, de Souza Cardoso AA, de Rezende PM, Guilherme LRG, Liu J, Li L. Iron counteracts zinc-induced toxicity in soybeans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:335-344. [PMID: 36459868 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are essential micronutrients for all living organisms and the major targets for crop biofortification. However, when acquired in excess quantities, Zn and Fe can be toxic to plants. In this study, we examined the interaction between Zn and Fe in soybean plants under various Zn and Fe treatments. While the level of Zn accumulation increased with increasing Zn supplies, Zn content greatly decreased with rising Fe supplies. Moreover, Zn uptake rates were negatively correlated with Fe supplies. However, Fe accumulation was not greatly affected by elevating Zn supplies. Excess Zn supplies were found to induce typical Fe deficiency symptoms under low Fe conditions, which can be counteracted by increasing Fe supplies. Interestingly, leaf chlorosis caused by excess Zn and low Fe supplies was not directly associated with reduced total Fe content but likely associated with deleterious effects of excess Zn. The combination of high Zn and low Fe greatly activates FRO2 and FIT1 gene expression in soybean roots. Besides, Zn-Fe interaction influences the activities of antioxidative enzymes as well as the uptake, accumulation, and homeostasis of other essential micronutrients, such as copper and manganese in soybean plants. These findings provide new perspectives on Zn and Fe interaction and on heavy metal-induced Fe deficiency-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Trajano de Oliveira
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Lavras (ESAL-UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Filipe Aiura Namorato
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras (ESAL-UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Sombir Rao
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Arnon Afonso de Souza Cardoso
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Soil Science Department, Federal University of Lavras (ESAL-UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jiping Liu
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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16
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Melicher P, Dvořák P, Šamaj J, Takáč T. Protein-protein interactions in plant antioxidant defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1035573. [PMID: 36589041 PMCID: PMC9795235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1035573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in plants is ensured by mechanisms preventing their over accumulation, and by diverse antioxidants, including enzymes and nonenzymatic compounds. These are affected by redox conditions, posttranslational modifications, transcriptional and posttranscriptional modifications, Ca2+, nitric oxide (NO) and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Recent knowledge about protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of antioxidant enzymes advanced during last decade. The best-known examples are interactions mediated by redox buffering proteins such as thioredoxins and glutaredoxins. This review summarizes interactions of major antioxidant enzymes with regulatory and signaling proteins and their diverse functions. Such interactions are important for stability, degradation and activation of interacting partners. Moreover, PPIs of antioxidant enzymes may connect diverse metabolic processes with ROS scavenging. Proteins like receptor for activated C kinase 1 may ensure coordination of antioxidant enzymes to ensure efficient ROS regulation. Nevertheless, PPIs in antioxidant defense are understudied, and intensive research is required to define their role in complex regulation of ROS scavenging.
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17
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Kosová K, Vítámvás P, Skuhrovec J, Vítámvás J, Planchon S, Renaut J, Saska P. Proteomic responses of two spring wheat cultivars to the combined water deficit and aphid ( Metopolophium dirhodum) treatments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005755. [PMID: 36452089 PMCID: PMC9704420 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the field, plants usually have to face the combined effects of abiotic and biotic stresses. In our study, two spring wheat cultivars-Septima and Quintus-were subjected to three water regimes [70%, 50%, and 40% soil water capacity (SWC)], aphid (Metopolophium dirhodum) infestation, or the combination of both stresses, i.e., water deficit (50%, 40% SWC) and aphids. The study has a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design with three biological replicates. In the present study, the results of proteomic analysis using 2D-DIGE followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF protein identification are presented. Water deficit but also aphid infestation led to alterations in 113 protein spots including proteins assigned to a variety of biological processes ranging from signaling via energy metabolism, redox regulation, and stress and defense responses to secondary metabolism indicating a long-term adaptation to adverse conditions. The absence of specific proteins involved in plant response to herbivorous insects indicates a loss of resistance to aphids in modern wheat cultivars during the breeding process and is in accordance with the "plant vigor hypothesis." Septima revealed enhanced tolerance with respect to Quintus as indicated by higher values of morphophysiological characteristics (fresh aboveground biomass, leaf length, osmotic potential per full water saturation) and relative abundance of proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and ATP biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Kosová
- Plant Stress Biology and Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Vítámvás
- Plant Stress Biology and Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Skuhrovec
- Functional Diversity Group, Department of Plant Protection, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Vítámvás
- Plant Stress Biology and Biotechnology Group, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Science, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Biotechnologies and Environmental Analytics Platform (BEAP), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Biotechnologies and Environmental Analytics Platform (BEAP), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Pavel Saska
- Functional Diversity Group, Department of Plant Protection, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
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18
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Martin RE, Postiglione AE, Muday GK. Reactive oxygen species function as signaling molecules in controlling plant development and hormonal responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102293. [PMID: 36099672 PMCID: PMC10475289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as second messengers in plant signaling pathways to remodel plant growth and development. New insights into how enzymatic ROS-producing machinery is regulated by hormones or localized during development have provided a framework for understanding the mechanisms that control ROS accumulation patterns. Signaling-mediated increases in ROS can then modulate the activity of proteins through reversible oxidative modification of specific cysteine residues. Plants also control the synthesis of antioxidants, including plant-specialized metabolites, to further define when, where, and how much ROS accumulate. The availability of sophisticated imaging capabilities, combined with a growing tool kit of ROS detection technologies, particularly genetically encoded biosensors, sets the stage for improved understanding of ROS as signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Emily Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA; Department of Biology and the Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Anthony E Postiglione
- Department of Biology and the Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Gloria K Muday
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA; Department of Biology and the Center for Molecular Signaling, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA.
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19
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Alp FN, Arikan B, Ozfidan-Konakci C, Balci M, Yildiztugay E, Cavusoglu H. Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Alter the PSII Photochemistry, Photosystem-Related Gene Expressions, and Chloroplastic Antioxidant System in Zea mays under Copper Toxicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11154-11168. [PMID: 36048567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A critical approach against copper (Cu) toxicity is the use of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs). However, the effect of CNMs on Cu toxicity-exposed chloroplasts is not clear. The photosynthetic, genetic, and biochemical effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (50-100-250 mg L-1 CNT) were investigated under Cu stress (50-100 μM CuSO4) in Zea mays chloroplasts. Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo were suppressed under stress. Stress altered the antioxidant system and the expression of psaA, psaB, psbA, and psbD. The chloroplastic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) increased under CNT + stress, and those of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation decreased. CNTs were promoted to the maintenance of the redox state by regulating enzyme/non-enzyme activity/contents involved in the AsA-GSH cycle. Furthermore, CNTs inverted the negative effects of Cu by upregulating the transcriptions of photosystem-related genes. However, the high CNT concentration had adverse effects on the antioxidant capacity. CNT has great potential to confer tolerance by reducing Cu-induced damage and protecting the biochemical reactions of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Nur Alp
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Busra Arikan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Ozfidan-Konakci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram, 42090 Konya, Turkey
| | - Melike Balci
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Evren Yildiztugay
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130 Konya, Turkey
| | - Halit Cavusoglu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, 42130 Konya, Turkey
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20
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Bychkov IA, Andreeva AA, Kudryakova NV, Pojidaeva ES, Kusnetsov VV. The role of PAP4/FSD3 and PAP9/FSD2 in heat stress responses of chloroplast genes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 322:111359. [PMID: 35738478 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts' mechanisms of adaptation to elevated temperatures are largely determined by the gene expression of the plastid transcription apparatus. Gene disruption of iron-containing superoxide dismutase PAP4/FSD3 and PAP9/FSD2, which are parts of the DNA-RNA polymerase complex of plastids, contributed to a decrease in resistance to oxidative stress caused by the prolonged action of elevated temperatures (5 days, 30 °C). Under heat stress conditions, pap4/fsd3 and pap9/fsd2 mutants showed a decline in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis level, as measured by photosynthetic parameters, and a different amplitude of HSP gene response to heat stress. The expression of nuclear- and plastid-encoded photosynthesis genes and corresponding proteins was strongly inhibited in the mutants as compared with wild-type plants and was further suppressed or displayed no additional changes at 30 °C. NEP-dependent plastid genes, as well as NEP genes RPOTp and RPOTmp, were also downregulated in the mutants by high temperature or remained stable, unlike in wild-type seedlings where these genes were strongly upregulated. The results obtained correspond to the concept of the complex effect of various forms of reactive oxygen species under all types of stresses, including heat stress, and confirm the hypothesis of a new regulatory function in plastid transcription acquired by enzymatic proteins during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Bychkov
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Andreeva
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Natalia V Kudryakova
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow 127276, Russia.
| | - Elena S Pojidaeva
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Victor V Kusnetsov
- К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow 127276, Russia
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21
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Song KE, Park CY, Hong SH, Chung JI, Kim MC, Shim SI. Beneficial effects of gamma-irradiation of quinoa seeds on germination and growth. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:465-477. [PMID: 35833987 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa is one of the crops well-adapted to high altitude regions that can grow relatively well under drought, humid, and high UV radiation conditions. This study was performed to investigate the effects of gamma-radiation on quinoa. Seeds were treated with various doses of 50 Gy, 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 Gy, 600 Gy, 800 Gy, and 1000 Gy. We investigated germination, as well as plant height, chlorophyll content, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at 0, 30, 44, 58, and 88 days after transplanting (DAT) and panicle weight at 88 DAT. The plants grown from the seeds treated at radiation doses greater than 200 Gy showed reduced values in most growth and physiological characteristics. The germination rate and germination speed were higher in the 50 Gy-treated seeds than in 0 Gy-treated (control) seeds. Plant height and panicle weight were highest in the plants from 50 Gy-treated seeds. Chlorophyll content was higher in all treated samples than in the controls. NDVI value showed the highest value in 0 Gy controls and plants treated with 50 Gy. The antioxidant activity was also higher in the plants from the seeds treated with 50 Gy and 100 Gy, showing a steady increase as the radiation dose increased even at 200 Gy. The plants from seeds treated with 0 Gy showed higher expression of proteins related to photorespiration and tubulin chains. The plants from seeds treated with 50 Gy induced more stress-responsive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Eun Song
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Applied Science (Brain Korea 21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Chan Young Park
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Applied Science (Brain Korea 21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Hong
- Department of Plant Life Science, Hankyong National University, Ansung, 17579, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Chung
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Min Chul Kim
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Applied Science (Brain Korea 21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Sang-In Shim
- Department of Agronomy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.
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22
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Huo C, He L, Yu T, Ji X, Li R, Zhu S, Zhang F, Xie H, Liu W. The Superoxide Dismutase Gene Family in Nicotiana tabacum: Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, Expression Profiling and Functional Analysis in Response to Heavy Metal Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:904105. [PMID: 35599861 PMCID: PMC9121019 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.904105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) play an important role in protecting plants against ROS toxicity induced by biotic and abiotic stress. Recent studies have shown that the SOD gene family is involved in plant growth and development; however, knowledge of the SOD gene family in tobacco is still limited. In the present study, the SOD gene family was systematically characterized in the tobacco genome. Based on the conserved motif and phylogenetic tree, 15 NtSOD genes were identified and classified into three subgroups, including 5 NtCSDs, 7 NtFSDs and 3 NtMSDs. The predicted results of the transport peptide or signal peptide were consistent with their subcellular localization. Most NtSOD genes showed relatively well-maintained exon-intron and motif structures in the same subgroup. An analysis of cis-acting elements in SOD gene promoters showed that NtSOD expression was regulated by plant hormones, defense and stress responses, and light. In addition, multiple transcription factors and miRNAs are predicted to be involved in the regulation of NtSOD gene expression. The qPCR results indicated specific spatial and temporal expression patterns of the NtSOD gene family in different tissues and developmental stages, and this gene family played an important role in protecting against heavy metal stress. The results of functional complementation tests in the yeast mutant suggested that NtCSD1a, NtFSD1e and NtMSD1b scavenge ROS produced by heavy metal stress. This study represents the first genome-wide analysis of the NtSOD gene family, which lays a foundation for a better understanding of the function of the NtSOD gene family and improving the tolerance of plants to heavy metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsong Huo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Linshen He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Ji
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Xie
- Tobacco Breeding and Biotechnology Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microorganism, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
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23
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Melicher P, Dvořák P, Krasylenko Y, Shapiguzov A, Kangasjärvi J, Šamaj J, Takáč T. Arabidopsis Iron Superoxide Dismutase FSD1 Protects Against Methyl Viologen-Induced Oxidative Stress in a Copper-Dependent Manner. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823561. [PMID: 35360337 PMCID: PMC8963501 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron superoxide dismutase 1 (FSD1) was recently characterized as a plastidial, cytoplasmic, and nuclear enzyme with osmoprotective and antioxidant functions. However, the current knowledge on its role in oxidative stress tolerance is ambiguous. Here, we characterized the role of FSD1 in response to methyl viologen (MV)-induced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. In accordance with the known regulation of FSD1 expression, abundance, and activity, the findings demonstrated that the antioxidant function of FSD1 depends on the availability of Cu2+ in growth media. Arabidopsis fsd1 mutants showed lower capacity to decompose superoxide at low Cu2+ concentrations in the medium. Prolonged exposure to MV led to reduced ascorbate levels and higher protein carbonylation in fsd1 mutants and transgenic plants lacking a plastid FSD1 pool as compared to the wild type. MV induced a rapid increase in FSD1 activity, followed by a decrease after 4 h long exposure. Genetic disruption of FSD1 negatively affected the hydrogen peroxide-decomposing ascorbate peroxidase in fsd1 mutants. Chloroplastic localization of FSD1 is crucial to maintain redox homeostasis. Proteomic analysis showed that the sensitivity of fsd1 mutants to MV coincided with decreased abundances of ferredoxin and photosystem II light-harvesting complex proteins. These mutants have higher levels of chloroplastic proteases indicating an altered protein turnover in chloroplasts. Moreover, FSD1 disruption affects the abundance of proteins involved in the defense response. Collectively, the study provides evidence for the conditional antioxidative function of FSD1 and its possible role in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Melicher
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Dvořák
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Yuliya Krasylenko
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Alexey Shapiguzov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Piikkiö, Finland
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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24
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Saja-Garbarz D, Libik-Konieczny M, Fellner M, Jurczyk B, Janowiak F. Silicon-induced alterations in the expression of aquaporins and antioxidant system activity in well-watered and drought-stressed oilseed rape. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 174:73-86. [PMID: 35151109 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Progressing climate change necessitates the search for solutions of plant protection against the effects of water deficit. One of these solutions could be silicon supplementation. The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that silicon changes aquaporin expression and antioxidant system activity in a direction which may alleviate the effects of drought stress in oilseed rape. The accumulation of BnPIP1, BnPIP2-1-7 and BnTIP1;1 aquaporins and the expression of their genes, the level of catalase, superoxide dismutase activities and hydrogen peroxide content as well as total non-enzymatic antioxidant activity were analyzed in leaf tissue from control and silicon-treated oilseed rape plants growing under well-watered and drought conditions. Silicon was applied in two forms - pure silicon and a silicon complex. It was shown that under drought conditions, both pure silicon and the silicon complex (with Fe) significantly increased the accumulation of aquaporins and improved the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant system, while under well-watered conditions, these effects were observed only in the case of the silicon complex. The presented study proves that silicon supplementation in oilseed rape improves the regulation of water management and contributes to the protection against oxidative stress caused by drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Saja-Garbarz
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marta Libik-Konieczny
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Martin Fellner
- Group of Molecular Physiology, Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacky University in Olomouc & Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc-Holice, 783 71, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbara Jurczyk
- Department of Physiology, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, University of Agriculture, Podłużna 3, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Franciszek Janowiak
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
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25
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Rehman S, Rashid A, Manzoor MA, Li L, Sun W, Riaz MW, Li D, Zhuge Q. Genome-Wide Evolution and Comparative Analysis of Superoxide Dismutase Gene Family in Cucurbitaceae and Expression Analysis of Lagenaria siceraria Under Multiple Abiotic Stresses. Front Genet 2022; 12:784878. [PMID: 35211150 PMCID: PMC8861505 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.784878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important enzyme that serves as the first line of defense in the plant antioxidant system and removes reactive oxygen species (ROS) under adverse conditions. The SOD protein family is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and plays a significant role in plant growth and development. However, the comprehensive analysis of the SOD gene family has not been conducted in Cucurbitaceae. Subsequently, 43 SOD genes were identified from Cucurbitaceae species [Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucurbita pepo (zucchini), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Cucumis melo (melon)]. According to evolutionary analysis, SOD genes were divided into eight subfamilies (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII). The gene structure analysis exhibited that the SOD gene family had comparatively preserved exon/intron assembly and motif as well. Phylogenetic and structural analysis revealed the functional divergence of Cucurbitaceae SOD gene family. Furthermore, microRNAs 6 miRNAs were predicted targeting 3 LsiSOD genes. Gene ontology annotation outcomes confirm the role of LsiSODs under different stress stimuli, cellular oxidant detoxification processes, metal ion binding activities, SOD activity, and different cellular components. Promoter regions of the SOD family revealed that most cis-elements were involved in plant development, stress response, and plant hormones. Evaluation of the gene expression showed that most SOD genes were expressed in different tissues (root, flower, fruit, stem, and leaf). Finally, the expression profiles of eight LsiSOD genes analyzed by qRT-PCR suggested that these genetic reserves responded to drought, saline, heat, and cold stress. These findings laid the foundation for further study of the role of the SOD gene family in Cucurbitaceae. Also, they provided the potential for its use in the genetic improvement of Cucurbitaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsur Rehman
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Arif Rashid
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Lingling Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Waheed Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
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26
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Lin KY, Wu SY, Hsu YH, Lin NS. MiR398-regulated antioxidants contribute to Bamboo mosaic virus accumulation and symptom manifestation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:593-607. [PMID: 34695209 PMCID: PMC9040666 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Virus infections that cause mosaic or mottling in leaves commonly also induce increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, how ROS contributes to symptoms is less well documented. Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) causes chlorotic mosaic symptoms in both Brachypodium distachyon and Nicotiana benthamiana. The BaMV △CPN35 mutant with an N-terminal deletion of its coat protein gene exhibits asymptomatic infection independently of virus titer. Histochemical staining of ROS in mock-, BaMV-, and BaMV△CPN35-infected leaves revealed that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulated solely in BaMV-induced chlorotic spots. Moreover, exogenous H2O2 treatment enhanced yellowish chlorosis in BaMV-infected leaves. Both BaMV and BaMV△CPN35 infection could induce the expression of Cu/Zu superoxide dismutase (CSD) antioxidants at messenger RNA and protein level. However, BaMV triggered the abundant accumulation of full-length NbCSD2 preprotein (prNbCSD2, without transit peptide cleavage), whereas BaMV△CPN35 induced a truncated prNbCSD2. Confocal microscopy showed that majority of NbCSD2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) predominantly localized in the cytosol upon BaMV infection, but BaMV△CPN35 infection tended to cause NbCSD2-GFP to remain in chloroplasts. By 5'-RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we validated CSDs are the targets of miR398 in vivo. Furthermore, BaMV infection increased the level of miR398, while the level of BaMV titer was regulated positively by miR398 but negatively by CSD2. In contrast, overexpression of cytosolic form NbCSD2, impairing the transport into chloroplasts, greatly enhanced BaMV accumulation. Taken together, our results indicate that induction of miR398 by BaMV infection may facilitate viral titer accumulation, and cytosolic prNbCSD2 induction may contribute to H2O2 accumulation, resulting in the development of BaMV chlorotic symptoms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yao Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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27
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Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidant Responses and Implications from a Microbial Modulation Perspective. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020155. [PMID: 35205022 PMCID: PMC8869449 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Environmental conditions are subject to unprecedented changes due to recent progressive anthropogenic activities on our planet. Plants, as the frontline of food security, are susceptible to these changes, resulting in the generation of unavoidable byproducts of metabolism (ROS), which eventually affect their productivity. The response of plants to these unfavorable conditions is highly intricate and depends on several factors, among them are the species/genotype tolerance level, intensity, and duration of stress factors. Defensive mechanisms in plant systems, by nature, are concerned primarily with generating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. In addition to this, plant-microbe interactions have been found to improve immune systems in plants suffering from drought and salinity stress. Abstract Plants are exposed to various environmental stresses in their lifespan that threaten their survival. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the byproducts of aerobic metabolism, are essential signalling molecules in regulating multiple plant developmental processes as well as in reinforcing plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stimuli. However, intensified environmental challenges such as salinity, drought, UV irradiation, and heavy metals usually interfere with natural ROS metabolism and homeostasis, thus aggravating ROS generation excessively and ultimately resulting in oxidative stress. Cellular damage is confined to the degradation of biomolecular structures, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, pigments, and DNA. The nature of the double-edged function of ROS as a secondary messenger or harmful oxidant has been attributed to the degree of existing balance between cellular ROS production and ROS removal machinery. The activities of enzyme-based antioxidants, catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR, E.C.1.6.5.4), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7); and non-enzyme based antioxidant molecules, ascorbate (AA), glutathione (GSH), carotenoids, α-tocopherol, prolines, flavonoids, and phenolics, are indeed parts of the defensive strategies developed by plants to scavenge excess ROS and to maintain cellular redox homeostasis during oxidative stress. This review briefly summarises current knowledge on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant machinery in plants. Moreover, additional information about the beneficial impact of the microbiome on countering abiotic/biotic stresses in association with roots and plant tissues has also been provided.
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28
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Bhatt U, Sharma S, Kumar D, Soni V. Impact of streetlights on physiology, biochemistry and diversity of urban bryophyte: a case study on moss Semibarbula orientalis. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The use of artificial light at night is a very basic symbol of urbanization and has distorted many ecological, biochemical and physiological phenomena in plants, which have settled for millions of years in the biological system. Continuous illumination of light significantly alters the circadian rhythm of all organisms. The present study was focused to understand the effects of continuous light (CL) on the biochemistry and physiology of moss Semibarbula orientalis. It was observed that H2O2 accumulation and activities of chlorophyllase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes significantly enhanced in plants growing under streetlights. Similarly, plants under CL showed a marked reduction in photosynthetic performance. Specific fluxes (ABS/RC, TR/RC, ET/RC), phenomenological fluxes (ABS/CS, TR/CS, ET/CS), density of photosystem-II, quantum yield of photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentration markedly declined in plants growing under streetlights. Depletion in performance indices (PIcs and PIabs) and primary and secondary photochemistry [PHIO/(1 − PHIO) and PSIO/(1 − PSIO)] were also noticed, which indicated failure of adaptive strategies of photosystem-II, resulting in the loss of biomass of S. orientalis. Biomass decline is also shown by a decrease in coverage, which reduces the bryophyte species richness of the chosen locations. Present studies clearly indicate that artificial light at night drastically affects the moss population. The reduction in the dominating species, S. orientalis, improves species evenness and results in a slow growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upma Bhatt
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University , Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shubhangani Sharma
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University , Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University , Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vineet Soni
- Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University , Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
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29
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Mydy LS, Chigumba DN, Kersten RD. Plant Copper Metalloenzymes As Prospects for New Metabolism Involving Aromatic Compounds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692108. [PMID: 34925392 PMCID: PMC8672867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an important transition metal cofactor in plant metabolism, which enables diverse biocatalysis in aerobic environments. Multiple classes of plant metalloenzymes evolved and underwent genetic expansions during the evolution of terrestrial plants and, to date, several representatives of these copper enzyme classes have characterized mechanisms. In this review, we give an updated overview of chemistry, structure, mechanism, function and phylogenetic distribution of plant copper metalloenzymes with an emphasis on biosynthesis of aromatic compounds such as phenylpropanoids (lignin, lignan, flavonoids) and cyclic peptides with macrocyclizations via aromatic amino acids. We also review a recent addition to plant copper enzymology in a copper-dependent peptide cyclase called the BURP domain. Given growing plant genetic resources, a large pool of copper biocatalysts remains to be characterized from plants as plant genomes contain on average more than 70 copper enzyme genes. A major challenge in characterization of copper biocatalysts from plant genomes is the identification of endogenous substrates and catalyzed reactions. We highlight some recent and future trends in filling these knowledge gaps in plant metabolism and the potential for genomic discovery of copper-based enzymology from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roland D. Kersten
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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30
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Lozano-González JM, Valverde C, Hernández CD, Martin-Esquinas A, Hernández-Apaolaza L. Beneficial Effect of Root or Foliar Silicon Applied to Cucumber Plants under Different Zinc Nutritional Statuses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2602. [PMID: 34961073 PMCID: PMC8703335 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient involved in a large variety of physiological processes, and its deficiency causes mainly growth and development disturbances, as well as oxidative stress, which results in the overproduction and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A possible environmentally friendly solution is the application of silicon (Si), an element that has shown beneficial effects under abiotic and biotic stresses on many crops. Si could be applied through the roots or leaves. The aim of this work is to study the effect of Si applied to the root or shoot in cucumber plants under different Zn statuses (sufficiency, deficiency, and re-fertilization). Cucumber plants were grown in hydroponics, with 1.5 mM Si applied at the nutrient solution or sprayed on the leaves. During the different Zn statuses, SPAD index, fresh weight, ROS, and Si, Zn, P, Cu and B mineral concentration were determined. The results suggested that Si application had no effect during sufficiency and deficiency periods, however, during re-fertilization foliar application of Si, it showed faster improvement in SPAD index, better increment of fresh weight, and a decrease in ROS quantity, probably due to a memory effect promoted by Si previous application during the growing period. In summary, Si application to cucumber plants could be used to prepare plants to cope with a future stress situation, such as Zn deficiency, due to its prompt recovery after overcoming the stress period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lourdes Hernández-Apaolaza
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.L.-G.); (C.V.); (C.D.H.); (A.M.-E.)
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31
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Liu J, Xu L, Shang J, Hu X, Yu H, Wu H, Lv W, Zhao Y. Genome-wide analysis of the maize superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene family reveals important roles in drought and salt responses. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20210035. [PMID: 34606562 PMCID: PMC8493800 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase proteins (SODs) are antioxidant enzymes with important roles in abiotic stress responses. The SOD gene family has been systematically analyzed in many plants; however, it is still poorly understood in maize. Here, a bioinformatics analysis of maize SOD gene family was conducted by describing gene structure, conserved motifs, phylogenetic relationships, gene duplications, promoter cis-elements and GO annotations. In total, 13 SOD genes were identified in maize and five members were involved in segmental duplication. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that SODs from maize and other plants comprised two groups, which could be further classified into different subgroups, with most members in the same subgroup having the same subcellular localization. The ZmSOD promoters contained 2-10 stress-responsive cis-elements with different distributions. Heatmap analysis indicated that ZmSODs were expressed in most of the detected tissues and organs. The expression patterns of ZmSODs were investigated under drought and salt treatments by qRT-PCR, and most members were responsive to drought or salt stress, especially some ZmSODs with significant expression changes were identified, such as ZmCSD2 and ZmMSD2, suggesting the important roles of ZmSODs in abiotic stress responses. Our results provide an important basis for further functional study of ZmSODs in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Life Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Hefei, China.,Anhui Agricultural University, Maize Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Life Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Hefei, China.,Anhui Agricultural University, Maize Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Shang
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Life Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Hefei, China.,Anhui Agricultural University, Maize Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Life Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Hefei, China.,Anhui Agricultural University, Maize Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Life Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Hefei, China.,Anhui Agricultural University, Maize Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hongying Wu
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Life Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Hefei, China.,Anhui Agricultural University, Maize Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Wenben Lv
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Life Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Life Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Hefei, China.,Anhui Agricultural University, Maize Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Hefei, China
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32
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Iqbal Qureshi AM, Sofi MU, Dar NA, Khan MH, Mahdi SS, Dar ZA, Bangroo S, El-Serehy HA, Hefft DI, Popescu SM. Insilco identification and characterization of superoxide dismutase gene family in Brassica rapa. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5526-5537. [PMID: 34588862 PMCID: PMC8459115 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide Dismutase SODs are defense associated proteins that detoxify ROS and primarily serve as scavengers. They have been described in numerous plant species, but their in-depth characterization in Brassica rapa has not been reported. Therefore, the present investigation on genome wide study of SOD gene family was conducted to identify BrSOD genes, their domain-based organization, gene structure analysis, phylogenetic analysis, intron-exon structure of genes and expression analysis. The sequence characterization of Super oxide dismutase gene family in Brassica rapa, their syntenic associateship of conserved motifs and phylogenetic correlationship, prediction of cis-elements and determing the expression analysis in distinct tissues namely plant callus, root, stem, leaf, flower, and silique under abiotic conditions have been analysed using different software’s. The study on SOD gene family identified 17 BrSOD genes which were grouped into eight BrCu-ZnSODs and nine BrFe-MnSODs domain-based organization. Furthermore, the conserved character of BrSODs were confirmed by intron-exon organisation, motif arrangements and domain architectural investigations. Expression analysis using RNA Sequence data of different developmental stages proclaimed that genes were manifested in all six tissues with an exception of BrCu-ZnSOD3, which was not manifested in roots; however, whose transcript was detected in all other tested tissues. The study has genome wide insight into the occurrence and functional specifications of BrSOD gene family in Brassica rapa that can be potentially utilized in breeding program for resilience to climate change and abiotic stresses tolerance Brassica variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif M Iqbal Qureshi
- ARSSSS, Pampore, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Shalimar Kashmir, India
| | - Mehraj Uddin Sofi
- HMAARI, Leh, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Shalimar Kashmir, India
| | - N A Dar
- ARSSSS, Pampore, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Shalimar Kashmir, India
| | - M H Khan
- ARSSSS, Pampore, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Shalimar Kashmir, India
| | - S S Mahdi
- Division of Agronomy, FoA Wadura, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Shalimar Kashmir, India
| | - Zahoor A Dar
- DARS, Rangreth, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Shalimar Kashmir, India
| | - Shabir Bangroo
- Division of Soil Sciences, FoH, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Shalimar Kashmir, India
| | - Hamed A El-Serehy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyad, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Ingo Hefft
- University Centre Reaseheath, Reaseheath College, Nantwich CW5 6DF, UK
| | - Simona Mariana Popescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, 200585, Romania
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Nitric Oxide Prevents Fe Deficiency-Induced Photosynthetic Disturbance, and Oxidative Stress in Alfalfa by Regulating Fe Acquisition and Antioxidant Defense. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101556. [PMID: 34679691 PMCID: PMC8533379 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency impairs photosynthetic efficiency, plant growth and biomass yield. This study aimed to reveal the role of nitric oxide (NO) in restoring Fe-homeostasis and oxidative status in Fe-deficient alfalfa. In alfalfa, a shortage of Fe negatively affected the efficiency of root andshoot length, leaf greenness, maximum quantum yield PSII (Fv/Fm), Fe, S, and Zn accumulation, as well as an increase in H2O2 accumulation. In contrast, in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, these negative effects of Fe deficiency were largely reversed. In response to the SNP, the expression of Fe transporters (IRT1, NRAMP1) and S transporter (SULTR1;2) genes increased in alfalfa. Additionally, the detection of NO generation using fluorescence microscope revealed that SNP treatment increased the level of NO signal, indicating that NO may act as regulatory signal in response to SNP in plants. Interestingly, the increase of antioxidant genes and their related enzymes (Fe-SOD, APX) in response to SNP treatment suggests that Fe-SOD and APX are key contributors to reducing ROS (H2O2) accumulation and oxidative stress in alfalfa. Furthermore, the elevation of Ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway-related genes (GR and MDAR) Fe-deficiency with SNP implies that the presence of NO relates to enhanced antioxidant defense against Fe-deficiency stress.
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Espina G, Atalah J, Blamey JM. Extremophilic Oxidoreductases for the Industry: Five Successful Examples With Promising Projections. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:710035. [PMID: 34458243 PMCID: PMC8387880 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.710035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In a global context where the development of more environmentally conscious technologies is an urgent need, the demand for enzymes for industrial processes is on the rise. Compared to conventional chemical catalysts, the implementation of biocatalysis presents important benefits including higher selectivity, increased sustainability, reduction in operating costs and low toxicity, which translate into cleaner production processes, lower environmental impact as well as increasing the safety of the operating staff. Most of the currently available commercial enzymes are of mesophilic origin, displaying optimal activity in narrow ranges of conditions, which limits their actual application under industrial settings. For this reason, enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms stand out for their specific characteristics, showing higher stability, activity and robustness than their mesophilic counterparts. Their unique structural adaptations allow them to resist denaturation at high temperatures and salinity, remain active at low temperatures, function at extremely acidic or alkaline pHs and high pressure, and participate in reactions in organic solvents and unconventional media. Because of the increased interest to replace chemical catalysts, the global enzymes market is continuously growing, with hydrolases being the most prominent type of enzymes, holding approximately two-third share, followed by oxidoreductases. The latter enzymes catalyze electron transfer reactions and are one of the most abundant classes of enzymes within cells. They hold a significant industrial potential, especially those from extremophiles, as their applications are multifold. In this article we aim to review the properties and potential applications of five different types of extremophilic oxidoreductases: laccases, hydrogenases, glutamate dehydrogenases (GDHs), catalases and superoxide dismutases (SODs). This selection is based on the extensive experience of our research group working with these particular enzymes, from the discovery up to the development of commercial products available for the research market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenny M. Blamey
- Fundación Biociencia, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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35
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Phua SY, De Smet B, Remacle C, Chan KX, Van Breusegem F. Reactive oxygen species and organellar signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5807-5824. [PMID: 34009340 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of photosynthesis and its associated metabolic pathways has been crucial to the successful establishment of plants, but has also challenged plant cells in the form of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intriguingly, multiple forms of ROS are generated in virtually every plant cell compartment through diverse pathways. As a result, a sophisticated network of ROS detoxification and signaling that is simultaneously tailored to individual organelles and safeguards the entire cell is necessary. Here we take an organelle-centric view on the principal sources and sinks of ROS across the plant cell and provide insights into the ROS-induced organelle to nucleus retrograde signaling pathways needed for operational readjustments during environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin Phua
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent,Belgium
| | - Barbara De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent,Belgium
| | - Claire Remacle
- Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, InBios/Phytosystems, Université de Liège, Liège,Belgium
| | - Kai Xun Chan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent,Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent,Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent,Belgium
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McCain JSP, Tagliabue A, Susko E, Achterberg EP, Allen AE, Bertrand EM. Cellular costs underpin micronutrient limitation in phytoplankton. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/32/eabg6501. [PMID: 34362734 PMCID: PMC8346223 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Micronutrients control phytoplankton growth in the ocean, influencing carbon export and fisheries. It is currently unclear how micronutrient scarcity affects cellular processes and how interdependence across micronutrients arises. We show that proximate causes of micronutrient growth limitation and interdependence are governed by cumulative cellular costs of acquiring and using micronutrients. Using a mechanistic proteomic allocation model of a polar diatom focused on iron and manganese, we demonstrate how cellular processes fundamentally underpin micronutrient limitation, and how they interact and compensate for each other to shape cellular elemental stoichiometry and resource interdependence. We coupled our model with metaproteomic and environmental data, yielding an approach for estimating biogeochemical metrics, including taxon-specific growth rates. Our results show that cumulative cellular costs govern how environmental conditions modify phytoplankton growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott P McCain
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Edward Susko
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Eric P Achterberg
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew E Allen
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erin M Bertrand
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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37
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Cejudo FJ, González MC, Pérez-Ruiz JM. Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:9-21. [PMID: 33793865 PMCID: PMC8154093 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of enzyme activity based on thiol-disulfide exchange is a regulatory mechanism in which the protein disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a central role. Plant chloroplasts are equipped with a complex set of up to 20 TRXs and TRX-like proteins, the activity of which is supported by reducing power provided by photosynthetically reduced ferredoxin (FDX) with the participation of a FDX-dependent TRX reductase (FTR). Therefore, the FDX-FTR-TRXs pathway allows the regulation of redox-sensitive chloroplast enzymes in response to light. In addition, chloroplasts contain an NADPH-dependent redox system, termed NTRC, which allows the use of NADPH in the redox network of these organelles. Genetic approaches using mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in combination with biochemical and physiological studies have shown that both redox systems, NTRC and FDX-FTR-TRXs, participate in fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity. Moreover, these studies revealed the participation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys PRX), a thiol-dependent peroxidase, in the control of the reducing activity of chloroplast TRXs as well as in the rapid oxidation of stromal enzymes upon darkness. In this review, we provide an update on recent findings regarding the redox regulatory network of plant chloroplasts, focusing on the functional relationship of 2-Cys PRXs with NTRC and the FDX-FTR-TRXs redox systems for fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity and darkness. Finally, we consider redox regulation as an additional layer of control of the signaling function of the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Author for communication:
| | - María-Cruz González
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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38
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Sheng H, Jiang Y, Rahmati M, Chia JC, Dokuchayeva T, Kavulych Y, Zavodna TO, Mendoza PN, Huang R, Smieshka LM, Miller J, Woll AR, Terek OI, Romanyuk ND, Piñeros M, Zhou Y, Vatamaniuk OK. YSL3-mediated copper distribution is required for fertility, seed size and protein accumulation in Brachypodium. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:655-676. [PMID: 33576792 PMCID: PMC8154065 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the looming global food security crisis requires the development of high-yielding crops. In agricultural soils, deficiency in the micronutrient copper significantly decreases grain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum), a globally important crop. In cereals, grain yield is determined by inflorescence architecture, flower fertility, grain size, and weight. Whether copper is involved in these processes, and how it is delivered to the reproductive organs is not well understood. We show that copper deficiency alters not only the grain set but also flower development in both wheat and its recognized model, Brachypodium distachyon. We then show that the Brachypodium yellow stripe-like 3 (YSL3) transporter localizes to the phloem, transports copper in frog (Xenopus laevis) oocytes, and facilitates copper delivery to reproductive organs and grains. Failure to deliver copper, but not iron, zinc, or manganese to these structures in the ysl3 CRISPR-Cas9 mutant results in delayed flowering, altered inflorescence architecture, reduced floret fertility, grain size, weight, and protein accumulation. These defects are rescued by copper supplementation and are complemented by YSL3 cDNA. This knowledge will help to devise sustainable approaches for improving grain yield in regions where soil quality is a major obstacle for crop production. Copper distribution by a phloem-localized transporter is essential for the transition to flowering, inflorescence architecture, floret fertility, size, weight, and protein accumulation in seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajin Sheng
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Maryam Rahmati
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ju-Chen Chia
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tatyana Dokuchayeva
- Cornell Nutrient Analysis Laboratory, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yana Kavulych
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Biology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Tetiana-Olena Zavodna
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Patrick N Mendoza
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Rong Huang
- Cornell University, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Louisa M Smieshka
- Cornell University, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Julia Miller
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Arthur R Woll
- Cornell University, Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Olga I Terek
- Department of Biology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Nataliya D Romanyuk
- Department of Biology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv 79005, Ukraine
| | - Miguel Piñeros
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Olena K Vatamaniuk
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Author for communication:
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Rajput VD, Harish, Singh RK, Verma KK, Sharma L, Quiroz-Figueroa FR, Meena M, Gour VS, Minkina T, Sushkova S, Mandzhieva S. Recent Developments in Enzymatic Antioxidant Defence Mechanism in Plants with Special Reference to Abiotic Stress. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:267. [PMID: 33810535 PMCID: PMC8066271 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The stationary life of plants has led to the evolution of a complex gridded antioxidant defence system constituting numerous enzymatic components, playing a crucial role in overcoming various stress conditions. Mainly, these plant enzymes are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferases (GST), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), which work as part of the antioxidant defence system. These enzymes together form a complex set of mechanisms to minimise, buffer, and scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiently. The present review is aimed at articulating the current understanding of each of these enzymatic components, with special attention on the role of each enzyme in response to the various environmental, especially abiotic stresses, their molecular characterisation, and reaction mechanisms. The role of the enzymatic defence system for plant health and development, their significance, and cross-talk mechanisms are discussed in detail. Additionally, the application of antioxidant enzymes in developing stress-tolerant transgenic plants are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (T.M.); (S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Harish
- Department of Botany, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India;
| | - Rupesh Kumar Singh
- Centro de Química de Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Krishan K. Verma
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement/Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Lav Sharma
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Francisco Roberto Quiroz-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Fitomejoramiento Molecular, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa (CIIDIR-IPN Unidad Sinaloa), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes no. 250, Col. San Joachín, C.P., 81101 Guasave, Mexico;
| | - Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India;
| | - Vinod Singh Gour
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, NH 11C, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur 303002, India;
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (T.M.); (S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (T.M.); (S.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Saglara Mandzhieva
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (T.M.); (S.S.); (S.M.)
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40
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Nowicka B, Trela-Makowej A, Latowski D, Strzalka K, Szymańska R. Antioxidant and Signaling Role of Plastid-Derived Isoprenoid Quinones and Chromanols. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2950. [PMID: 33799456 PMCID: PMC7999835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant prenyllipids, especially isoprenoid chromanols and quinols, are very efficient low-molecular-weight lipophilic antioxidants, protecting membranes and storage lipids from reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are byproducts of aerobic metabolism that can damage cell components, they are also known to play a role in signaling. Plants are particularly prone to oxidative damage because oxygenic photosynthesis results in O2 formation in their green tissues. In addition, the photosynthetic electron transfer chain is an important source of ROS. Therefore, chloroplasts are the main site of ROS generation in plant cells during the light reactions of photosynthesis, and plastidic antioxidants are crucial to prevent oxidative stress, which occurs when plants are exposed to various types of stress factors, both biotic and abiotic. The increase in antioxidant content during stress acclimation is a common phenomenon. In the present review, we describe the mechanisms of ROS (singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical) production in chloroplasts in general and during exposure to abiotic stress factors, such as high light, low temperature, drought and salinity. We highlight the dual role of their presence: negative (i.e., lipid peroxidation, pigment and protein oxidation) and positive (i.e., contribution in redox-based physiological processes). Then we provide a summary of current knowledge concerning plastidic prenyllipid antioxidants belonging to isoprenoid chromanols and quinols, as well as their structure, occurrence, biosynthesis and function both in ROS detoxification and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (B.N.); (D.L.); (K.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Trela-Makowej
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Latowski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (B.N.); (D.L.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (B.N.); (D.L.); (K.S.)
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
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Jin LF, Yarra R, Yin XX, Liu YZ, Cao HX. Identification and function prediction of iron-deficiency-responsive microRNAs in citrus leaves. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:121. [PMID: 33628708 PMCID: PMC7873142 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a critical micronutrient for growth and development of plants and its deficiency limiting the crop productivity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play vital roles in adaptation of plants to various nutrient deficiencies. However, the role of miRNAs and their target genes related to Fe-deficiency is limited. In this study, we identified Fe-deficiency-responsive miRNAs from citrus. In Fe-deficiency conditions, about 50 and 31 miRNAs were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. The differently expressed miRNAs might play critical roles in contributing the Fe-deficiency tolerance in citrus plants. The miRNAs-mediated Fe-deficiency tolerance in citrus plants might related to the enhanced stress tolerance by decreased expression of miR172; regulation of S homeostasis by decreased expression of miR395; inhibition of plant growth by increased expression of miR319 and miR477; regulation of Cu homeostasis as well as activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity due to decreased expression of miR398 and miR408 and regulation of lignin accumulation by decreased expression of miR397 and miR408. The identified miRNAs in present study laid a foundation to understand the Fe-deficiency adaptive mechanisms in citrus plants. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02669-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Fei Jin
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, 571339 Hainan China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rajesh Yarra
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, 571339 Hainan China
| | - Xin-Xing Yin
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, 571339 Hainan China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xing Cao
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, 571339 Hainan China
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Völz R, Park JY, Harris W, Hwang S, Lee YH. Lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine primes the plant immune system and promotes basal resistance against hemibiotrophic pathogens. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:12. [PMID: 33536000 PMCID: PMC7856808 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) is a natural phospholipid that functions in the early stages of plant senescence. Plant innate immunity and early leaf senescence share molecular components. To reveal conserved mechanisms that link-up both processes, we tried to unravel to what extent LPE coordinates defense response and by what mode of action. Result We found that LPE-treatment induces signaling and biosynthesis gene expression of the defensive hormone salicylic acid (SA). However, jasmonic acid and ethylene triggered gene induction levels are indistinguishable from the control. In accordance with gene induction for SA, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, we detected raised in-situ hydrogen peroxide levels following LPE-application. Yet, ROS-burst assays of LPE-pretreated plants revealed a reduced release of ROS after PAMP-administration suggesting that LPE interferes with an oxidative burst. Our data refer to a priming effect of LPE on SA/ROS-associated genomic loci that encode pivotal factors in early senescence and considerably improve plant basal immunity. Thus, we challenged Arabidopsis thaliana with the hemibiotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Consistently, we found an increased resistance in the LPE-pretreated Arabidopsis plants compared to the mock-pretreated control. Conclusions Our results underscore a beneficial effect of LPE on plant innate immunity against hemibiotrophs. Given the resistance-promoting effect of exogenously applied LPE, this bio-agent bears the potential of being applied as a valuable tool for the genetic activation of defense-associated traits. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-020-00661-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Völz
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - William Harris
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Dvořák P, Krasylenko Y, Zeiner A, Šamaj J, Takáč T. Signaling Toward Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging Enzymes in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:618835. [PMID: 33597960 PMCID: PMC7882706 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.618835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules essential for plant responses to abiotic and biotic stimuli as well as for multiple developmental processes. They are produced as byproducts of aerobic metabolism and are affected by adverse environmental conditions. The ROS content is controlled on the side of their production but also by scavenging machinery. Antioxidant enzymes represent a major ROS-scavenging force and are crucial for stress tolerance in plants. Enzymatic antioxidant defense occurs as a series of redox reactions for ROS elimination. Therefore, the deregulation of the antioxidant machinery may lead to the overaccumulation of ROS in plants, with negative consequences both in terms of plant development and resistance to environmental challenges. The transcriptional activation of antioxidant enzymes accompanies the long-term exposure of plants to unfavorable environmental conditions. Fast ROS production requires the immediate mobilization of the antioxidant defense system, which may occur via retrograde signaling, redox-based modifications, and the phosphorylation of ROS detoxifying enzymes. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on signaling processes regulating the enzymatic antioxidant capacity of plants.
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Favier A, Gans P, Boeri Erba E, Signor L, Muthukumar SS, Pfannschmidt T, Blanvillain R, Cobessi D. The Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase-Associated Protein PAP9 Is a Superoxide Dismutase With Unusual Structural Features. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668897. [PMID: 34276730 PMCID: PMC8278866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In Angiosperms, the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) is a multimeric enzyme, essential for the proper expression of the plastid genome during chloroplast biogenesis. It is especially required for the light initiated expression of photosynthesis genes and the subsequent build-up of the photosynthetic apparatus. The PEP complex is composed of a prokaryotic-type core of four plastid-encoded subunits and 12 nuclear-encoded PEP-associated proteins (PAPs). Among them, there are two iron superoxide dismutases, FSD2/PAP9 and FSD3/PAP4. Superoxide dismutases usually are soluble enzymes not bound into larger protein complexes. To investigate this unusual feature, we characterized PAP9 using molecular genetics, fluorescence microscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and solution-state NMR. Despite the presence of a predicted nuclear localization signal within the sequence of the predicted chloroplast transit peptide, PAP9 was mainly observed within plastids. Mass spectrometry experiments with the recombinant Arabidopsis PAP9 suggested that monomers and dimers of PAP9 could be associated to the PEP complex. In crystals, PAP9 occurred as a dimeric enzyme that displayed a similar fold to that of the FeSODs or manganese SOD (MnSODs). A zinc ion, instead of the expected iron, was found to be penta-coordinated with a trigonal-bipyramidal geometry in the catalytic center of the recombinant protein. The metal coordination involves a water molecule and highly conserved residues in FeSODs. Solution-state NMR and DOSY experiments revealed an unfolded C-terminal 34 amino-acid stretch in the stand-alone protein and few internal residues interacting with the rest of the protein. We hypothesize that this C-terminal extension had appeared during evolution as a distinct feature of the FSD2/PAP9 targeting it to the PEP complex. Close vicinity to the transcriptional apparatus may allow for the protection against the strongly oxidizing aerial environment during plant conquering of terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Favier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Gans
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Luca Signor
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Robert Blanvillain
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, IRIG-LPCV, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Robert Blanvillain,
| | - David Cobessi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- David Cobessi,
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Dvořák P, Krasylenko Y, Ovečka M, Basheer J, Zapletalová V, Šamaj J, Takáč T. In vivo light-sheet microscopy resolves localisation patterns of FSD1, a superoxide dismutase with function in root development and osmoprotection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:68-87. [PMID: 32974958 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are enzymes detoxifying superoxide to hydrogen peroxide while temporal developmental expression and subcellular localisation are linked to their functions. Therefore, we aimed here to reveal in vivo developmental expression, subcellular, tissue- and organ-specific localisation of iron superoxide dismutase 1 (FSD1) in Arabidopsis using light-sheet and Airyscan confocal microscopy. FSD1-GFP temporarily accumulated at the site of endosperm rupture during seed germination. In emerged roots, it showed the highest abundance in cells of the lateral root cap, columella, and endodermis/cortex initials. The largest subcellular pool of FSD1-GFP was localised in the plastid stroma, while it was also located in the nuclei and cytosol. The majority of the nuclear FSD1-GFP is immobile as revealed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. We found that fsd1 knockout mutants exhibit reduced lateral root number and this phenotype was reverted by genetic complementation. Mutant analysis also revealed a requirement for FSD1 in seed germination during salt stress. Salt stress tolerance was coupled with the accumulation of FSD1-GFP in Hechtian strands and superoxide removal. It is likely that the plastidic pool is required for acquiring oxidative stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. This study suggests new developmental and osmoprotective functions of SODs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yuliya Krasylenko
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jasim Basheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Zapletalová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Zhu Y, Wang H, Lv X, Zhang Y, Wang W. Effects of biochar and biofertilizer on cadmium-contaminated cotton growth and the antioxidative defense system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20112. [PMID: 33208871 PMCID: PMC7674410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent use of large amounts of fertilizers, pesticides, and mulch can cause the accumulation of harmful substances in cotton plants. Among these harmful substances, cadmium (Cd), an undegradable element, stands out as being particularly highly toxic to plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of biochar (3%) and biofertilizer (1.5%) to decrease Cd uptake, increase cotton dry weight, and modulate the activities of photosynthetic and peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzyme (CAT) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown in Cd-contaminated soil (0, 1, 2, or 4 mg Cd kg-1 soil) in pots. These studies showed that, as expected, exogenous Cd adversely affects cotton chlorophyll and photosynthesis. However, biochar and biofertilizer increased cotton dry weight by an average of 16.82% and 32.62%, respectively. Meanwhile, biochar and biofertilizer decreased the accumulation of Cd in cotton organs, and there was a significant reduction in the amount of Cd in bolls (P < 0.05). Biochar and biofertilizer have a positive impact on cotton chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and intercellular CO2 concentration. Thus, the addition of biochar and biofertilizer promote cotton growth. However, biochar and biofertilizer increased the SOD activity of leaves (47.70% and 77.21%), CAT activity of leaves (35.40% and 72.82%), SOD activity of roots (33.62% and 39.37%), and CAT activity of roots (36.91% and 60.29%), respectively, and the addition of biochar and biofertilizer decreased the content of MDA and electrolyte leakage rate. Redundancy analyses showed that biochar and biofertilizer also improved SOD and POD activities by reducing the heavy metal-induced oxidative stress in cotton and reducing Cd uptake in cotton organs. Therefore, biochar and biofertilizer have a positive effect on the growth of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Zhu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijiang Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Lv
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yutong Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiju Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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Insights into the Superoxide Dismutase Gene Family and Its Roles in Dendrobium catenatum under Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111452. [PMID: 33126442 PMCID: PMC7693223 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium catenatum is a member of epiphytic orchids with extensive range of pharmacological properties and ornamental values. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a key member of antioxidant system, plays a vital role in protecting plants against oxidative damage caused by various biotic and abiotic stresses. So far, little is known about the SOD gene family in D. catenatum. In this study, eight SOD genes, including four Cu/ZnSODs, three FeSODs and one MnSOD, were identified in D. catenatum genome. Phylogenetic analyses of SOD proteins in D. catenatum and several other species revealed that these SOD proteins can be assigned to three subfamilies based on their metal co-factors. Moreover, the similarities in conserved motifs and gene structures in the same subfamily corroborated their classification and inferred evolutionary relationships. There were many hormone and stress response elements in DcaSODs, of which light responsiveness elements was the largest group. All DcaSODs displayed tissue-specific expression patterns and exhibited abundant expression levels in flower and leaf. According to public RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis showed that the almost DcaSODs, except for DcaFSD2, were highly expressed under cold and drought treatments. Under heat, light, and salt stresses, DcaCSD1, DcaCSD2, DcaCSD3 were always significantly up-regulated, which may play a vital role in coping with various stresses. The expression levels of DcaFSD1 and DcaFSD2 were promoted by high light, suggesting their important roles in light response. These findings provided valuable information for further research on DcaSODs in D. catenatum.
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Zheng P, Chen L, Zhong S, Wei X, Zhao Q, Pan Q, Kang Z, Liu J. A Cu-only superoxide dismutase from stripe rust fungi functions as a virulence factor deployed for counter defense against host-derived oxidative stress. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5309-5326. [PMID: 32985748 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants quickly accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to resist against pathogen invasion, while pathogens strive to escape host immune surveillance by degrading ROS. However, the nature of the strategies that fungal pathogens adopt to counteract host-derived oxidative stress is manifold and requires deep investigation. In this study, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) PsSOD2 with a signal peptide (SP) and the glycophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor, strongly induced during infection, was analysed for its biological characteristics and potential role in wheat-Pst interactions. The results showed that PsSOD2 encodes a Cu-only SOD and responded to ROS treatment. Heterologous complementation assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggest that the SP of PsSOD2 is functional for its secretion. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves revealed that PsSOD2 is localized to the plasma membrane. In addition, knockdown of PsSOD2 by host-induced gene silencing reduced Pst virulence and resulted in restricted hyphal development and increased ROS accumulation. In contrast, heterologous transient assays of PsSOD2 suppressed flg22-elicited ROS production. Taken together, our data indicate that PsSOD2, as a virulence factor, was induced and localized to the plasma membrane where it may function to scavenge host-derived ROS for promoting fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Suye Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qinglin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,College of Plant Scicence, Tarim University, Alaer, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Tiwari JK, Buckseth T, Devi S, Varshney S, Sahu S, Patil VU, Zinta R, Ali N, Moudgil V, Singh RK, Rawat S, Dua VK, Kumar D, Kumar M, Chakrabarti SK, Rao AR, Rai A. Physiological and genome-wide RNA-sequencing analyses identify candidate genes in a nitrogen-use efficient potato cv. Kufri Gaurav. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:171-183. [PMID: 32563041 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for plant growth. However, its excess application leads to environmental damage. Hence, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of plant is one of the plausible options to solve the problems. Aim of this study was to identify candidate genes involved in enhancing NUE in potato cv. Kufri Gaurav (N efficient). Plants were grown in aeroponic with two contrasting N regimes (low N: 0.75 mM, and high N: 7.5 mM). Higher NUE in Kufri Gaurav was observed in low N based on the parameters like NUE, NUpE (N uptake efficiency), NUtE (N utilization efficiency) and AgNUE (agronomic NUE). Further, global gene expression profiles in root, leaf and stolon tissues were analyzed by RNA-sequencing using Ion Proton™ System. Quality data (≥Q20) of 2.04-2.73 Gb per sample were mapped with the potato genome. Statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified such as 176 (up-regulated) and 30 (down-regulated) in leaves, 39 (up-regulated) and 105 (down-regulated) in roots, and 81 (up-regulated) and 694 (down-regulated) in stolons. The gene ontology (GO) terms like metabolic process, cellular process and catalytic activity were predominant. Our RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the gene expression profiles of RNA-seq. Overall, we identified candidate genes associated with improving NUE such as superoxide dismutase, GDSL esterase lipase, probable phosphatase 2C, high affinity nitrate transporters, sugar transporter, proline rich proteins, transcription factors (VQ motif, SPX domain, bHLH) etc. Our findings suggest that these candidate genes probably play crucial roles in enhancing NUE in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagesh Kumar Tiwari
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Tanuja Buckseth
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sapna Devi
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shivangi Varshney
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sarika Sahu
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Virupaksh U Patil
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rasna Zinta
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nilofer Ali
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vaishali Moudgil
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shashi Rawat
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay K Dua
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar
- CAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Regional Station, Modipuram, Meerut, 250110, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, 171001, Himachal Pradesh, India; CAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Regional Station, Modipuram, Meerut, 250110, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Atmakuri R Rao
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Anil Rai
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Schmidt SB, Eisenhut M, Schneider A. Chloroplast Transition Metal Regulation for Efficient Photosynthesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:817-828. [PMID: 32673582 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants require sunlight, water, CO2, and essential nutrients to drive photosynthesis and fulfill their life cycle. The photosynthetic apparatus resides in chloroplasts and fundamentally relies on transition metals as catalysts and cofactors. Accordingly, chloroplasts are particularly rich in iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu). Owing to their redox properties, those metals need to be carefully balanced within the cell. However, the regulation of transition metal homeostasis in chloroplasts is poorly understood. With the availability of the arabidopsis genome information and membrane protein databases, a wider catalogue for searching chloroplast metal transporters has considerably advanced the study of transition metal regulation. This review provides an updated overview of the chloroplast transition metal requirements and the transporters involved for efficient photosynthesis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel Birkelund Schmidt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Anja Schneider
- Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (Botanik), Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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