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Waigi EW, Webb RC, Moss MA, Uline MJ, McCarthy CG, Wenceslau CF. Soluble and insoluble protein aggregates, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. GeroScience 2023; 45:1411-1438. [PMID: 36823398 PMCID: PMC10400528 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia refers to a particular group of symptoms characterized by difficulties with memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking skills that affect a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting about 6.2 million Americans aged 65 years and older. Likewise, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of disability and premature death, impacting 126.9 million adults in the USA, a number that increases with age. Consequently, CVDs and cardiovascular risk factors are associated with an increased risk of AD and cognitive impairment. They share important age-related cardiometabolic and lifestyle risk factors, that make them among the leading causes of death. Additionally, there are several premises and hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the association between AD and CVD. Although AD and CVD may be considered deleterious to health, the study of their combination constitutes a clinical challenge, and investigations to understand the mechanistic pathways for the cause-effect and/or shared pathology between these two disease constellations remains an active area of research. AD pathology is propagated by the amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. These peptides give rise to small, toxic, and soluble Aβ oligomers (SPOs) that are nonfibrillar, and it is their levels that show a robust correlation with the extent of cognitive impairment. This review will elucidate the interplay between the effects of accumulating SPOs in AD and CVDs, the resulting ER stress response, and their role in vascular dysfunction. We will also address the potential underlying mechanisms, including the possibility that SPOs are among the causes of vascular injury in CVD associated with cognitive decline. By revealing common mechanistic underpinnings of AD and CVD, we hope that novel experimental therapeutics can be designed to reduce the burden of these devastating diseases. Graphical abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology leads to the release of Aβ peptides, and their accumulation in the peripheral organs has varying effects on various components of the cardiovascular system including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and vascular damage. Image created with BioRender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Waigi
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa A Moss
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mark J Uline
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Camilla Ferreira Wenceslau
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Cententer (CTRC), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Univeristy of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Diabetic Encephalopathy in a Preclinical Experimental Model of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Observations in Adult Female Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021196. [PMID: 36674713 PMCID: PMC9860834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by diabetes mellitus (DM) show diabetic encephalopathy with an increased risk of cognitive deficits, dementia and Alzheimer's disease, but the mechanisms are not fully explored. In the male animal models of DM, the development of cognitive impairment seems to be the result of the concomitance of different processes such as neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aberrant synaptogenesis. However, even if diabetic encephalopathy shows some sex-dimorphic features, no observations in female rats have been so far reported on these aspects. Therefore, in an experimental model of type 1 DM (T1DM), we explored the impact of one month of pathology on memory abilities by the novel object recognition test and on neuroinflammation, synaptogenesis and mitochondrial functionality. Moreover, given that steroids are involved in memory and learning, we also analysed their levels and receptors. We reported that memory dysfunction can be associated with different features in the female hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Indeed, in the hippocampus, we observed aberrant synaptogenesis and neuroinflammation but not mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, possibly due to the results of locally increased levels of progesterone metabolites (i.e., dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone). These observations suggest specific brain-area effects of T1DM since different alterations are observed in the cerebral cortex.
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Carvalho C, Correia SC, Seiça R, Moreira PI. WWOX inhibition by Zfra1-31 restores mitochondrial homeostasis and viability of neuronal cells exposed to high glucose. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:487. [PMID: 35984507 PMCID: PMC11071800 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes has been associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear and no effective therapeutic interventions exist. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that mitochondrial defects are a key feature of diabetes contributing to neurodegenerative events. It has also been demonstrated that the putative tumor suppressor WW domain-containing oxidoreductase 1 (WWOX) can interact with mitochondria in several pathological conditions. However, its role in diabetes-associated neurodegeneration remains unknown. So, this study aimed to evaluate the role of WWOX activation in high glucose-induced neuronal damage and death. Our experiments were mainly performed in differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to high glucose and treated (or not) with Zfra1-31, the specific inhibitor of WWOX. Several parameters were analyzed namely cell viability, WWOX activation (tyrosine 33 residue phosphorylation), mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, biogenesis, and dynamics, autophagy and oxidative stress/damage. The levels of the neurotoxic proteins amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau (pTau) and of synaptic integrity markers were also evaluated. We observed that high glucose increased the levels of activated WWOX. Interestingly, brain cortical and hippocampal homogenates from young (6-month old) diabetic GK rats showed increased levels of activated WWOX compared to older GK rats (12-month old) suggesting that WWOX plays an early role in the diabetic brain. In neuronal cells, high glucose impaired mitochondrial respiration, dynamics and biogenesis, increased mitochondrial ROS production and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production. More, high glucose augmented oxidative stress/damage and the levels of Aβ and pTau proteins and affected autophagy, contributing to the loss of synaptic integrity and cell death. Of note, the activation of WWOX preceded mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Importantly, the inhibition of WWOX with Zfra1-31 reversed, totally or partially, the alterations promoted by high glucose. Altogether our observations demonstrate that under high glucose conditions WWOX activation contributes to mitochondrial anomalies and neuronal damage and death, which suggests that WWOX is a potential therapeutic target for early interventions. Our findings also support the efficacy of Zfra1-31 in treating hyperglycemia/diabetes-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sónia C Correia
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Insulin Deficiency Increases Sirt2 Level in Streptozotocin-Treated Alzheimer's Disease-Like Mouse Model: Increased Sirt2 Induces Tau Phosphorylation Through ERK Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5408-5425. [PMID: 35701718 PMCID: PMC9395464 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that insulin deficiency is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we investigated the effects of insulin deficiency on AD-like pathologies using an insulin-deficient amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse model (Tg2576 mice). Female Tg2576 mice were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce insulin deficiency, and their body weights, serum glucose levels, and serum insulin levels were evaluated. STZ-treated mice showed exacerbated Aβ accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, glial activation, neuroinflammation, and increased Sirt2 protein levels in the brain, as determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and Western blotting. Furthermore, our in vitro experiments revealed that insulin depletion or interleukin-6 treatment increased Sirt2 protein levels in both Neuro2a and Neuro2a-P301L cells. The overexpression of Sirt2 in these cells induced tau hyperphosphorylation through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Conversely, Sirt2 knockdown reversed tau hyperphosphorylation in these cells. We showed for the first time that Sirt2 is upregulated in the brains of STZ-treated Tg2576 mice and is involved in tau phosphorylation through ERK activation. Our findings suggest that Sirt2 is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Mehan S, Bhalla S, Siddiqui EM, Sharma N, Shandilya A, Khan A. Potential Roles of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Analogues in Dementia Targeting Impaired Insulin Secretion and Neurodegeneration. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2022; 12:31-59. [PMID: 35300067 PMCID: PMC8921673 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s247153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a chronic, irreversible condition marked by memory loss, cognitive decline, and mental instability. It is clinically related to various progressive neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s. The primary cause of neurological disorders is insulin desensitization, demyelination, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation accompanied by various aberrant proteins such as amyloid-β deposits, Lewy bodies accumulation, tau formation leading to neurofibrillary tangles. Impaired insulin signaling is directly associated with amyloid-β and α-synuclein deposition, as well as specific signaling cascades involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Insulin dysfunction may initiate various intracellular signaling cascades, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Neuronal death, inflammation, neuronal excitation, mitochondrial malfunction, and protein deposition are all influenced by insulin. Recent research has focused on GLP-1 receptor agonists as a potential therapeutic target. They increase glucose-dependent insulin secretion and are beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases by reducing oxidative stress and cytokine production. They reduce the deposition of abnormal proteins by crossing the blood-brain barrier. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of insulin dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, specifically dementia. Additionally, we reviewed the therapeutic target (GLP-1) and its receptor activators as a possible treatment of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
- Correspondence: Sidharth Mehan, Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India, Tel +91 8059889909; +91 9461322911, Email ;
| | - Sonalika Bhalla
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Ehraz Mehmood Siddiqui
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Ambika Shandilya
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Insulin-Induced Recurrent Hypoglycemia Up-Regulates Glucose Metabolism in the Brain Cortex of Chemically Induced Diabetic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413470. [PMID: 34948265 PMCID: PMC8708764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that seriously compromises human well-being. Various studies highlight the importance of maintaining a sufficient glucose supply to the brain and subsequently safeguarding cerebral glucose metabolism. The goal of the present work is to clarify and disclose the metabolic alterations induced by recurrent hypoglycemia in the context of long-term hyperglycemia to further comprehend the effects beyond brain harm. To this end, chemically induced diabetic rats underwent a protocol of repeatedly insulin-induced hypoglycemic episodes. The activity of key enzymes of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and the Krebs cycle was measured by spectrophotometry in extracts or isolated mitochondria from brain cortical tissue. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein content of glucose and monocarboxylate transporters, players in the insulin signaling pathway and mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics. We observed that recurrent hypoglycemia up-regulates the activity of mitochondrial hexokinase and Krebs cycle enzymes (namely, pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase) and the protein levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). Both insults increased the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2) protein content and induced divergent effects in mitochondrial dynamics. Insulin-signaling downstream pathways were found to be down-regulated, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) was found to be activated through both decreased phosphorylation at Ser9 and increased phosphorylation at Y216. Interestingly, no changes in the levels of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), which plays a key role in neuronal plasticity and memory, were caused by hypoglycemia and/or hyperglycemia. These findings provide experimental evidence that recurrent hypoglycemia, in the context of chronic hyperglycemia, has the capacity to evoke coordinated adaptive responses in the brain cortex that will ultimately contribute to sustaining brain cell health.
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Sprengell M, Kubera B, Peters A. Brain Mass (Energy) Resistant to Hyperglycaemic Oversupply: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:740502. [PMID: 34803585 PMCID: PMC8600366 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.740502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral energy supply is determined by the energy content of the blood. Accordingly, the brain is undersupplied during hypoglycaemia. Whether or not there is an additional cerebral energy demand that depends upon the energy content of the brain is considered differently in two opposing theoretical approaches. The Selfish-Brain theory postulates that the brain actively demands energy from the body when needed, while long-held theories, the gluco-lipostatic theory and its variants, deny such active brain involvement and view the brain as purely passively supplied. Here we put the competing theories to the test. We conducted a systematic review of a condition in which the rival theories make opposite predictions, i.e., experimental T1DM. The Selfish-Brain theory predicts that induction of experimental type 1 diabetes causes minor mass (energy) changes in the brain as opposed to major glucose changes in the blood. This prediction becomes our hypothesis to be tested here. A total of 608 works were screened by title and abstract, and 64 were analysed in full text. According to strict selection criteria defined in our PROSPERO preannouncement and complying with PRISMA guidelines, 18 studies met all inclusion criteria. Thirteen studies provided sufficient data to test our hypothesis. The 13 evaluable studies (15 experiments) showed that the diabetic groups had blood glucose concentrations that differed from controls by +294 ± 96% (mean ± standard deviation) and brain mass (energy) that differed from controls by −4 ± 13%, such that blood changes were an order of magnitude greater than brain changes (T = 11.5, df = 14, p < 0.001). This finding confirms not only our hypothesis but also the prediction of the Selfish-Brain theory, while the predictions of the gluco-lipostatic theory and its variants were violated. The current paper completes a three-part series of systematic reviews, the two previous papers deal with a distal and a proximal bottleneck in the cerebral brain supply, i.e., caloric restriction and cerebral artery occlusion. All three papers demonstrate that accurate predictions are only possible if one regards the brain as an organ that regulates its energy concentrations independently and occupies a primary position in a hierarchically organised energy metabolism. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=156816, PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42020156816.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sprengell
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Medical Clinic 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Britta Kubera
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Medical Clinic 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Achim Peters
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), Medical Clinic 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Marefati N, Abdi T, Beheshti F, Vafaee F, Mahmoudabady M, Hosseini M. Zingiber officinale (Ginger) hydroalcoholic extract improved avoidance memory in rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes by regulating brain oxidative stress. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2021; 43:15-26. [PMID: 34679261 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes mellitus associated cognitive impairment is suggested to be due to oxidative stress. Considering the anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and anti-inflammatory effects of Zingiber officinale, the present study aimed to investigate its effect on memory and oxidative stress factors in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS The rats were allocated into five groups: Control, Diabetic, Diabetic + Ginger 100, Diabetic + Ginger 200, and Diabetic + Ginger 400. Following diabetes induction by STZ (60 mg/kg), 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg Ginger was given for eight weeks. Passive avoidance test (PA) was done and thiol, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) measurements were carried out in the brain. RESULTS The latency into the dark compartment decreased (p<0.001) and the number of entries and time spent in the dark chamber increased in the Diabetic group compared to the Control (p<0.001 for all). All three doses of extract improved performance of the rats in the PA test (p<0.001 for all). The hippocampal and cortical MDA level was higher (p<0.001) while CAT, SOD, and total thiol were lower (p<0.01-p<0.001) in the Diabetic group than the Control. Treatment with 200 and 400 mg/kg Z. officinale extract reduced hippocampal and cortical MDA (p<0.001) and improved CAT (p<0.001) while, just the dose of 400 mg/kg of the extract increased SOD and total thiol in hippocampal and cortical tissues (p<0.001) compared with Diabetic group. CONCLUSIONS Z. officinale extract could improve memory by reducing the oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetes model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Marefati
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tara Abdi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vafaee
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Wang H, Deng J, Chen L, Ding K, Wang Y. Acute glucose fluctuation induces inflammation and neurons apoptosis in hippocampal tissues of diabetic rats. J Cell Biochem 2021; 122:1239-1247. [PMID: 31713299 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It is well-recognized that glycemic disorders are leading causes of diabetic complications and acute fluctuation of blood glucose and reported more likely being related to oxidative stress, vasculopathy, and other diabetic complications than continuous hyperglycemia in patients with diabetic and animal models. To explore the hypothesis that acute glucose fluctuation (GF) aggravates inflammatory lesions and neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Twenty female GK rats were randomly allocated into a glucose fluctuating group (GK-GF) and a continuous hyperglycemia group (GK-CHG) and 10 age-matched female Wistar rats served as controls. GF was induced in the GK-GF group by injection with glucose and insulin at different periods of time per day for 6 weeks. Body weight was determined weekly. At the end of the study, blood hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and serum lipids were measured. Serum and hippocampus interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Hippocampus Bcl-2, Bax, Pten, fas, and myc were quantified by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis and Mirror Water Maze (MWM) test was performed. We successfully established an animal model with daily GF and a control model with CHG using GK diabetic rats. The GF and CHG rats showed lower weight gain during the 6-week experimental period with no significant difference in the levels of serum lipids such as total triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with the control rats at the end of the study. Meanwhile, the GF and CHG rats showed higher blood HbA1c levels than that of control rats. MWM trainings tests detected that glucose disorders in GF and CHG rats tend to present longer latencies, more cross times and longer path length compared with those of the control rats, indicating impaired the hippocampus-regulated behavioral function such as spatial orientating and memory. Importantly, it was found that GF promoted the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in the hippocampus of the GF rats while continuous hyperglycemia in CHG rats had little effect on that. Furthermore, both GF and CHG diabetic rats had abnormal expression of apoptosis-associated genes in the hippocampus compared with control Wistar rats and neurons apoptosis in GF rats appears to be more severe than CHG rats. Overall, this study confirmed that GF is a more critical factor that would promote the neuron apoptosis and induce inflammation in the hippocampus than continuous hyperglycemia in diabetic animals, which shed new light on the importance of monitoring and administration of blood glucose in the prevention and therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - JiuLing Deng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Mitochondrial remodelling-a vicious cycle in diabetic complications. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4721-4731. [PMID: 34023988 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, metabolic condition characterized by excessive blood glucose that causes perturbations in physiological functioning of almost all the organs of human body. This devastating metabolic disease has its implications in cognitive decline, heart damage, renal, retinal and neuronal complications that severely affects quality of life and associated with decreased life expectancy. Mitochondria possess adaptive mechanisms to meet the cellular energy demand and combat cellular stress. In recent years mitochondrial homeostasis has been point of focus where several mechanisms regulating mitochondrial health and function are evaluated. Mitochondrial dynamics plays crucial role in maintaining healthy mitochondria in cell under physiological as well as stress condition. Mitochondrial dynamics and corresponding regulating mechanisms have been implicated in progression of metabolic disorders including diabetes and its complications. In current review we have discussed about role of mitochondrial dynamics under physiological and pathological conditions. Also, modulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion in diabetic complications are described. The available literature supports mitochondrial remodelling as reliable target for diabetic complications.
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Paul S, Saha D, Bk B. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Mitophagy Closely Cooperate in Neurological Deficits Associated with Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3677-3691. [PMID: 33797062 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are known to be correlated in terms of their epidemiology, histopathology, and molecular and biochemical characteristics. The prevalence of T2D leading to AD is approximately 50-70%. Moreover, AD is often considered type III diabetes because of the common risk factors. Uncontrolled T2D may affect the brain, leading to memory and learning deficits in patients. In addition, metabolic disorders and impaired oxidative phosphorylation in AD and T2D patients suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in both diseases. The dysregulation of pathways involved in maintaining mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and mitophagy are responsible for exacerbating the impact of hyperglycemia on the brain and neurodegeneration under T2D conditions. The first section of this review describes the recent views on mitochondrial dysfunction that connect these two disease conditions, as the pathways are observed to overlap. The second section of the review highlights the importance of different mitochondrial miRNAs (mitomiRs) involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and their association with the pathogenesis of T2D and AD. Therefore, targeting mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy pathways, along with the use of mitomiRs, could be a potent therapeutic strategy for T2D-related AD. The last section of the review highlights the known drugs targeting mitochondrial function for the treatment of both disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Paul
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Debarpita Saha
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Binukumar Bk
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Garcia SM, Hirschberg PR, Sarkar P, Siegel DM, Teegala SB, Vail GM, Routh VH. Insulin actions on hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurones. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12937. [PMID: 33507001 PMCID: PMC10561189 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Subsequent to the discovery of insulin 100 years ago, great strides have been made in understanding its function, especially in the brain. It is now clear that insulin is a critical regulator of the neuronal circuitry controlling energy balance and glucose homeostasis. This review focuses on the effects of insulin and diabetes on the activity and glucose sensitivity of hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurones. We highlight the role of electrophysiological data in understanding how insulin regulates glucose-sensing neurones. A brief introduction describing the benefits and limitations of the major electrophysiological techniques used to investigate glucose-sensing neurones is provided. The mechanisms by which hypothalamic neurones sense glucose are discussed with an emphasis on those glucose-sensing neurones already shown to be modulated by insulin. Next, the literature pertaining to how insulin alters the activity and glucose sensitivity of these hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurones is described. In addition, the effects of impaired insulin signalling during diabetes and the ramifications of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurones are covered. To the extent that it is known, we present hypotheses concerning the mechanisms underlying the effects of these insulin-related pathologies. To conclude, electrophysiological data from the hippocampus are evaluated aiming to provide clues regarding how insulin might influence neuronal plasticity in glucose-sensing neurones. Although much has been accomplished subsequent to the discovery of insulin, the work described in our review suggests that the regulation of central glucose sensing by this hormone is both important and understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pamela R Hirschberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pallabi Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Dashiel M Siegel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Suraj B Teegala
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Gwyndolin M Vail
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Vanessa H Routh
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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13
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Carvalho C, Cardoso S. Diabetes-Alzheimer's Disease Link: Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Redox Imbalance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:631-649. [PMID: 32098477 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: It is of common sense that the world population is aging and life expectancy is increasing. However, as the population ages, there is also an exponential risk to live into the ages where the brain-related frailties and neurodegenerative diseases develop. Hand in hand with those events, the world is witnessing a major upsurge in diabetes diagnostics. Remarkably, all of this seems to be narrowly related, and clinical and research communities highlight for the upcoming threat that it will represent for the present and future generations. Recent Advances: It is of utmost importance to clarify the influence of diabetes-related metabolic features on brain health and the mechanisms underlying the increased likelihood of developing neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease. Thereupon, a wealth of evidence suggests that mitochondria and associated oxidative stress are at the root of the link between diabetes and co-occurring disorders in the brain. Critical Issues: The scientific community has been challenged with constant failures of clinical trials raising major issues in the advance of the therapeutic field to fight chronic diseases epidemics. Thus, a change of paradigms is urgently needed. Future Directions: It has become urgent to identify new and solid candidates able to clinically reproduce the positive outcomes obtained in preclinical studies. On this basis, strategies settled to counteract diabetes-induced neurodegeneration encompassing mitochondrial dysfunction, redox status imbalance, and/or insulin dysregulation seem worth to follow. Hopefully, ongoing innovative research based on reliable experimental tools will soon bring the desired answers allowing pharmaceutical industry to apply such knowledge to human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Interdisciplinarie Institute of Investigation, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC-Interdisciplinarie Institute of Investigation, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Watt C, Sanchez-Rangel E, Hwang JJ. Glycemic Variability and CNS Inflammation: Reviewing the Connection. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123906. [PMID: 33371247 PMCID: PMC7766608 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the primary energy source for the brain, and exposure to both high and low levels of glucose has been associated with numerous adverse central nervous system (CNS) outcomes. While a large body of work has highlighted the impact of hyperglycemia on peripheral and central measures of oxidative stress, cognitive deficits, and vascular complications in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, there is growing evidence that glycemic variability significantly drives increased oxidative stress, leading to neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. In this review, the latest data on the impact of glycemic variability on brain function and neuroinflammation will be presented. Because high levels of oxidative stress have been linked to dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), special emphasis will be placed on studies investigating the impact of glycemic variability on endothelial and vascular inflammation. The latest clinical and preclinical/in vitro data will be reviewed, and clinical/therapeutic implications will be discussed.
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15
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Abstract
Although type 1 diabetes mellitus and, to a lesser extent, type 2 diabetes mellitus, are the prevailing forms of diabetes in youth, atypical forms of diabetes are not uncommon and may require etiology-specific therapies. By some estimates, up to 6.5% of children with diabetes have monogenic forms. Mitochondrial diabetes and cystic fibrosis related diabetes are less common but often noted in the underlying disease. Atypical diabetes should be considered in patients with a known disorder associated with diabetes, aged less than 25 years with nonautoimmune diabetes and without typical characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and/or with comorbidities associated with atypical diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Tamaroff
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3500 Civic Center Boulevard, 12th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Marissa Kilberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3500 Civic Center Boulevard, 12th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara E Pinney
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3500 Civic Center Boulevard, 12th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shana McCormack
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3500 Civic Center Boulevard, 12th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Zhou JB, Tang X, Han M, Yang J, Simó R. Impact of antidiabetic agents on dementia risk: A Bayesian network meta-analysis. Metabolism 2020; 109:154265. [PMID: 32446679 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is more prevalent among people with type 2 diabetes, but little is known regarding the influence of antidiabetic agents on this association. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the impact of various antidiabetic agents on the risk of dementia among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Relevant studies were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Nine antidiabetic agents were included in the search. Data were pooled via network meta-analysis and meta-analysis. RESULTS Nine studies were selected for the network meta-analysis with 530,355 individuals and 17 studies for the meta-analysis with 1,258,879 individuals. The analysis excluded glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs and sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors due to the absence of relevant data. The use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, metformin, thiazolidinedione, and sulfonylurea was associated with a decreased risk of dementia in comparison to no treatment with antidiabetic agents (hazard ratio [HR] for DPP-4 inhibitors, 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-0.74, HR for metformin, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.86; HR for sulfonylurea, 0.85; 95%CI, 0.73-0.98 and HR for thiazolidinedione, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.55-0.89, respectively). However, the node-splitting analysis showed the inconsistency of direct and indirect estimates in sulfonylurea (P = 0.042). DPP-4 inhibitors, metformin, thiazolidinedione, and sulfonylurea exhibited a significant impact on the risk of dementia in diabetics compared with insulin (HR, 0.35; 95%CI, 0.20-0.59, HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.30-0.77, HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29-0.73 and HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34-0.88, respectively). DPP-4 inhibitors also exhibited a protective effect on the risk of Alzheimer's dementia compared with the no treatment with antidiabetic agents (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25-0.92). The meta-analysis demonstrated a protective effect of using metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors on the risk of dementia (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.74-1.00 and HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.55-0.76, respectively). Further analysis showed insulin was associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's dementia (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.13-2.26). Only two case-control studies mentioned GLP-1 analogs and SGLT-2 inhibitors, and the pooled ORs showed no evidence of an association with dementia (GLP-1 analogs: 0.71; 95% CI, 0.46-1.10 and SGLT-2 inhibitors: 0.74; 95% CI, 0.47-1.15). CONCLUSION This analysis indicated that patients with type 2 diabetes under treatment with DPP-4 inhibitors presented with the lowest risk of dementia, followed by those treated with metformin and thiazolidinedione, while treatment with insulin was associated with the highest risk. For the increasing focus on the protective effect on dementia, further specific clinical studies are needed to evaluate the impact of GLP-1 analogs and SGLT-2 inhibitors on the risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
| | - Xingyao Tang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Min Han
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Rafael Simó
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Chandrasekaran K, Choi J, Arvas MI, Salimian M, Singh S, Xu S, Gullapalli RP, Kristian T, Russell JW. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Administration Prevents Experimental Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Loss of Hippocampal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113756. [PMID: 32466541 PMCID: PMC7313029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes predisposes to cognitive decline leading to dementia and is associated with decreased brain NAD+ levels. This has triggered an intense interest in boosting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels to prevent dementia. We tested if the administration of the precursor of NAD+, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), can prevent diabetes-induced memory deficits. Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ). After 3 months of diabetes, hippocampal NAD+ levels were decreased (p = 0.011). In vivo localized high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the hippocampus showed an increase in the levels of glucose (p < 0.001), glutamate (p < 0.001), gamma aminobutyric acid (p = 0.018), myo-inositol (p = 0.018), and taurine (p < 0.001) and decreased levels of N-acetyl aspartate (p = 0.002) and glutathione (p < 0.001). There was a significant decrease in hippocampal CA1 neuronal volume (p < 0.001) and neuronal number (p < 0.001) in the Diabetic rats. Diabetic rats showed hippocampal related memory deficits. Intraperitoneal NMN (100 mg/kg) was given after induction and confirmation of diabetes and was provided on alternate days for 3 months. NMN increased brain NAD+ levels, normalized the levels of glutamate, taurine, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), and glutathione. NMN-treatment prevented the loss of CA1 neurons and rescued the memory deficits despite having no significant effect on hyperglycemic or lipidemic control. In hippocampal protein extracts from Diabetic rats, SIRT1 and PGC-1α protein levels were decreased, and acetylation of proteins increased. NMN treatment prevented the diabetes-induced decrease in both SIRT1 and PGC-1α and promoted deacetylation of proteins. Our results indicate that NMN increased brain NAD+, activated the SIRT1 pathway, preserved mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) function, prevented neuronal loss, and preserved cognition in Diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krish Chandrasekaran
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (J.C.); (M.I.A.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Joungil Choi
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (J.C.); (M.I.A.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Muhammed Ikbal Arvas
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (J.C.); (M.I.A.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Mohammad Salimian
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (J.C.); (M.I.A.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sujal Singh
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (J.C.); (M.I.A.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Su Xu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.X.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Rao P Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.X.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James William Russell
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (J.C.); (M.I.A.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Jayaraj RL, Azimullah S, Beiram R. Diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease in the Middle East and its shared pathological mediators. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:736-750. [PMID: 32210695 PMCID: PMC6997863 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has risen exponentially worldwide over the past decade. A growing body of research indicates that AD is linked to diabetes mellitus (DM) and suggests that impaired insulin signaling acts as a crucial risk factor in determining the progression of this devastating disease. Many studies suggest people with diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, are at higher risk of eventually developing Alzheimer's dementia or other dementias. Despite nationwide efforts to increase awareness, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has risen significantly in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region which might be due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, lack of physical activity and rise in obesity. Growing body of evidence indicates that DM and AD are linked because both conditions involve impaired glucose homeostasis and altered brain function. Current theories and hypothesis clearly implicate that defective insulin signaling in the brain contributes to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in AD. In the periphery, low-grade chronic inflammation leads to insulin resistance followed by tissue deterioration. Thus insulin resistance acts as a bridge between DM and AD. There is pressing need to understand on how DM increases the risk of AD as well as the underlying mechanisms, due to the projected increase in age related disorders. Here we aim to review the incidence of AD and DM in the Middle East and the possible link between insulin signaling and ApoE carrier status on Aβ aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. We also critically reviewed mutation studies in Arab population which might influence DM induced AD. In addition, recent clinical trials and animal studies conducted to evaluate the efficiency of anti-diabetic drugs have been reviewed.
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Key Words
- AAV, Adeno-associated virus
- ABCA1, ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ADAMTS9, ADAM Metallopeptidase With Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif 9
- AGPAT1, 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Anti-diabetic drugs
- ApoE, Apolipoprotein E
- Arab population
- Aβ, Amyloid-beta
- BACE1, Beta-secretase 1
- BBB, Blood-Brain Barrier
- BMI, Body mass index
- CALR, calreticulin gene
- CIP2A, Cancerous Inhibitor Of Protein Phosphatase 2A
- COX-2, Cyclooxygenase 2
- CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid
- DM, Diabetes mellitus
- DUSP9, Dual Specificity Phosphatase 9
- Diabetes mellitus
- ECE-1, Endotherin converting enzyme 1
- FDG-PET, Fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography
- FRMD4A, FERM Domain Containing 4A
- FTO, Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene
- GLP-1, Glucagon like peptide
- GNPDA2, Glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2
- GSK-3β, Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- IDE, Insulin degrading enzyme
- IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1
- IR, Insulin receptor
- IR, Insulin resistance
- Insulin signaling
- LPA, Lipophosphatidic acid
- MC4R, Melanocortin 4 receptor
- MCI, Myocardial infarction
- MENA, Middle East North African
- MG-H1, Methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone isomer trifluoroactic acid salt
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- NDUFS3, NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit S3
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NFT, Neurofibrillary tangles
- NOTCH4, Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4
- PI3K, Phosphoinositide-3
- PP2A, Protein phosphatase 2
- PPAR-γ2, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2
- Pit-PET, Pittsburgh compound B- positron emission tomography
- RAB1A, Ras-related protein 1A
- SORT, Sortilin
- STZ, Streptozotocin
- T1DM, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- TCF7L2, Transcription Factor 7 Like 2
- TFAP2B, Transcription Factor AP-2 Beta
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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19
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Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports a clear association between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes and several mechanistic links have been revealed. This paper is mainly devoted to the discussion of the role of diabetes-associated mitochondrial defects in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The research experience and views of the author on this subject will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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20
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Ruegsegger GN, Manjunatha S, Summer P, Gopala S, Zabeilski P, Dasari S, Vanderboom PM, Lanza IR, Klaus KA, Nair KS. Insulin deficiency and intranasal insulin alter brain mitochondrial function: a potential factor for dementia in diabetes. FASEB J 2019; 33:4458-4472. [PMID: 30676773 PMCID: PMC6404590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802043r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the strong association between diabetes and dementia, it remains to be fully elucidated how insulin deficiency adversely affects brain functions. We show that insulin deficiency in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice decreased mitochondrial ATP production and/or citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase activities in the cerebrum, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. Concomitant decrease in mitochondrial fusion proteins and increased fission proteins in these brain regions likely contributed to altered mitochondrial function. Although insulin deficiency did not cause any detectable increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission, inhibition of monocarboxylate transporters increased ROS emission and further reduced ATP production, indicating the causative roles of elevated ketones and lactate in counteracting oxidative stress and as a fuel source for ATP production during insulin deficiency. Moreover, in healthy mice, intranasal insulin administration increased mitochondrial ATP production, demonstrating a direct regulatory role of insulin on brain mitochondrial function. Proteomics analysis of the cerebrum showed that although insulin deficiency led to oxidative post-translational modification of several proteins that cause tau phosphorylation and neurofibrillary degeneration, insulin administration enhanced neuronal development and neurotransmission pathways. Together these results render support for the critical role of insulin to maintain brain mitochondrial homeostasis and provide mechanistic insight into the potential therapeutic benefits of intranasal insulin.-Ruegsegger, G. N., Manjunatha, S., Summer, P., Gopala, S., Zabeilski, P., Dasari, S., Vanderboom, P. M., Lanza, I. R., Klaus, K. A., Nair, K. S. Insulin deficiency and intranasal insulin alter brain mitochondrial function: a potential factor for dementia in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Ruegsegger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Shankarappa Manjunatha
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Priska Summer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Srinivas Gopala
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Piotr Zabeilski
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patrick M. Vanderboom
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Ian R. Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Katherine A. Klaus
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - K. Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
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21
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Naserzadeh P, Taghizadeh G, Atabaki B, Seydi E, Pourahmad J. A comparison of mitochondrial toxicity of mephedrone on three separate parts of brain including hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:40-49. [PMID: 30802467 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) is a new and popular drug of abuse and also widely available on the internet and still legal in some parts of the world. The central nervous system is the target of mephedrone and recent evidence suggested that mephedrone could affect mitochondria in brain tissue. However, the underlying mechanisms of mephedrone toxicity in brain mitochondria have not yet been well understood. In this study, mitochondria from three separate parts of rat brain hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum were obtained using differential centrifugation and were incubated with different concentrations of mephedrone (3, 6 and 12 μM). Then, the mitochondrial parameters toxicity were determined. The results showed that mephedrone (3, 6 and 12 μM) induced impairment in the activity of the mitochondrial complex II and IV. Also, mephedrone (3, 6 and 12 μM) increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, collapsed mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), induced swelling in the mitochondria and damaged the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) in the mitochondria obtained from hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum, which in all cases is associated with the cytochrome c release. Furthermore, increased disturbance in oxidative phosphorylation was also shown by the decrease in ATP level in mephedrone-treated mitochondria indicating mitochondrial dysfunction in separate parts of the brain. This study suggests that mephedrone via increasing oxidative stress and impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum may play a key role in the neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Atabaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Enayatollah Seydi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Weinstein G, Davis-Plourde KL, Conner S, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, Lee A, Rawlings AM, Sedaghat S, Ding J, Moshier E, van Duijn CM, Beeri MS, Selvin E, Ikram MA, Launer LJ, Haan MN, Seshadri S. Association of metformin, sulfonylurea and insulin use with brain structure and function and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Pooled analysis from 5 cohorts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212293. [PMID: 30768625 PMCID: PMC6377188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether classes of diabetes medications are associated with cognitive health and dementia risk, above and beyond their glycemic control properties. Research design and methods Findings were pooled from 5 population-based cohorts: the Framingham Heart Study, the Rotterdam Study, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, the Aging Gene-Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study (AGES) and the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA). Differences between users and non-users of insulin, metformin and sulfonylurea were assessed in each cohort for cognitive and brain MRI measures using linear regression models, and cognitive decline and dementia/AD risk using mixed effect models and Cox regression analyses, respectively. Findings were then pooled using meta-analytic techniques, including 3,590 individuals with diabetes for the prospective analysis. Results After adjusting for potential confounders including indices of glycemic control, insulin use was associated with increased risk of new-onset dementia (pooled HR (95% CI) = 1.58 (1.18, 2.12);p = 0.002) and with a greater decline in global cognitive function (β = -0.014±0.007;p = 0.045). The associations with incident dementia remained similar after further adjustment for renal function and excluding persons with diabetes whose treatment was life-style change only. Insulin use was not related to cognitive function nor to brain MRI measures. No significant associations were found between metformin or sulfonylurea use and outcomes of brain function and structure. There was no evidence of significant between-study heterogeneity. Conclusions Despite its advantages in controlling glycemic dysregulation and preventing complications, insulin treatment may be associated with increased adverse cognitive outcomes possibly due to a greater risk of hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Weinstein
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Kendra L. Davis-Plourde
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sarah Conner
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jayandra J. Himali
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Alexa S. Beiser
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Anne Lee
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Andreea M. Rawlings
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Sanaz Sedaghat
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jie Ding
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Erin Moshier
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michal S. Beeri
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mary N. Haan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
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Andersen JV, Jakobsen E, Waagepetersen HS, Aldana BI. Distinct differences in rates of oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis of regionally isolated non-synaptic mouse brain mitochondria. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:961-974. [PMID: 30675904 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. The distribution and efficiency of mitochondria display large heterogeneity throughout the regions of the brain. This may imply that the selective regional susceptibility of neurodegenerative diseases could be mediated through inherent differences in regional mitochondrial function. To investigate regional cerebral mitochondrial energetics, the rates of oxygen consumption and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis were assessed in isolated non-synaptic mitochondria of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of the male mouse brain. Oxygen consumption rates were assessed using a Seahorse XFe96 analyzer and ATP synthesis rates were determined by an online luciferin-luciferase coupled luminescence assay. Complex I- and complex II-driven respiration and ATP synthesis, were investigated by applying pyruvate in combination with malate, or succinate, as respiratory substrates, respectively. Hippocampal mitochondria exhibited the lowest basal and adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP)-stimulated rate of oxygen consumption when provided pyruvate and malate. However, hippocampal mitochondria also exhibited an increased proton leak and an elevated relative rate of oxygen consumption in response to the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), showing a large capacity for uncoupled respiration in the presence of pyruvate. When the complex II-linked substrate succinate was provided, striatal mitochondria exhibited the highest respiration and ATP synthesis rate, whereas hippocampal mitochondria had the lowest. However, the mitochondrial efficiency, determined as ATP produced/O2 consumed, was similar between the three regions. This study reveals inherent differences in regional mitochondrial energetics and may serve as a tool for further investigations of regional mitochondrial function in relation to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Jakobsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Guarana (Paullinia cupana) consumption improves hepatic and renal parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. NUTR HOSP 2019; 37:343-348. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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25
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Rehni AK, Dave KR. Impact of Hypoglycemia on Brain Metabolism During Diabetes. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9075-9088. [PMID: 29637442 PMCID: PMC6179939 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease afflicting millions of people worldwide. A substantial fraction of world's total healthcare expenditure is spent on treating diabetes. Hypoglycemia is a serious consequence of anti-diabetic drug therapy, because it induces metabolic alterations in the brain. Metabolic alterations are one of the central mechanisms mediating hypoglycemia-related functional changes in the brain. Acute, chronic, and/or recurrent hypoglycemia modulate multiple metabolic pathways, and exposure to hypoglycemia increases consumption of alternate respiratory substrates such as ketone bodies, glycogen, and monocarboxylates in the brain. The aim of this review is to discuss hypoglycemia-induced metabolic alterations in the brain in glucose counterregulation, uptake, utilization and metabolism, cellular respiration, amino acid and lipid metabolism, and the significance of other sources of energy. The present review summarizes information on hypoglycemia-induced metabolic changes in the brain of diabetic and non-diabetic subjects and the manner in which they may affect brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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26
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Narchi H, Thachillath P, Souid AK. Forebrain cellular bioenergetics in neonatal mice. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2018; 11:79-86. [PMID: 29689747 DOI: 10.3233/npm-181737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoglycemia occurs frequently in the neonate and may result in neurologic dysfunction. Its impact on the kinetics of cellular respiration and bioenergetics in the neonatal brain remains to be explored. AIMS Develop murine model to investigate the effects of hypoglycemia on neonatal brain bioenergetics. STUDY DESIGN Forebrain fragments were excised from euthanized BALB/c pups aged <24 hours to 14 days. We measured cellular respiration (μM O2 min-1.mg-1) in phosphate-buffered saline with and without glucose, using phosphorescence oxygen analyzer, as well as cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP, nmol.mg-1) using the luciferin-luciferase system. RESULTS In the presence of glucose, although cellular respiration was 11% lower in pups ≤3 days compared to those 3- 14 days old (0.48 vs. 0.54), that difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.14). Respiration driven by endogenous metabolic fuels (without added glucose) was 16% lower in pups ≤3 days compared to those 3- 14 days (0.35 vs. 0.42, p = 0.03), confirming their increased dependency on exogenous glucose. Although cellular ATP was similar between the two age groups (14.9 vs. 11.2, p = 0.32), the ATP content was more severely depleted without added glucose in the younger pups, especially in the presence of the cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor cyanide. The first-order rate constant of cellular ATP decay (hydrolysis) was 44% lower in 2-day-old pups compared to 14-day-old mice (0.43 vs. 0.77 min-1, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Forebrain cellular respiration and ATP consumption are lower in young pups than older mice. In the absence of glucose, the support for these processes is reduced in young pups, explaining their brain hypersensitivity to hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassib Narchi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Pramathan Thachillath
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul-Kader Souid
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
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27
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Roy Chowdhury S, Djordjevic J, Thomson E, Smith DR, Albensi BC, Fernyhough P. Depressed mitochondrial function and electron transport Complex II-mediated H 2O 2 production in the cortex of type 1 diabetic rodents. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 90:49-59. [PMID: 29802939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Abnormalities in mitochondrial function under diabetic conditions can lead to deficits in function of cortical neurons and their support cells exhibiting a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. We aimed to assess mitochondrial respiration rates and membrane potential or H2O2 generation simultaneously and expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, ROS scavenging and AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α pathway activity in cortex under diabetic conditions. METHODS Cortical mitochondria from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats or mice, and aged-matched controls were used for simultaneous measurements of mitochondrial respiration rates and mitochondrial membrane potential (mtMP) or H2O2 using OROBOROS oxygraph. Measurements of enzymatic activities of respiratory complexes were performed using spectophotometry. Protein levels in cortical mitochondria and homogenates were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Mitochondrial coupled respiration rates and FCCP-induced uncoupled respiration rates were significantly decreased in mitochondria of cortex of STZ-diabetic rats compared to controls. The mtMP in the presence of ADP was significantly depolarized and succinate-dependent respiration rates and H2O2 were significantly diminished in cortical mitochondria of diabetic animals compared to controls, accompanied with reduced expression of CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase. The enzymatic activities of Complex I, II, and IV and protein levels of certain components of Complex I and II, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), P-AMPK, SIRT2 and PGC-1α were significantly diminished in diabetic cortex. CONCLUSION Deficits in mitochondrial function, dynamics, and antioxidant capabilities putatively mediated through sub-optimal AMPK/SIRT/PGC-1α signaling, are involved in the development of early sub-clinical neurodegeneration in the cortex under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Ella Thomson
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Darrell R Smith
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Benedict C Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Paul Fernyhough
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
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28
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Dias C, Lourenço CF, Barbosa RM, Laranjinha J, Ledo A. Analysis of respiratory capacity in brain tissue preparations: high-resolution respirometry for intact hippocampal slices. Anal Biochem 2018; 551:43-50. [PMID: 29753719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of mitochondrial function provides the basis for the study of brain bioenergetics. However, analysis of brain mitochondrial respiration has been hindered by the low yield associated with mitochondria isolation procedures. Furthermore, isolating mitochondria or cells results in loss of the inherent complexity of the central nervous system. High-resolution respirometry (HRR), is a valuable tool to study mitochondrial function and has been used in diverse biological preparations ranging from isolated mitochondria to tissue homogenates and permeabilized tissue biopsies. Here we describe a novel methodology for evaluation of mitochondrial respiration using tissue preparations from the central nervous system, namely acute hippocampal slices from rodents, with HRR. By using acute intact hippocampal slices, tissue cytoarchitecture, intercellular communication and connectivity are preserved. Mitochondrial respiration was evaluated by using an adapted substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocol and the expected responses were observed. This methodology can be used to detect differences in mitochondrial function at the oxidative phosphorylation level and for studies with different brain oxidative substrates in physiological and neuropathological settings, by using a system that better represents the in vivo conditions than isolated mitochondria and/or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cândida Dias
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia F Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ledo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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29
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Candeias E, Sebastião I, Cardoso S, Carvalho C, Santos MS, Oliveira CR, Moreira PI, Duarte AI. Brain GLP-1/IGF-1 Signaling and Autophagy Mediate Exendin-4 Protection Against Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:4030-4050. [PMID: 28573460 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a modern socioeconomic burden, mostly due to its long-term complications affecting nearly all tissues. One of them is the brain, whose dysfunctional intracellular quality control mechanisms (namely autophagy) may upregulate apoptosis, leading to cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer disease (AD). Since impaired brain insulin signaling may constitute the crosslink between T2D and AD, its restoration may be potentially therapeutic herein. Accordingly, the insulinotropic anti-T2D drugs from glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics, namely, exendin-4 (Ex-4), could be a promising therapy. In line with this, we hypothesized that peripherally administered Ex-4 rescues brain intracellular signaling pathways, promoting autophagy and ultimately protecting against chronic T2D-induced apoptosis. Thus, we aimed to explore the effects of chronic, continuous, subcutaneous (s.c.) exposure to Ex-4 in brain cortical GLP-1/insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling, and in autophagic and cell death mechanisms in middle-aged (8 months old), male T2D Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. We used brain cortical homogenates obtained from middle-aged (8 months old) male Wistar (control) and T2D GK rats. Ex-4 was continuously administered for 28 days, via s.c. implanted micro-osmotic pumps (5 μg/kg/day; infusion rate 2.5 μL/h). Peripheral characterization of the animal models was given by the standard biochemical analyses of blood or plasma, the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, and the heart rate. GLP-1, insulin, and IGF-1, their downstream signaling and autophagic markers were evaluated by specific ELISA kits and Western blotting. Caspase-like activities and other apoptotic markers were given by colorimetric methods and Western blotting. Chronic Ex-4 treatment attenuated peripheral features of T2D in GK rats, including hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Furthermore, s.c. Ex-4 enhanced their brain cortical GLP-1 and IGF-1 levels, and subsequent signaling pathways. Specifically, Ex-4 stimulated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, increasing cGMP and AMPK levels, and decreasing GSK3β and JNK activation in T2D rat brains. Moreover, Ex-4 regulated several markers for autophagy in GK rat brains (as mTOR, PI3K class III, LC3 II, Atg7, p62, LAMP-1, and Parkin), ultimately protecting against apoptosis (by decreasing several caspase-like activities and mitochondrial cytochrome c, and increasing Bcl2 levels upon T2D). Altogether, this study demonstrates that peripheral Ex-4 administration may constitute a promising therapy against the chronic complications of T2D affecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Candeias
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, Rua D. Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Sebastião
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, Rua D. Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, Rua D. Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Sancha Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Life Sciences Department, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Resende Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana I Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine (Pólo 1, 1st Floor), University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão - Pólo II, Rua D. Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Romano S, Mitro N, Giatti S, Diviccaro S, Pesaresi M, Spezzano R, Audano M, Garcia-Segura LM, Caruso D, Melcangi RC. Diabetes induces mitochondrial dysfunction and alters cholesterol homeostasis and neurosteroidogenesis in the rat cerebral cortex. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:108-116. [PMID: 29183767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system synthesizes and metabolizes steroids (i.e., neurosteroidogenesis). Recent observations indicate that neurosteroidogenesis is affected by different nervous pathologies. Among these, long-term type 1 diabetes, together with other functional and biochemical changes, has been shown to alter neuroactive steroid levels in the nervous system. Using an experimental model of type 1 diabetes (i.e., streptozotocin injection) we here show that the levels of these molecules are already decreased in the rat cerebral cortex after one month of the initiation of the pathology. Moreover, decreased levels of free cholesterol, together with alterations in the expression of molecules involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, bioavailability, trafficking and metabolism were detected in the rat cerebral cortex after one month of diabetes. Furthermore, mitochondrial functionality was also affected in the cerebral cortex and consequently may also contribute to the decrease in neuroactive steroid levels. Altogether, these results indicate that neurosteroidogenesis is an early target for the effect of type 1 diabetes in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Romano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Spezzano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Donatella Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Cosimo Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Zhou C, Teegala SB, Khan BA, Gonzalez C, Routh VH. Hypoglycemia: Role of Hypothalamic Glucose-Inhibited (GI) Neurons in Detection and Correction. Front Physiol 2018; 9:192. [PMID: 29593556 PMCID: PMC5854653 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycemia is a profound threat to the brain since glucose is its primary fuel. As a result, glucose sensors are widely located in the central nervous system and periphery. In this perspective we will focus on the role of hypothalamic glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons in sensing and correcting hypoglycemia. In particular, we will discuss GI neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) which express neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and in the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH) which express orexin. The ability of VMH nNOS-GI neurons to depolarize in low glucose closely parallels the hormonal response to hypoglycemia which stimulates gluconeogenesis. We have found that nitric oxide (NO) production in low glucose is dependent on oxidative status. In this perspective we will discuss the potential relevance of our work showing that enhancing the glutathione antioxidant system prevents hypoglycemia associated autonomic failure (HAAF) in non-diabetic rats whereas VMH overexpression of the thioredoxin antioxidant system restores hypoglycemia counterregulation in rats with type 1 diabetes.We will also address the potential role of the orexin-GI neurons in the arousal response needed for hypoglycemia awareness which leads to behavioral correction (e.g., food intake, glucose administration). The potential relationship between the hypothalamic sensors and the neurocircuitry in the hindbrain and portal mesenteric vein which is critical for hypoglycemia correction will then be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vanessa H. Routh
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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Nday CM, Eleftheriadou D, Jackson G. Shared pathological pathways of Alzheimer's disease with specific comorbidities: current perspectives and interventions. J Neurochem 2018; 144:360-389. [PMID: 29164610 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) belongs to one of the most multifactorial, complex and heterogeneous morbidity-leading disorders. Despite the extensive research in the field, AD pathogenesis is still at some extend obscure. Mechanisms linking AD with certain comorbidities, namely diabetes mellitus, obesity and dyslipidemia, are increasingly gaining importance, mainly because of their potential role in promoting AD development and exacerbation. Their exact cognitive impairment trajectories, however, remain to be fully elucidated. The current review aims to offer a clear and comprehensive description of the state-of-the-art approaches focused on generating in-depth knowledge regarding the overlapping pathology of AD and its concomitant ailments. Thorough understanding of associated alterations on a number of molecular, metabolic and hormonal pathways, will contribute to the further development of novel and integrated theranostics, as well as targeted interventions that may be beneficial for individuals with age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane M Nday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Eleftheriadou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Graham Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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Cardoso SM, Correia SC, Carvalho C, Moreira PI. Mitochondria in Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes-Associated Neurodegeneration: License to Heal! Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 240:281-308. [PMID: 28251365 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a difficult puzzle to solve, in part because the etiology of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder remains murky. However, diabetes has been pinpointed as a major risk factor for the sporadic forms of AD. Several overlapping neurodegenerative mechanisms have been identified between AD and diabetes, including mitochondrial malfunction. This is not surprising taking into account that neurons are cells with a complex morphology, long lifespan, and high energetic requirements which make them particularly reliant on a properly organized and dynamic mitochondrial network to sustain neuronal function and integrity. In this sense, this chapter provides an overview on the role of mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics to the neurodegenerative events that occur in AD and diabetes, and how these organelles may represent a mechanistic link between these two pathologies. From a therapeutic perspective, it will be discussed how mitochondria can be targeted in order to efficaciously counteract neurodegeneration associated with AD and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Cardoso
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Sónia C Correia
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-517, Portugal. .,Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
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Siller AF, Lugar H, Rutlin J, Koller JM, Semenkovich K, White NH, Arbelaez AM, Shimony J, Hershey T. Severity of clinical presentation in youth with type 1 diabetes is associated with differences in brain structure. Pediatr Diabetes 2017; 18:686-695. [PMID: 27488913 PMCID: PMC5290262 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differences in cognition and brain structure have been found in youth with type 1 diabetes compared with controls, even after relatively short disease duration. To determine whether severity of clinical presentation contributes to these differences, we obtained structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in youth ages 7-17 who were either newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (<3.5 months from diagnosis, n = 46) or a sibling without diabetes (n = 28). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Severity of presentation was measured by the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and degree of hyperglycemia exposure [hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)] at diagnosis. MRI were obtained using T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted sequences. RESULTS Within the group with type 1 diabetes, 12 subjects presented in DKA and 34 did not. After controlling for age, sex, and multiple comparisons, the type 1 diabetes group had lower volume in the left temporal-parietal-occipital cortex compared with controls. Within the type 1 diabetes group, DKA at presentation was associated with lower radial, axial, and mean diffusivity (MD) throughout major white matter tracts and higher HbA1c was associated with lower hippocampal, thalamic, and cerebellar white matter volumes, lower right posterior parietal cortical thickness, and greater right occipital cortical thickness. CONCLUSION These data suggest that severity of clinical presentation is an important factor in predicting brain structural differences in youth with type 1 diabetes approximately 3 months after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil H. White
- Department of Pediatrics,Department of Medicine,St. Louis Children’s Hospital
| | | | | | - Tamara Hershey
- Department of Psychiatry,Department of Radiology,Department of Neurology
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Dakic TB, Jevdjovic TV, Peric MI, Bjelobaba IM, Markelic MB, Milutinovic BS, Lakic IV, Jasnic NI, Djordjevic JD, Vujovic PZ. Short-term fasting promotes insulin expression in rat hypothalamus. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:1730-1737. [PMID: 28544147 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the hypothalamus, insulin takes on many roles involved in energy homoeostasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine hypothalamic insulin expression during the initial phase of the metabolic response to fasting. Hypothalamic insulin content was assessed by both radioimmunoassay and Western blot. The relative expression of insulin mRNA was examined by qPCR. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the distribution of insulin immunopositivity in the hypothalamus. After 6-h fasting, both glucose and insulin levels were decreased in serum but not in the cerebrospinal fluid. Our study showed for the first time that, while the concentration of circulating glucose and insulin decreased, both insulin mRNA expression and insulin content in the hypothalamic parenchyma were increased after short-term fasting. Increased insulin immunopositivity was detected specifically in the neurons of the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus and in the ependymal cells of fasting animals. These novel findings point to the complexity of mechanisms regulating insulin expression in the CNS in general and in the hypothalamus in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara B Dakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja V Jevdjovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mina I Peric
- Centre for Laser Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana M Bjelobaba
- Institute for Biological Research 'Sinisa Stankovic', University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica B Markelic
- Chair for Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojana S Milutinovic
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Iva V Lakic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa I Jasnic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena D Djordjevic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Z Vujovic
- Department for Comparative Physiology and Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Bagatini PB, Xavier LL, Bertoldi K, Moysés F, Lovatel G, Neves LT, Barbosa S, Saur L, de Senna PN, Souto AA, Siqueira IR, Achaval M. An evaluation of aversive memory and hippocampal oxidative status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with resveratrol. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:184-189. [PMID: 27810355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on aversive memory, free radical content and enzymatic antioxidant activity in the hippocampus of adult Wistar rats submitted to oral treatment with resveratrol. Animals were divided into eight groups: non-diabetic rats treated with saline (ND SAL), non-diabetic rats treated with resveratrol at a dose 5mg/kg (ND RSV 5), non-diabetic rats treated with resveratrol at a dose 10mg/kg (ND RSV 10), non-diabetic rats treated with resveratrol at a dose 20mg/kg (ND RSV 20), diabetic rats treated with saline (D SAL), diabetic rats treated with resveratrol at a dose 5mg/kg (D RSV 5), diabetic rats treated with resveratrol at a dose 10mg/kg (D RSV 10) and diabetic rats treated with resveratrol at a dose 20mg/kg (D RSV 20). The animals received oral gavage for 35days. The contextual fear conditioning task was performed to evaluate aversive-based learning and memory. The oxidative status was evaluated in the hippocampus, by measuring the free radical content - using a 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe - and enzymatic antioxidant activities, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Our main behavioral results demonstrated that rats from the D RSV 10 and D RSV 20 groups showed an increase in freezing behavior when compared, respectively, to the ND RSV 10 (p<0.01) and ND RSV 20 (p<0.05). Oxidative stress parameters remained unchanged in the hippocampus of all the experimental groups. In contrast to previous experimental findings, our study was unable to detect either cognitive impairments or oxidative stress in the hippocampus of the diabetic rats. We suggest additional long-term investigations be conducted into the temporal pattern of STZ-induced diabetic disruption in memory and hippocampal oxidative status, as well as the effects of resveratrol on these parameters, in a time and dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Brambilla Bagatini
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências Biológicas: Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Léder Leal Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Bertoldi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Moysés
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gisele Lovatel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Tartari Neves
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Barbosa
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiani Saur
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Priscylla Nunes de Senna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências Biológicas: Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André Arigony Souto
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Química Pura, Faculdade de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ionara Rodrigues Siqueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matilde Achaval
- Laboratório de Histofisiologia Comparada, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências Biológicas: Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Stefanello N, Schmatz R, Pereira LB, Cardoso AM, Passamonti S, Spanevello RM, Thomé G, de Oliveira GMT, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Effects of chlorogenic acid, caffeine and coffee on components of the purinergic system of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 38:145-153. [PMID: 27736734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA), caffeine (CA) and coffee (CF) on components of the purinergic system from the cerebral cortex and platelets of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Animals were divided into eight groups: control animals treated with (I) water (WT), (II) CGA (5 mg/kg), (III) CA (15 mg/kg) and (IV) CF (0.5 g/kg), and diabetic animals treated with (V) WT, (VI) CGA (5 mg/kg), (VII) CA (15 mg/kg) and (VIII) CF (0.5 g/kg). Our results showed an increase (173%) in adenosine monophosphate (AMP) hydrolysis in the cerebral cortex of diabetic rats. In addition, CF treatment increased adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and AMP hydrolysis in group VIII synaptosomes. Platelets showed an increase in ectonucleotidase activity in group V, and all treatments reduced the increase in adenosine triphosphate and ADP hydrolysis. Furthermore, there was an increase in platelet aggregation of 72% in the diabetic rats, and CGA and CF treatment reduced platelet aggregation by nearly 60% when compared to diabetic rats. In this context, we can suggest that CGA and CF treatment should be considered a therapeutic and scientific target to be investigated in diseases associated with hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Stefanello
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Schmatz
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciane Belmonte Pereira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabina Passamonti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Gustavo Thomé
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, PUCRS, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, PUCRS, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Ribarič S. The Rationale for Insulin Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060689. [PMID: 27240327 PMCID: PMC6273626 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with a prevalence that increases with age. By 2050, the worldwide number of patients with AD is projected to reach more than 140 million. The prominent signs of AD are progressive memory loss, accompanied by a gradual decline in cognitive function and premature death. AD is the clinical manifestation of altered proteostasis. The initiating step of altered proteostasis in most AD patients is not known. The progression of AD is accelerated by several chronic disorders, among which the contribution of diabetes to AD is well understood at the cell biology level. The pathological mechanisms of AD and diabetes interact and tend to reinforce each other, thus accelerating cognitive impairment. At present, only symptomatic interventions are available for treating AD. To optimise symptomatic treatment, a personalised therapy approach has been suggested. Intranasal insulin administration seems to open the possibility for a safe, and at least in the short term, effective symptomatic intervention that delays loss of cognition in AD patients. This review summarizes the interactions of AD and diabetes from the cell biology to the patient level and the clinical results of intranasal insulin treatment of cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Akın O, Arslan M, Akgün H, Yavuz ST, Sarı E, Taşçılar ME, Ulaş ÜH, Yeşilkaya E, Ünay B. Visual and brainstem auditory evoked potentials in children with obesity. Brain Dev 2016; 38:310-6. [PMID: 26462657 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of our study is to investigate alterations in visual evoked potentials (VEP) and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) in children with obesity. METHODS A total of 96 children, with a mean age of 12.1±2.0 years (range 9-17 years, 63 obese and 33 age and sex-matched control subjects) were included in the study. Laboratory tests were performed to detect insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidemia. The latencies and amplitudes of VEP and BAEP were measured in healthy and obese subjects. RESULTS The VEP P100, BAEP interpeak latency (IPL) I-III and IPL I-V averages of obese children were significantly longer than the control subjects. When the obese group was divided into two subgroups, those with IR and without IR, BAEP wave I, wave III and P100 wave latencies were found to be longer in the group with IR. A statistically significant correlation was observed between BAEP wave I latency, IPL I-V, IPL I-III and the homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA IR) index and fasting insulin level. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that VEP and BAEP can be used to determine early subclinical on auditory and visual functions of obese children with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Akın
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mutluay Arslan
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hakan Akgün
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Erkan Sarı
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emre Taşçılar
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ümit Hıdır Ulaş
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ediz Yeşilkaya
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bülent Ünay
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ankara, Turkey
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Rehni AK, Nautiyal N, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Hyperglycemia / hypoglycemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:437-47. [PMID: 24737446 PMCID: PMC4199931 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of ischemic brain damage is one of the most serious complications of diabetes. Studies from various in vivo and in vitro models of cerebral ischemia have led to an understanding of the role of mitochondria and complex interrelated mitochondrial biochemical pathways leading to the aggravation of ischemic neuronal damage. Advancements in the elucidation of the mechanisms of ischemic brain damage in diabetic subjects have revealed a number of key mitochondrial targets that have been hypothesized to participate in enhancement of brain damage. The present review initially discusses the neurobiology of ischemic neuronal injury, with special emphasis on the central role of mitochondria in mediating its pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. Later it further details the potential role of various biochemical mediators and second messengers causing widespread ischemic brain damage among diabetics via mitochondrial pathways. The present review discusses preclinical data which validates the significance of mitochondrial mechanisms in mediating the aggravation of ischemic cerebral injury in diabetes. Exploitation of these targets may provide effective therapeutic agents for the management of diabetes-related aggravation of ischemic neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K. Rehni
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Nautiyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala-140401, Punjab, India
| | - Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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Vandresen-Filho S, Martins WC, Bertoldo DB, Mancini G, De Bem AF, Tasca CI. Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum show differential susceptibility to quinolinic acid-induced oxidative stress. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1449-56. [PMID: 25805706 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QA) is a NMDA receptor agonist implicated in pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases and epilepsy. Time-course responses of different brain regions after QA i.c.v. infusion are not known. We aimed to investigate the time-course effects of QA infusion on oxidative stress-related parameters on different brain regions. In cerebral cortex, QA infusion promoted an early (1 h) decrease of NPSH levels and GR activity followed by a later increase in ROS production (8 h) and TBARS detection (24-72 h). In the hippocampus, QA promoted an increase in ROS production that lasted 8 h. Striatal tissue presented a later increase in ROS generation (8-72 h) after QA infusion. In the cerebellum, an increase in the GPx activity after 8 h was the only effect observed. These results show that oxidative stress induced by QA i.c.v. infusion is region and time dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Vandresen-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil,
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Daily consumption of white tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)) improves the cerebral cortex metabolic and oxidative profile in prediabetic Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:832-42. [PMID: 25716141 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem and its incidence is rising dramatically. The brain, particularly the cerebral cortex, is very susceptible to glucose fluctuations and hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress. Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.)) is widely consumed; however, the antidiabetic properties of white tea remain largely unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the effects of daily consumption of white tea on the cerebral cortex of prediabetic rats. The cerebral cortex metabolic profile was evaluated, and the expression levels of GLUT, phosphofructokinase-1, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and monocarboxylate transporter 4 were assessed. LDH activity was also determined. The cerebral cortex oxidative profile was determined by evaluating its antioxidant power, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation levels. Catalase, glutathione, glutamate, N-acetylaspartate, aspartate, choline, γ-aminobutyric acid, taurine and valine contents were determined. Daily consumption of white tea ameliorated glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, white tea altered the cortex glycolytic profile, modulating GLUT expression and lactate and alanine contents. Finally, white tea consumption restored protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation levels and catalase expression, and improved antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, daily consumption of white tea improved the cerebral cortex metabolic and oxidative profile in prediabetic rats, suggesting it as a good, safe and inexpensive strategy to prevent DM-related effects in the cerebral cortex.
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Kumar N, Kar A. Pyrroloquinoline quinone ameliorates oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:71-9. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, characterized by hyperglycemia, leads to several complications through the generation of reactive oxygen species and initiates tissue damage. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is believed to be a strong antioxidant, as it protects cells from oxidative damage. In this study, we elucidated the hitherto unknown potential of PQQ to ameliorate the brain damage caused by diabetes mellitus and the associated hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage. Administration of a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ), i.e., 150 mg·(kg body mass)−1significantly enhanced the brain tissue levels of lipid peroxidation and hydroperoxidation and decreased the levels of antioxidants. It also increased the serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides. However, when STZ-treated animals received PQQ (20 mg·(kg body mass)−1·d−1, for 15 days), this significantly decreased the serum levels of glucose and lipid peroxidation products, and increased the activities of antioxidants in the diabetic mouse brain. These findings suggest that PQQ has the potential to ameliorate STZ-induced oxidative damage in the brain, as well as the STZ-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Kar
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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44
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Dias TR, Alves MG, Silva BM, Oliveira PF. Sperm glucose transport and metabolism in diabetic individuals. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 396:37-45. [PMID: 25128846 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) present marked reduction in sperm quality and higher DNA damage in spermatozoa, evidencing that this metabolic disorder impairs male fertility. These effects are related to defective testicular metabolic pathways and signaling, resulting in altered sperm metabolism. Spermatozoa metabolize several substrates to ensure energy supplies and any alteration in this feature compromise sperm quality. For ATP production, spermatozoa require substrate availability and the involvement of specific hexose membrane carriers. DM is known to modulate the spermatozoa substrate consumption and/or production due to altered glycolytic behavior. In fact, glucose uptake and metabolism is highly deregulated in diabetic individuals. Herein, we present an overview of the implications of DM in sperm glucose uptake and metabolism. The understanding of these processes is essential to identify key mechanisms associated with DM-related male (in)fertility. Moreover, it may contribute to the development of therapeutics to counteract the dysfunction induced by DM in sperm metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia R Dias
- CICS - UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- CICS - UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Branca M Silva
- CICS - UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- CICS - UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS) and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Portugal.
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Amador-Alvarado L, Montiel T, Massieu L. Differential production of reactive oxygen species in distinct brain regions of hypoglycemic mice. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:711-9. [PMID: 24590689 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia is a serious complication of insulin therapy in patients suffering from type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Severe hypoglycemia leading to coma (isoelectricity) induces massive neuronal death in vulnerable brain regions such as the hippocampus, the striatum and the cerebral cortex. It has been suggested that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress is involved in hypoglycemic brain damage, and that ROS generation is stimulated by glucose reintroduction (GR) after the hypoglycemic coma. However, the distribution of ROS in discrete brain regions has not been studied in detail. Using the oxidation sensitive marker dihydroethidium (DHE) we have investigated the distribution of ROS in different regions of the mouse brain during prolonged severe hypoglycemia without isoelectricity, as well as the effect of GR on ROS levels. Results show that ROS generation increases in the hippocampus, the cerebral cortex and the striatum after prolonged severe hypoglycemia before the coma. The hippocampus showed the largest increases in ROS levels. GR further stimulated ROS production in the hippocampus and the striatum while in the cerebral cortex, only the somatosensory and parietal areas were significantly affected by GR. Results suggest that ROS are differentially produced during the hypoglycemic insult and that a different response to GR is present among distinct brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Amador-Alvarado
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F, 04510, México
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46
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Sebastião I, Candeias E, Santos MS, de Oliveira CR, Moreira PI, Duarte AI. Insulin as a Bridge between Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer Disease - How Anti-Diabetics Could be a Solution for Dementia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:110. [PMID: 25071725 PMCID: PMC4086025 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer disease (AD) are two major health issues nowadays. T2D is an ever increasing epidemic, affecting millions of elderly people worldwide, with major repercussions in the patients' daily life. This is mostly due to its chronic complications that may affect brain and constitutes a risk factor for AD. T2D principal hallmark is insulin resistance which also occurs in AD, rendering both pathologies more than mere unrelated diseases. This hypothesis has been reinforced in the recent years, with a high number of studies highlighting the existence of several common molecular links. As such, it is not surprising that AD has been considered as the "type 3 diabetes" or a "brain-specific T2D," supporting the idea that a beneficial therapeutic strategy against T2D might be also beneficial against AD. Herewith, we aim to review some of the recent developments on the common features between T2D and AD, namely on insulin signaling and its participation in the regulation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation (the two major neuropathological hallmarks of AD). We also critically analyze the promising field that some anti-T2D drugs may protect against dementia and AD, with a special emphasis on the novel incretin/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Sebastião
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Candeias
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria S. Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina R. de Oliveira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I. Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Insulin therapy modulates mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis, autophagy and tau protein phosphorylation in the brain of type 1 diabetic rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1154-66. [PMID: 24747740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to examine whether streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes (T1D) and insulin (INS) treatment affect mitochondrial function, fission/fusion and biogenesis, autophagy and tau protein phosphorylation in cerebral cortex from diabetic rats treated or not with INS. No significant alterations were observed in mitochondrial function as well as pyruvate levels, despite the significant increase in glucose levels observed in INS-treated diabetic rats. A significant increase in DRP1 protein phosphorylated at Ser616 residue was observed in the brain cortex of STZ rats. Also an increase in NRF2 protein levels and in the number of copies of mtDNA were observed in STZ diabetic rats, these alterations being normalized by INS. A slight decrease in LC3-II levels was observed in INS-treated rats when compared to STZ diabetic animals. An increase in tau protein phosphorylation at Ser396 residue was observed in STZ diabetic rats while INS treatment partially reversed that effect. Accordingly, a modest reduction in the activation of GSK3β and a significant increase in the activity of phosphatase 2A were found in INS-treated rats when compared to STZ diabetic animals. No significant alterations were observed in caspases 9 and 3 activity and synaptophysin and PSD95 levels. Altogether our results show that mitochondrial alterations induced by T1D seem to involve compensation mechanisms since no significant changes in mitochondrial function and synaptic integrity were observed in diabetic animals. In addition, INS treatment is able to normalize the alterations induced by T1D supporting the importance of INS signaling in the brain.
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Ortiz MDC, Lores-Arnaiz S, Albertoni Borghese MF, Balonga S, Lavagna A, Filipuzzi AL, Cicerchia D, Majowicz M, Bustamante J. Mitochondrial dysfunction in brain cortex mitochondria of STZ-diabetic rats: effect of l-Arginine. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:2570-80. [PMID: 24190597 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in many diseases, including diabetes. It is well known that oxygen free radical species are produced endogenously by mitochondria, and also nitric oxide (NO) by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) associated to mitochondrial membranes, in consequence these organelles constitute main targets for oxidative damage. The aim of this study was to analyze mitochondrial physiology and NO production in brain cortex mitochondria of streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats in an early stage of diabetes and the potential effect of L-arginine administration. The diabetic condition was characterized by a clear hyperglycaemic state with loose of body weight after 4 days of STZ injection. This hyperglycaemic state was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction that was evident by an impairment of the respiratory activity, increased production of superoxide anion and a clear mitochondrial depolarization. In addition, the alteration in mitochondrial physiology was associated with a significant decrease in both NO production and nitric oxide synthase type I (NOS I) expression associated to the mitochondrial membranes. An increased level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in brain cortex homogenates from STZ-diabetic rats indicated the presence of lipid peroxidation. L-arginine treatment to diabetic rats did not change blood glucose levels but significantly ameliorated the oxidative stress evidenced by lower TBARS and a lower level of superoxide anion. This effect was paralleled by improvement of mitochondrial respiratory function and a partial mitochondrial repolarization.In addition, the administration of L-arginine to diabetic rats prevented the decrease in NO production and NOSI expression. These results could indicate that exogenously administered L-arginine may have beneficial effects on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and NO production in brain cortex mitochondria of STZ-diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Del Carmen Ortiz
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Languren G, Montiel T, Julio-Amilpas A, Massieu L. Neuronal damage and cognitive impairment associated with hypoglycemia: An integrated view. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:331-43. [PMID: 23876631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to offer a current perspective about the consequences of hypoglycemia and its impact on the diabetic disorder due to the increasing incidence of diabetes around the world. The main consequence of insulin treatment in type 1 diabetic patients is the occurrence of repetitive periods of hypoglycemia and even episodes of severe hypoglycemia leading to coma. In the latter, selective neuronal death is observed in brain vulnerable regions both in humans and animal models, such as the cortex and the hippocampus. Cognitive damage subsequent to hypoglycemic coma has been associated with neuronal death in the hippocampus. The mechanisms implicated in selective damage are not completely understood but many factors have been identified including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, zinc release, PARP-1 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Importantly, the diabetic condition aggravates neuronal damage and cognitive failure induced by hypoglycemia. In the absence of coma prolonged and severe hypoglycemia leads to increased oxidative stress and discrete neuronal death mainly in the cerebral cortex. The mechanisms responsible for cell damage in this condition are still unknown. Recurrent moderate hypoglycemia is far more common in diabetic patients than severe hypoglycemia and currently important efforts are being done in order to elucidate the relationship between cognitive deficits and recurrent hypoglycemia in diabetics. Human studies suggest impaired performance mainly in memory and attention tasks in healthy and diabetic individuals under the hypoglycemic condition. Only scarce neuronal death has been observed under moderate repetitive hypoglycemia but studies suggest that impaired hippocampal synaptic function might be one of the causes of cognitive failure. Recent studies have also implicated altered mitochondrial function and mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Languren
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, AP 70-253, México, D.F., Mexico
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50
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Alves MG, Martins AD, Cavaco JE, Socorro S, Oliveira PF. Diabetes, insulin-mediated glucose metabolism and Sertoli/blood-testis barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e23992. [PMID: 24665384 PMCID: PMC3875609 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood testis barrier (BTB) is one of the tightest blood-barriers controlling the entry of substances into the intratubular fluid. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an epidemic metabolic disease concurrent with falling fertility rates, which provokes severe detrimental BTB alterations. It induces testicular alterations, disrupting the metabolic cooperation between the cellular constituents of BTB, with dramatic consequences on sperm quality and fertility. As Sertoli cells are involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis, providing nutritional support for germ cells, any metabolic alteration in these cells derived from DM may be responsible for spermatogenesis disruption, playing a crucial role in fertility/subfertility associated with this pathology. These cells have a glucose sensing machinery that reacts to hormonal fluctuations and several mechanisms to counteract hyper/hypoglycemic events. The role of DM on Sertoli/BTB glucose metabolism dynamics and the metabolic molecular mechanisms through which DM and insulin deregulation alter its functioning, affecting male reproductive potential will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco G. Alves
- CICS-UBI; Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana D. Martins
- CICS-UBI; Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José E. Cavaco
- CICS-UBI; Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI; Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro F. Oliveira
- CICS-UBI; Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã, Portugal
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