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Zhu K, Wang L, Xiao Y, Zhang X, You G, Chen Y, Wang Q, Zhao L, Zhou H, Chen G. Nanomaterial-related hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, with emphasis on liposome and nano-capsules, for biomedical applications: current status and future perspectives. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:336. [PMID: 38880905 PMCID: PMC11180412 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is necessary for life and plays a key pivotal in maintaining normal physiological functions and treat of diseases. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have been studied and developed as a replacement for red blood cells (RBCs) in oxygen transport due to their similar oxygen-carrying capacities. However, applications of HBOCs are hindered by vasoactivity, oxidative toxicity, and a relatively short circulatory half-life. With advancements in nanotechnology, Hb encapsulation, absorption, bioconjugation, entrapment, and attachment to nanomaterials have been used to prepare nanomaterial-related HBOCs to address these challenges and pend their application in several biomedical and therapeutic contexts. This review focuses on the progress of this class of nanomaterial-related HBOCs in the fields of hemorrhagic shock, ischemic stroke, cancer, and wound healing, and speculates on future research directions. The advancements in nanomaterial-related HBOCs are expected to lead significant breakthroughs in blood substitutes, enabling their widespread use in the treatment of clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, 519041, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guoxing You
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lian Zhao
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Gan Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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2
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Wang Q, Yang C, Chen S, Li J. Miniaturized Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Quantitative Monitoring of Glutamate Dynamics in the Central Nervous System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202406867. [PMID: 38829963 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Glutamate is one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters within the mammalian central nervous system. The role of glutamate in regulating neural network signaling transmission through both synaptic and extra-synaptic paths highlights the importance of the real-time and continuous monitoring of its concentration and dynamics in living organisms. Progresses in multidisciplinary research have promoted the development of electrochemical glutamate sensors through the co-design of materials, interfaces, electronic devices, and integrated systems. This review summarizes recent works reporting various electrochemical sensor designs and their applicability as miniaturized neural probes to in vivo sensing within biological environments. We start with an overview of the role and physiological significance of glutamate, the metabolic routes, and its presence in various bodily fluids. Next, we discuss the design principles, commonly employed validation models/protocols, and successful demonstrations of multifunctional, compact, and bio-integrated devices in animal models. The final section provides an outlook on the development of the next generation glutamate sensors for neuroscience and neuroengineering, with the aim of offering practical guidance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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3
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Spitz S, Schobesberger S, Brandauer K, Ertl P. Sensor-integrated brain-on-a-chip platforms: Improving the predictive validity in neurodegenerative research. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10604. [PMID: 38818126 PMCID: PMC11135156 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Affecting millions of individuals worldwide, neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) pose a significant and growing health concern in people over the age of 60 years. Contributing to this trend are the steady increase in the aging population coupled with a persistent lack of disease-altering treatment strategies targeting NDDs. The absence of efficient therapeutics can be attributed to high failure rates in clinical trials and the ineptness of animal models in preceding preclinical studies. To that end, in recent years, significant research effort has been dedicated to the development of human cell-based preclinical disease models characterized by a higher degree of predictive validity. However, a key requirement of any in vitro model constitutes the precise knowledge and replication of the target tissues' (patho-)physiological microenvironment. Herein, microphysiological systems have demonstrated superiority over conventional static 2D/3D in vitro cell culture systems, as they allow for the emulation and continuous monitoring of the onset, progression, and remission of disease-associated phenotypes. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the field of NDD research using organ-on-a-chip platforms. Specific focus is directed toward non-invasive sensing strategies encompassing electrical, electrochemical, and optical sensors. Additionally, promising on- and integrable off-chip sensing strategies targeting key analytes in NDDs will be presented and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
- Present address:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
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4
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Lafuente JL, González S, Aibar C, Rivera D, Avilés E, Beunza JJ. Continuous and Non-Invasive Lactate Monitoring Techniques in Critical Care Patients. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:148. [PMID: 38534255 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Lactate, once merely regarded as an indicator of tissue hypoxia and muscular fatigue, has now gained prominence as a pivotal biomarker across various medical disciplines. Recent research has unveiled its critical role as a high-value prognostic marker in critical care medicine. The current practice of lactate detection involves periodic blood sampling. This approach is invasive and confined to measurements at six-hour intervals, leading to resource expenditure, time consumption, and patient discomfort. This review addresses non-invasive sensors that enable continuous monitoring of lactate in critical care patients. After the introduction, it discusses the iontophoresis system, followed by a description of the structural materials that are universally employed to create an interface between the integumentary system and the sensor. Subsequently, each method is detailed according to its physical principle, outlining its advantages, limitations, and pertinent aspects. The study concludes with a discussion and conclusions, aiming at the design of an intelligent sensor (Internet of Medical Things or IoMT) to facilitate continuous lactate monitoring and enhance the clinical decision-making support system in critical care medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Luis Lafuente
- IASalud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Engineering Department, School of Architecture, Engineering & Design, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel González
- IASalud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario HLA Moncloa, 28008 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Aibar
- IASalud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Engineering Department, School of Architecture, Engineering & Design, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Desirée Rivera
- IASalud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Engineering Department, School of Architecture, Engineering & Design, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Avilés
- IASalud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Engineering Department, School of Architecture, Engineering & Design, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Jose Beunza
- IASalud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Research and Doctorate School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Xu X, Zuo Y, Chen S, Hatami A, Gu H. Advancements in Brain Research: The In Vivo/In Vitro Electrochemical Detection of Neurochemicals. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:125. [PMID: 38534232 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Neurochemicals, crucial for nervous system function, influence vital bodily processes and their fluctuations are linked to neurodegenerative diseases and mental health conditions. Monitoring these compounds is pivotal, yet the intricate nature of the central nervous system poses challenges. Researchers have devised methods, notably electrochemical sensing with micro-nanoscale electrodes, offering high-resolution monitoring despite low concentrations and rapid changes. Implantable sensors enable precise detection in brain tissues with minimal damage, while microdialysis-coupled platforms allow in vivo sampling and subsequent in vitro analysis, addressing the selectivity issues seen in other methods. While lacking temporal resolution, techniques like HPLC and CE complement electrochemical sensing's selectivity, particularly for structurally similar neurochemicals. This review covers essential neurochemicals and explores miniaturized electrochemical sensors for brain analysis, emphasizing microdialysis integration. It discusses the pros and cons of these techniques, forecasting electrochemical sensing's future in neuroscience research. Overall, this comprehensive review outlines the evolution, strengths, and potential applications of electrochemical sensing in the study of neurochemicals, offering insights into future advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yimei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Amir Hatami
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Prof. Sobouti Boulevard, P.O. Box 45195-1159, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Rajarathinam T, Thirumalai D, Jayaraman S, Yang S, Ishigami A, Yoon JH, Paik HJ, Lee J, Chang SC. Glutamate oxidase sheets-Prussian blue grafted amperometric biosensor for the real time monitoring of glutamate release from primary cortical neurons. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127903. [PMID: 37939751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (GLU) is a primary excitatory neurotransmitter, and its dysregulation is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. A major challenge in GLU estimation is the existence of other biomolecules in the brain that could directly get oxidized at the electrode. Hence, highly selective electroenzymatic biosensors that enable rapid estimation of GLU are needed. Initially, a copolymer, poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate- styrene) was synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization to noncovalently functionalize reduced graphene oxide (rGO), named DS-rGO. Glutamate oxidase macromolecule immobilized DS-rGO formed enzyme nanosheets, which was drop-coated over Prussian blue electrodeposited disposable electrodes to fabricate the GLU biosensor. The interconnectivity between the enzyme nanosheets and the Prussian blue endows the biosensor with enhanced conductivity and electrochemical activity. The biosensor exhibited a linearity: 3.25-250 μM; sensitivity: 3.96 μA mM-1 cm-2, and a limit of detection: 0.96 μM for GLU in the Neurobasal Medium. The biosensor was applied to an in vitro primary rat cortical model to discriminate GLU levels in Neurobasal Medium, before and after KCl mediated depolarization, which provides new insights for elucidating neuronal functioning in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenmozhi Rajarathinam
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinakaran Thirumalai
- BIT Convergence-based Innovative Drug Development Targeting Metainflammation, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sivaguru Jayaraman
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonguk Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Jang-Hee Yoon
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Chen J, Ding X, Zhang D. Challenges and strategies faced in the electrochemical biosensing analysis of neurochemicals in vivo: A review. Talanta 2024; 266:124933. [PMID: 37506520 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Our brain is an intricate neuromodulatory network, and various neurochemicals, including neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, gases, ions, and energy metabolites, play important roles in regulating normal brain function. Abnormal release or imbalance of these substances will lead to various diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, therefore, in situ and real-time analysis of neurochemical interactions in pathophysiological conditions is beneficial to facilitate our understanding of brain function. Implantable electrochemical biosensors are capable of monitoring neurochemical signals in real time in extracellular fluid of specific brain regions because they can provide excellent temporal and spatial resolution. However, in vivo electrochemical biosensing analysis mainly faces the following challenges: First, foreign body reactions induced by microelectrode implantation, non-specific adsorption of proteins and redox products, and aggregation of glial cells, which will cause irreversible degradation of performance such as stability and sensitivity of the microsensor and eventually lead to signal loss; Second, various neurochemicals coexist in the complex brain environment, and electroactive substances with similar formal potentials interfere with each other. Therefore, it is a great challenge to design recognition molecules and tailor functional surfaces to develop in vivo electrochemical biosensors with high selectivity. Here, we take the above challenges as a starting point and detail the basic design principles for improving in vivo stability, selectivity and sensitivity of microsensors through some specific functionalized surface strategies as case studies. At the same time, we summarize surface modification strategies for in vivo electrochemical biosensing analysis of some important neurochemicals for researchers' reference. In addition, we also focus on the electrochemical detection of low basal concentrations of neurochemicals in vivo via amperometric waveform techniques, as well as the stability and biocompatibility of reference electrodes during long-term sensing, and provide an outlook on the future direction of in vivo electrochemical neurosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiuting Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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8
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Salavatian S, Robbins EM, Kuwabara Y, Castagnola E, Cui XT, Mahajan A. Real-time in vivo thoracic spinal glutamate sensing during myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H1304-H1317. [PMID: 37737733 PMCID: PMC10908408 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00299.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In the spinal cord, glutamate serves as the primary excitatory neurotransmitter. Monitoring spinal glutamate concentrations offers valuable insights into spinal neural processing. Consequently, spinal glutamate concentration has the potential to emerge as a useful biomarker for conditions characterized by increased spinal neural network activity, especially when uptake systems become dysfunctional. In this study, we developed a multichannel custom-made flexible glutamate-sensing probe for the large-animal model that is capable of measuring extracellular glutamate concentrations in real time and in vivo. We assessed the probe's sensitivity and specificity through in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Remarkably, this developed probe demonstrates nearly instantaneous glutamate detection and allows continuous monitoring of glutamate concentrations. Furthermore, we evaluated the mechanical and sensing performance of the probe in vivo, within the pig spinal cord. Moreover, we applied the glutamate-sensing method using the flexible probe in the context of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. During I/R injury, cardiac sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion transmit excitatory signals to the spinal cord, resulting in sympathetic activation that potentially leads to fatal arrhythmias. We have successfully shown that our developed glutamate-sensing method can detect this spinal network excitation during myocardial ischemia. This study illustrates a novel technique for measuring spinal glutamate at different spinal cord levels as a surrogate for the spinal neural network activity during cardiac interventions that engage the cardio-spinal neural pathway.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we have developed a new flexible sensing probe to perform an in vivo measurement of spinal glutamate signaling in a large animal model. Our initial investigations involved precise testing of this probe in both in vitro and ex vivo environments. We accurately assessed the sensitivity and specificity of our glutamate-sensing probe and demonstrated its performance. We also evaluated the performance of our developed flexible probe during the insertion and compared it with the stiff probe during animal movement. Subsequently, we used this innovative technique to monitor the spinal glutamate signaling during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion that can cause fatal ventricular arrhythmias. We showed that glutamate concentration increases during the myocardial ischemia, persists during the reperfusion, and is associated with sympathoexcitation and increases in myocardial substrate excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Salavatian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Elaine Marie Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yuki Kuwabara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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Bill D, Jasper M, Weltin A, Urban GA, Rupitsch SJ, Kieninger J. Electrochemical Methods in the Cloud: FreiStat, an IoT-Enabled Embedded Potentiostat. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13003-13009. [PMID: 37582246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Embedded potentiostats enable electrochemical measurements in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) or other decentralized applications, such as remote environmental monitoring, electrochemical energy systems, and biomedical point-of-care applications. We report on Freiburg's Potentiostat (FreiStat) based on the AD5941 potentiostat circuit from Analog Devices, together with custom firmware, as the key to precise and advanced electrochemical methods. We demonstrated its analytical performance by various cyclic voltammetry measurements, advanced techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry, and a lactate biosensor measurement with currents in the nA range and a resolution of 54 pA. The FreiStat yielded analytical results comparable to benchtop devices and outperformed current commercial embedded potentiostats at significantly lower cost, smaller size, and lower power consumption. Decentralized corrosion analysis by a Tafel plot using the IBM Cloud showed its applicability in a typical IoT scenario. The developed open-source software framework facilitates the integration of electrochemical instrumentation into applications utilizing machine learning and other artificial intelligence. Together with the affordable and highly capable embedded potentiostat, our approach can leverage analytical chemistry toward increasingly important, more widespread and decentralized applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bill
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Jasper
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Electrical Instrumentation and Embedded Systems, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan J Rupitsch
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Electrical Instrumentation and Embedded Systems, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Electrical Instrumentation and Embedded Systems, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Tian Y. Implantable Electrochemical Sensors for Brain Research. JACS AU 2023; 3:1572-1582. [PMID: 37388703 PMCID: PMC10301805 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Implantable electrochemical sensors provide reliable tools for in vivo brain research. Recent advances in electrode surface design and high-precision fabrication of devices led to significant developments in selectivity, reversibility, quantitative detection, stability, and compatibility of other methods, which enabled electrochemical sensors to provide molecular-scale research tools for dissecting the mechanisms of the brain. In this Perspective, we summarize the contribution of these advances to brain research and provide an outlook on the development of the next generation of electrochemical sensors for the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuandong Liu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan 611137, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department
of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Salavatian S, Robbins EM, Kuwabara Y, Castagnola E, Cui XT, Mahajan A. Real-time in vivo thoracic spinal glutamate sensing reveals spinal hyperactivity during myocardial ischemia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.11.531911. [PMID: 36993301 PMCID: PMC10054946 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.11.531911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) can cause ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death via sympathoexcitation. The spinal cord neural network is crucial in triggering these arrhythmias and evaluating its neurotransmitter activity during IR is critical for understanding ventricular excitability control. To assess the real-time in vivo spinal neural activity in a large animal model, we developed a flexible glutamate-sensing multielectrode array. To record the glutamate signaling during IR injury, we inserted the probe into the dorsal horn of the thoracic spinal cord at the T2-T3 where neural signals generated by the cardiac sensory neurons are processed and provide sympathoexcitatory feedback to the heart. Using the glutamate sensing probe, we found that the spinal neural network was excited during IR, especially after 15 mins, and remained elevated during reperfusion. Higher glutamate signaling was correlated with the reduction in the cardiac myocyte activation recovery interval, showing higher sympathoexcitation, as well as dispersion of the repolarization which is a marker for increased risk of arrhythmias. This study illustrates a new technique for measuring the spinal glutamate at different spinal cord levels as a surrogate for the spinal neural network activity during cardiac interventions that engage the cardio-spinal neural pathway. Graphical abstract
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12
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Engineered Nanomaterial based Implantable MicroNanoelectrode for in vivo Analysis: Technological Advancement and Commercial Aspects. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Downs AM, Plaxco KW. Real-Time, In Vivo Molecular Monitoring Using Electrochemical Aptamer Based Sensors: Opportunities and Challenges. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2823-2832. [PMID: 36205360 PMCID: PMC9840907 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The continuous, real-time measurement of specific molecules in situ in the body would greatly improve our ability to understand, diagnose, and treat disease. The vast majority of continuous molecular sensing technologies, however, either (1) rely on the chemical or enzymatic reactivity of their targets, sharply limiting their scope, or (2) have never been shown (and likely will never be shown) to operate in the complex environments found in vivo. Against this background, here we review electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensors, an electrochemical approach to real-time molecular monitoring that has now seen 15 years of academic development. The strengths of the EAB platform are significant: to date it is the only molecular measurement technology that (1) functions independently of the chemical reactivity of its targets, and is thus general, and (2) supports in vivo measurements. Specifically, using EAB sensors we, and others, have already reported the real-time, seconds-resolved measurements of multiple, unrelated drugs and metabolites in situ in the veins and tissues of live animals. Against these strengths, we detail the platform's remaining weaknesses, which include still limited measurement duration (hours, rather than the more desirable days) and the difficulty in obtaining sufficiently high performance aptamers against new targets, before then detailing promising approaches overcoming these hurdles. Finally, we close by exploring the opportunities we believe this potentially revolutionary technology (as well as a few, possibly competing, technologies) will create for both researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. Downs
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Kevin W. Plaxco
- Center for Bioengineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA,Corresponding author:
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14
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Saha T, Songkakul T, Knisely CT, Yokus MA, Daniele MA, Dickey MD, Bozkurt A, Velev OD. Wireless Wearable Electrochemical Sensing Platform with Zero-Power Osmotic Sweat Extraction for Continuous Lactate Monitoring. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2037-2048. [PMID: 35820167 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Wearable and wireless monitoring of biomarkers such as lactate in sweat can provide a deeper understanding of a subject's metabolic stressors, cardiovascular health, and physiological response to exercise. However, the state-of-the-art wearable and wireless electrochemical systems rely on active sweat released either via high-exertion exercise, electrical stimulation (such as iontophoresis requiring electrical power), or chemical stimulation (such as by delivering pilocarpine or carbachol inside skin), to extract sweat under low-perspiring conditions such as at rest. Here, we present a continuous sweat lactate monitoring platform combining a hydrogel for osmotic sweat extraction, with a paper microfluidic channel for facilitating sweat transport and management, a screen-printed electrochemical lactate sensor, and a custom-built wireless wearable potentiostat system. Osmosis enables zero-electrical power sweat extraction at rest, while continuous evaporation at the end of a paper channel allows long-term sensing from fresh sweat. The positioning of the lactate sensors provides near-instantaneous sensing at low sweat volume, and the custom-designed potentiostat supports continuous monitoring with ultra-low power consumption. For a proof of concept, the prototype system was evaluated for continuous measurement of sweat lactate across a range of physiological activities with changing lactate concentrations and sweat rates: for 2 h at the resting state, 1 h during medium-intensity exercise, and 30 min during high-intensity exercise. Overall, this wearable system holds the potential of providing comprehensive and long-term continuous analysis of sweat lactate trends in the human body during rest and under exercising conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tanner Songkakul
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Charles T Knisely
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Murat A Yokus
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Alper Bozkurt
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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15
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Brain-Implantable Multifunctional Probe for Simultaneous Detection of Glutamate and GABA Neurotransmitters: Optimization and In Vivo Studies. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071008. [PMID: 35888825 PMCID: PMC9316119 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Imbalances in levels of glutamate (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and their sub-second signaling dynamics occur in several brain disorders including traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s disease. The present work reports on the optimization and in vivo testing of a silicon (Si) multifunctional biosensor probe for sub-second simultaneous real-time detection of GLU and GABA. The Si probe features four surface-functionalized platinum ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) for detection of GLU and GABA, a sentinel site, and integrated microfluidics for in-situ calibration. Optimal enzyme concentrations, size-exclusion phenylenediamine layer and micro spotting conditions were systematically investigated. The measured GLU sensitivity for the GLU and GABA sites were as high as 219 ± 8 nA μM−1 cm−2 (n = 3). The measured GABA sensitivity was as high as 10 ± 1 nA μM−1 cm−2 (n = 3). Baseline recordings (n = 18) in live rats demonstrated a useful probe life of at least 11 days with GLU and GABA concentrations changing at the levels of 100′s and 1000′s of μM and with expected periodic bursts or fluctuations during walking, teeth grinding and other activities and with a clear difference in the peak amplitude of the sensor fluctuations between rest (low) and activity (higher), or when the rat was surprised (a reaction with no movement). Importantly, the probe could improve methods for large-scale monitoring of neurochemical activity and network function in disease and injury, in live rodent brain.
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16
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Dornhof J, Kieninger J, Muralidharan H, Maurer J, Urban GA, Weltin A. Microfluidic organ-on-chip system for multi-analyte monitoring of metabolites in 3D cell cultures. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:225-239. [PMID: 34851349 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00689d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell cultures using patient-derived stem cells are essential in vitro models for a more efficient and individualized cancer therapy. Currently, culture conditions and metabolite concentrations, especially hypoxia, are often not accessible continuously and in situ within microphysiological systems. However, understanding and standardizing the cellular microenvironment are the key to successful in vitro models. We developed a microfluidic organ-on-chip platform for matrix-based, heterogeneous 3D cultures with fully integrated electrochemical chemo- and biosensor arrays for the energy metabolites oxygen, lactate, and glucose. Advanced microstructures allow straightforward cell matrix integration with standard laboratory equipment, compartmentalization, and microfluidic access. Single, patient-derived, triple-negative breast cancer stem cells develop into tumour organoids in a heterogeneous spheroid culture on-chip. Our system allows unprecedented control of culture conditions, including hypoxia, and simultaneous verification by integrated sensors. Beyond previous works, our results demonstrate precise and reproducible on-chip multi-analyte metabolite monitoring under dynamic conditions from a matrix-based culture over more than one week. Responses to alterations in culture conditions and cancer drug exposure, such as metabolite consumption and production rates, could be accessed quantitatively and in real-time, in contrast to endpoint analyses. Our approach highlights the importance of continuous, in situ metabolite monitoring in 3D cell cultures regarding the standardization and control of culture conditions, and drug screening in cancer research. Overall, the results underline the potential of microsensors in organ-on-chip systems for successful application, e.g. in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Dornhof
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Harshini Muralidharan
- Molecular Gynecology, Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Maurer
- Molecular Gynecology, Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerald A Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Regiart M, Ledo A, Fernandes E, Messina GA, Brett CMA, Bertotti M, Barbosa RM. Highly sensitive and selective nanostructured microbiosensors for glucose and lactate simultaneous measurements in blood serum and in vivo in brain tissue. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 199:113874. [PMID: 34920228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and selective nanostructured lactate and glucose microbiosensors for their in vivo simultaneous determination in rat brain were developed based on carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFM) modified with nanoporous gold (NPG) using the Dynamic Hydrogen Bubble Template (DHBT) method. Electrodeposition of platinum nanoparticles (PtNP) onto the NPG film enhances the sensitivity and the electrocatalytic properties towards H2O2 detection. The nanostructured microelectrode platform was modified by glucose oxidase (GOx) and lactate oxidase (LOx) enzyme immobilization. High selective measurements were achieved by covering with a perm-selective layer of electropolymerized m-phenylenediamine, deposition of a Nafion® film and by using a null sensor. The morphological characteristics and electroanalytical performance of the microbiosensors were assessed, by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical techniques, respectively. The PtNP/NPG/CFM shows a high sensitivity to H2O2 (5.96 A M-1 cm-2) at 0.36 V vs. Ag/AgCl, with a linear range from 0.2 to 200 μM, and an LOD of 10 nM. The microbiosensors were applied to the simultaneous determination of lactate and glucose in blood serum samples. Moreover, the basal extracellular concentrations of lactate and glucose were measured in vivo in four different rat brain structures. These results support the potential of the microbiosensor to be used as a valuable tool to investigate brain neurochemicals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Regiart
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Ledo
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eliana Fernandes
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - German A Messina
- INQUISAL. Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de San Luis. CONICET, Chacabuco 917, D5700BWS, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Christopher M A Brett
- University of Coimbra, Department of Chemistry, CEMMPRE, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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18
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Osmotically Enabled Wearable Patch for Sweat Harvesting and Lactate Quantification. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121513. [PMID: 34945363 PMCID: PMC8705979 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lactate is an essential biomarker for determining the health of the muscles and oxidative stress levels in the human body. However, most of the currently available sweat lactate monitoring devices require external power, cannot measure lactate under low sweat rates (such as in humans at rest), and do not provide adequate information about the relationship between sweat and blood lactate levels. Here, we discuss the on-skin operation of our recently developed wearable sweat sampling patch. The patch combines osmosis (using hydrogel discs) and capillary action (using paper microfluidic channel) for long-term sweat withdrawal and management. When subjects are at rest, the hydrogel disc can withdraw fluid from the skin via osmosis and deliver it to the paper. The lactate amount in the fluid is determined using a colorimetric assay. During active sweating (e.g., exercise), the paper can harvest sweat even in the absence of the hydrogel patch. The captured fluid contains lactate, which we quantify using a colorimetric assay. The measurements show the that the total number of moles of lactate in sweat is correlated to sweat rate. Lactate concentrations in sweat and blood correlate well only during high-intensity exercise. Hence, sweat appears to be a suitable biofluid for lactate quantification. Overall, this wearable patch holds the potential of providing a comprehensive analysis of sweat lactate trends in the human body.
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19
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Khan ZM, Wilts E, Vlaisavljevich E, Long TE, Verbridge SS. Electroresponsive Hydrogels for Therapeutic Applications in the Brain. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100355. [PMID: 34800348 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electroresponsive hydrogels possess a conducting material component and respond to electric stimulation through reversible absorption and expulsion of water. The high level of hydration, soft elastomeric compliance, biocompatibility, and enhanced electrochemical properties render these hydrogels suitable for implantation in the brain to enhance the transmission of neural electric signals and ion transport. This review provides an overview of critical electroresponsive hydrogel properties for augmenting electric stimulation in the brain. A background on electric stimulation in the brain through electroresponsive hydrogels is provided. Common conducting materials and general techniques to integrate them into hydrogels are briefly discussed. This review focuses on and summarizes advances in electric stimulation of electroconductive hydrogels for therapeutic applications in the brain, such as for controlling delivery of drugs, directing neural stem cell differentiation and neurogenesis, improving neural biosensor capabilities, and enhancing neural electrode-tissue interfaces. The key challenges in each of these applications are discussed and recommendations for future research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerin M Khan
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Emily Wilts
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Timothy E Long
- Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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20
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Moldovan N, Blaga II, Billa S, Hossain I, Gong C, Jones CE, Murray TA, Divan R, Siddiqui S, Arumugam PU. Brain-Implantable Multifunctional Probe for Simultaneous Detection of Glutamate and GABA Neurotransmitters. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 337:129795. [PMID: 35603327 PMCID: PMC9122026 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are neurotransmitters (NTs) with an essential role in signal transmission in the brain. Brain disorders, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and traumatic brain injury can be linked to imbalances in the GLU-GABA homeostasis that occurs in sub-second to seconds time frames. Current measurement techniques can detect these two NT concentrations simultaneously only in vitro. The present work reports on the fabrication of a silicon multifunctional biosensor microarray probe for sub-second simultaneous GLU-GABA detection in real-time, with excellent analyte sensitivity and selectivity and in vivo capabilities. The novel Si probes feature four surface-functionalized platinum ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) for simultaneous amperometric detection of GLU and GABA with a sentinel, and a built-in microfluidic channel for the introduction of neurochemicals in the proximity of the UMEs. The microchannel also allows functioning of an On-Demand In-situ Calibrator that runs in-situ biosensor calibration. The probe exhibited excellent robustness at insertion in agarose-gel brain-tissue-mimicking test, and remarkably high hydrogen peroxide sensitivity (a by-product of GLU-GABA enzyme biosensor) with values on the order of 5000 nA μM -1 cm -2 and maximum sensitivities of 204±15 nA μM -1 cm -2 and 37±7 nA μM -1 cm -2 for GLU and GABA, respectively. Furthermore, the limit of detection of the biosensors reached as low as 7 nM, 165 nM and 750 nM for H 2 O 2, GLU and GABA, respectively and a temporal resolution of hundreds of milliseconds during in vivo studies using freely moving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjeev Billa
- Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Imran Hossain
- Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Chenggong Gong
- Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Claire E. Jones
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science (CBERS), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Teresa A. Murray
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science (CBERS), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Ralu Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439
| | - Shabnam Siddiqui
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science (CBERS), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
- Louisiana State University Shreveport, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Shreveport, LA 71115
| | - Prabhu U. Arumugam
- Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science (CBERS), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
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21
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Brain neurochemical monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 189:113351. [PMID: 34049083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain neurochemical monitoring aims to provide continuous and accurate measurements of brain biomarkers. It has enabled significant advances in neuroscience for application in clinical diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of brain diseases. Microfabricated electrochemical and optical spectroscopy sensing technologies have been developed for precise monitoring of brain neurochemicals. Here, a comprehensive review on the progress of sensing technologies developed for brain neurochemical monitoring is presented. The review provides a summary of the widely measured clinically relevant neurochemicals and commonly adopted recognition technologies. Recent advances in sampling, electrochemistry, and optical spectroscopy for brain neurochemical monitoring are highlighted and their application are discussed. Existing gaps in current technologies and future directions to design industry standard brain neurochemical sensing devices for clinical applications are addressed.
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22
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Urban S, Deschner BJ, Trinkies LL, Kieninger J, Kraut M, Dittmeyer R, Urban GA, Weltin A. In Situ Mapping of H 2, O 2, and H 2O 2 in Microreactors: A Parallel, Selective Multianalyte Detection Method. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1583-1594. [PMID: 33481585 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Determining local concentrations of the analytes in state-of-the-art microreactors is essential for the development of optimized and safe processes. However, the selective, parallel monitoring of all relevant reactants and products in a multianalyte environment is challenging. Electrochemical microsensors can provide unique information on the reaction kinetics and overall performance of the hydrogen peroxide synthesis process in microreactors, thanks to their high spatial and temporal resolution and their ability to measure in situ, in contrast to other techniques. We present a chronoamperometric approach which allows the selective detection of the dissolved gases hydrogen and oxygen and their reaction product hydrogen peroxide on the same platinum microelectrode in an aqueous electrolyte. The method enables us to obtain the concentration of each analyte using three specific potentials and to subtract interfering currents from the mixed signal. While hydrogen can be detected independently, no potentials can be found for a direct, selective measurement of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Instead, it was found that for combined signals, the individual contribution of all analytes superimposes linearly additive. We showed that the concentrations determined from the subtracted signals correlate very well with results obtained without interfering analytes present. For the first time, this approach allowed the mapping of the distribution of the analytes hydrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide inside a multiphase membrane microreactor, paving the way for online process control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK−Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt J. Deschner
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Laura L. Trinkies
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK−Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Kraut
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK−Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK−Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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23
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Moussa S, Chhin D, Pollegioni L, Mauzeroll J. Quantitative measurements of free and immobilized RgDAAO Michaelis-Menten constant using an electrochemical assay reveal the impact of covalent cross-linking on substrate specificity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6793-6802. [PMID: 33791826 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Challenges facing enzyme-based electrochemical sensors include substrate specificity, batch to batch reproducibility, and lack of quantitative metrics related to the effect of enzyme immobilization. We present a quick, simple, and general approach for measuring the effect of immobilization and cross-linking on enzyme activity and substrate specificity. The method can be generalized for electrochemical biosensors using an enzyme that releases hydrogen peroxide during its catalytic cycle. Using as proof of concept RgDAAO-based electrochemical biosensors, we found that the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) decreases post immobilization, hinting at alterations in the enzyme kinetic properties and thus substrate specificity. We confirm the decrease in Km electrochemically by characterizing the substrate specificity of the immobilized RgDAAO using chronoamperometry. Our results demonstrate that enzyme immobilization affects enzyme substrate specificity and this must be carefully evaluated during biosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siba Moussa
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Danny Chhin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi deII'Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada.
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24
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Tan C, Robbins EM, Wu B, Cui XT. Recent Advances in In Vivo Neurochemical Monitoring. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:208. [PMID: 33670703 PMCID: PMC7922317 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a complex network that accounts for only 5% of human mass but consumes 20% of our energy. Uncovering the mysteries of the brain's functions in motion, memory, learning, behavior, and mental health remains a hot but challenging topic. Neurochemicals in the brain, such as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, gliotransmitters, hormones, and metabolism substrates and products, play vital roles in mediating and modulating normal brain function, and their abnormal release or imbalanced concentrations can cause various diseases, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. A wide range of techniques have been used to probe the concentrations of neurochemicals under normal, stimulated, diseased, and drug-induced conditions in order to understand the neurochemistry of drug mechanisms and develop diagnostic tools or therapies. Recent advancements in detection methods, device fabrication, and new materials have resulted in the development of neurochemical sensors with improved performance. However, direct in vivo measurements require a robust sensor that is highly sensitive and selective with minimal fouling and reduced inflammatory foreign body responses. Here, we review recent advances in neurochemical sensor development for in vivo studies, with a focus on electrochemical and optical probes. Other alternative methods are also compared. We discuss in detail the in vivo challenges for these methods and provide an outlook for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
| | - Elaine M. Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Sachdeva S, Davis RW, Saha AK. Microfluidic Point-of-Care Testing: Commercial Landscape and Future Directions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:602659. [PMID: 33520958 PMCID: PMC7843572 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.602659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT) allows physicians to detect and diagnose diseases at or near the patient site, faster than conventional lab-based testing. The importance of POCT is considerably amplified in the trying times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Numerous point-of-care tests and diagnostic devices are available in the market including, but not limited to, glucose monitoring, pregnancy and infertility testing, infectious disease testing, cholesterol testing and cardiac markers. Integrating microfluidics in POCT allows fluid manipulation and detection in a singular device with minimal sample requirements. This review presents an overview of two technologies - (a.) Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) and (b.) Nucleic Acid Amplification - upon which a large chunk of microfluidic POCT diagnostics is based, some of their applications, and commercially available products. Apart from this, we also delve into other microfluidic-based diagnostics that currently dominate the in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) market, current testing landscape for COVID-19 and prospects of microfluidics in next generation diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amit K. Saha
- Genome Technology Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Choi HK, Lee JH, Lee T, Lee SN, Choi JW. Flexible Electronics for Monitoring in vivo Electrophysiology and Metabolite Signals. Front Chem 2020; 8:547591. [PMID: 33330353 PMCID: PMC7710703 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.547591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous efforts have been made to develop efficient biosensors for detecting analytes in the human body. However, biosensors are often developed on rigid materials, which limits their application on skin, organs, and other tissues in the human body where good flexibility is required. Developing flexible materials for biosensors that can be used on soft and irregularly shaped surfaces would significantly expand the clinical application of biosensors. In this review, we will provide a selective overview of recently developed flexible electronic devices and their applications for monitoring in vivo metabolite and electrophysiology signals. The article provides guidelines for the development of an in vivo signal monitoring system and emphasizes research from various disciplines for the further development of flexible electronics that can be used in more biomedical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyu Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Lee
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Sun Y, Nguyen TNH, Anderson A, Cheng X, Gage TE, Lim J, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Rodolakis F, Zhang Z, Arslan I, Ramanathan S, Lee H, Chubykin AA. In Vivo Glutamate Sensing inside the Mouse Brain with Perovskite Nickelate-Nafion Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24564-24574. [PMID: 32383375 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate, one of the main neurotransmitters in the brain, plays a critical role in communication between neurons, neuronal development, and various neurological disorders. Extracellular measurement of neurotransmitters such as glutamate in the brain is important for understanding these processes and developing a new generation of brain-machine interfaces. Here, we demonstrate the use of a perovskite nickelate-Nafion heterostructure as a promising glutamate sensor with a low detection limit of 16 nM and a response time of 1.2 s via amperometric sensing. We have designed and successfully tested novel perovskite nickelate-Nafion electrodes for recording of glutamate release ex vivo in electrically stimulated brain slices and in vivo from the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake mice exposed to visual stimuli. These results demonstrate the potential of perovskite nickelates as sensing media for brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tran N H Nguyen
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Adam Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Thomas E Gage
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jongcheon Lim
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zhan Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Fanny Rodolakis
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shriram Ramanathan
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander A Chubykin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Hussein MA, El-Said WA, Abu-Zied BM, Choi JW. Nanosheet composed of gold nanoparticle/graphene/epoxy resin based on ultrasonic fabrication for flexible dopamine biosensor using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANO CONVERGENCE 2020; 7:15. [PMID: 32367260 PMCID: PMC7198691 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-020-00225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Construction of a fast, easy and sensitive neurotransmitters-based sensor could provide a promising way for the diagnosis of neurological diseases, leading to the discovery of more effective treatment methods. The current work is directed to develop for the first time a flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) based neurotransmitters sensor by using the ultrasonic-assisted fabrication of a new set of epoxy resin (EPR) nanocomposites based on graphene nanosheets (GNS) using the casting technique. The perspicuous epoxy resin was reinforced by the variable loading of GNS giving the general formula GNS/EPR1-5. The designed products have been fabricated in situ while the perspicuous epoxy resin was formed. The expected nanocomposites have been fabricated using 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% GNS loading was applied for such fabrication process. The chemical, physical and morphological properties of the prepared nanocomposites were investigated by using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis, Differential Thermal gravimetry, and field emission scanning electron microscopy methods. The GNS/EPR1-5 nanocomposites were decorated with a layer of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs/GNS/EPR) to create surface-enhanced Raman scattering hot points. The wettability of the Au NPs/GNS/EPR was investigated in comparison with the different nanocomposites and the bare epoxy. Au NPs/GNS/EPR was used as a SERS-active surface for detecting different concentrations of dopamine with a limit of detection of 3.3 µM. Our sensor showed the capability to detect low concentrations of dopamine either in a buffer system or in human serum as a real sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Waleed A El-Said
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bahaa M Abu-Zied
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-Ro, Mapo-Gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
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Nguyen TNH, Nolan JK, Cheng X, Park H, Wang Y, Lam S, Lee H, Kim SJ, Shi R, Chubykin AA, Lee H. Fabrication and ex vivo evaluation of activated carbon-Pt microparticle based glutamate biosensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020; 866. [PMID: 32489342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant neurotransmitters in the brain and the spinal cord, glutamate plays many important roles in the nervous system. Precise information about the level of glutamate in the extracellular space of living brain tissue may provide new insights on fundamental understanding of the role of glutamate in neurological disorders as well as neurophysiological phenomena. Electrochemical sensor has emerged as a promising solution that can satisfy the requirement for highly reliable and continuous monitoring method with good spatiotemporal resolution for characterization of extracellular glutamate concentration. Recently, we published a method to create a simple printable glutamate biosensor using platinum nanoparticles. In this work, we introduce an even simpler and lower cost conductive polymer composite using commercially available activated carbon with platinum microparticles to easily fabricate highly sensitive glutamate biosensor using direct ink writing method. The fabricated biosensors are functionality superior than previously reported with the sensitivity of 5.73 ± 0.078 nA μM-1 mm-2, detection limit of 0.03 μM, response time less than or equal to 1 s, and a linear range from 1 μM up to 925 μM. In this study, we utilize astrocyte cell culture to demonstrate our biosensor's ability to monitor glutamate uptake process. We also demonstrate direct measurement of glutamate release from optogenetic stimulation in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran N H Nguyen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James K Nolan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyunsu Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyungwoo Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Riyi Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexander A Chubykin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Yang X, Cheng H. Recent Developments of Flexible and Stretchable Electrochemical Biosensors. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E243. [PMID: 32111023 PMCID: PMC7143805 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The skyrocketing popularity of health monitoring has spurred increasing interest in wearable electrochemical biosensors. Compared with the traditionally rigid and bulky electrochemical biosensors, flexible and stretchable devices render a unique capability to conform to the complex, hierarchically textured surfaces of the human body. With a recognition element (e.g., enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, ions) to selectively react with the target analyte, wearable electrochemical biosensors can convert the types and concentrations of chemical changes in the body into electrical signals for easy readout. Initial exploration of wearable electrochemical biosensors integrates electrodes on textile and flexible thin-film substrate materials. A stretchable property is needed for the thin-film device to form an intimate contact with the textured skin surface and to deform with various natural skin motions. Thus, stretchable materials and structures have been exploited to ensure the effective function of a wearable electrochemical biosensor. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent development of flexible and stretchable electrochemical biosensors, including their principles, representative application scenarios (e.g., saliva, tear, sweat, and interstitial fluid), and materials and structures. While great strides have been made in the wearable electrochemical biosensors, challenges still exist, which represents a small fraction of opportunities for the future development of this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
- Department of Automotive Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Qamar AZ, Shamsi MH. Desktop Fabrication of Lab-On-Chip Devices on Flexible Substrates: A Brief Review. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E126. [PMID: 31979275 PMCID: PMC7074936 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flexible microfluidic devices are currently in demand because they can be mass-produced in resource-limited settings using simple and inexpensive fabrication tools. Finding new ways to fabricate microfluidic platforms on flexible substrates has been a hot area. Integration of customized detection tools for different lab-on-chip applications has made this area challenging. Significant advancements have occurred in the area over the last decade; therefore, there is a need to review such interesting fabrication tools employed on flexible substrates, such as paper and plastics. In this short review, we review individual fabrication tools and their combinations that have been used to develop such platforms in the past five years. These tools are not only simple and low-cost but also require minimal skills for their operation. Moreover, key examples of plastic-based flexible substrates are also presented, because a diverse range of plastic materials have prevailed recently for a variety of lab-on-chip applications. This review should attract audience of various levels, i.e., from hobbyists to scientists, and from high school students to postdoctoral researchers, to produce their own flexible devices in their own settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohtashim Hassan Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
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Schultz J, Uddin Z, Singh G, Howlader MMR. Glutamate sensing in biofluids: recent advances and research challenges of electrochemical sensors. Analyst 2020; 145:321-347. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01609k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensing guidelines for glutamate in biofluids, associated with different diseases, providing knowledge translation among science, engineering, and medical professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schultz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Zakir Uddin
- School of Rehabilitation Science
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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Weltin A, Ganatra D, König K, Joseph K, Hofmann UG, Urban GA, Kieninger J. New life for old wires: electrochemical sensor method for neural implants. J Neural Eng 2019; 17:016007. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab4c69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ou Y, Buchanan AM, Witt CE, Hashemi P. Frontiers in Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitter Detection: Towards Measuring Neurotransmitters as Chemical Diagnostics for Brain Disorders. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:2738-2755. [PMID: 32724337 PMCID: PMC7386554 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay00055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It is extremely challenging to chemically diagnose disorders of the brain. There is hence great interest in designing and optimizing tools for direct detection of chemical biomarkers implicated in neurological disorders to improve diagnosis and treatment. Tools that are capable of monitoring brain chemicals, neurotransmitters in particular, need to be biocompatible, perform with high spatiotemporal resolution, and ensure high selectivity and sensitivity. Recent advances in electrochemical methods are addressing these criteria; the resulting devices demonstrate great promise for in vivo neurotransmitter detection. None of these devices are currently used for diagnostic purposes, however these cutting-edge technologies are promising more sensitive, selective, faster, and less invasive measurements. Via this review we highlight significant technical advances and in vivo studies, performed in the last 5 years, that we believe will facilitate the development of diagnostic tools for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Anna Marie Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Colby E. Witt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC
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Chen H, Bai Z, Dai X, Zeng X, Cano ZP, Xie X, Zhao M, Li M, Wang H, Chen Z, Yang L, Lu J. In Situ Engineering of Intracellular Hemoglobin for Implantable High‐Performance Biofuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6663-6668. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Xianqi Dai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Zeng
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA
| | - Zachary P. Cano
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute for, NanotechnologyWaterloo Institute for Sustainable EnergyUniversity of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Xiaoxiao Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Matthew Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute for, NanotechnologyWaterloo Institute for Sustainable EnergyUniversity of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - He Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute for, NanotechnologyWaterloo Institute for Sustainable EnergyUniversity of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Lin Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA
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Chen H, Bai Z, Dai X, Zeng X, Cano ZP, Xie X, Zhao M, Li M, Wang H, Chen Z, Yang L, Lu J. In Situ Engineering of Intracellular Hemoglobin for Implantable High‐Performance Biofuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Xianqi Dai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Zeng
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA
| | - Zachary P. Cano
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute for, NanotechnologyWaterloo Institute for Sustainable EnergyUniversity of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Xiaoxiao Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Matthew Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute for, NanotechnologyWaterloo Institute for Sustainable EnergyUniversity of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - He Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWaterloo Institute for, NanotechnologyWaterloo Institute for Sustainable EnergyUniversity of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Lin Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Physics and Materials ScienceHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering DivisionArgonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA
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37
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Simultaneous Determination of Glutamate and Calcium Ion in Rat Brain during Spreading Depression and Ischemia Processes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Highly sensitive amperometric detection of glutamate by glutamic oxidase immobilized Pt nanoparticle decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs)/polypyrrole composite. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:307-314. [PMID: 30780080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective glutamate biosensor using glutamate Oxidase (GlUtOx) immobilized platinum nanoparticle (PtNP) decorated multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs)/polypyrrole (PPy) composite on glassy carbon electrodes (GC) is demonstrated. PtNP decorated MWCNTs (Pt-MWCNTs), PPy and Pt-MWCNTs/PPy composite were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis to confirm the formation of the nanocomposite. The glutamate Oxidase (GlUtOx) was immobilized on a GC/Pt-MWCNTs/PPy and characterized by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The fabricated L-glutamate biosensor exhibited high sensitivity (723.08 µA cm-2 mM-1) with less response time (3 s) with a detection limit of 0.88 µM. The dynamic range from 10 to 100 µM with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.985 was observed for the L-glutamate biosensor. The analytical recovery of added L-glutamate acid (50 and 100 μM) in human serum soup were 96.1% and 97.5% respectively. The enzyme immobilized GC/Pt-MWCNTs/PPy/GlUtOx bioelectrode lost 12.6% and 23.8% of its initial activity after 30 days when stored at - 20 °C and 4 °C respectively.
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Nguyen TNH, Nolan JK, Park H, Lam S, Fattah M, Page JC, Joe HE, Jun MBG, Lee H, Kim SJ, Shi R, Lee H. Facile fabrication of flexible glutamate biosensor using direct writing of platinum nanoparticle-based nanocomposite ink. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 131:257-266. [PMID: 30849725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is a pathology in which excessive glutamate can cause neuronal damage and degeneration. It has also been linked to secondary injury mechanisms in traumatic spinal cord injury. Conventional bioanalytical techniques used to characterize glutamate levels in vivo, such as microdialysis, have low spatiotemporal resolution, which has impeded our understanding of this dynamic event. In this study, we present an amperometric biosensor fabricated using a simple direct ink writing technique for the purpose of in vivo glutamate monitoring. The biosensor is fabricated by immobilizing glutamate oxidase on nanocomposite electrodes made of platinum nanoparticles, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and a conductive polymer on a flexible substrate. The sensor is designed to measure extracellular dynamics of glutamate and other potential biomarkers during a traumatic spinal cord injury event. Here we demonstrate good sensitivity and selectivity of these rapidly prototyped implantable biosensors that can be inserted into a spinal cord and measure extracellular glutamate concentration. We show that our biosensors exhibit good flexibility, linear range, repeatability, and stability that are suitable for future in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran N H Nguyen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James K Nolan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyunsu Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Mara Fattah
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jessica C Page
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hang-Eun Joe
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Martin B G Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyungwoo Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Riyi Shi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Center for Implantable Device, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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40
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Ganesana M, Trikantzopoulos E, Maniar Y, Lee ST, Venton BJ. Development of a novel micro biosensor for in vivo monitoring of glutamate release in the brain. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:103-109. [PMID: 30731343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
L- Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and hyperglutamatergic signaling is implicated in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Monitoring glutamate with a glutamate oxidase-based amperometric biosensor offers advantages such as high spatial and high temporal resolution. However, commercially-available glutamate biosensors are expensive and larger in size. Here, we report the development of 50 µm diameter biosensor for real-time monitoring of L-glutamate in vivo. A polymer, poly-o-phenylenediamine (PPD) layer was electropolymerized onto a 50 µm Pt wire to act as a permselective membrane. Then, glutamate oxidase entrapped in a biocompatible chitosan matrix was cast onto the microelectrode surface. Finally, ascorbate oxidase was coated to eliminate interferences from high levels of extracellular ascorbic acid present in brain tissue. L-glutamate measurements were performed amperometrically at an applied potential of 0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. The biosensor exhibited a linear range from 5 to 150 μM, with a high sensitivity of 0.097 ± 0.001 nA/μM and one-week storage stability. The biosensor also showed a rapid steady state response to L-glutamate within 2 s, with a limit of detection of 0.044 μM. The biosensor was used successfully to detect stimulated glutamate in the subthalamic nucleus in brain slices and in vivo. Thus, this biosensor is appropriate for future neuroscience applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjunarao Ganesana
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elefterios Trikantzopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yash Maniar
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Scott T Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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41
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Mi S, Xia J, Xu Y, Du Z, Sun W. An integrated microchannel biosensor platform to analyse low density lactate metabolism in HepG2 cells in vitro. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9006-9013. [PMID: 35517697 PMCID: PMC9062021 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00694j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed an electrochemical microchannel biosensor platform to analyse lactate metabolism in cells. This biosensor platform was fabricated by photolithography, thin-film deposition and microfluidic technology. A kind of functional biomaterial was prepared by mixing lactate oxidase, single-walled carbon nanotubes and chitosan, and platinum as working and blank electrodes of the biosensor was modified by a thin Prussian blue layer. The lactate biosensor was obtained by dropping functional biomaterials on the electrode. The results demonstrated that the sensitivity of the electrochemical biosensor was up to 567 nA mM−1 mm−2 and the limit of detection was 4.5 μM (vs. Ag/AgCl as the counter/reference electrode). The biosensor used to quantitatively detect metabolic lactate concentrations in HepG2 cells cultured with cancer drugs showed high sensitivity, selectivity and stability, and has potential applications in organ-on-a-chip and tissue engineering technologies, which typically involve low concentrations of metabolites. In this study, we developed an electrochemical microchannel biosensor platform to analyse lactate metabolism in cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Mi
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 51805
- P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics
| | - Jingjing Xia
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 51805
- P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 51805
- P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics
| | - Zhichang Du
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 51805
- P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics
| | - Wei Sun
- Graduate School at Shenzhen
- Tsinghua University
- Shenzhen 51805
- P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics
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42
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An enzyme-based electrochemical biosensor probe with sensitivity to detect astrocytic versus glioma uptake of glutamate in real time in vitro. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:751-757. [PMID: 30553105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is essential for regulation of thought, movement, memory, and other higher functions controlled by the brain. Dysregulation of glutamate signaling is associated with severe neuropathological conditions, such as epilepsy, and glioma, a form of brain cancer. Glutamate signals are currently detected by several types of neurochemical probes ranging from microdialysis-based to enzyme-based carbon fiber microsensors. However, an important technology gap exists in the ability to measure glutamate dynamics continuously, and in real time, and from multiple locations in the brain, which limits our ability to further understand the involved spatiotemporal mechanisms of underlying neuropathologies. To overcome this limitation, we developed an enzymatic glutamate microbiosensor, in the form of a ceramic-substrate enabled platinum microelectrode array, that continuously, in real time, measures changes in glutamate concentration from multiple recording sites. In addition, the developed microbiosensor is almost four-fold more sensitive to glutamate than enzymatic sensors previously reported in the literature. Further analysis of glutamate dynamics recorded by our microbiosensor in cultured astrocytes (control condition) and glioma cells (pathological condition) clearly distinguished normal versus impaired glutamate uptake, respectively. These results confirm that the developed glutamate microbiosensor array can become a useful tool in monitoring and understanding glutamate signaling and its regulation in normal and pathological conditions. Furthermore, the developed microbiosensor can be used to measure the effects of potential therapeutic drugs to treat a range of neurological diseases.
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43
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Lactate biosensing: The emerging point-of-care and personal health monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 117:818-829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Ring A, Sorg H, Weltin A, Tilkorn DJ, Kieninger J, Urban G, Hauser J. In-vivo monitoring of infection via implantable microsensors: a pilot study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2016-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The most common complication after implantation of foreign material is infection, leading to implant failure and severe patient discomfort. Smoldering-infections proceed inapparently and might not get verified by radiological diagnostics. Early identification of this type of infection might significantly reduce the rate of complications. Therefore, we manufactured a microsensor strip in a hybrid of thin-film and laminate technology in a wafer-level process. It comprises electrochemical, amperometric microsensors for glucose, oxygen and lactate as well as an integrated reference electrode. Microsensors have been implanted in the mouse dorsal skin fold chamber, which got inoculated with a human-pathogen bacterial strain. A selective signal could be measured for all parameters and time points. The infection led to measurable changes of the wound environment as given by a decrease of the oxygen- as well as the glucose-concentration while the lactate concentration increased markedly over time. The given results in this study are the first hints on a promising new tool and should therefore be interpreted as a proof of the principle to show the functionality of the microsensors in an in vivo setting. These microsensors could be used to monitor smoldering infections of implantable foreign materials reducing foreign implant associated complications.
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45
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Modena MM, Chawla K, Misun PM, Hierlemann A. Smart Cell Culture Systems: Integration of Sensors and Actuators into Microphysiological Systems. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1767-1784. [PMID: 29381325 PMCID: PMC5959007 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Technological advances in microfabrication techniques in combination with organotypic cell and tissue models have enabled the realization of microphysiological systems capable of recapitulating aspects of human physiology in vitro with great fidelity. Concurrently, a number of analysis techniques has been developed to probe and characterize these model systems. However, many assays are still performed off-line, which severely compromises the possibility of obtaining real-time information from the samples under examination, and which also limits the use of these platforms in high-throughput analysis. In this review, we focus on sensing and actuation schemes that have already been established or offer great potential to provide in situ detection or manipulation of relevant cell or tissue samples in microphysiological platforms. We will first describe methods that can be integrated in a straightforward way and that offer potential multiplexing and/or parallelization of sensing and actuation functions. These methods include electrical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical biosensors, and the use of surface acoustic waves for manipulation and analysis of cells, tissue, and multicellular organisms. In the second part, we will describe two sensor approaches based on surface-plasmon resonance and mechanical resonators that have recently provided new characterization features for biological samples, although technological limitations for use in high-throughput applications still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M. Modena
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ketki Chawla
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick M. Misun
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering,
Bio Engineering Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
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46
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Economou A, Kokkinos C, Prodromidis M. Flexible plastic, paper and textile lab-on-a chip platforms for electrochemical biosensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1812-1830. [PMID: 29855637 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flexible biosensors represent an increasingly important and rapidly developing field of research. Flexible materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. On the other hand, electrochemical detection is perfectly suited to flexible biosensing devices. The present paper reviews the field of integrated electrochemical bionsensors fabricated on flexible materials (plastic, paper and textiles) which are used as functional base substrates. The vast majority of electrochemical flexible lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices are based on plastic supports in a single or layered configuration. Among these, wearable devices are perhaps the ones that most vividly demonstrate the utility of the concept of flexible biosensors while diagnostic cards represent the state-of-the art in terms of integration and functionality. Another important type of flexible biosensors utilize paper as a functional support material enabling the fabrication of low-cost and disposable paper-based devices operating on the lateral flow, drop-casting or folding (origami) principles. Finally, textile-based biosensors are beginning to emerge enabling real-time measurements in the working environment or in wound care applications. This review is timely due to the significant advances that have taken place over the last few years in the area of LOC biosensors and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.
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47
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Ngernsutivorakul T, White TS, Kennedy RT. Microfabricated Probes for Studying Brain Chemistry: A Review. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1128-1142. [PMID: 29405568 PMCID: PMC6996029 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Probe techniques for monitoring in vivo chemistry (e.g., electrochemical sensors and microdialysis sampling probes) have significantly contributed to a better understanding of neurotransmission in correlation to behaviors and neurological disorders. Microfabrication allows construction of neural probes with high reproducibility, scalability, design flexibility, and multiplexed features. This technology has translated well into fabricating miniaturized neurochemical probes for electrochemical detection and sampling. Microfabricated electrochemical probes provide a better control of spatial resolution with multisite detection on a single compact platform. This development allows the observation of heterogeneity of neurochemical activity precisely within the brain region. Microfabricated sampling probes are starting to emerge that enable chemical measurements at high spatial resolution and potential for reducing tissue damage. Recent advancement in analytical methods also facilitates neurochemical monitoring at high temporal resolution. Furthermore, a positive feature of microfabricated probes is that they can be feasibly built with other sensing and stimulating platforms including optogenetics. Such integrated probes will empower researchers to precisely elucidate brain function and develop novel treatments for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S. White
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 3003E, NCRC Building 28, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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48
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Qin C, Bai X, Zhang Y, Gao K. Photoelectrochemical CdSe/TiO 2 nanotube array microsensor for high-resolution in-situ detection of dopamine. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:278. [PMID: 29725837 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A photoelectrochemical wire microelectrode was constructed based on the use of a TiO2 nanotube array with electrochemically deposited CdSe semiconductor. A strongly amplified photocurrent is generated on the sensor surface. The microsensor has a response in the 0.05-20 μM dopamine (DA) concentration range and a 16.7 μM detection limit at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Sensitivity, recovery and reproducibility of the sensor were validated by detecting DA in spiked human urine, and satisfactory results were obtained. Graphical abstract Schematic of a sensitive photoelectrochemical microsensor based on CdSe modified TiO2 nanotube array. The photoelectrochemical microsensor was successfully applied to the determination of dopamine in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caidie Qin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Kai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Kieninger J, Weltin A, Flamm H, Urban GA. Microsensor systems for cell metabolism - from 2D culture to organ-on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1274-1291. [PMID: 29619452 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microsensor systems for cell metabolism are essential tools for investigation and standardization in cell culture. Electrochemical and optical read-out schemes dominate, which enable the marker-free, continuous, online recording of transient effects and deliver information beyond microscopy and end-point tests. There has been much progress in microfluidics and microsensors, but the translation of both into standard cell culture procedures is still limited. Within this critical review, we discuss different cell culture formats ranging from standard culture vessels to dedicated microfluidic platforms. Key aspects are the appropriate supply of cells, mass transport of metabolites to the sensors and generation of stimuli. Microfluidics enable the transition from static to dynamic conditions in culture and measurement. We illustrate the parameters oxygen (respiration), pH (acidification), glucose and lactate (energy metabolism) as well as short-lived reactive species (ROS/RNS) from the perspective of microsensor integration in 2D and 3D cell culture. We discuss different sensor principles and types, along with their limitations, microfabrication technologies and materials. The state-of-the-art of microsensor platforms for cell culture is discussed with respect to sensor performance, the number of parameters and timescale of application. That includes the advances from 2D culture to the increasingly important 3D approaches, with specific requirements for organotypic microtissues, spheroids and solid matrix cultures. We conclude on the current progress, potential, benefits and limitations of cell culture monitoring systems from monolayer culture to organ-on-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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50
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Chatard C, Meiller A, Marinesco S. Microelectrode Biosensors forin vivoAnalysis of Brain Interstitial Fluid. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Chatard
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Anne Meiller
- AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Stéphane Marinesco
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER
- AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER; Faculty of Medicine; 8 Avenue Rockefeller 69373 Lyon Cedex 08 France
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