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Zailani H, Satyanarayanan SK, Liao WC, Hsu YT, Huang SY, Gałecki P, Su KP, Chang JPC. Roles of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Managing Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4363. [PMID: 37892438 PMCID: PMC10609799 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contributes significantly to the death of people worldwide, especially the elderly. An essential feature of COPD is pulmonary inflammation, which results from long-term exposure to noxious substances from cigarette smoking and other environmental pollutants. Pulmonary inflammatory mediators spill over to the blood, leading to systemic inflammation, which is believed to play a significant role in the onset of a host of comorbidities associated with COPD. A substantial comorbidity of concern in COPD patients that is often overlooked in COPD management is cognitive impairment. The exact pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in COPD patients remains a mystery; however, hypoxia, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and cerebral manifestations of these conditions are believed to play crucial roles. Furthermore, the use of medications to treat cognitive impairment symptomatology in COPD patients has been reported to be associated with life-threatening adverse effects, hence the need for alternative medications with reduced side effects. In this Review, we aim to discuss the impact of cognitive impairment in COPD management and the potential mechanisms associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment in COPD patients. The promising roles of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in improving cognitive deficits in COPD patients are also discussed. Interestingly, ω-3 PUFAs can potentially enhance the cognitive impairment symptomatology associated with COPD because they can modulate inflammatory processes, activate the antioxidant defence system, and promote amyloid-beta clearance from the brain. Thus, clinical studies are crucial to assess the efficacy of ω-3 PUFAs in managing cognitive impairment in COPD patients.
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Grants
- MOST 109-2320-B-038-057-MY3, 109-2320-B-039-066, 110-2321-B-006-004, 111-2321-B-006-008, 110-2811-B-039-507, 110-2320-B-039-048-MY2, and 110-2320-B-039-047-MY3, 110-2813-C-039-327-B, 110-2314-B-039-029-MY3, 111-2314-B-039-041-MY3 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- ANHRF 109-31, 109-40, 110-13, 110-26, 110-44, 110-45, 111-27, and 111-28 An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
- CMRC-CMA-2 Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE), Taiwan
- CMU 110-AWARD-02, CMU108-SR-106, CMU110-N-17, CMU110-SR-73 China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- CRS-108-048, DMR-105-053, DMR-109-102, DMR-109-244, DMR-HHC-109-11, DMR-HHC-109-12, DMR-HHC-110-10, DMR-110-124, DMR-111-245 and DMR-HHC-111-8 China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Halliru Zailani
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan; (H.Z.); (S.K.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810106, Nigeria
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan; (H.Z.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Wei-Chih Liao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsu
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Centre, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, 91-229 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan; (H.Z.); (S.K.S.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Jane Pei-Chen Chang
- Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), Department of Psychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404327, Taiwan; (H.Z.); (S.K.S.)
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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Rose JJ, Krishnan-Sarin S, Exil VJ, Hamburg NM, Fetterman JL, Ichinose F, Perez-Pinzon MA, Rezk-Hanna M, Williamson E. Cardiopulmonary Impact of Electronic Cigarettes and Vaping Products: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023; 148:703-728. [PMID: 37458106 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Vaping and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use have grown exponentially in the past decade, particularly among youth and young adults. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for both cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Because of their more limited ingredients and the absence of combustion, e-cigarettes and vaping products are often touted as safer alternative and potential tobacco-cessation products. The outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury in the United States in 2019, which led to >2800 hospitalizations, highlighted the risks of e-cigarettes and vaping products. Currently, all e-cigarettes are regulated as tobacco products and thus do not undergo the premarket animal and human safety studies required of a drug product or medical device. Because youth prevalence of e-cigarette and vaping product use was as high as 27.5% in high school students in 2019 in the United States, it is critical to assess the short-term and long-term health effects of these products, as well as the development of interventional and public health efforts to reduce youth use. The objectives of this scientific statement are (1) to describe and discuss e-cigarettes and vaping products use patterns among youth and adults; (2) to identify harmful and potentially harmful constituents in vaping aerosols; (3) to critically assess the molecular, animal, and clinical evidence on the acute and chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary risks of e-cigarette and vaping products use; (4) to describe the current evidence of e-cigarettes and vaping products as potential tobacco-cessation products; and (5) to summarize current public health and regulatory efforts of e-cigarettes and vaping products. It is timely, therefore, to review the short-term and especially the long-term implications of e-cigarettes and vaping products on cardiopulmonary health. Early molecular and clinical evidence suggests various acute physiological effects from electronic nicotine delivery systems, particularly those containing nicotine. Additional clinical and animal-exposure model research is critically needed as the use of these products continues to grow.
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Schupper AJ, Khorasanizadeh M, Rossitto CP, Foster LD, Kellner CP, Suarez JI, Qureshi AI, Majidi S. Cigarette Smoking as a Risk Factor for Hematoma Expansion in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Analysis From a Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030431. [PMID: 37522176 PMCID: PMC10492975 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. We evaluated the impact of smoking status on hematoma expansion and clinical outcome in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods and Results This is a post hoc exploratory analysis of the ATACH (Antihypertensive Treatment at Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage)-2 trial. Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage were randomized into intensive blood pressure lowering (systolic blood pressure, <139 mm Hg) versus standard blood pressure lowering (systolic blood pressure, 140-179 mm Hg) in this study. We compared the demographic characteristics; hematoma size, location, and expansion rate; and clinical outcome based on subjects' smoking status. Of a total of 914 patients in the trial with known smoking status, 439 (48%) patients were ever smokers (264 current smokers and 175 former smokers). Current and former smokers were younger and more likely to be men. Baseline Glasgow Coma Scale score and initial hematoma size did not vary based on smoking status. Ever smokers had higher rates of thalamic hemorrhage (42% versus 34%) and intraventricular hemorrhage (29% versus 23%); this rate was highest among former smokers versus current smokers (49% versus 35%, respectively). Ever smokers had a higher rate of hematoma expansion in 24 hours (adjusted relative risk [RR] [95% CI], 1.46 [1.08-1.96]) compared with nonsmokers on multivariate analysis. There was no significant difference in the rate of death and disability at 90 days between the 2 groups (adjusted RR [95% CI], 1.18 [0.998-1.40]). Conclusions Our analysis demonstrates cigarette smoking as an independent predictor for hematoma expansion. There was no significant difference in death and disability based on smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lydia D. Foster
- Department of Public Health SciencesMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSC
| | | | - Jose I. Suarez
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins HospitalBaltimoreMD
| | - Adnan I. Qureshi
- Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute and Department of NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Shahram Majidi
- Department of NeurosurgeryMount Sinai Health SystemNew YorkNY
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4
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Initial and ongoing tobacco smoking elicits vascular damage and distinct inflammatory response linked to neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100597. [PMID: 36817509 PMCID: PMC9931921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is strongly linked to vascular damage contributing to the development of hypertension, atherosclerosis, as well as increasing the risk for neurodegeneration. Still, the involvement of the innate immune system in the development of vascular damage upon chronic tobacco use before the onset of clinical symptoms is not fully characterized. Our data provide evidence that a single acute exposure to tobacco elicits the secretion of extracellular vesicles expressing CD105 and CD49e from endothelial cells, granting further recognition of early preclinical biomarkers of vascular damage. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of smoking on the immune system of healthy asymptomatic chronic smokers compared to never-smokers, focusing on the innate immune system. Our data reveal a distinct immune landscape representative for early stages of vascular damage in clinically asymptomatic chronic smokers, before tobacco smoking related diseases develop. These results indicate a dysregulated immuno-vascular axis in chronic tobacco smokers that are otherwise considered as healthy individuals. The distinct alterations are characterized by increased CD36 expression by the blood monocyte subsets, neutrophilia and increased plasma IL-18 and reduced levels of IL-33, IL-10 and IL-8. Additionally, reduced levels of circulating BDNF and elevated sTREM2, which are associated with neurodegeneration, suggest a considerable impact of tobacco smoking on CNS function in clinically healthy individuals. These findings provide profound insight into the initial and ongoing effects of tobacco smoking and the potential vascular damage contributing to neurodegenerative disorders, specifically cerebrovascular dysfunction and dementia.
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Mancuso S, Bhalerao A, Cucullo L. Use of Conventional Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Vaping for Experimental Stroke Studies in Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2616:441-451. [PMID: 36715952 PMCID: PMC10115166 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2926-0_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major prodromal factor for the onset of many adverse health effects that may occur in the short run and is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States. Moreover, it is well established that chronic smoking is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction in a causative and dose-dependent manner primarily related to the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nicotine, and the induction of oxidative stress (OS)-driven inflammation. Preclinical studies have also shown that nicotine (the principal e-liquid ingredient used in e-cigarettes) can also cause OS, exacerbating cerebral ischemia and secondary brain injury. Likewise, chronic e-Cig vaping could be prodromal to cerebrovascular impairment and promote cerebrovascular conditions favoring stroke onset and worsening post-ischemic brain injury. Therefore, using mouse models is crucial to understand how xenobiotics such as those released by conventional and/or e-cigs can impact the onset and severity of stroke as well as post-stroke recovery. To appropriately model human-like smoking/vaping behavior in mice, however, the exposure to these xenobiotics must be standardized and undertaken in a controlled environment. This chapter describes a well-validated protocol to reproduce standardized chronic tobacco smoke or e-cigarette vape exposure in mice in the setting of a mouse transient ischemic stroke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mancuso
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA.
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Li M, Ma Y, Fu Y, Liu J, Hu H, Zhao Y, Huang L, Tan L. Association between air pollution and
CSF sTREM2
in cognitively normal older adults: The
CABLE
study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1752-1763. [PMID: 36317226 PMCID: PMC9639632 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ambient air pollution aggravates the process of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Currently, the exact inflammatory mechanisms underlying these links from clinical research remain largely unclear. Methods This study included 1,131 cognitively intact individuals from the Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and LifestylE database with data provided on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers (amyloid beta‐peptide 42 [Aβ42], total tau [t‐tau], and phosphorylated tau [p‐tau]), neuroinflammatory (CSF sTREM2), and systemic inflammatory markers (high sensitivity C‐reactive protein and peripheral immune cells). The 2‐year averaged levels of ambient fine particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) were estimated at each participant's residence. Multiple‐adjusted models were approached to detect associations of air pollution with inflammatory markers and AD‐related proteins. Results Ambient 2‐year averaged exposure of PM2.5 was associated with changes of neuroinflammatory markers, that is, CSF sTREM2 (β = −0.116, p = 0.0002). Similar results were found for O3 exposure among the elderly (β = −0.111, p = 0.0280) or urban population (β = −0.090, p = 0.0144). No significant evidence supported NO2 related to CSF sTREM2. For potentially causal associations with accumulated AD pathologies, the total effects of PM2.5 on CSF amyloid‐related protein (CSF Aβ42 and p‐tau/Aβ42) were partly mediated by CSF sTREM2, with proportions of 14.22% and 47.15%, respectively. Additional analyses found inverse associations between peripheral inflammatory markers with PM2.5 and NO2, but a positive correlation with O3. Interpretation These findings demonstrated a strong link between PM2.5 exposure and microglial dysfunction. Furthermore, CSF sTREM2 as a key mediator modulated the influences of PM2.5 exposure on AD amyloid pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Neurology Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ya‐Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Neurology Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Jia‐Yao Liu
- Department of Neurology Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - He‐Ying Hu
- Department of Neurology Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Yong‐Li Zhao
- Department of Neurology Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Liang‐Yu Huang
- Department of Neurology Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University Qingdao China
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Frati A, Armocida D, Arcidiacono UA, Pesce A, D’Andrea G, Cofano F, Garbossa D, Santoro A. Peritumoral Brain Edema in Relation to Tumor Size Is a Variable That Influences the Risk of Recurrence in Intracranial Meningiomas. Tomography 2022; 8:1987-1996. [PMID: 36006064 PMCID: PMC9413236 DOI: 10.3390/tomography8040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritumoral brain edema (PBE) is common in intracranial meningiomas (IM) and can increase their morbidity. It is not uncommon for a neurosurgeon to confront meningiomas with a large proportion of PBE independently from the site and size of the contrast-enhancing lesion with increased surgical risks. We performed a retrospective review of 216 surgically-treated patients suffering from IM. We recorded clinical, biological, and radiological data based on the rate of tumor and edema volume and divided the patients into a group with high Edema/Tumor ratio and a group with a low ratio. We investigated how the ratio of edema/lesion may affect the outcome. Multivariate analysis was performed for the two groups. Smokers were found to be more likely to belong to the high-rate group. The edema/tumor ratio did not affect the surgical radicality; however, independently of the biological sub-type, WHO grading, and EOR, a higher frequency of recurrence is shown in patients with a high edema/tumor ratio (70.5% vs. 8.4%. p < 0.01). There is evidence to suggest that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage from smoke could play a role in an increased volume of PBE. The present study demonstrates that IMs showing a high PBE ratio to tumor volume at diagnosis are associated with a smoking habit and a higher incidence of recurrence independently of their biological type and grading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Armocida
- IRCCS “Neuromed” Pozzilli, 86170 Isernia, Italy
- Human Neurosciences Department, Neurosurgery Division, “Sapienza” University, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Pesce
- Neurosurgery Division, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Via Guido Reni, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giancarlo D’Andrea
- Neurosurgery Department of Fabrizio Spaziani Hospital, 03100 Frosinone, Italy
| | - Fabio Cofano
- Unit of Neurosurgery, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Unit of Neurosurgery, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Human Neurosciences Department, Neurosurgery Division, “Sapienza” University, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Iglesias-Rey R, Custodia A, Alonso-Alonso ML, López-Dequidt I, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Pumar JM, Castillo J, Sobrino T, Campos F, da Silva-Candal A, Hervella P. The Smoking Paradox in Stroke Patients Under Reperfusion Treatment Is Associated With Endothelial Dysfunction. Front Neurol 2022; 13:841484. [PMID: 35401421 PMCID: PMC8987913 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.841484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the association between smoking habit and the serum levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK), in relation with the functional outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing reperfusion treatment. Methods Observational and retrospective study of a series of patients with acute ischemic stroke subjected to reperfusion treatments. Clinical, analytical, and neuroimaging parameters were analyzed. The main endpoint was the functional outcome at 3 months, measured by the modified Ranking Scale (mRS). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between smoking and sTWEAK levels with functional outcome and leukoaraiosis. Results The results showed that smoking habit was associated with a good functional outcome at 3 months in patients with stroke (OR: 3.52; 95% CI: 1.03–11.9; p = 0.044). However, this independent association was lost after adjusting by sTWEAK levels (OR 1.73; 95% CI: 0.86–13.28; p = 0.116). sTWEAK levels were significantly lower in smoker patients [4015.5 (973.66–7921.83) pg/ml vs. 5,628 (2,848–10,202) pg/ml, p < 0.0001], while sTWEAK levels were significantly higher in patients with poor functional outcomes at 3 months [10,284 (7,388–13.247) pg/ml vs. 3,405 (2,329–6,629) pg/ml, p < 0.0001]. Conclusion The decrease in sTWEAK levels was associated with a good functional outcome in smoker patients with stroke undergoing reperfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Ramón Iglesias-Rey
| | - Antía Custodia
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- NeuroAging Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Luz Alonso-Alonso
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria López-Dequidt
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M. Pumar
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- NeuroAging Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andres da Silva-Candal
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Neurovascular Diseases Laboratory, Neurology Service, University Hospital Complex of A Coruña, Biomedical Research Institute, A Coruña, Spain
- Andres da Silva-Candal
| | - Pablo Hervella
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Pablo Hervella
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9
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Rudge JD. A New Hypothesis for Alzheimer’s Disease: The Lipid Invasion Model. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:129-161. [PMID: 35530118 PMCID: PMC9028744 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a new hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—the lipid invasion model. It argues that AD results from external influx of free fatty acids (FFAs) and lipid-rich lipoproteins into the brain, following disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The lipid invasion model explains how the influx of albumin-bound FFAs via a disrupted BBB induces bioenergetic changes and oxidative stress, stimulates microglia-driven neuroinflammation, and causes anterograde amnesia. It also explains how the influx of external lipoproteins, which are much larger and more lipid-rich, especially more cholesterol-rich, than those normally present in the brain, causes endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities and overproduction of the peptide amyloid-β (Aβ). This leads to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the most well-known hallmarks of AD. The lipid invasion model argues that a key role of the BBB is protecting the brain from external lipid access. It shows how the BBB can be damaged by excess Aβ, as well as by most other known risk factors for AD, including aging, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), and lifestyle factors such as hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, chronic sleep deprivation, stress, and head injury. The lipid invasion model gives a new rationale for what we already know about AD, explaining its many associated risk factors and neuropathologies, including some that are less well-accounted for in other explanations of AD. It offers new insights and suggests new ways to prevent, detect, and treat this destructive disease and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D’Arcy Rudge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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10
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Dobric A, De Luca SN, Spencer SJ, Bozinovski S, Saling MM, McDonald CF, Vlahos R. Novel pharmacological strategies to treat cognitive dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108017. [PMID: 34626675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major incurable global health burden and currently the 3rd largest cause of death in the world, with approximately 3.23 million deaths per year. Globally, the financial burden of COPD is approximately €82 billion per year and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Importantly, much of the disease burden and health care utilisation in COPD is associated with the management of its comorbidities and viral and bacterial-induced acute exacerbations (AECOPD). Recent clinical studies have shown that cognitive dysfunction is present in up to 60% of people with COPD, with impairments in executive function, memory, and attention, impacting on important outcomes such as quality of life, hospitalisation and survival. The high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in COPD may also help explain the insufficient adherence to therapeutic plans and strategies, thus worsening disease progression in people with COPD. However, the mechanisms underlying the impaired neuropathology and cognition in COPD remain largely unknown. In this review, we propose that the observed pulmonary oxidative burden and inflammatory response of people with COPD 'spills over' into the systemic circulation, resulting in damage to the brain and leading to cognitive dysfunction. As such, drugs targeting the lungs and comorbidities concurrently represent an exciting and unique therapeutic opportunity to treat COPD and cognitive impairments, which may lead to the production of novel targets to prevent and reverse the debilitating and life-threatening effects of cognitive dysfunction in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dobric
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone N De Luca
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael M Saling
- Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Melbourne and Austin Health, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine F McDonald
- Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, The University of Melbourne and Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Kadry H, Noorani B, Bickel U, Abbruscato TJ, Cucullo L. Comparative assessment of in vitro BBB tight junction integrity following exposure to cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor: a quantitative evaluation of the protective effects of metformin using small-molecular-weight paracellular markers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 34158083 PMCID: PMC8220771 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from blood-borne agents and potentially harmful xenobiotics. Our group’s previous data has shown that tobacco smoke (TS) and electronic cigarettes (EC) affect the BBB integrity, increase stroke incidence, and are considered a risk factor for multiple CNS disorders. Metformin was also found to abrogate the adverse effects of TS and EC. Methods We used sucrose and mannitol as paracellular markers to quantitatively assess TS and EC’s impact on the BBB in-vitro. Specifically, we used a quantitative platform to determine the harmful effects of smoking on the BBB and study the protective effect of metformin. Using a transwell system and iPSCs-derived BMECs, we assessed TS and EC’s effect on sucrose and mannitol permeability with and without metformin pre-treatment at different time points. Concurrently, using immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blot (WB) techniques, we evaluated the expression and distribution of tight junction proteins, including ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. Results Our data showed that TS and EC negatively affect sucrose and mannitol permeability starting after 6 h and up to 24 h. The loss of barrier integrity was associated with a reduction of TEER values. While the overall expression level of ZO-1 and occludin was not significantly downregulated, the distribution of ZO-1 was altered, and discontinuation patterns were evident through IF imaging. In contrast to occludin, claudin-5 expression was significantly decreased by TS and EC, as demonstrated by WB and IF data. Conclusion In agreement with previous studies, our data showed the metformin could counteract the negative impact of TS and EC on BBB integrity, thus suggesting the possibility of repurposing this drug to afford cerebrovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ulrich Bickel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.,Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA. .,Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Foundation Medical Studies, Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine586 Pioneer Dr, 460 O'Dowd Hall, Office 415, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA.
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12
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Anti-HIV Activity of Cucurbitacin-D against Cigarette Smoke Condensate-Induced HIV Replication in the U1 Macrophages. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061004. [PMID: 34072078 PMCID: PMC8228815 DOI: 10.3390/v13061004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemodietary agents are emerging as promising adjuvant therapies in treating various disease conditions. However, there are no adjuvant therapies available to minimize the neurotoxicity of currently existing antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). In this study, we investigated the anti-HIV effect of a chemodietary agent, Cucurbitacin-D (Cur-D), in HIV-infected macrophages using an in-vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model. Since tobacco smoking is prevalent in the HIV population, and it exacerbates HIV replication, we also tested the effect of Cur-D against cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-induced HIV replication. Our results showed that Cur-D treatment reduces the viral load in a dose-dependent (0-1 μM) manner without causing significant toxicity at <1 μM concentration. Further, a daily dose of Cur-D (0.1 μM) not only reduced p24 in control conditions, but also reduced CSC (10 μg/mL)-induced p24 in U1 cells. Similarly, Cur-D (single dose of 0.4 μM) significantly reduced the CSC (single dose of 40 μg/mL)-induced HIV replication across the BBB model. In addition, treatment with Cur-D reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Therefore, Cur-D, as an adjuvant therapy, may be used not only to suppress HIV in the brain, but also to reduce the CNS toxicity of currently existing ARVs.
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13
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Lee W, Chang Y, Shin H, Ryu S. Self-reported and cotinine-verified smoking and increased risk of incident hearing loss. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8103. [PMID: 33854107 PMCID: PMC8047000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the associations of smoking status and urinary cotinine levels, an objective measure of smoking, with the development of new-onset HL. This cohort study was performed in 293,991 Korean adults free of HL who underwent a comprehensive screening examination and were followed for up to 8.8 years. HL was defined as a pure-tone average of thresholds at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz ≥ 25 dB in both ears. During a median follow-up of 4.9 years, 2286 participants developed new-onset bilateral HL. Self-reported smoking status was associated with an increased risk of new-onset bilateral HL. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for incident HL comparing former smokers and current smokers to never-smokers were 1.14 (1.004-1.30) and 1.40 (1.21-1.61), respectively. Number of cigarettes, pack-years, and urinary cotinine levels were consistently associated with incident HL. These associations were similarly observed when introducing changes in smoking status, urinary cotinine, and other confounders during follow-up as time-varying covariates. In this large cohort of young and middle-aged men and women, smoking status based on both self-report and urinary cotinine level were independently associated with an increased incidence of bilateral HL. Our findings indicate smoking is an independent risk factor for HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woncheol Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoosoo Chang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hocheol Shin
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Williams-Medina A, Deblock M, Janigro D. In vitro Models of the Blood-Brain Barrier: Tools in Translational Medicine. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 2:623950. [PMID: 35047899 PMCID: PMC8757867 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.623950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical progress has historically depended on scientific discoveries. Until recently, science was driven by technological advancements that, once translated to the clinic, fostered new treatments and interventions. More recently, technology-driven medical progress has often outpaced laboratory research. For example, intravascular devices, pacemakers for the heart and brain, spinal cord stimulators, and surgical robots are used routinely to treat a variety of diseases. The rapid expansion of science into ever more advanced molecular and genetic mechanisms of disease has often distanced laboratory-based research from day-to-day clinical realities that remain based on evidence and outcomes. A recognized reason for this hiatus is the lack of laboratory tools that recapitulate the clinical reality faced by physicians and surgeons. To overcome this, the NIH and FDA have in the recent past joined forces to support the development of a "human-on-a-chip" that will allow research scientists to perform experiments on a realistic replica when testing the effectiveness of novel experimental therapies. The development of a "human-on-a-chip" rests on the capacity to grow in vitro various organs-on-a-chip, connected with appropriate vascular supplies and nerves, and our ability to measure and perform experiments on these virtually invisible organs. One of the tissue structures to be scaled down on a chip is the human blood-brain barrier. This review gives a historical perspective on in vitro models of the BBB and summarizes the most recent 3D models that attempt to fill the gap between research modeling and patient care. We also present a summary of how these in vitro models of the BBB can be applied to study human brain diseases and their treatments. We have chosen NeuroAIDS, COVID-19, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease as examples of in vitro model application to neurological disorders. Major insight pertaining to these illnesses as a consequence of more profound understanding of the BBB can reveal new avenues for the development of diagnostics, more efficient therapies, and definitive clarity of disease etiology and pathological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Williams-Medina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Flocel, Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael Deblock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Damir Janigro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Flocel, Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States
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15
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Cho S, Rehni AK, Dave KR. Tobacco Use: A Major Risk Factor of Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Stroke 2021; 23:37-50. [PMID: 33600701 PMCID: PMC7900392 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2020.04770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) is one of the deadliest subtypes of stroke, and no treatment is currently available. One of the major risk factors is tobacco use. In this article, we review literature on how tobacco use affects the risk of sICH and also summarize the known effects of tobacco use on outcomes following sICH. Several studies demonstrate that the risk of sICH is higher in current cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers. The literature also establishes that cigarette smoking not only increases the risk of sICH but also increases hematoma growth, results in worse outcomes, and increases the risk of death from sICH. This review also discusses potential mechanisms activated by tobacco use which result in an increase in risk and severity of sICH. Exploring the underlying mechanisms may help alleviate the risk of sICH in tobacco users as well as may help better manage tobacco user sICH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjoo Cho
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ashish K Rehni
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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16
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Varahachalam SP, Lahooti B, Chamaneh M, Bagchi S, Chhibber T, Morris K, Bolanos JF, Kim NY, Kaushik A. Nanomedicine for the SARS-CoV-2: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:539-560. [PMID: 33519200 PMCID: PMC7837559 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s283686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly emerged ribonucleic acid (RNA) enveloped human beta-coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection caused the COVID-19 pandemic, severely affects the respiratory system, and may lead to death. Lacking effective diagnostics and therapies made this pandemic challenging to manage since the SARS-CoV-2 transmits via human-to-human, enters via ACE2 and TMPSSR2 receptors, and damages organs rich in host cells, spreads via symptomatic carriers and is prominent in an immune-compromised population. New SARS-CoV-2 informatics (structure, strains, like-cycles, functional sites) motivated bio-pharma experts to investigate novel therapeutic agents that act to recognize, inhibit, and knockdown combinations of drugs, vaccines, and antibodies, have been optimized to manage COVID-19. However, successful targeted delivery of these agents to avoid off-targeting and unnecessary drug ingestion is very challenging. To overcome these obstacles, this mini-review projects nanomedicine technology, a pharmacologically relevant cargo of size within 10 to 200 nm, for site-specific delivery of a therapeutic agent to recognize and eradicate the SARS-CoV-2, and improving the human immune system. Such combinational therapy based on compartmentalization controls the delivery and releases of a drug optimized based on patient genomic profile and medical history. Nanotechnology could help combat COVID-19 via various methods such as avoiding viral contamination and spraying by developing personal protective equipment (PPE) to increase the protection of healthcare workers and produce effective antiviral disinfectants surface coatings capable of inactivating and preventing the virus from spreading. To quickly recognize the infection or immunological response, design highly accurate and sensitive nano-based sensors. Development of new drugs with improved activity, reduced toxicity, and sustained release to the lungs, as well as tissue targets; and development of nano-based immunizations to improve humoral and cellular immune responses. The desired and controlled features of suggested personalized therapeutics, nanomedicine, is a potential therapy to manage COVID-19 successfully. The state-of-the-art nanomedicine, challenges, and prospects of nanomedicine are carefully and critically discussed in this report, which may serve as a key platform for scholars to investigate the role of nanomedicine for higher efficacy to manage the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Pooja Varahachalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX79106, USA
| | - Behnaz Lahooti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX79106, USA
| | - Masoumeh Chamaneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX79106, USA
| | - Sounak Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX79106, USA
| | - Tanya Chhibber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX79106, USA
| | - Kevin Morris
- Maharashtra University of Health Sciences (MUHS), Nashik, Maharashtra422004, India
| | - Joe F Bolanos
- Facultad De Ciencias De La Salud “Dr.Luis Edmundo Vasquez” Santa Tecla, Universidad Dr. Jose Matias Delgado, Cd Merliot, El Salvador
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- RFIC Bio Center, Department of Electronics Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, South Korea
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art, and Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL3385, USA
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17
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Małkiewicz MA, Małecki A, Toborek M, Szarmach A, Winklewski PJ. Substances of abuse and the blood brain barrier: Interactions with physical exercise. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:204-216. [PMID: 33038347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders pose a common medical, social and financial problem. Among the pathomechanisms of substance use disorders, the disruption and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier has been recently revealed. Physical exercise appears to be a relatively inexpensive and feasible way to implement behavioral therapy counteracting the blood-brain barrier impairment. Concomitantly, there are also studies supporting a potential protective role of selected substances of abuse in maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity. In this review, we aim to provide a summary on the modulatory influence of physical exercise, a non-pharmacological intervention, on the blood-brain barrier alterations caused by substances of abuse. Further studies are needed to understand the precise mechanisms that underlie various effects of physical exercise in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Małkiewicz
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Toborek
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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18
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Golbidi S, Edvinsson L, Laher I. Smoking and Endothelial Dysfunction. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:1-11. [PMID: 30210003 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666180913120015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the most important health concerns worldwide. Even though the rate of smoking is declining in developed countries, it is still experiencing growth in developing regions. Many studies have examined the relationship between smoking, as an established risk factor, and cardiovascular diseases. We provide an updated review of the underlying mechanisms of smokinginduced cardiovascular diseases, with a focus on the relationship between smoking and oxidative stress, particularly from the perspective of endothelial cell dysfunction. We review smoking-induced oxidative stress as a trigger for a generalized vascular inflammation associated with cytokine release, adhesion of inflammatory cells and, ultimately, disruption of endothelial integrity as a protective barrier layer. We also briefly discuss the harms related to the vaping of electronic cigarettes, which many erroneously consider as a safe alternative to smoking. We conclude that even though e-cigarette could be a helpful device during the transition period of cigarette quitting, it is by no means a safe substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Golbidi
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Getingevägen, 22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Cornwell WD, Sriram U, Seliga A, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Gajghate S, Rom S, Winfield M, Heldt NA, Ambrose D, Rogers TJ, Persidsky Y. Tobacco smoke and morphine alter peripheral and CNS inflammation following HIV infection in a humanized mouse model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13977. [PMID: 32814790 PMCID: PMC7438518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is common in HIV-infected patients, and is prevalent among intravenous opiate abusers. Conversely, intravenous opiate abusers are more likely HIV-infected, and opiate abuse is associated with more severe neuroinflammation. Given the coincident use of tobacco smoking among HIV-infected intravenous drug users (IVDUs), we set out to study the effects of smoke exposure, chronic morphine administration, and HIV infection using the NSG humanized mouse model. Our results show that smoke, morphine, and the combination promotes the decline in CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected mice. Further, chronic morphine administration increases the numbers of circulating CD8+ T cells which express the inhibitory receptor PD-1, as well as the cytolytic proteins perforin and granzyme B in the infected mice. We also found that the combination of smoke and morphine inhibited the expression of IL-1α, IL-4 and IL-17A. Finally, the combination of smoke and morphine exposure induces microglial activation following infection, as well as in the absence of HIV infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report to assess the combined effects of smoke and chronic morphine exposure on the inflammation associated with HIV infection, and demonstrate that these two insults exert significant neuroinflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Cornwell
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Alecia Seliga
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Viviana Zuluaga-Ramirez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Malika Winfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nathan A Heldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - David Ambrose
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Thomas J Rogers
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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20
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Archie SR, Cucullo L. Cerebrovascular and Neurological Dysfunction under the Threat of COVID-19: Is There a Comorbid Role for Smoking and Vaping? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3916. [PMID: 32486196 PMCID: PMC7312781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide. Although initially, this pandemic was associated with causing severe pulmonary and respiratory disorders, recent case studies reported the association of cerebrovascular-neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, which is also life-threatening. Several SARS-CoV-2 positive case studies have been reported where there are mild or no symptoms of this virus. However, a selection of patients are suffering from large artery ischemic strokes. Although the pathophysiology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus affecting the cerebrovascular system has not been elucidated yet, researchers have identified several pathogenic mechanisms, including a role for the ACE2 receptor. Therefore, it is extremely crucial to identify the risk factors related to the progression and adverse outcome of cerebrovascular-neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients. Herein, we have reviewed the possible role of smoking and vaping on cerebrovascular and neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, along with potential pathogenic mechanisms associated with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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21
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Sivandzade F, Alqahtani F, Cucullo L. Traumatic Brain Injury and Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB): Underlying Pathophysiological Mechanisms and the Influence of Cigarette Smoking as a Premorbid Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2721. [PMID: 32295258 PMCID: PMC7215684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the most pressing global health issues and prevalent causes of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders all over the world. In addition to the brain injury, TBI may also alter the systemic immune response. Thus, TBI patients become vulnerable to infections, have worse neurological outcomes, and exhibit a higher rate of mortality and morbidity. It is well established that brain injury leads to impairments of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and function, contributing to the loss of neural tissue and affecting the response to neuroprotective drugs. Thus, stabilization/protection of the BBB after TBI could be a promising strategy to limit neuronal inflammation, secondary brain damage, and acute neurodegeneration. Herein, we present a review highlighting the significant post-traumatic effects of TBI on the cerebrovascular system. These include the loss of BBB integrity and selective permeability, impact on BBB transport mechanisms, post-traumatic cerebral edema formation, and significant pathophysiological factors that may further exacerbate post-traumatic BBB dysfunctions. Furthermore, we discuss the post-traumatic impacts of chronic smoking, which has been recently shown to act as a premorbid condition that impairs post-TBI recovery. Indeed, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with TBI damage is essential to better understand the pathogenesis and progression of post-traumatic secondary brain injury and the development of targeted treatments to improve outcomes and speed up the recovery process. Therapies aimed at restoring/protecting the BBB may reduce the post-traumatic burden of TBI by minimizing the impairment of brain homeostasis and help to restore an optimal microenvironment to support neuronal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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22
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HU L, ZHANG R, WANG S, HONG H, HUANG P, ZHANG M. [Correlation of cardiovascular risk factors with brain iron deposition: A magnetic resonance imaging study]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2019; 48:644-650. [PMID: 31955539 PMCID: PMC8800666 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2019.12.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the correlation of common cardiovascular risk factors with brain iron deposition. METHODS Eighty-four elderly subjects without neurological diseases or brain trauma were included in the study. The cardiovascular risk factors were comprehensively assessed. MRI examination was performed to obtain high-resolution T1-weighted images and enhanced susceptibility weighted angiography (ESWAN) images, and R2* figure was obtained by post-processing the ESWAN sequence. High definition T1 images were segmented using computer segmentation technique. After registration to the ESWAN image, R2* values of each region of interest were extracted. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship of R2* values in each area of interest with gender, age and vascular risk factors. RESULTS Smoking was associated with increased R2* values in the hippocampus, white matter and cortex (β=0.244, 0.317, 0.277, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Hypertension was correlated with the increase of R2* in the putamen (β=0.241, P=0.027). Hyperglycemia was associated with the increase of R2* in the thalamus (β=0.234, P<0.05). In the thalamus, the R2* value of males was higher than that of females (β=0.320, P<0.05). Age was correlated with the R2* values of thalamus, caudate nucleus, pallidus, white matter and cortex (β=-0.218、-0.254、0.216、-0.280 and -0.238, P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Common cardiovascular risk factors may lead to iron deposition in the brain, and the deposition patterns vary with the gender, age and different risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Peiyu HUANG
- 黄沛钰(1985-), 男, 博士, 高级工程师, 硕士生导师, 主要从事神经影像学研究, E-mail:
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4226-9369
| | - Minming ZHANG
- 张敏鸣(1957-), 女, 博士, 教授, 主任医师, 博士生导师, 主要从事神经退行性疾病的多模态影像和肿瘤精准影像学研究, E-mail:
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0145-7558
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23
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Ghura S, Gross R, Jordan-Sciutto K, Dubroff J, Schnoll R, Collman RG, Ashare RL. Bidirectional Associations among Nicotine and Tobacco Smoke, NeuroHIV, and Antiretroviral Therapy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:694-714. [PMID: 31834620 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era may lose more life-years to tobacco use than to HIV. Yet, smoking rates are more than twice as high among PLWH than the general population, contributing not just to mortality but to other adverse health outcomes, including neurocognitive deficits (neuroHIV). There is growing evidence that synergy with chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation that persists despite ART may be one mechanism by which tobacco smoking contributes to neuroHIV. This review will summarize the differential effects of nicotine vs tobacco smoking on inflammation in addition to the effects of tobacco smoke components on HIV disease progression. We will also discuss biomarkers of inflammation via neuroimaging as well as biomarkers of nicotine dependence (e.g., nicotine metabolite ratio). Tobacco smoking and nicotine may impact ART drug metabolism and conversely, certain ARTs may impact nicotine metabolism. Thus, we will review these bidirectional relationships and how they may contribute to neuroHIV and other adverse outcomes. We will also discuss the effects of tobacco use on the interaction between peripheral organs (lungs, heart, kidney) and subsequent CNS function in the context of HIV. Lastly, given the dramatic rise in the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems, we will discuss the implications of vaping on these processes. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of addressing tobacco use among PLWH, more research is necessary at both the preclinical and clinical level to disentangle the potentially synergistic effects of tobacco use, nicotine, HIV, cognition and immune dysregulation, as well as identify optimal approaches to reduce tobacco use. Graphical Abstract Proposed model of the relationships among HIV, ART, smoking, inflammation, and neurocognition. Solid lines represent relationships supported by evidence. Dashed lines represent relationships for which there is not enough evidence to make a conclusion. (a) HIV infection produces elevated levels of inflammation even among virally suppressed individuals. (b) HIV is associated with deficits in cognition function. (c) Smoking rates are higher among PLWH, compared to the general population. (d) The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) is associated with smoking behavior. (e) HIV and tobacco use are both associated with higher rates of psychiatric comorbidities, such as depression, and elevated levels of chronic stress. These factors may represent other mechanisms linking HIV and tobacco use. (f) The relationship between nicotine, tobacco smoking, and inflammation is complex, but it is well-established that smoking induces inflammation; the evidence for nicotine as anti-inflammatory is supported in some studies, but not others. (g) The relationship between tobacco use and neurocognition may differ for the effects of nicotine (acute nicotine use may have beneficial effects) vs. tobacco smoking (chronic use may impair cognition). (h) Elevated levels of inflammation may be associated with deficits in cognition. (i) PLWH may metabolize nicotine faster than those without HIV; the mechanism is not yet known and the finding needs validation in larger samples. We also hypothesize that if HIV-infection increases nicotine metabolism, then we should observe an attenuation effect once ART is initiated. (j) It is possible that the increase in NMR is due to ART effects on CYP2A6. (k) We hypothesize that faster nicotine metabolism may result in higher levels of inflammation since nicotine has anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Gross
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob Dubroff
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite, Philadelphia, PA, 4100, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Ashare
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite, Philadelphia, PA, 4100, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Inflammation of the blood vessels that serve the central nervous system has been increasingly identified as an early and possibly initiating event among neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. However, the causal relevance of vascular inflammation to major retinal degenerative diseases is unresolved. Here, we describe how genetics, aging-associated changes, and environmental factors contribute to vascular inflammation in age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. We highlight the importance of mouse models in studying the underlying mechanisms and possible treatments for these diseases. We conclude that data support vascular inflammation playing a central if not primary role in retinal degenerative diseases, and this association should be a focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Soto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, USA;
| | - Mark P Krebs
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA;
| | | | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA; .,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
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25
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McDowell SAC, Quail DF. Immunological Regulation of Vascular Inflammation During Cancer Metastasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1984. [PMID: 31497019 PMCID: PMC6712555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the predominant cause of cancer-related mortality, despite being a highly inefficient process overall. The vasculature is the gatekeeper for tumor cell seeding within the secondary tissue microenvironment—the rate limiting step of the metastatic cascade. Therefore, factors that regulate vascular physiology dramatically influence cancer outcomes. There are a myriad of physiologic circumstances that not only influence the intrinsic capacity of tumor cells to cross the endothelial barrier, but also that regulate vascular inflammation and barrier integrity to enable extravasation into the metastatic niche. These processes are highly dependent on inflammatory cues largely initiated by the innate immune compartment, that are meant to help re-establish tissue homeostasis, but instead become hijacked by cancer cells. Here, we discuss the scientific advances in understanding the interactions between innate immune cells and the endothelium, describe their influence on cancer metastasis, and evaluate potential therapeutic interventions for the alleviation of metastatic disease. By triangulating the relationship between immune cells, endothelial cells, and tumor cells, we will gain greater insight into how to impede the metastatic process by focusing on its most vulnerable phases, thereby reducing metastatic spread and cancer-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheri A C McDowell
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Qian Y, Ye D, Wu DJ, Feng C, Zeng Z, Ye L, Zhu R, Zhang Z, Mao Y. Role of cigarette smoking in the development of ischemic stroke and its subtypes: a Mendelian randomization study. Clin Epidemiol 2019; 11:725-731. [PMID: 31616189 PMCID: PMC6698606 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s215933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Numerous studies have indicated that smokers have an increased risk of developing ischemic stroke. However, less is known about the causal relationship between cigarette smoking and ischemic stroke subtypes. In the present study, we aim to determine whether genetically predicted cigarette smoking was associated with subtypes of ischemic stroke using Mendelian randomization (MR). Patients and methods We used summary-level genetic association data from the MEGASTROKE consortium, including 438,847 individuals of European ancestry (34,217 cases of ischemic stroke and 404,630 controls). We used 176 single nucleotide polymorphisms as instrumental variables, which were previously identified to be associated with smoking in the Study of the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (n=518,633). MR analyses were performed using inverse-variance-weighted method, weighted-median method, and MR-Egger regression. Results We found that genetically predicted smoking was associated with a higher risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio (OR): 1.24, 95% CI: 1.10–1.39) and large artery ischemic stroke (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.14–2.02), but not with risk of cardioembolic ischemic stroke or small vessel ischemic stroke. Sensitivity analyses using alternative MR approaches produced similar results. Conclusion Genetic predisposition toward smoking is causally associated with a higher incidence of large artery ischemic stroke. Further work is warranted to clarify the underlying mechanism of smoking in the development of large artery ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qian
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Ye
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - David Jh Wu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China.,University of Minnesota Medical School , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chen Feng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Ye
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yingying Mao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China
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27
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Pathomechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in ALS. NEUROSCIENCE JOURNAL 2019; 2019:2537698. [PMID: 31380411 PMCID: PMC6652091 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2537698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) are responsible for controlling the microenvironment within neural tissues in humans. These barriers are fundamental to all neurological processes as they provide the extreme nutritional demands of neural tissue, remove wastes, and maintain immune privileged status. Being a semipermeable membrane, both the BBB and BSCB allow the diffusion of certain molecules, whilst restricting others. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other neurodegenerative diseases, these barriers become hyperpermeable, allowing a wider variety of molecules to pass through leading to more severe and more rapidly progressing disease. The intention of this review is to discuss evidence that BBB hyperpermeability is potentially a disease driving feature in ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. The various biochemical, physiological, and genomic factors that can influence BBB permeability in ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases are also discussed, in addition to novel therapeutic strategies centred upon the BBB.
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28
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Gareev IF, Safin SM. [The role of endogenous miRNAs in the development of cerebral aneurysms]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2019; 83:112-118. [PMID: 30900695 DOI: 10.17116/neiro201983011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral aneurysms are characterized by pathological expansion and thinning of the wall of vessels on the brain base, which may lead to rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) that is a life-threatening condition. This dictates the need for identification of new biological markers that predict the presence of aneurysms and the risk of their rupture. In the last decade, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are considered to be key regulators of biological processes, has been investigated. miRNAs have been shown to play a role in the development of aneurysms, but today there is little similar data. In this literature review, we analyze the existing data on the role of miRNAs in development, progression, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. We describe the relationship between miRNA expression profiles and specific molecular and cellular processes leading to the development of aneurysms. Also, we discuss the potential clinical significance of miRNAs for predicting the risk of aneurysm rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Gareev
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Sh M Safin
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
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29
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Chertok VM, Zakharchuk NV, Nevzorova VA, Chertok AG. [The distribution of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in the brain vascular bed exposed to chronic tobacco smoke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 118:65-71. [PMID: 30040803 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20181186165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the distribution of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their inhibitors (TIMP-2 and TIMP-1 respectively) in the brain vascular bed of rats exposed to chronic tobacco smoke. MATERIAL AND METHODS Localization and expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-2 and TIMP-1 in the pial branches (I-V order vessels), intracerebral arteries and capillaries of rats exposed to tobacco smoke were studied for 36 weeks. The level of enzymatic activity was assessed by the relative quantity of enzymopositive arteries and amount of fragments per 1 mm2 and rate of immunohistochemical reaction. Specific capillary density per mm2 of brain tissue and optical density of the immunohistochemical product were calculated. RESULTS MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were found in all segments of the arterial course in control animals. In rats exposed to tobacco smoking, the expression of MMP-2 increased only in intracerebral arteries and capillaries while TIMP-2 level decreased. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were noted only in single vessels, mainly small pial and intracerebral arteries, in intact animals. In rats exposed to tobacco smoke, MMP-9 expression significantly increased in all segments of the arterial course whereas the increase in TIMP-1 was observed mainly in large pial arteries. CONCLUSION In physiological conditions, the dynamic balance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 maintains basic tissue metabolism. Products of tobacco combustion are inductors of the inducible MMP-9 which promotes morphofunctional changes. The imbalance in MMP-9 - TIMP-1 system causes the degradation of extracellular matrix in different segments of the brain arterial course promoting the development of cerebral dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Chertok
- Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | | | - V A Nevzorova
- Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - A G Chertok
- Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia
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30
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Sivandzade F, Cucullo L. Assessing the protective effect of rosiglitazone against electronic cigarette/tobacco smoke-induced blood-brain barrier impairment. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:15. [PMID: 30947684 PMCID: PMC6449906 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking (TS) and recently e-cigarettes (EC) vaping, have been associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction primarily relevant to oxidative stress, exposure to nicotine, and smoking-induced inflammation. It is accepted that both EC and TS enhance glucose intolerance and the risk of developing type-2 diabetes mellitus which is also one of the causes of blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and the higher risk of cerebrovascular diseases. Recent studies have shown how Metformin, the first common antidiabetic drug, can protect the BBB integrity through enhancement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) activity. Herein, we investigated the role of rosiglitazone (RSG; family of thiazolidinedione class used oral anti-diabetic drug) in TS/EC-induced BBB impairment. RESULTS Although the exact mechanism of RSG is not fully understood, previous studies have revealed that RSG can promote counteractive protective mechanisms primarily associated with the enhancement of Nrf2 activity through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. In line with these findings, our results show an increased expression of PPARy by RSG, enhancement of Nrf2 activity and BBB protection against TS/EC exposure including reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, tight junction downregulation and loss of BBB integrity. CONCLUSIONS RSG could be considered as a promising therapeutic potential to prevent TS/EC induced cerebrovascular dysfunction and possibly other xenobiotic substances which may impact the BBB via oxidative stress-mediated effects. However, additional in vivo studies and clinical setting will be needed to validate our results and assess the full extent of RSG protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA
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31
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Bhalerao A, Cucullo L. Impact of Tobacco Smoke in HIV Progression: a Major Risk Factor for the Development of NeuroAIDS and Associated of CNS Disorders. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-HEIDELBERG 2019; 28:259-270. [PMID: 33738180 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-019-01062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aim With the advent of highly active and combination antiretroviral therapy have substantially increased the life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, this has brought into sharp contrast the incidence of several 'Non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diseases such as NeuroAIDS which identifies a group of neurological disorders caused primarily by HIV-mediated damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems. Given the patients depleted immune condition, the use and abuse of drug and addictive substances such as tobacco smoking can further deteriorates their overall health and accelerate the progression and severity of the disease. In this review we detail the pathogenesis, progression and characteristics of HIV and the impact of tobacco smoking as a risk factor for the progression of the disease to NeuroAIDS. This is a poorly understood aspect of HIV-related complications that needs to be addressed. Subjects and methods Review of theoretical approaches and knowledge synthesis. Results Tobacco smoking is highly prevalent in HIV patients when compared to the general population. The oxidative damage and inflammatory stress caused by chronic smoking on the cerebrovascular system have been well established. Considering that HIV patients have an impaired immune system and smokers per se are more susceptible to viral and bacterial inflammatory neuropathologies than non-smokers, it is conceivable that tobacco smoking as a risk factor for the progression of HIV into NeuroAIDS and related neurological impairments. Conclusion Tobacco smoke (TS) may bring about a synergistic effect in the context of persistent inflammatory state and cerebrovascular damage which facilitate HIV infection and progression to NeuroAIDS when compared to non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.,Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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32
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Liang H, Chang L, Chen R, Oishi K, Ernst T. Independent and Combined Effects of Chronic HIV-Infection and Tobacco Smoking on Brain Microstructure. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:509-522. [PMID: 30225549 PMCID: PMC6247419 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals (HIV+) have 2-3 times higher prevalence of tobacco smoking than the general U.S. population. This study aims to evaluate the independent and combined effects of tobacco-smoking and HIV-infection on brain microstructure and cognition using a 2 × 2 design. 21 HIV + Smokers, 25 HIV + Nonsmokers, 25 Seronegative (SN)-Smokers and 23 SN-Nonsmokers were evaluated using diffusion tensor imaging. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), radial (RD) and axial (AD) diffusivity were assessed in 8 major cerebral fiber tracts and 5 subcortical regions. Cognitive performance in 7 neurocognitive domains was also assessed. Compared to SN, HIV+ had higher AD in genu of corpus callosum (GCC, p = 0.002). Smokers also had higher diffusivities in GCC, splenium of corpus callosum (SCC), anterior corona radiata (ACR), sagittal stratum (SS) and superior fronto-occipital fasciculus (SFO), than Nonsmokers (p-values<0.001-0.003). Tobacco-Smoking and HIV-infection showed synergistic effects on AD_SS (p = 0.002) and RD_SFO (p = 0.02), but opposite effects in FA_putamen (p = 0.024). Additive effects from HIV+ and Tobacco-Smoking were observed in 9 other white matter tracts, with highest diffusivities and lowest FA in HIV + Smokers. Higher diffusivities in the GCC, SCC, ACR and SS predicted poorer cognitive performance across all participants (p ≤ 0.001). Higher AD_GCC also predicted slower Speed of information processing and poorer Fluency and Attention only in HIV + Smokers (p = 0.001-0.003). Chronic tobacco smoking and HIV-infection appear to have additive and synergistic adverse effects on brain diffusivities, suggesting greater neuroinflammation, which may contribute to poorer cognition. Therefore, chronic tobacco-smoking may be a risk factor for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Liang
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood Street, Suite 225, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Linda Chang
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood Street, Suite 225, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood Street, Suite 225, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kenichi Oishi
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Department of Radiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 419 W. Redwood Street, Suite 225, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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33
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Spencer JI, Bell JS, DeLuca GC. Vascular pathology in multiple sclerosis: reframing pathogenesis around the blood-brain barrier. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:42-52. [PMID: 28860328 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption has long been recognised as an important early feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. Traditionally, this has been seen as a by-product of the myelin-specific immune response. Here, we consider whether vascular changes instead play a central role in disease pathogenesis, rather than representing a secondary effect of neuroinflammation or neurodegeneration. Importantly, this is not necessarily mutually exclusive from current hypotheses. Vascular pathology in a genetically predisposed individual, influenced by environmental factors such as pathogens, hypovitaminosis D and smoking, may be a critical initiator of a series of events including hypoxia, protein deposition and immune cell egress that allows the development of a CNS-specific immune response and the classical pathological and clinical hallmarks of disease. We review the changes that occur in BBB function and cerebral perfusion in patients with MS and highlight genetic and environmental risk factors that, in addition to modulating immune function, may also converge to act on the vasculature. Further context is provided by contrasting these changes with other neurological diseases in which there is also BBB malfunction, and highlighting current disease-modifying therapies that may also have an effect on the BBB. Indeed, in reframing current evidence in this model, the vasculature could become an important therapeutic target in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Spencer
- University of Oxford Medical School, Level 2 Academic Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jack S Bell
- University of Oxford Medical School, Level 2 Academic Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 1 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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34
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Polyphenols and Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis-Related Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8526438. [PMID: 29317985 PMCID: PMC5727797 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8526438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Good nutrition could maintain health and life. Polyphenols are common nutrient mainly derived from fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, cocoa, mushrooms, beverages, and traditional medicinal herbs. They are potential substances against oxidative-related diseases, for example, cardiovascular disease, specifically, atherosclerosis-related ischemic heart disease and stroke, which are health and economic problems recognized worldwide. In this study, we reviewed the risk factors for atherosclerosis, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and cigarette smoking as well as the antioxidative activity of polyphenols, which could prevent the pathology of atherosclerosis, including endothelial dysfunction, low-density lipoprotein oxidation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, inflammatory process by monocytes, macrophages or T lymphocytes, and platelet aggregation. The strong radical-scavenging properties of polyphenols would exhibit antioxidative and anti-inflammation effects. Polyphenols reduce ROS production by inhibiting oxidases, reducing the production of superoxide, inhibiting OxLDL formation, suppressing VSMC proliferation and migration, reducing platelet aggregation, and improving mitochondrial oxidative stress. Polyphenol consumption also inhibits the development of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Despite the numerous in vivo and in vitro studies, more advanced clinical trials are necessary to confirm the efficacy of polyphenols in the treatment of atherosclerosis-related vascular diseases.
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Kaisar MA, Kallem RR, Sajja RK, Sifat AE, Cucullo L. A convenient UHPLC-MS/MS method for routine monitoring of plasma and brain levels of nicotine and cotinine as a tool to validate newly developed preclinical smoking model in mouse. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:71. [PMID: 29020944 PMCID: PMC5637319 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A sensitive, rapid and selective UHPLC–MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification of Nicotine (NT) and Cotinine (CN) using Continine-d3 as internal standard (IS) as per FDA guidelines. Sample preparation involved simple protein precipitation of 20 µL mouse plasma or brain homogenate using acetonitrile at 1:8 ratio. Mass Spectrometer was operated in positive polarity under the multiple reaction-monitoring mode using electro spray ionization technique and the transitions of m/z 163.2 → 132.1, 177.2 → 98.0 and 180.2 → 101.2 were used to measure the NT, CN and IS, respectively. The elution of NT, CN and IS are at 1.89, 1.77 and 1.76 min, respectively. This was achieved with a gradient mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium bicarbonate, acetonitrile and methanol (3:1, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min on a Kinetex EVO C18 column. The method was validated with a lower limit of quantitation 3.0 ng/mL in mouse plasma and brain for both the analytes. Results A linear response function was established for the range of concentrations 3–200 (r > 0.995) for NT and 3–600 ng/mL (r > 0.995) for CN. The intra- and inter-day precision values met the acceptance criteria. NT and CN are stable in the battery of stability studies viz., stock solution, bench-top and auto-sampler. Conclusion This method was successfully utilized to validate a newly developed preclinical smoking model in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Kaisar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Raja Reddy Kallem
- Office of Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ravi K Sajja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA. .,Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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Prasad S, Sajja RK, Kaisar MA, Park JH, Villalba H, Liles T, Abbruscato T, Cucullo L. Role of Nrf2 and protective effects of Metformin against tobacco smoke-induced cerebrovascular toxicity. Redox Biol 2017; 12:58-69. [PMID: 28212524 PMCID: PMC5312505 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction in a causative way primarily related to the TS content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nicotine, and inflammation. TS promotes glucose intolerance and increases the risk of developing type-2 diabetes mellitus (2DM) with which it shares other pathogenic traits including the high risk of cerebrovascular and neurological disorders like stroke via ROS generation, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment. Herein we provide evidence of the role played by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in CS-induced cerebrobvascular/BBB impairments and how these cerebrovascular harmful effects can be circumvented by the use of metformin (MF; a widely prescribed, firstline anti-diabetic drug) treatment. Our data in fact revealed that MF activates counteractive mechanisms primarily associated with the Nrf2 pathway which drastically reduce CS toxicity at the cerebrovascular level. These include the suppression of tight junction (TJ) protein downregulation and loss of BBB integrity induced by CS, reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress, renormalization of the expression levels of the major BBB glucose transporter Glut-1 and that of the anticoagulant factor thrombomodulin. Further, we provide additional insights on the controversial interplay between Nrf2 and AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Ravi K Sajja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Mohammad Abul Kaisar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Jee Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Taylor Liles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Thomas Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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Kaisar MA, Villalba H, Prasad S, Liles T, Sifat AE, Sajja RK, Abbruscato TJ, Cucullo L. Offsetting the impact of smoking and e-cigarette vaping on the cerebrovascular system and stroke injury: Is Metformin a viable countermeasure? Redox Biol 2017. [PMID: 28646795 PMCID: PMC5480985 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently published in vitro and in vivo findings strongly suggest that BBB impairment and increased risk for stroke by tobacco smoke (TS) closely resemble that of type-2 diabetes (2DM) and develop largely in response to common key modulators such oxidative stress (OS), inflammation and alterations of the endogenous antioxidative response system (ARE) regulated by the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). Preclinical studies have also shown that nicotine (the principal e-liquid's ingredient used in e-cigarettes) can also cause OS, exacerbation of cerebral ischemia and secondary brain injury. Herein we provide evidence that likewise to TS, chronic e-Cigarette (e-Cig) vaping can be prodromal to the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and vascular inflammation as well as act as a promoting factor for the onset of stroke and worsening of post-ischemic brain injury. In addition, recent reports have shown that Metformin (MF) treatment before and after ischemic injury reduces stress and inhibits inflammatory responses. Recent published data by our group revealead that MF promotes the activation of counteractive mechanisms mediated by the activation of Nrf2 which drastically reduce TS toxicity at the brain and cerebrovascular levels and protect BBB integrity. In this study we provide additional in vivo evidence showing that MF can effectively reduce the oxidative and inflammatory risk for stroke and attenuate post-ischemic brain injury promoted by TS and e-Cig vaping. Our data also suggest that MF administration could be extended as prophylactic care during the time window required for the renormalization of the risk levels of stroke following smoking cessation thus further studies in that direction are warrated. Chronic cigarette and e-cigarette exposure downregulate throbomodulin and Nrf2. Chronic CS and e-Cig exposure worsen stroke outcome in mice undergoing tMCAO. Metformin ameliorate stroke outcomes in CS and e-Cig exposed mice undergoing tMCAO. MF protective effect correlates with renormalization of Nrf2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Kaisar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Heidi Villalba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Shikha Prasad
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Taylor Liles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Ali Ehsan Sifat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Ravi K Sajja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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Seo SB, Choe ES, Kim KS, Shim SM. The effect of tobacco smoke exposure on the generation of reactive oxygen species and cellular membrane damage using co-culture model of blood brain barrier with astrocytes. Toxicol Ind Health 2017; 33:530-536. [PMID: 28125953 DOI: 10.1177/0748233716687708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain tissue is known to be vulnerable to the exposure by tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke can induce generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing inflammatory activity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of tobacco smoke on cell cytotoxicity, generation of ROS, and cellular membrane damage in astrocytes and BBB using a co-culture system. Cell viability of U373MG cells was reduced in a dose-dependent manner, ranging from 96.7% to 40.3% by tobacco smoke condensate (TSC). Cell viability of U373MG co-cultured with human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) was 104.9% at the IC50 value of TSC. Trans-epithelial electric resistance values drastically decreased 80% following 12-h incubation. The value was maintained until 48 h and then increased at 72-h incubation (85%). It then decreased to 75% at 120 h. Generation of ROS increased in a dose-dependent manner, ranging from 102.7% to 107.9%, when various concentrations of TSC (4-16 mg/mL) were administered to the U373MG monoculture. When TSC was added into U373MG co-cultured with HBMECs, production of ROS ranged from 101.7% to 102.6%, slightly increasing over 12 h. Maximum exposure-generated ROS of 104.8% was reached at 24 h. Cell cytotoxicity and oxidative stress levels in the U373MG co-culture model system with HBMECs were lower than U373MG monoculture. HBMECs effectively acted as a barrier to protect the astrocytes (U373MG) from toxicity of TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Beom Seo
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sang Choe
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Gumjeong-gu, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Kim
- 3 Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zakharchuk NV, Nevzorova VA, Chertok VM, Sarafanova NS. [Effects of chronic tabacco smoking on the cerebral blood flow]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:124-129. [PMID: 28374705 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201711721124-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study an effect of chronic smoking on cerebral hemodynamics and cerebrovascular reactivity in different segments of the arterial system of the brain in men. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male patients enrolled in the study were divided into two groups: controls (n=11) and smokers (n=24) with index 30.7 pack-year smoking history. Haemorheological parameters: viscosity of blood, aggregation of erythrocytes, hematocrit, fibrinogen were evaluated in both groups. Using carotid duplex ultrasound (MyLab 50 Esaote, Italy), intima-media thickness (IMT) of common carotid arteries (CCA) was measured. Parameters of cerebral hemodynamics were evaluated using transcranial Doppler ultrasound (Nicolet Companion Biomedikal, USA). Tests of the cerebrovascular reactivity were used to study arteries of three levels: common carotid arteries, middle cerebral arteries (MCA) and pial arteries. RESULTS An increase in erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, viscosity of blood, aggregation of erythrocytes and fibrinogen was found in the group of smokers compared to the control group. There were an increase in IMT of CCA by more than 50% and a decrease in the mean flow velocity in CCA in smokers. Also smoking decreased MCA mean flow velocity, but this decrease was 2-3 times smaller than in the common carotid arteries. Vasoconstrictor reactions prevailed in MCA, as indicated by the increase in the peripheral vascular resistance index. An increase in vasospastic reactions in pial arteries in smokers was discovered. At the same time, the vasodilatation reaction was maintained or not significantly reduced in pial arteries. CONCLUSION Chronic smoking is one of the significant factors causing changes in haemorheological parameters, damage of vascular wall, initiation of atherogenesis and disturbance of cerebral hemodynamics. The study of velocity characteristics and peripheral vascular resistance indices in the group of smokers revealed different reactions of different segments of the brain arterial system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V A Nevzorova
- Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - V M Chertok
- Pacific State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia
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Brunssen C, Giebe S, Hofmann A, Brux M, Morawietz H. Evaluation of Cytotoxic, Oxidative, and Pro-Inflammatory Effects of Aqueous Cigarette Smoke Extract on Human Monocytes: A Potential Model System for Assessment of Next-Generation Tobacco and Nicotine Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Coy Brunssen
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sindy Giebe
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hofmann
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Melanie Brux
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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G SBA, Choi S, Krishnan J, K R. Cigarette smoke and related risk factors in neurological disorders: An update. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:79-86. [PMID: 27930990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is known to be harmful to health, and is considered the main cause of death worldwide, especially in India. Among the well-distinguished diseases related to smoking are, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oral and peripheral cancers, and cardiovascular complications. However, the impact of cigarette smoking on neurocognitive and neuropathological effects, including anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, still remains unclear. Cigarette smoke consists of more than 4500 toxic chemicals that combine to form free radicals, which lead to oxidative stress-associated neurological disorders. Herein, we discuss the role of antioxidant agents in delaying or attenuating disease complications. In addition, in this review, we discuss the neuropathological effect of cigarette smoke and its interference in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smilin Bell Aseervatham G
- National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries, Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayalakshmi Krishnan
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ruckmani K
- National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries, Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Secondhand Smoke is Associated with Hearing Threshold Shifts in Obese Adults. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33071. [PMID: 27605137 PMCID: PMC5015083 DOI: 10.1038/srep33071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss resulted from multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Secondhand smoke (SHS) and obesity had been reported to be related to hearing loss. This study explored the possible associations of SHS and obesity with the hearing threshold. The relations between SHS and the hearing threshold in subjects from three different body mass index classes were analyzed. Our study included data from 1,961 subjects aged 20–69 years that were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 1999–2004. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the subjects with the higher tertiles of serum cotinine levels tended to have higher hearing thresholds than those with the lowest tertile of serum cotinine levels (for both trends, p < 0.05). Notably, the obese subjects with the higher tertiles of serum cotinine levels had significantly higher hearing thresholds for high frequencies and low frequencies than those with the lowest tertile of serum cotinine levels (for both trends, p < 0.05). Our study showed a significant positive association between SHS exposure and hearing thresholds in the adult population, especially in obese individuals. Based on our findings, avoiding exposure to SHS, especially in obese adults, may decrease the risk of hearing loss.
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Long-term patency of superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass for cerebral atherosclerotic disease: factors determining the bypass patent. Neurosurg Rev 2016; 39:655-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-016-0736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sajja RK, Rahman S, Cucullo L. Drugs of abuse and blood-brain barrier endothelial dysfunction: A focus on the role of oxidative stress. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:539-54. [PMID: 26661236 PMCID: PMC4794105 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15616978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Psychostimulants and nicotine are the most widely abused drugs with a detrimental impact on public health globally. While the long-term neurobehavioral deficits and synaptic perturbations are well documented with chronic use of methamphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine, emerging human and experimental studies also suggest an increasing incidence of neurovascular complications associated with drug abuse. Short- or long-term administration of psychostimulants or nicotine is known to disrupt blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity/function, thus leading to an increased risk of brain edema and neuroinflammation. Various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to underlie drug abuse-induced BBB dysfunction suggesting a central and unifying role for oxidative stress in BBB endothelium and perivascular cells. This review discusses drug-specific effects of methamphetamine, cocaine, and tobacco smoking on brain microvascular crisis and provides critical assessment of oxidative stress-dependent molecular pathways focal to the global compromise of BBB. Additionally, given the increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis in drug abusers, we have summarized the synergistic pathological impact of psychostimulants and HIV infection on BBB integrity with an emphasis on unifying role of endothelial oxidative stress. This mechanistic framework would guide further investigations on specific molecular pathways to accelerate therapeutic approaches for the prevention of neurovascular deficits by drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Sajja
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Naik P, Cucullo L. Pathobiology of tobacco smoking and neurovascular disorders: untied strings and alternative products. Fluids Barriers CNS 2015; 12:25. [PMID: 26520792 PMCID: PMC4628383 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-015-0022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke (TS) is the leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide. In addition to a host of well characterized diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oral and peripheral cancers and cardiovascular complications, epidemiological evidence suggests that chronic smokers are at equal risk to develop neurological and neurovascular complications such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, vascular dementia and small vessel ischemic disease (SVID). Unfortunately, few direct neurotoxicology studies of tobacco smoking and its pathogenic pathways have been produced so far. A major link between TS and CNS disorders is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this review article, we summarize the current understanding of the toxicological impact of TS on BBB physiology and function and major compensatory mechanisms such as nrf2- ARE signaling and anti-inflammatory pathways activated by TS. In the same context, we discuss the controversial role of antioxidant supplementation as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic approach in delaying or decreasing the disease complications in smokers. Further, we cover a number of toxicological studies associated with "reduced exposure" cigarette products including electronic cigarettes. Finally, we provide insights on possible avenues for future research including mechanistic studies using direct inhalation rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA. .,Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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Kaisar MA, Prasad S, Cucullo L. Protecting the BBB endothelium against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress using popular antioxidants: Are they really beneficial? Brain Res 2015; 1627:90-100. [PMID: 26410779 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) exposed to realistic concentrations (comparable to a chronic heavy smoker) of Cigarette Smoke Extract (CSE) triggers a strong endothelial inflammatory response which can lead to the onset of neurological disorders. The involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in this inflammatory cascade is evident from the up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2), a transcription factor involved in anti-oxidant response signaling in CSE exposed endothelial cells. We have shown that pre-treatment with α-tocopherol and/or ascorbic acid is highly protective for the BBB, thus suggesting that, prophylactic administration of antioxidants can reduce CSE and/or inflammatory-dependent BBB damage. We have assessed and ranked the protective effects of 5 popular OTC antioxidants (Coenzyme Q10, melatonin, glutathione, lipoic acid and resveratrol) against CSE-induced BBB endothelial damage using hCMEC/D3 cells. The analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines release by ELISA revealed that resveratrol, lipoic acid melatonin and Co-Q10 inhibited the BBB endothelial release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, reduced (not Co-Q10) CSE-induced up-regulation of Platelet Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1), Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) & E-selectin and inhibited monocytes-endothelial cell adhesion. The anti-inflammatory effects correlated with the anti-oxidative protection endowed by these compounds as evidenced by upregulation of NADPH: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and reduced cellular oxidative stress. CSE-induced release of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) was inhibited by all tested compounds although the effect was not strictly dose-dependent. Further in vivo studies are required to validate our results and expand our current study to include combinatorial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kaisar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States
| | - Shikha Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States.
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Kim JH, Cho MH, Choi KC, Lee K, Kim KS, Shim SM. Oxidative Stress Induced by Cigarette Smoke Extracts in Human Brain Cells (T98G) and Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HBMEC) in Mono- and Co-Culture. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1019-27. [PMID: 26262444 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1043607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to examine oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) or cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) in human brain cells (T98G) and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) in mono- and co-culture systems. Cell viability of T98G cells exposed to CSC (0.05-4 mg/ml) was significantly decreased compared to CSE (0.025-20%). There were no marked differences between quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by either CSE (2, 4, and 10%) or CSC (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/ml) treatment compared to control. However, a significant effect was noted in ROS generation following CSC incubation at 4mg/ml. Cellular integrity of HBMEC decreased to 74 and 64% within 120 h of exposure at the IC50 value of CSE and CSC, respectively. This study suggests that chronic exposure to cigarette smoking might initiate damage to the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hyeong Kim
- a Department of Food Science and Technology , Sejong University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Sajja RK, Naik P, Cucullo L. Differential Cerebrovascular Toxicity of Various Tobacco Products: A Regulatory Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3. [PMID: 25705706 PMCID: PMC4334139 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6887.1000e130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Sajja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, USA
| | - Pooja Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, USA
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Kaisar MA, Cucullo L. OTC Antioxidant Products for the Treatment of Cardiovascular and other Disorders: Popular Myth or Fact? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3. [PMID: 26052537 PMCID: PMC4457383 DOI: 10.4172/2329-6887.1000e136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Kaisar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA ; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Vasconcellos AP, Kyle ME, Gilani S, Shin JJ. Personally Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Pediatric Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 151:14-28. [PMID: 24671457 PMCID: PMC4472569 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814526560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric hearing loss is an increasingly recognized problem with significant implications. Increasing our quantitative understanding of potentially modifiable environmental risk factors for hearing loss may form the foundation for prevention and screening programs. OBJECTIVE To determine whether specific threshold exposure levels of personally modifiable risk factors for hearing loss have been defined, with the overarching goal of providing actionable guidance for the prevention of pediatric hearing loss. DATA SOURCES A systematic review was performed. Computerized searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were completed and supplemented with manual searches. REVIEW METHODS Inclusion/exclusion criteria were designed to determine specific threshold values of personally modifiable risk factors on hearing loss in the pediatric population. Searches and data extraction were performed by independent reviewers. RESULTS There were 38 criterion-meeting studies, including a total of 50,651 subjects. Threshold noise exposures significantly associated with hearing loss in youth included: (1) more than 4 hours per week or more than 5 years of personal headphone usage, (2) more than 4 visits per month to a discotheque, and (3) working on a mechanized farm. Quantified tobacco levels of concern included any level of in utero smoke exposure as well as secondhand exposure sufficient to elevate serum cotinine. CONCLUSIONS Specific thresholds analyses are limited. Future studies would ideally focus on stratifying risk according to clearly defined levels of exposure, in order to provide actionable guidance for children and families.
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