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Liu Y, Long Y, Fang J, Liu G. Advances in the Anti-Atherosclerotic Mechanisms of Epigallocatechin Gallate. Nutrients 2024; 16:2074. [PMID: 38999821 PMCID: PMC11243004 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common clinical sickness and the major pathological basis of ischemic cardiocerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs). The pathogenesis of AS involves a variety of risk factors, and there is a lack of effective preventive and curative drugs that can completely treat AS. In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards and changes in dietary habits, the morbidity and mortality rates of AS are on the rise, and the age of onset tends to be younger. The formation of AS is closely related to a variety of factors, and the main factors include lipid metabolism disorders, endothelial damage, inflammation, unstable plaques, etc. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), as one of the main components of catechins, has a variety of pharmacological effects, and its role in the prevention of AS and the protection of cardiovascular and cerebral blood vessels has been highly valued. Recent epidemiological investigations and various in vivo and ex vivo experiments have shown that EGCG is capable of resisting atherosclerosis and reducing the morbidity and mortality of AS. In this paper, we reviewed the anti-AS effects of EGCG and its mechanisms in recent years, including the regulation of lipid metabolism, regulation of intestinal flora disorders, improvement of vascular endothelial cell functions, inhibition of inflammatory factors expression, regulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and inhibition of platelet aggregation, which are helpful for the prevention of cardiocerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yiling Long
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jun Fang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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2
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Ge J, Song T, Li M, Chen W, Li J, Gong S, Zhao Y, Ma L, Yu H, Li X, Fu K. The medicinal value of tea drinking in the management of COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12968. [PMID: 36647394 PMCID: PMC9833859 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is presently the largest international public health event, individuals infected by the virus not only have symptoms such as fever, dry cough, and lung infection at the time of onset, but also possibly have sequelae in the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, nervous system, mental health and other aspects. However, numerous studies have depicted that the active ingredients in tea show good antiviral effects and can treat various diseases by regulating multiple pathways, and the therapeutic effects are associated with the categories of chemical components in tea. In this review, the differences in the content of key active ingredients in different types of tea are summarized. In addition, we also highlighted their effects on COVID-19 and connected sequelae, further demonstrating the possibility of developing a formulation for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and its sequelae through tea extracts. We have a tendency to suggest forestalling and treating COVID-19 and its sequelae through scientific tea drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Ge
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianbao Song
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiarong Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
| | - Sihan Gong
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongjian Yu
- Wuxi Century Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Xiankuan Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China,Corresponding author10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China.
| | - Kun Fu
- Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300120, Tianjin, China,Corresponding author. 69 Increasen Road, Hebei District, Tianjin, China.
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Misra S, Ikbal AMA, Bhattacharjee D, Hore M, Mishra S, Karmakar S, Ghosh A, Srinivas R, Das A, Agarwal S, Saha KD, Bhardwaj P, Ubhadia IB, Ghosh P, De S, Tiwari ON, Chattopadhyay D, Palit P. Validation of antioxidant, antiproliferative, and in vitro anti-rheumatoid arthritis activities of epigallo-catechin-rich bioactive fraction from Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Assam variety white tea, and its comparative evaluation with green tea fraction. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14487. [PMID: 36309930 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The epigallocatechin-rich polyphenolic fraction of Assam variety white tea, traditionally used for the management of diverse inflammatory ailments and health drink, was investigated through eco-friendly green aqueous extraction, TLC, and HPLC characterization, phytochemical screening, in vitro DPPH assay, anti-proteinase, MTT assay on synovial fibroblast and colon cancer cells, apoptotic FACS analysis, cytokine ELISA, p-STAT3 western blotting, and in silico docking analysis. HPLC-TLC standardized white tea fraction (WT-F) rendered higher extractive-yield (21%, w/w), than green tea fraction(GT-F) (12%, w/w). WT-F containing flavonoids and non-hydrolysable polyphenols showed better antioxidant activity, rather than equivalent GT-F. WT-F demonstrated remarkable anti-rheumatoid-arthritis activity via killing of synovial fibroblast cells (66.1%), downregulation of TNF-α (93.33%), IL-6 (87.97%), and p-STAT3 inhibition (77.75%). Furthermore, WT-F demonstrated better anti-proliferative activity against colon cancer cells (HCT-116). Collectively, our study revealed that the white tea fraction has boundless potential as anti-rheumatoid arthritis and anti-proliferative agent coupled with apoptotic, antioxidant anti-proteinase, and anti-inflammatory properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Our eco-friendly extracted bioactive aqueous fraction of white tea, characterized by TLC-HPLC study and phytochemical screening have demonstrated remarkable anti-rheumatoid arthritis property and anti-proliferative action on colon cancer cells including potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proteinase efficacy. The test WT-F sample has shown impressive safety on normal mammalian cells. WT-F has demonstrated better efficacy against rheumatoid arthritis and cancer model compared to equivalent green tea fraction. Traditionally, it is extensively used for boosting immunity, and energy, with cosmetic, and agricultural applications by the native inhabitants. So, the aqueous fraction of WT is suggested to be used as a prophylactic nutraceutical supplement and or therapeutic agent in commercial polyherbal formulation to attenuate and management of auto-inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis and carcinogenesis of colon. It is additionally suggested to establish in vivo rheumatoid arthritis animal and clinical study to validate their pharmacokinetic stability and dose optimization coupled with anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and anti-oxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchaita Misra
- Department of Clinical immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Abu Md Ashif Ikbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | - Dipanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Clinical immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Minakshi Hore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
| | | | - Sankha Karmakar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Alakendu Ghosh
- Department of Clinical immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Abhik Das
- Department of Clinical immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Prashant Bhardwaj
- ICMR-Virus Unit (Presently ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases), Kolkata, India
| | - Ishvarlal Bhudarbhai Ubhadia
- Department of Clinical immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India.,Rosekandi Tea Estate, Grant Pt I, Assam, India
| | - Parasar Ghosh
- Department of Clinical immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sirshendu De
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, India
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India.,Centre for Conservation and Utilisation of Blue Green Algae (CCUBGA), Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India.,NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - Partha Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar, India
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Li Y, Karim MR, Wang B, Peng J. Effects of Green Tea (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) on Cardiac Function - A Review of the Therapeutic Mechanism and Potentials. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2371-2382. [PMID: 35345998 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220328161826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart disease, the leading cause of death globally, refers to various illnesses that affect heart structure and function. Specific abnormalities affecting cardiac muscle contractility and remodeling and common factors including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis underlie the pathogenesis of heart diseases. Epidemiology studies have associated green tea consumption with lower morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases, including heart and blood vessel dysfunction. Among the various compounds found in green tea, catechins are believed to play a significant role in producing benefits to cardiovascular health. Comprehensive literature reviews have been published to summarize the tea catechins' antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis effects in the context of various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and metabolic diseases. However, recent studies on tea catechins, especially the most abundant (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), revealed their capabilities in regulating cardiac muscle contraction by directly altering myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity on force development and Ca2+ ion handling in cardiomyocytes under both physiological and pathological conditions. In vitro and in vivo data also demonstrated that green tea extract or EGCG protected or rescued cardiac function, independent of their well-known effects against oxidative stress and inflammation. This minireview will focus on the specific effects of tea catechins on heart muscle contractility at the molecular and cellular level, revisit their effects on oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of heart diseases, and discuss EGCG's potential as one of the lead compounds for new drug discovery for heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Li
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore
| | | | - Buheng Wang
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore
| | - Jiangnan Peng
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore
- Department of Chemistry, Morgan State University, Baltimore
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Huang SC, Kao YH, Shih SF, Tsai MC, Lin CS, Chen LW, Chuang YP, Tsui PF, Ho LJ, Lai JH, Chen SJ. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate exhibits immunomodulatory effects in human primary T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 550:70-76. [PMID: 33689882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells secrete several inflammatory cytokines that play a critical role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Although green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects in animals, few studies have identified the mechanism underlying these effects in human primary T cells. This study investigated the pathway involved in EGCG modulation of cytokine secretion in activated human primary T cells. We pre-treated human primary T cells with EGCG (0.1, 1, 5, 10, and 20 μM) for 4 h and incubated them with or without phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin (P/I) for 20 h. The cytokine production, activator protein (AP)-1 binding activity, and level of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and Western blotting, respectively. At 10 and 20 μM, EGCG decreased interleukin (IL)-2 levels by 26.0% and 38.8%, IL-4 levels by 41.5% and 55.9%, INF-γ levels by 31.3% and 34.7%, and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels by 23.0% and 37.6%, respectively. In addition, the level of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal (p-JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) was decreased, but not the level of p-p38 MAPK. EGCG did not alter any of the total protein amounts, suggesting a selective effect on specific types of MAPKs in stimulated human T cells. EGCG tended to inactivate AP-1 DNA-binding activity. The P/I-induced production of IL-2, IL-4, INF-γ, and TNF-α by human T cells was suppressed by AP-1 inhibitor in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, EGCG suppressed cytokine secretion in activated human primary T cells, and this effect was likely mediated by AP-1 inactivation through the ERK and JNK, but not p38 MAPK, pathways. These results may be related to the mechanisms through which EGCG inhibits immune- or inflammation-related atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chung Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsi Kao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Fu Shih
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chien Tsai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Liv Weichien Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Chuang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Fen Tsui
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Jun Ho
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Haung Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Jou Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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do Valle IF, Roweth HG, Malloy MW, Moco S, Barron D, Battinelli E, Loscalzo J, Barabási AL. Network medicine framework shows that proximity of polyphenol targets and disease proteins predicts therapeutic effects of polyphenols. NATURE FOOD 2021; 2:143-155. [PMID: 37117448 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols, natural products present in plant-based foods, play a protective role against several complex diseases through their antioxidant activity and by diverse molecular mechanisms. Here we develop a network medicine framework to uncover mechanisms for the effects of polyphenols on health by considering the molecular interactions between polyphenol protein targets and proteins associated with diseases. We find that the protein targets of polyphenols cluster in specific neighbourhoods of the human interactome, whose network proximity to disease proteins is predictive of the molecule's known therapeutic effects. The methodology recovers known associations, such as the effect of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate on type 2 diabetes, and predicts that rosmarinic acid has a direct impact on platelet function, representing a novel mechanism through which it could affect cardiovascular health. We experimentally confirm that rosmarinic acid inhibits platelet aggregation and α-granule secretion through inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, offering direct support for the predicted molecular mechanism. Our framework represents a starting point for mechanistic interpretation of the health effects underlying food-related compounds, allowing us to integrate into a predictive framework knowledge on food metabolism, bioavailability and drug interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo F do Valle
- Network Science Institute and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harvey G Roweth
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael W Malloy
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sofia Moco
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denis Barron
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Battinelli
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Albert-László Barabási
- Network Science Institute and Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
Healthy vascular endothelial cells regulate vascular tone and permeability, prevent vessel wall inflammation, enhance thromboresistance, and contribute to general vascular health. Furthermore, they perform important functions including the production of vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, as well as the regulation of smooth muscle cell functions. Conversely, vascular endothelial dysfunction leads to atherosclerosis, thereby enhancing the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and other cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Observational studies and randomized trials showed that green tea intake was inversely related to CVD risk. Furthermore, evidence indicates that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) found in green tea might exert a preventive effect against CVDs. EGCG acts as an antioxidant, inducing NO release and reducing endothelin-1 production in endothelial cells. EGCG enhances the bioavailability of normal NO by reducing levels of the endogenous NO inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine. Furthermore, it inhibits the enhanced expression of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and attenuates monocyte adhesion. In addition, EGCG prevents enhanced oxidative stress through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. These effects indicate that it might prevent the production of reactive oxygen species, inhibit inflammation, and reduce endothelial cell apoptosis during the initial stages of atherosclerosis. The current review summarizes recent research in this area and discusses novel findings regarding the protective effect of EGCG on endothelial dysfunction and CVDs in general.
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Reddy AT, Lakshmi SP, Maruthi Prasad E, Varadacharyulu NC, Kodidhela LD. Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses inflammation in human coronary artery endothelial cells by inhibiting NF-κB. Life Sci 2020; 258:118136. [PMID: 32726662 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is a critical regulator of vascular homeostasis, controlling vascular tone and permeability as well as interactions of leukocytes and platelets with blood vessel walls. Consequently, endothelial dysfunction featuring inflammation and reduced vasodilation are considered central to cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathogenesis and have become a therapeutic area of focus. Type II endothelial cell (EC) activation by stress-related stimuli such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) initiates the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, a master regulator of inflammatory responses. Because dysregulated NF-κB signaling has been tightly linked to several CVDs, EC-specific inhibition of NF-κB represents an attractive pharmacological strategy. As accumulating evidence highlights the clinical benefits of tea catechin for multiple diseases including CVDs, we sought to determine whether the tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) that displays antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-thrombogenic, and anti-hypertensive properties offers protection against CVDs by suppressing the canonical NF-κB pathway. Our findings indicate that EGCG downregulates multiple components of the TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling pathway and thereby reduces the consequent increase in inflammatory gene transcription and protein expression. Furthermore, EGCG blocked type II EC activation, evidenced by diminished EC leakage and monocyte adhesion in EGCG-treated cells. In summary, our study advances knowledge of EGCG's anti-inflammatory effects on the NF-κB pathway and hence its benefits on endothelial health, supporting its therapeutic potential for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind T Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Sowmya P Lakshmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - E Maruthi Prasad
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - N Ch Varadacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lakshmi Devi Kodidhela
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Protective role of epigallocatechin gallate, a dietary antioxidant against oxidative stress in various diseases. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sundaram R, Ayyakkannu P, Muthu K, Nazar SP, Palanivelu S, Panchanatham S. Acyclic Isoprenoid Attenuates Lipid Anomalies and Inflammatory Changes in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2019; 34:395-406. [PMID: 31686726 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-018-0764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to explore the antihyperlipidemic and anti-inflammatory effect of acyclic isoprenoid on high fat diet fed rats. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by the diet comprising of the normal rat chow 84.3%, lard 5%, yolk powder 10%, cholesterol 0.2% and 0.5% bile salt were fed to the rats for the period of 8 weeks. The results showed that abnormally elevated levels of plasma lipid profiles. Three different doses of acyclic isoprenoid (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg b.w/day) were administered orally to hypercholesterolemia suffering rats for the period of 30 days. Among these three doses of acyclic isoprenoid, the dose 80 mg/kg b.w. was significantly decreased the plasma lipid profiles when compared to other two doses. The effect produced by acyclic isoprenoid (80 mg/kg b.w) was comparable to that of simvastatin. Therefore, 80 mg/kg b.w was fixed as a effective dose and used for further analyses. Acyclic isoprenoid administration reinstated the elevated levels of cardiac and inflammatory markers in both blood and serum of hypercholesterolemic rats. In addition, acyclic isoprenoid administration decreased activity of 3-hydroxy 3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and increased the activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase. These findings suggest that the administration of acyclic isoprenoid was potentially ameliorated the cardiac marker enzymes and inflammatory markers in addition to its antihypercholesterolemic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Sundaram
- 1Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM P-G, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113 India
- 2Department of Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi University, Maduravoyal, Chennai, 600095 India
| | | | - Karuppiah Muthu
- 4Department of Chemistry, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 627012 India
| | - Sohara Parveen Nazar
- 2Department of Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi University, Maduravoyal, Chennai, 600095 India
| | - Shanthi Palanivelu
- 5Department of Pathology, Dr. ALM P-G, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113 India
| | - Sachdanandam Panchanatham
- 1Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM P-G, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600113 India
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Li X, Wang W, Hou L, Wu H, Wu Y, Xu R, Xiao Y, Wang X. Does tea extract supplementation benefit metabolic syndrome and obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:1049-1058. [PMID: 31174941 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the global epidemic of obesity, numerous strategies have been employed in the management of metabolic syndrome (MS) in this population. A meta-analysis was designed in the present investigation to evaluate the benefits of tea extract (TE) supplementation in MS in obesity. METHODS We conducted searches of published literature in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases from inception in 1985 to May 2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which studied TE consumption in obesity with MS were analyzed. Results were summarized using weighted mean differences (WMDs), standardized mean differences (SMDs) or odds ratio (OR) by suitable effect model. RESULTS Sixteen eligible randomized controlled trials, including 1090 subjects were identified. Benefits were demonstrated on reduction of Body Mass Index (BMI) (SMD, -0.27; 95% CI, -0.40 to -0.15, P < 0.0001) and blood glucose (SMD, -0.22; 95% CI, -0.34 to -0.10, P = 0.0003), and increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (SMD, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.35, P = 0.03). Limited benefits without significance were observed on blood pressure and other anthropometric, cholesterol, and biochemistry outcomes. All-cause adverse events were minimal (0.99; 95% CI: 0.55, 1.77, P = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that consumption of TE supplementation in the obese with MS has beneficial effects on improvement of lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as in the facilitation of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Liming Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Huanghui Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Fuzhou 350025, PR China
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China.
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Anbukkarasi M, Sundararajan M, Venkadeswaran K, Ruban VV, Anand T, Geraldine P. Antihypercholesterolemic, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential of an extract of the plant Tabernaemontana divaricata in experimental rats fed an atherogenic diet. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Eng QY, Thanikachalam PV, Ramamurthy S. Molecular understanding of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:296-310. [PMID: 28864169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The compound epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenolic compound present in green tea [Camellia sinensis (Theaceae], has shown numerous cardiovascular health promoting activity through modulating various pathways. However, molecular understanding of the cardiovascular protective role of EGCG has not been reported. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to compile the preclinical and clinical studies that had been done on EGCG to investigate its protective effect on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in order to provide a systematic guidance for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research papers related to EGCG were obtained from the major scientific databases, for example, Science direct, PubMed, NCBI, Springer and Google scholar, from 1995 to 2017. RESULTS EGCG was found to exhibit a wide range of therapeutic properties including anti-atherosclerosis, anti-cardiac hypertrophy, anti-myocardial infarction, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. These therapeutic effects are mainly associated with the inhibition of LDL cholesterol (anti-atherosclerosis), inhibition of NF-κB (anti-cardiac hypertrophy), inhibition of MPO activity (anti-myocardial infarction), reduction in plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin level (anti-diabetes), reduction of inflammatory markers (anti-inflammatory) and the inhibition of ROS generation (antioxidant). CONCLUSION EGCG shows different biological activities and in this review, a compilation of how this bioactive molecule plays its role in treating cardiovascular and metabolic diseases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yi Eng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Malaysia
| | | | - Srinivasan Ramamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Malaysia.
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Liu L, Wu X, Zhang B, Yang W, Li D, Dong Y, Yin Y, Chen Q. Protective effects of tea polyphenols on exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue, inflammation and tissue damage. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1333390. [PMID: 28659745 PMCID: PMC5475289 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1333390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The beneficial properties of tea polyphenols have been extensively studied; however, less attention has been paid to their effects, especially anti-inflammatory effect during exhaustive exercise. Objective: The present study assessed the potential protective effects of tea polyphenols against the fatigue, inflammation and tissue injury caused by an exhaustive exercise bout in rats. Design: Twenty-four healthy male rats were divided into three groups. Group C was a sedentary control group, Groups E+TP and Group E performed a single exhaustive swimming test; all groups had normal diets, but Group E+TP was supplemented with tea polyphenols. All rats were immediately euthanized after exhaustive exercise, and biochemical and inflammatory parameters, including lactic acid (LA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) activity levels, were measured. Reverse transcription (RT) and Real-Time PCR was employed to evaluate the mRNA expression of IL-1β in the liver. Results: The results showed a decrease in serum LA levels (22%, p < 0.05) in rats that consumed dietary tea polyphenols. Interestingly, dietary tea polyphenols decreased the serum levels of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α: 13%, p < 0.05; IL-1β: 10%, p < 0.05; and IL-6: 48%, p < 0.05) and shifted the serum IL-10/TNF-α ratio to a predominantly anti-inflammatory milieu (0.52 ± 0.07 vs. 0.67 ± 0.10, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the polyphenols effectively inhibited the release of tissue damage markers (CK: 24%, p < 0.05 and LDH: 28%, p < 0.05) in the serum and decreased IL-1β mRNA expression in the liver. Conclusions: This study indicated that tea polyphenols could significantly protect rats from the fatigue, inflammation and tissue damage induced by acute exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuqin Wu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bingchen Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daliang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanqiu Dong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Yin
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Chowdhury A, Sarkar J, Chakraborti T, Pramanik PK, Chakraborti S. Protective role of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in health and disease: A perspective. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 78:50-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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16
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Liu D, Perkins JT, Hennig B. EGCG prevents PCB-126-induced endothelial cell inflammation via epigenetic modifications of NF-κB target genes in human endothelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 28:164-70. [PMID: 26878794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory polyphenols, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have been shown to protect against the toxicity of environmental pollutants. It is well known that bioactive food compounds such as polyphenols may exert their protection by modulating inflammatory pathways regulated through nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. EGCG has been reported to inhibit NF-κB activation. We hypothesize that EGCG can protect against polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-induced endothelial inflammation in part through epigenetic regulation of NF-κB-regulated inflammatory genes. In order to test this hypothesis, human endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were exposed to physiologically relevant levels of coplanar PCB 126 and/or 15 or 30 μM of EGCG, followed by quantification of NF-κB subunit p65, histone acetyltransferase p300 and histone deacetylases (HDACs) accumulation through chromatin immunoprecipitation assay in the promoter region of inflammatory genes. In addition, the enrichment of the acetylated H3 was also quantified. PCB 126 exposure increased the expression of vascular inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and IL-1α/β, which were prevented by pretreatment with EGCG. This inhibitory effect by EGCG correlated with abolished nuclear import of p65, decreased chromatin binding of p65 and p300, as well as increased chromatin binding of HDAC 1/2. Furthermore, EGCG induced hypoacetylation of H3, which accounts for deactivation of downstream genes. These data suggest that EGCG-induced epigenetic modifications can decrease PCB-induced vascular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Jordan T Perkins
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Bernhard Hennig
- Superfund Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536; Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536.
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17
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Zhu J, Zhang X, Li L, Su G. Protective effects of epigallocatechin-3 gallate on atrial electrical and structural remodeling in a rabbit rapid atrial pacing model. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 71:897-903. [PMID: 25312479 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) is the major catechin in green tea. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of EGCG on atrial electrical and structural remodeling in a rabbit rapid atrial pacing (RAP) model. New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to RAP with or without EGCG treatment. The atrial electrophysiology was studied. ELISA, Western blots, and RT-PCR were performed to determine the level of the inflammation markers, oxidative stress, and fibrogenic agents. Atrial tissue was stained with Masson's trichrome stain for fibrosis detection. RAP rabbits showed a significantly shorter atrial effective refractory period than control rabbits. Higher AF inducibility and longer AF duration were seen in the RAP group. AERP of rabbits received high dose EGCG were prolonged compared to RAP rabbits, and AF inducibility and duration of rabbits received high dose EGCG were lower. RAP rabbits have higher inflammation markers, higher oxidative stress, and more significant fibrosis within atrium, while high dose intervention of EGCG can lower the inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis induced by RAP. Results showed that EGCG have protective effects on atrial electrical and structural remodeling in a rabbit RAP model in terms of attenuating of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifa Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China,
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18
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Khurana S, Venkataraman K, Hollingsworth A, Piche M, Tai TC. Polyphenols: benefits to the cardiovascular system in health and in aging. Nutrients 2013; 5:3779-827. [PMID: 24077237 PMCID: PMC3820045 DOI: 10.3390/nu5103779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of naturally occurring dietary polyphenols in promoting cardiovascular health and emphasized the significant role these compounds play in limiting the effects of cellular aging. Polyphenols such as resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and curcumin have been acknowledged for having beneficial effects on cardiovascular health, while some have also been shown to be protective in aging. This review highlights the literature surrounding this topic on the prominently studied and documented polyphenols as pertaining to cardiovascular health and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Khurana
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +705-662-7239; Fax: +705-675-4858
| | - Krishnan Venkataraman
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +705-662-7239; Fax: +705-675-4858
| | - Amanda Hollingsworth
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +705-662-7239; Fax: +705-675-4858
| | - Matthew Piche
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +705-662-7239; Fax: +705-675-4858
| | - T. C. Tai
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +705-662-7239; Fax: +705-675-4858
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19
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Potential benefits of green tea polyphenol EGCG in the prevention and treatment of vascular inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci 2013; 93:307-12. [PMID: 23871988 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints in which systemic overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) may accelerate cardiovascular (CV) complications. Synovial inflammation in RA spreads systemically and transforms silently into chronic inflammation manifested by increased cytokine release and abnormally high levels of acute reactive proteins (ARPs) such as C-reactive protein (CRP), suggesting inflammation as a connecting link between RA and CV dysfunction. While the treatment to improve CV function in RA patients is being validated, it is timely to propose and test two-pronged therapies that ameliorate arthritis concomitant to improving CV functions. In this review, we summarized the pre-clinical and clinical studies validating the cardiovascular and anti-rheumatic activities of epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG), a potent anti-inflammatory molecule found in green tea. The review also draws many parallels that have emerged between the paradigm of cytokine-driven inflammation in the pathogenesis of RA and its CV complications. Finally, based on extensive clinical evidence of the 'synovial inflammation-systemic inflammation' link and the benefits of EGCG in regulating these two pathologies via common driving factors, authors put forward an argument that EGCG may be tested for its potential CV benefit along with anti-rheumatic activity in animal models of human RA.
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Minatti J, Wazlawik E, Hort MA, Zaleski FL, Ribeiro-do-Valle RM, Maraschin M, da Silva EL. Green tea extract reverses endothelial dysfunction and reduces atherosclerosis progression in homozygous knockout low-density lipoprotein receptor mice. Nutr Res 2012; 32:684-93. [PMID: 23084641 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of green tea extract (GTE) administration on vascular reactivity and atherosclerosis progression in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. We hypothesized that GTE intake may ameliorate atherosclerosis by improving endothelial dysfunction. Animals (n = 12 per group) were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and received either water or GTE at a dose of 50, 100, or 300 mg/kg once a day by gavage (100 μL/10 g weight). After 4 weeks, atherosclerosis extension and vascular reactivity were evaluated in the aorta, and the levels of lipids, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor α were measured in the plasma. Administration of GTE at a dose of 50 mg/kg significantly decreased the area of atherosclerotic lesions by 35%, improved the vascular reactivity in the isolated thoracic aorta, and lowered the plasma levels of both MCP-1 and triglycerides. Delivery of 100 mg/kg of GTE only promoted vasocontraction and vasorelaxation (P < .05), whereas a dose of 300 mg/kg was ineffective. Maximum contraction and relaxation negatively correlated with the lesion area (r = -0.755 and -0.767, respectively), whereas the plasma levels of MCP-1 and triglycerides positively correlated with plaque size (r = 0.549 and 0.421, respectively). In summary, our results supported the hypothesis that administration of GTE at low doses may contribute to a decrease in atherosclerosis progression by reversing endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Minatti
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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21
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Peterson JJ, Dwyer JT, Jacques PF, McCullough ML. Associations between flavonoids and cardiovascular disease incidence or mortality in European and US populations. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:491-508. [PMID: 22946850 PMCID: PMC4130174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty publications from twelve prospective cohorts have evaluated associations between flavonoid intakes and incidence or mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) among adults in Europe and the United States. The most common outcome was coronary heart disease mortality, and four of eight cohort studies reported significant inverse associations for at least one flavonoid class (multivariate adjusted p(trend) < 0.05). Three of seven cohorts reported that greater flavonoid intake was associated with lower risk of incident stroke. Comparisons among the studies were difficult because of variability in the flavonoid classes included, demographic characteristics of the populations, outcomes assessed, and length of follow-up. The most commonly examined flavonoid classes were flavonols and flavones combined (11 studies). Only one study examined all seven flavonoid classes. The flavonol and flavone classes were most strongly associated with lower coronary heart disease mortality. Evidence for protection from other flavonoid classes and CVD outcomes was more limited. The hypothesis that flavonoid intakes are associated with lower CVD incidence and mortality requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Peterson
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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22
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Bornhoeft J, Castaneda D, Nemoseck T, Wang P, Henning SM, Hong MY. The protective effects of green tea polyphenols: lipid profile, inflammation, and antioxidant capacity in rats fed an atherogenic diet and dextran sodium sulfate. J Med Food 2012; 15:726-32. [PMID: 22846079 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic inflammation and dyslipidemia play a critical role in the development of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease. Green tea polyphenols possess potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that contribute to the beneficial effects on heart health. The present study was carried out to determine if administration of a green tea extract (Polyphenon(®) E [PPE]; Mitsui Norin Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at 0.2% in the diet reduces cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, inflammation, adiposity, and oxidative stress, in rats fed an atherogenic (high fat, cholesterol, and sugar) diet with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water. DSS treatment increased serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, C-reactive proteins (CRP), and markers of liver toxicity and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol significantly. Adding PPE to the atherogenic diet (PPE-diet) was associated with lower total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (P<.001) and increased HDL-cholesterol (P=.001). In addition, the PPE-diet was associated with decreased serum CRP concentration (P=.023) and increased total antioxidant capacity (P=.016) and catalase (P=.001) and glutathione peroxidase (P=.050) activities. The PPE-diet significantly lowered epididymal fat pad weight (P=.009). Feeding the PPE-diet also ameliorated some of the DSS-induced lipid, inflammatory, and oxidative symptoms. In summary, green tea supplementation decreased several cardiovascular risk factors, including body composition, dyslipidemia, inflammatory status, and antioxidant capacity, in rats fed an atherogenic diet. This study supports green tea as an effective dietary component for sustaining cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bornhoeft
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-7251, USA
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23
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Lin JA, Wu CH, Fang SC, Yen GC. Combining the observation of cell morphology with the evaluation of key inflammatory mediators to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of geranyl flavonoid derivatives in breadfruit. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shen CL, Samathanam C, Graham S, Dagda RY, Chyu MC, Dunn DM. Green tea polyphenols and 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃ attenuate chronic inflammation-induced myocardial fibrosis in female rats. J Med Food 2011; 15:269-77. [PMID: 22181074 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have suggested that 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃ and green tea polyphenols (GTPs) are promising dietary supplements for mitigating chronic inflammation-induced fibrosis of vessels because of their anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluated (1) the impact of 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃ on myocardial fibrosis in female rats with chronic inflammation and (2) if 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃ and GTPs have an additive or synergistic effect to attenuate myocardial fibrosis in these female rats. A 3-month study of a 2 (no 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃ vs. 0.05 μg/kg 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃, five times per week) ×2 (no GTPs vs. 0.5% GTPs in drinking water) factorial design in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-administered female rats was performed. Additionally, a group receiving placebo administration was used to compare with a group receiving LPS administration only to evaluate the effect of LPS. Masson's Trichrome staining evaluated myocardial fibrosis in coronary vessels and surrounding myocardium. Spleen cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Total lipid profiles were also determined. Whole blood was used for differential cell counts. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance followed by mean separation procedures. At 3 months LPS administration induced myocardial fibrosis in vessels and surrounding myocardium, spleen cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression, and elevated leukocyte counts, whereas both 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃ administration and GTPs supplementation significantly attenuated these pro-inflammatory events. The inhibitory effects of 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃ and GTPs seem to be an individual effect, instead of an additive or synergistic effect. 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃ and GTPs lowered red blood cell counts, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. Neither 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃ nor GTPs affected lipid profiles. In summary, both 1-α-OH-vitamin D₃ administration and GTPs supplementation mitigate myocardial fibrosis through suppression of a chronic inflammation innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Regulates Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:85-90. [PMID: 21826167 PMCID: PMC3146000 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a main enzyme producing nitric oxide during inflammation and thus contributes to the initiation and development of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin derived from green tea, has multiple beneficial effects for treating cardiovascular disease, but the effect of EGCG on the expression of vascular iNOS remains unknown. In this study, we investigated (i) whether EGCG inhibits the expression of vascular iNOS induced by angiotensin II in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and, if it does inhibit, (ii) mechanisms underlying the inhibition. Angiotensin II increased expression levels of vascular iNOS; EGCG counteracted this effect. EGCG increased the production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, EGCG did not affect the production of reactive oxygen species induced by angiotensin II. These data suggest a novel mechanism whereby EGCG provides direct vascular benefits for treating inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
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Zheng Y, Morris A, Sunkara M, Layne J, Toborek M, Hennig B. Epigallocatechin-gallate stimulates NF-E2-related factor and heme oxygenase-1 via caveolin-1 displacement. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:163-8. [PMID: 21447442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, such as the tea catechin epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), can protect against atherosclerosis by decreasing vascular endothelial cell inflammation. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an enzyme that plays an important role in vascular physiology, and its induction may provide protection against atherosclerosis. Heme oxygenase-1 can be compartmentalized in caveolae in endothelial cells. Caveolae are plasma microdomains important in vesicular transport and the regulation of signaling pathways associated with the pathology of vascular diseases. We hypothesize that caveolae play a role in the uptake and transport of EGCG and mechanisms associated with the anti-inflammatory properties of this flavonoid. To test this hypothesis, we explored the effect of EGCG on the induction of NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) and HO-1 in endothelial cells with or without functional caveolae. Treatment with EGCG activated Nrf2 and increased HO-1 expression and cellular production of bilirubin. In addition, EGCG rapidly accumulated in caveolae, which was associated with caveolin-1 displacement from the plasma membrane towards the cytosol. Similar to EGCG treatment, silencing of caveolin-1 by siRNA technique also resulted in up-regulation of Nrf2, HO-1 and bilirubin production. These data suggest that EGCG-induced caveolin-1 displacement may reduce endothelial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zheng
- Molecular and Cell Nutrition Laboratory, College of Agriculture, KY 40536, USA
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27
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Green tea polyphenols avert chronic inflammation-induced myocardial fibrosis of female rats. Inflamm Res 2011; 60:665-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Ahn HY, Kim CH, Ha TS. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Regulates NADPH Oxidase Expression in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:325-9. [PMID: 21165332 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.5.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular NADPH oxidase plays a pivotal role in producing superoxide in endothelial cells and thus acts in the initiation and development of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin derived from green tea, has multiple beneficial effects for treating cardiovascular disease but the effect of EGCG on the expression of vascular NADPH oxidase remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism(s) by which EGCG might inhibit the expression of subunits of NADPH oxidase, namely p47(phox), p67(phox) and p22(phox), induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Ang II increased the expression levels of p47(phox), p67(phox), and p22(phox), but EGCG counteracted this effect on p47(phox). Moreover, EGCG did not affect the production of reactive oxygen species induced by Ang II. These data suggest a novel mechanism whereby EGCG might provide direct vascular benefits for treating inflammatory cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yul Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Black and green tea improves lipid profile and lipid peroxidation parameters in Wistar rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 67:95-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Green tea minimally affects biomarkers of inflammation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 2010; 27:206-13. [PMID: 20605696 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Green tea (Camellia sinensis) has shown to exert cardioprotective benefits in observational studies. The objective of this clinical trial was to assess the effects of green tea on features of metabolic syndrome and inflammation in obese subjects. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled trial in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Thirty-five subjects [(mean ± SE) age 42.5 ± 1.7 y, body mass index 36.1 ± 1.3 kg/m(2)] completed the 8-wk study and were randomly assigned to receive green tea (4 cups/d), green tea extract (2 capsules and 4 cups water/d), or no treatment (4 cups water/d). Both the beverage and extract groups had similar dosing of epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the active green tea polyphenol. Fasting blood samples were collected at screening, 4 and 8 wk of the study. RESULTS Green tea beverage or extract supplementation did not significantly alter features of metabolic syndrome or biomarkers of inflammation including adiponectin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, leptin, or leptin:adiponectin ratio. However, both green tea beverage and extracts significantly reduced plasma serum amyloid alpha versus no treatment (P < 0.005). CONCLUSION This study suggests that the daily consumption of green tea beverage or extracts for 8 wk was well tolerated but did not affect the features of metabolic syndrome. However, green tea significantly reduced plasma serum amyloid alpha, an independent cardiovascular disease risk factor, in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome.
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Peng N, Liu JT, Guo F, Li R. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits interleukin-6- and angiotensin II-induced production of C-reactive protein in vascular smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 2010; 86:410-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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