1
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Malumbres M, Villarroya-Beltri C. Mosaic variegated aneuploidy in development, ageing and cancer. Nat Rev Genet 2024:10.1038/s41576-024-00762-6. [PMID: 39169218 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA) is a rare condition in which abnormal chromosome counts (that is, aneuploidies), affecting different chromosomes in each cell (making it variegated) are found only in a certain number of cells (making it mosaic). MVA is characterized by various developmental defects and, despite its rarity, presents a unique clinical scenario to understand the consequences of chromosomal instability and copy number variation in humans. Research from patients with MVA, genetically engineered mouse models and functional cellular studies have found the genetic causes to be mutations in components of the spindle-assembly checkpoint as well as in related proteins involved in centrosome dynamics during mitosis. MVA is accompanied by tumour susceptibility (depending on the genetic basis) as well as cellular and systemic stress, including chronic immune response and the associated clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Malumbres
- Cancer Cell Cycle Group, Systems Oncology Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Zhang J, Liu X, Hou P, Lv Y, Li G, Cao G, Wang H, Lin W. BRCA1 orchestrates the response to BI-2536 and its combination with alisertib in MYC-driven small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:551. [PMID: 39085197 PMCID: PMC11291995 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
PLK1 is currently at the forefront of mitotic research and has emerged as a potential target for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) therapy. However, the factors influencing the efficacy of PLK1 inhibitors remain unclear. Herein, BRCA1 was identified as a key factor affecting the response of SCLC cells to BI-2536. Targeting AURKA with alisertib, at a non-toxic concentration, reduced the BI-2536-induced accumulation of BRCA1 and RAD51, leading to DNA repair defects and mitotic cell death in SCLC cells. In vivo experiments confirmed that combining BI-2536 with alisertib impaired DNA repair capacity and significantly delayed tumor growth. Additionally, GSEA analysis and loss- and gain-of-function assays demonstrated that MYC/MYCN signaling is crucial for determining the sensitivity of SCLC cells to BI-2536 and its combination with alisertib. The study further revealed a positive correlation between RAD51 expression and PLK1/AURKA expression, and a negative correlation with the IC50 values of BI-2536. Manipulating RAD51 expression significantly influenced the efficacy of BI-2536 and restored the MYC/MYCN-induced enhancement of BI-2536 sensitivity in SCLC cells. Our findings indicate that the BRCA1 and MYC/MYCN-RAD51 axes govern the response of small cell lung cancer to BI-2536 and its combination with alisertib. This study propose the combined use of BI-2536 and alisertib as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of SCLC patients with MYC/MYCN activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hou
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P.R. China
| | - Yang Lv
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Gongfeng Li
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P.R. China
| | - Guozhen Cao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P.R. China
| | - Huogang Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Wenchu Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, P.R. China.
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3
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Tanaka J, Kuwajima H, Yuki R, Nakayama Y. Simvastatin activates the spindle assembly checkpoint and causes abnormal cell division by modifying small GTPases. Cell Signal 2024; 119:111172. [PMID: 38604342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Simvastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. It has been used clinically as a lipid-lowering agent to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. In addition, antitumor activity has been demonstrated. Although simvastatin attenuates the prenylation of small GTPases, its effects on cell division in which small GTPases play an important role, have not been examined as a mechanism underlying its cytostatic effects. In this study, we determined its effect on cell division. Cell cycle synchronization experiments revealed a delay in mitotic progression in simvastatin-treated cells at concentrations lower than the IC50. Time-lapse imaging analysis indicated that the duration of mitosis, especially from mitotic entry to anaphase onset, was prolonged. In addition, simvastatin increased the number of cells exhibiting misoriented anaphase/telophase and bleb formation. Inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) kinase Mps1 canceled the mitotic delay. Additionally, the number of cells exhibiting kinetochore localization of BubR1, an essential component of SAC, was increased, suggesting an involvement of SAC in the mitotic delay. Enhancement of F-actin formation and cell rounding at mitotic entry indicates that cortical actin dynamics were affected by simvastatin. The cholesterol removal agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) accelerated mitotic progression differently from simvastatin, suggesting that cholesterol loss from the plasma membrane is not involved in the mitotic delay. Of note, the small GTPase RhoA, which is a critical factor for cortical actin dynamics, exhibited upregulated expression. In addition, Rap1 was likely not geranylgeranylated. Our results demonstrate that simvastatin affects actin dynamics by modifying small GTPases, thereby activating the spindle assembly checkpoint and causing abnormal cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuwajima
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ryuzaburo Yuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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4
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Khullar S, Huang X, Ramesh R, Svaren J, Wang D. NetREm: Network Regression Embeddings reveal cell-type transcription factor coordination for gene regulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.25.563769. [PMID: 37961577 PMCID: PMC10634989 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.563769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor (TF) coordination plays a key role in target gene (TG) regulation via protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and DNA co-binding to regulatory elements. Single-cell technologies facilitate gene expression measurement for individual cells and cell-type identification, yet the connection between TF coordination and TG regulation of various cell types remains unclear. To address this, we have developed a novel computational approach, Network Regression Embeddings (NetREm), to reveal cell-type TF-TF coordination activities for TG regulation. NetREm leverages network-constrained regularization using prior knowledge of direct and/or indirect PPIs among TFs to analyze single-cell gene expression data. We test NetREm by simulation data and benchmark its performance in 4 real-world applications that have gold standard TF-TG networks available: mouse (mESCs) and simulated human (hESCs) embryonic stem (ESCs), human hematopoietic stem (HSCs), and mouse dendritic (mDCs) cells. Further, we use NetREm to prioritize valid novel TF-TF coordination links in human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cell (PBMC) sub-types. We apply NetREm to analyze various cell types in both central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nerve system (NS) (e.g. neuronal, glial, Schwann cells (SCs)) as well as in Alzheimers disease (AD). Our findings uncover cell-type coordinating TFs and identify new TF-TG candidate links. We validate our top predictions using Cut&Run and knockout loss-of-function expression data in rat/mouse models and compare results with additional functional genomic data, including expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) and Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) to link genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) to TF coordination.
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5
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Hosea R, Hillary S, Naqvi S, Wu S, Kasim V. The two sides of chromosomal instability: drivers and brakes in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:75. [PMID: 38553459 PMCID: PMC10980778 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer and is associated with tumor cell malignancy. CIN triggers a chain reaction in cells leading to chromosomal abnormalities, including deviations from the normal chromosome number or structural changes in chromosomes. CIN arises from errors in DNA replication and chromosome segregation during cell division, leading to the formation of cells with abnormal number and/or structure of chromosomes. Errors in DNA replication result from abnormal replication licensing as well as replication stress, such as double-strand breaks and stalled replication forks; meanwhile, errors in chromosome segregation stem from defects in chromosome segregation machinery, including centrosome amplification, erroneous microtubule-kinetochore attachments, spindle assembly checkpoint, or defective sister chromatids cohesion. In normal cells, CIN is deleterious and is associated with DNA damage, proteotoxic stress, metabolic alteration, cell cycle arrest, and senescence. Paradoxically, despite these negative consequences, CIN is one of the hallmarks of cancer found in over 90% of solid tumors and in blood cancers. Furthermore, CIN could endow tumors with enhanced adaptation capabilities due to increased intratumor heterogeneity, thereby facilitating adaptive resistance to therapies; however, excessive CIN could induce tumor cells death, leading to the "just-right" model for CIN in tumors. Elucidating the complex nature of CIN is crucial for understanding the dynamics of tumorigenesis and for developing effective anti-tumor treatments. This review provides an overview of causes and consequences of CIN, as well as the paradox of CIN, a phenomenon that continues to perplex researchers. Finally, this review explores the potential of CIN-based anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendy Hosea
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Sharon Hillary
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Sumera Naqvi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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6
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An W, Hall C, Li J, Hung A, Wu J, Park J, Wang L, Bai XC, Choi E. Activation of the insulin receptor by insulin-like growth factor 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2609. [PMID: 38521788 PMCID: PMC10960814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) controls growth and metabolism. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) has different binding properties on two IR isoforms, mimicking insulin's function. However, the molecular mechanism underlying IGF2-induced IR activation remains unclear. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of full-length human long isoform IR (IR-B) in both the inactive and IGF2-bound active states, and short isoform IR (IR-A) in the IGF2-bound active state. Under saturated IGF2 concentrations, both the IR-A and IR-B adopt predominantly asymmetric conformations with two or three IGF2s bound at site-1 and site-2, which differs from that insulin saturated IR forms an exclusively T-shaped symmetric conformation. IGF2 exhibits a relatively weak binding to IR site-2 compared to insulin, making it less potent in promoting full IR activation. Cell-based experiments validated the functional importance of IGF2 binding to two distinct binding sites in optimal IR signaling and trafficking. In the inactive state, the C-terminus of α-CT of IR-B contacts FnIII-2 domain of the same protomer, hindering its threading into the C-loop of IGF2, thus reducing the association rate of IGF2 with IR-B. Collectively, our studies demonstrate the activation mechanism of IR by IGF2 and reveal the molecular basis underlying the different affinity of IGF2 to IR-A and IR-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong An
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Catherine Hall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Albert Hung
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Junhee Park
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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7
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Liu M, Yang S, Yang J, Feng P, Luo F, Zhang Q, Yang L, Jiang H. BubR1 controls starvation-induced lipolysis via IMD signaling pathway in Drosophila. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:3257-3279. [PMID: 38334966 PMCID: PMC10929803 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Lipolysis, the key process releasing fat acids to generate energy in adipose tissues, correlates with starvation resistance. Nevertheless, its detail mechanisms remain elusive. BubR1, an essential mitotic regulator, ensures proper chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis, but its physiological functions are largely unknown. Here, we use Drosophila adult fat body, the major lipid storage organ, to study the functions of BubR1 in lipolysis. We show that both whole body- and fat body-specific BubR1 depletions increase lipid degradation and shorten the lifespan under fasting but not feeding. Relish, the conserved regulator of IMD signaling pathway, acts as the downstream target of BubR1 to control the expression level of Bmm and modulate the lipolysis upon fasting. Thus, our study reveals new functions of BubR1 in starvation-induced lipolysis and provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of lipolysis mediated by IMD signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyou Liu
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, Frontiers Science Center Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Clinical Trial Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shengye Yang
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, Frontiers Science Center Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jingsi Yang
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, Frontiers Science Center Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Clinical Trial Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhang
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, Frontiers Science Center Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, Frontiers Science Center Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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8
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Jain S, Sekhar A. Transient excited states of the metamorphic protein Mad2 and their implications for function. Proteins 2024. [PMID: 38221646 PMCID: PMC7616478 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The spindle checkpoint complex is a key surveillance mechanism in cell division that prevents premature separation of sister chromatids. Mad2 is an integral component of this spindle checkpoint complex that recognizes cognate substrates such as Mad1 and Cdc20 in its closed (C-Mad2) conformation by fastening a "seatbelt" around short peptide regions that bind to the substrate recognition site. Mad2 is also a metamorphic protein that adopts not only the fold found in C-Mad2, but also a structurally distinct open conformation (O-Mad2) which is incapable of binding substrates. Here, we show using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and relaxation dispersion (CPMG) NMR experiments that Mad2 transiently populates three other higher free energy states with millisecond lifetimes, two in equilibrium with C-Mad2 (E1 and E2) and one with O-Mad2 (E3). E1 is a mimic of substrate-bound C-Mad2 in which the N-terminus of one C-Mad2 molecule inserts into the seatbelt region of a second molecule of C-Mad2, providing a potential pathway for autoinhibition of C-Mad2. E2 is the "unbuckled" conformation of C-Mad2 that facilitates the triage of molecules along competing fold-switching and substrate binding pathways. The E3 conformation that coexists with O-Mad2 shows fluctuations at a hydrophobic lock that is required for stabilizing the O-Mad2 fold and we hypothesize that E3 represents an early intermediate on-pathway towards conversion to C-Mad2. Collectively, the NMR data highlight the rugged free energy landscape of Mad2 with multiple low-lying intermediates that interlink substrate-binding and fold-switching, and also emphasize the role of molecular dynamics in its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Jain
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok Sekhar
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Park J, Hall C, Hubbard B, LaMoia T, Gaspar R, Nasiri A, Li F, Zhang H, Kim J, Haeusler RA, Accili D, Shulman GI, Yu H, Choi E. MAD2-Dependent Insulin Receptor Endocytosis Regulates Metabolic Homeostasis. Diabetes 2023; 72:1781-1794. [PMID: 37725942 PMCID: PMC10658066 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulin activates insulin receptor (IR) signaling and subsequently triggers IR endocytosis to attenuate signaling. Cell division regulators MAD2, BUBR1, and p31comet promote IR endocytosis on insulin stimulation. Here, we show that genetic ablation of the IR-MAD2 interaction in mice delays IR endocytosis, increases IR levels, and prolongs insulin action at the cell surface. This in turn causes a defect in insulin clearance and increases circulating insulin levels, unexpectedly increasing glucagon levels, which alters glucose metabolism modestly. Disruption of the IR-MAD2 interaction increases serum fatty acid concentrations and hepatic fat accumulation in fasted male mice. Furthermore, disruption of the IR-MAD2 interaction distinctly changes metabolic and transcriptomic profiles in the liver and adipose tissues. Our findings establish the function of cell division regulators in insulin signaling and provide insights into the metabolic functions of IR endocytosis. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS The physiological role of IR endocytosis in insulin sensitivity remains unclear. Disruption of the IR-MAD2 interaction delays IR endocytosis and prolongs insulin signaling. IR-MAD2 controls insulin clearance and glucose metabolism. IR-MAD2 maintains energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Catherine Hall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Brandon Hubbard
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Traci LaMoia
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rafael Gaspar
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ali Nasiri
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Fang Li
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Urology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Domenico Accili
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Hongtao Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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10
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Abdel-Salam GMH, Hellmuth S, Gradhand E, Käseberg S, Winter J, Pabst AS, Eid MM, Thiele H, Nürnberg P, Budde BS, Toliat MR, Brecht IB, Schroeder C, Gschwind A, Ossowski S, Häuser F, Rossmann H, Abdel-Hamid MS, Hegazy I, Mohamed AG, Schneider DT, Bertoli-Avella A, Bauer P, Pearring JN, Pfundt R, Hoischen A, Gilissen C, Strand D, Zechner U, Tashkandi SA, Faqeih EA, Stemmann O, Strand S, Bolz HJ. Biallelic MAD2L1BP (p31comet) mutation is associated with mosaic aneuploidy and juvenile granulosa cell tumors. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e170079. [PMID: 37796616 PMCID: PMC10721328 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.170079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MAD2L1BP-encoded p31comet mediates Trip13-dependent disassembly of Mad2- and Rev7-containing complexes and, through this antagonism, promotes timely spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) silencing, faithful chromosome segregation, insulin signaling, and homology-directed repair (HDR) of DNA double-strand breaks. We identified a homozygous MAD2L1BP nonsense variant, R253*, in 2 siblings with microcephaly, epileptic encephalopathy, and juvenile granulosa cell tumors of ovary and testis. Patient-derived cells exhibited high-grade mosaic variegated aneuploidy, slowed-down proliferation, and instability of truncated p31comet mRNA and protein. Corresponding recombinant p31comet was defective in Trip13, Mad2, and Rev7 binding and unable to support SAC silencing or HDR. Furthermore, C-terminal truncation abrogated an identified interaction of p31comet with tp53. Another homozygous truncation, R227*, detected in an early-deceased patient with low-level aneuploidy, severe epileptic encephalopathy, and frequent blood glucose elevations, likely corresponds to complete loss of function, as in Mad2l1bp-/- mice. Thus, human mutations of p31comet are linked to aneuploidy and tumor predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M. H. Abdel-Salam
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Elise Gradhand
- Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephan Käseberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Winter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Sophie Pabst
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maha M. Eid
- Human Cytogenetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics and
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Ines B. Brecht
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Axel Gschwind
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ossowski
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Häuser
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heidi Rossmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mohamed S. Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Hegazy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G. Mohamed
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Jillian N. Pearring
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rolph Pfundt
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and
| | - Dennis Strand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Genetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Soha A. Tashkandi
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine Administration (PCLMA), King Fahad Medical City, Second Central Healthcare Cluster (C2), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa A. Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children’s Specialist Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Chair of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Susanne Strand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanno J. Bolz
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Genetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Yu L, Xu M, Yan Y, Huang S, Yuan M, Cui B, Lv C, Zhang Y, Wang H, Jin X, Hui R, Wang Y. ZFYVE28 mediates insulin resistance by promoting phosphorylated insulin receptor degradation via increasing late endosomes production. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6833. [PMID: 37884540 PMCID: PMC10603069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with many pathological conditions, and an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved is necessary to improve insulin sensitivity. Here, we show that ZFYVE28 expression is decreased in insulin-sensitive obese individuals but increased in insulin-resistant individuals. Insulin signaling inhibits ZFYVE28 expression by inhibiting NOTCH1 via the RAS/ERK pathway, whereas ZFYVE28 expression is elevated due to impaired insulin signaling in insulin resistance. While Zfyve28 overexpression impairs insulin sensitivity and causes lipid accumulation, Zfyve28 knockout in mice can significantly improve insulin sensitivity and other indicators associated with insulin resistance. Mechanistically, ZFYVE28 colocalizes with early endosomes via the FYVE domain, which inhibits the generation of recycling endosomes but promotes the conversion of early to late endosomes, ultimately promoting phosphorylated insulin receptor degradation. This effect disappears with deletion of the FYVE domain. Overall, in this study, we reveal that ZFYVE28 is involved in insulin resistance by promoting phosphorylated insulin receptor degradation, and ZFYVE28 may be a potential therapeutic target to improve insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yupeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuchen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rutai Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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12
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Koban F, Freissmuth M. The cell cycle protein MAD2 facilitates endocytosis of the serotonin transporter in the neuronal soma. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e53408. [PMID: 37530743 PMCID: PMC10561363 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine transporters retrieve serotonin (SERT), dopamine (DAT), and norepinephrine (NET) from the synaptic cleft. Transporter internalization contributes to the regulation of their surface expression. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of plasma membrane proteins requires adaptor protein-2 (AP2), which recruits cargo to the nascent clathrin cage. However, the intracellular portions of monoamine transporters are devoid of a conventional AP2-binding site. Here, we identify a MAD2 (mitotic arrest deficient-2) interaction motif in the C-terminus of SERT, which binds the closed conformation of MAD2 and allows for the recruitment of two additional mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) proteins, BubR1 and p31comet , and of AP2. We visualize MAD2, BubR1, and p31comet in dorsal raphe neurons, and depletion of MAD2 in primary serotonergic rat neurons decreases SERT endocytosis in the soma. Our findings do not only provide mechanistic insights into transporter internalization but also allow for rationalizing why SAC proteins are present in post-mitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Koban
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology and the Gaston H. Glock Research Laboratories for Exploratory Drug Development, Center of Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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13
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Shinoda N, Horikoshi M, Taira Y, Muramoto M, Hirayama S, Murata S, Miura M. Caspase cleaves Drosophila BubR1 to modulate spindle assembly checkpoint function and lifespan of the organism. FEBS J 2023; 290:4200-4223. [PMID: 37151120 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Caspases cleave over 1500 substrates in the human proteome in both lethal and non-lethal scenarios. However, reports of the physiological consequences of substrate cleavage are limited. Additionally, the manner in which caspase cleaves only a subset of substrates in the non-lethal scenario remains to be elucidated. BubR1, a spindle assembly checkpoint component, is a caspase substrate in humans, the physiological function of which remains unclear. Here, we found that caspases, especially Drice, cleave Drosophila BubR1 between the N-terminal KEN box motif and C-terminal kinase domain. By using proximity labelling, we found that Drice, but not Dcp-1, is in proximity to BubR1, suggesting that protein proximity facilitates substrate preference. The cleaved fragments displayed altered subcellular localization and protein-protein interactions. Flies that harboured cleavage-resistant BubR1 showed longer duration of BubR1 localization to the kinetochore upon colchicine treatment. Furthermore, these flies showed extended lifespan. Thus, we propose that the caspase-mediated cleavage of BubR1 limits spindle assembly checkpoint and organismal lifespan. Our results highlight the importance of the individual analysis of substrates in vivo to determine the biological significance of caspase-dependent non-lethal cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Shinoda
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Misuzu Horikoshi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yusuke Taira
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Masaya Muramoto
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Shoshiro Hirayama
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murata
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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14
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Nyati S, Young G, Speers C, Nyati MK, Rehemtulla A. Budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles-1 (BUB1) regulates EGFR signaling by reducing EGFR internalization. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:6011-6030. [PMID: 37399454 PMCID: PMC10373970 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
EGFR signaling initiates upon ligand binding which leads to activation and internalization of the receptor-ligand complex. Here, we evaluated if BUB1 impacted EGFR signaling by regulating EGFR receptor internalization and activation. BUB1 was ablated genomically (siRNA) or biochemically (2OH-BNPP1) in cells. EGF ligand was used to initiate EGFR signaling while disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) was used for cross linking cellular proteins. EGFR signaling was measured by western immunoblotting and receptor internalization was evaluated by fluorescent microscopy (pEGFR (pY1068) colocalization with early endosome marker EEA1). siRNA mediated BUB1 depletion led to an overall increase in total EGFR levels and more phospho-EGFR (Y845, Y1092, and Y1173) dimers while the amount of total EGFR (non-phospho) dimers remained unchanged. BUB1 inhibitor (BUB1i) decreased EGF mediated EGFR signaling including pEGFR Y845, pAKT S473 and pERK1/2 in a time dependent manner. Additionally, BUB1i also reduced EGF mediated pEGFR (Y845) dimers (asymmetric dimers) without affecting total EGFR dimers (symmetric dimers) indicating that dimerization of inactive EGFR is not affected by BUB1. Furthermore, BUB1i blocked EGF mediated EGFR degradation (increase in EGFR half-life) without impacting half-lives of HER2 or c-MET. BUB1i also reduced co-localization of pEGFR with EEA1 positive endosomes suggesting that BUB1 might modulate EGFR endocytosis. Our data provide evidence that BUB1 protein and its kinase activity may regulate EGFR activation, endocytosis, degradation, and downstream signaling without affecting other members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Grant Young
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Corey Speers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UH Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mukesh K. Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is a type II receptor tyrosine kinase that plays essential roles in metabolism, growth, and proliferation. Dysregulation of IR signaling is linked to many human diseases, such as diabetes and cancers. The resolution revolution in cryo-electron microscopy has led to the determination of several structures of IR with different numbers of bound insulin molecules in recent years, which have tremendously improved our understanding of how IR is activated by insulin. Here, we review the insulin-induced activation mechanism of IR, including (a) the detailed binding modes and functions of insulin at site 1 and site 2 and (b) the insulin-induced structural transitions that are required for IR activation. We highlight several other key aspects of the activation and regulation of IR signaling and discuss the remaining gaps in our understanding of the IR activation mechanism and potential avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA;
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA;
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16
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Huang L, Li W, Dai X, Zhao S, Xu B, Wang F, Jin RT, Luo L, Wu L, Jiang X, Cheng Y, Zou J, Xu C, Tong X, Fan HY, Zhao H, Bao J. Biallelic variants in MAD2L1BP ( p31comet) cause female infertility characterized by oocyte maturation arrest. eLife 2023; 12:e85649. [PMID: 37334967 PMCID: PMC10319434 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human oocyte maturation arrest represents one of the severe conditions for female patients with primary infertility. However, the genetic factors underlying this human disease remain largely unknown. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is an intricate surveillance mechanism that ensures accurate segregation of chromosomes throughout cell cycles. Once the kinetochores of chromosomes are correctly attached to bipolar spindles and the SAC is satisfied, the MAD2L1BP, best known as p31comet, binds mitosis arrest deficient 2 (MAD2) and recruits the AAA+-ATPase TRIP13 to disassemble the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), leading to the cell-cycle progression. In this study, by whole-exome sequencing (WES), we identified homozygous and compound heterozygous MAD2L1BP variants in three families with female patients diagnosed with primary infertility owing to oocyte metaphase I (MI) arrest. Functional studies revealed that the protein variants resulting from the C-terminal truncation of MAD2L1BP lost their binding ability to MAD2. cRNA microinjection of full-length or truncated MAD2L1BP uncovered their discordant roles in driving the extrusion of polar body 1 (PB1) in mouse oocytes. Furthermore, the patient's oocytes carrying the mutated MAD2L1BP resumed polar body extrusion (PBE) when rescued by microinjection of full-length MAD2L1BP cRNAs. Together, our studies identified and characterized novel biallelic variants in MAD2L1BP responsible for human oocyte maturation arrest at MI, and thus prompted new therapeutic avenues for curing female primary infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Huang
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Wenqing Li
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)HefeiChina
| | - Xingxing Dai
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Hospital for Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Bo Xu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Fengsong Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Ren-Tao Jin
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Lihua Luo
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Limin Wu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Xue Jiang
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)HefeiChina
| | - Yu Cheng
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)HefeiChina
| | - Jiaqi Zou
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)HefeiChina
| | - Caoling Xu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)HefeiChina
| | - Xianhong Tong
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Heng-Yu Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Han Zhao
- Hospital for Reproductive Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Jianqiang Bao
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)HefeiChina
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17
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Hou Y, Lu X, Xu Z, Qu J, Huang J. How a single mutation alters the protein structure: a simulation investigation on protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4263-4274. [PMID: 36760301 PMCID: PMC9891203 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is a key regulator modulating several signaling pathways. The oncogenic mutation E76K in SHP2 releases the enzyme from an autoinhibited, closed conformation into an active, open conformation. Here, we investigated the conformational dynamics of SHP2 and the effect of the E76K mutation on its conformational ensemble via extensive molecular dynamics (MD) and metadynamics (MetaD) simulations. Our simulations provide atomistic details on how the E76K mutated SHP2 prefers the open state and also reveal that the transition between the closed and the open states is highly collective. Several intermediate metastable states during the conformational transition between the closed and the open states were also investigated. Understanding how the single E76K mutation induces the conformational change in SHP2 could facilitate the further design of SHP2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Hou
- Westlake AI Therapeutics Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoli Lu
- Westlake AI Therapeutics Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
| | - Ziyao Xu
- BioMap 2 Kexueyuan South Road Beijing 100000 China
| | - Jiarun Qu
- BioMap 2 Kexueyuan South Road Beijing 100000 China
| | - Jing Huang
- Westlake AI Therapeutics Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
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18
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Hu X, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Wang Q, Ge B, Wang X, He H, Nau WM, Wang X, Huang F. Direct Observation and Real-Time Tracking of an Extraordinarily Stable Folding Intermediate in Mitotic Arrest Deficient Protein 2 Folding by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:763-769. [PMID: 36651986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although ensemble experiments have suggested that mitotic arrest deficient protein 2 (Mad2), a metamorphic protein, has folding intermediates, direct evidence and characterization are not available. It remains an outstanding challenge to capture the folding intermediates in real time, which is crucial to elucidate the folding mechanism, but the folding intermediates are normally unstable and only exist transiently. By combining confocal-microscopy-based and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF)-microscopy-based single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (sm-FRET) techniques, we have investigated the folding/unfolding process of Mad2 and captured its folding intermediate at the single-molecule level. This provides direct evidence for the existence of an intermediate along the folding pathway of Mad2. The folding intermediate proved to be extraordinarily stable, with an extremely long average dwell time of 2.3 s under the conditions of 3 M GdmCl at ambient temperature. The folding trajectories obtained from TIRF experiments further suggest that the intermediate is on-pathway to native Mad2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jincheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Department of Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Baosheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Werner M Nau
- School of Science, Constructor University, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Department of Biological and Energy Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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19
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The insulin receptor endocytosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:79-107. [PMID: 36631202 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Insulin signaling controls multiple aspects of animal physiology. At the cell surface, insulin binds and activates the insulin receptor (IR), a receptor tyrosine kinase. Insulin promotes a large conformational change of IR and stabilizes the active conformation. The insulin-activated IR triggers signaling cascades, thus controlling metabolism, growth, and proliferation. The activated IR undergoes internalization by clathrin- or caveolae-mediated endocytosis. The IR endocytosis plays important roles in insulin clearance from blood, and distribution and termination of the insulin signaling. Despite decades of extensive studies, the mechanism and regulation of IR endocytosis and its contribution to pathophysiology remain incompletely understood. Here we discuss recent findings that provide insights into the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways that mediate the IR endocytosis.
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20
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Girish V, Lakhani AA, Scaduto CM, Thompson SL, Brown LM, Hagenson RA, Sausville EL, Mendelson BE, Lukow DA, Yuan ML, Kandikuppa PK, Stevens EC, Lee SN, Salovska B, Li W, Smith JC, Taylor AM, Martienssen RA, Liu Y, Sun R, Sheltzer JM. Oncogene-like addiction to aneuploidy in human cancers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523344. [PMID: 36711674 PMCID: PMC9882055 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Most cancers exhibit aneuploidy, but its functional significance in tumor development is controversial. Here, we describe ReDACT (Restoring Disomy in Aneuploid cells using CRISPR Targeting), a set of chromosome engineering tools that allow us to eliminate specific aneuploidies from cancer genomes. Using ReDACT, we created a panel of isogenic cells that have or lack common aneuploidies, and we demonstrate that trisomy of chromosome 1q is required for malignant growth in cancers harboring this alteration. Mechanistically, gaining chromosome 1q increases the expression of MDM4 and suppresses TP53 signaling, and we show that TP53 mutations are mutually-exclusive with 1q aneuploidy in human cancers. Thus, specific aneuploidies play essential roles in tumorigenesis, raising the possibility that targeting these "aneuploidy addictions" could represent a novel approach for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishruth Girish
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Monet Lou Yuan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | | | | | - Sophia N. Lee
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | | | - Wenxue Li
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Joan C. Smith
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | | | - Robert A. Martienssen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Yansheng Liu
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Ruping Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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21
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Aji G, Jiang S, Obulkasim H, Lu Z, Wang W, Xia P. Sphingosine kinase 2 regulates insulin receptor trafficking in hepatocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:44-51. [PMID: 36408724 PMCID: PMC9989153 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221131886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed insulin receptor (InsR) trafficking is associated with impaired insulin signaling and the development of diabetes. Sphingosine kinase (SphK), including SphK1 and SphK2, is a key enzyme of sphingolipid metabolism, which has been implicated in the regulation of membrane trafficking. More recently, we have reported that SphK2 is a key regulator of hepatic insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. However, the role of SphK in InsR trafficking is still undefined. Huh7 cells were treated with specific SphK1 and SphK2 inhibitors or SphK1- and SphK2-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the presence or absence of insulin. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays were carried out to investigate the role of SphK in InsR trafficking. InsR endocytosis, recycling, and insulin signaling were analyzed. Inhibition of SphK2, but not SphK1, by either specific pharmaceutic inhibitors or siRNA, significantly suppressed InsR endocytosis and recycling following insulin stimulation. Consequently, the insulin-stimulated Akt activation was significantly attenuated by SphK2 inhibition in hepatocytes. Moreover, the effect of SphK2 on InsR trafficking was mediated via the clathrin-dependent mechanism. Thus, our results show that SphK2 is able to regulate InsR trafficking. These findings suggest that SphK2 may impinge on hepatic insulin signaling by regulating InsR trafficking, providing further mechanistic evidence that SphK2 could serve as a potential intervention target against insulin resistance and T2D (type 2 diabetes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulibositan Aji
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Halmurat Obulkasim
- Department of General Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pu Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital and Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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22
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Rios Garcia M, Meissburger B, Chan J, de Guia RM, Mattijssen F, Roessler S, Birkenfeld AL, Raschzok N, Riols F, Tokarz J, Giroud M, Gil Lozano M, Hartleben G, Nawroth P, Haid M, López M, Herzig S, Berriel Diaz M. Trip13 Depletion in Liver Cancer Induces a Lipogenic Response Contributing to Plin2-Dependent Mitotic Cell Death. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104291. [PMID: 36031387 PMCID: PMC9561781 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant energy metabolism and cell cycle regulation both critically contribute to malignant cell growth and both processes represent targets for anticancer therapy. It is shown here that depletion of the AAA+-ATPase thyroid hormone receptor interacting protein 13 (Trip13) results in mitotic cell death through a combined mechanism linking lipid metabolism to aberrant mitosis. Diminished Trip13 levels in hepatocellular carcinoma cells result in insulin-receptor-/Akt-pathway-dependent accumulation of lipid droplets, which act as functional acentriolar microtubule organizing centers disturbing mitotic spindle polarity. Specifically, the lipid-droplet-coating protein perilipin 2 (Plin2) is required for multipolar spindle formation, induction of DNA damage, and mitotic cell death. Plin2 expression in different tumor cells confers susceptibility to cell death induced by Trip13 depletion as well as treatment with paclitaxel, a spindle-interfering drug commonly used against different cancers. Thus, assessment of Plin2 levels enables the stratification of tumor responsiveness to mitosis-targeting drugs, including clinically approved paclitaxel and Trip13 inhibitors currently under development.
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23
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Activation of the insulin receptor by an insulin mimetic peptide. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5594. [PMID: 36151101 PMCID: PMC9508239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) signaling defects cause a variety of metabolic diseases including diabetes. Moreover, inherited mutations of the IR cause severe insulin resistance, leading to early morbidity and mortality with limited therapeutic options. A previously reported selective IR agonist without sequence homology to insulin, S597, activates IR and mimics insulin's action on glycemic control. To elucidate the mechanism of IR activation by S597, we determine cryo-EM structures of the mouse IR/S597 complex. Unlike the compact T-shaped active IR resulting from the binding of four insulins to two distinct sites, two S597 molecules induce and stabilize an extended T-shaped IR through the simultaneous binding to both the L1 domain of one protomer and the FnIII-1 domain of another. Importantly, S597 fully activates IR mutants that disrupt insulin binding or destabilize the insulin-induced compact T-shape, thus eliciting insulin-like signaling. S597 also selectively activates IR signaling among different tissues and triggers IR endocytosis in the liver. Overall, our structural and functional studies guide future efforts to develop insulin mimetics targeting insulin resistance caused by defects in insulin binding and stabilization of insulin-activated state of IR, demonstrating the potential of structure-based drug design for insulin-resistant diseases.
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24
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Du M, Zhang S, Liu X, Xu C, Zhang X. Nondiploid cancer cells: Stress, tolerance and therapeutic inspirations. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188794. [PMID: 36075287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant ploidy status is a prominent characteristic in malignant neoplasms. Approximately 90% of solid tumors and 75% of haematopoietic malignancies contain aneuploidy cells, and 30%-60% of tumors undergo whole-genome doubling, indicating that nondiploidy might be a prevalent genomic aberration in cancer. Although the role of aneuploid and polyploid cells in cancer remains to be elucidated, recent studies have suggested that nondiploid cells might be a dangerous minority that severely challenges cancer management. Ploidy shifts cause multiple fitness coasts for cancer cells, mainly including genomic, proteotoxic, metabolic and immune stresses. However, nondiploid comprises a well-adopted subpopulation, with many tolerance mechanisms evident in cells along with ploidy shifts. Aneuploid and polyploid cells elegantly maintain an autonomous balance between the stress and tolerance during adaptive evolution in cancer. Breaking the balance might provide some inspiration for ploidy-selective cancer therapy and alleviation of ploidy-related chemoresistance. To understand of the complex role and therapeutic potential of nondiploid cells better, we reviewed the survival stresses and adaptive tolerances within nondiploid cancer cells and summarized therapeutic ploidy-selective alterations for potential use in developing future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Du
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Liu X, Wang K, Hou S, Jiang Q, Ma C, Zhao Q, Kong L, Chen J, Wang Z, Zhang H, Yuan T, Li Y, Huan Y, Shen Z, Hu Z, Huang Z, Cui B, Li P. Insulin induces insulin receptor degradation in the liver through EphB4. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1202-1213. [PMID: 36131205 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling is essential for glucose metabolism, and insulin decreases insulin receptor (InsR) levels in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. However, the regulatory mechanisms of InsR reduction upon insulin stimulation remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Eph receptor B4 (EphB4), a tyrosine kinase receptor that modulates cell adhesion and migration, can bind directly to InsR, and this interaction is markedly enhanced by insulin. Due to the adaptor protein 2 (Ap2) complex binding motif in EphB4, the interaction of EphB4 and InsR facilitates clathrin-mediated InsR endocytosis and degradation in lysosomes. Hepatic overexpression of EphB4 decreases InsR and increases hepatic and systemic insulin resistance in chow-fed mice, whereas genetic or pharmacological inhibition of EphB4 improve insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in obese mice. These observations elucidate a role for EphB4 in insulin signaling, suggesting that EphB4 might represent a therapeutic target for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China
| | - Shaocong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China
| | - Qijin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huabing Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiu Li
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China
| | - Zhufang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuowei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- The National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central Sothern University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Beijing, China.
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26
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Cheng N, Li G, Kanchwala M, Evers BM, Xing C, Yu H. STAG2 promotes the myelination transcriptional program in oligodendrocytes. eLife 2022; 11:e77848. [PMID: 35959892 PMCID: PMC9439679 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin folds chromosomes via DNA loop extrusion. Cohesin-mediated chromosome loops regulate transcription by shaping long-range enhancer-promoter interactions, among other mechanisms. Mutations of cohesin subunits and regulators cause human developmental diseases termed cohesinopathy. Vertebrate cohesin consists of SMC1, SMC3, RAD21, and either STAG1 or STAG2. To probe the physiological functions of cohesin, we created conditional knockout (cKO) mice with Stag2 deleted in the nervous system. Stag2 cKO mice exhibit growth retardation, neurological defects, and premature death, in part due to insufficient myelination of nerve fibers. Stag2 cKO oligodendrocytes exhibit delayed maturation and downregulation of myelination-related genes. Stag2 loss reduces promoter-anchored loops at downregulated genes in oligodendrocytes. Thus, STAG2-cohesin generates promoter-anchored loops at myelination-promoting genes to facilitate their transcription. Our study implicates defective myelination as a contributing factor to cohesinopathy and establishes oligodendrocytes as a relevant cell type to explore the mechanisms by which cohesin regulates transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Guanchen Li
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineHangzhouChina
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake UniversityHangzhouChina
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced StudyHangzhouChina
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Bret M Evers
- Division of Neuropathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Bioinformatics, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and BiomedicineHangzhouChina
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake UniversityHangzhouChina
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced StudyHangzhouChina
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27
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Liu S, Yuan X, Gui P, Liu R, Durojaye O, Hill DL, Fu C, Yao X, Dou Z, Liu X. Mad2 promotes Cyclin B2 recruitment to the kinetochore for guiding accurate mitotic checkpoint. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54171. [PMID: 35384228 PMCID: PMC9171689 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate mitotic progression relies on the dynamic phosphorylation of multiple substrates by key mitotic kinases. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is a master kinase that coordinates mitotic progression and requires its regulatory subunit Cyclin B to ensure full kinase activity and substrate specificity. The function of Cyclin B2, which is a closely related family member of Cyclin B1, remains largely elusive. Here, we show that Mad2 promotes the kinetochore localization of Cyclin B2 and that their interaction at the kinetochores guides accurate chromosome segregation. Our biochemical analyses have characterized the Mad2-Cyclin B2 interaction and delineated a novel Mad2-interacting motif (MIM) on Cyclin B2. The functional importance of the Cyclin B2-Mad2 interaction was demonstrated by real-time imaging in which MIM-deficient mutant Cyclin B2 failed to rescue the chromosomal segregation defects. Taken together, we have delineated a previously undefined function of Cyclin B2 at the kinetochore and have established, in human cells, a mechanism of action by which Mad2 contributes to the spindle checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikai Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Gui
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Olanrewaju Durojaye
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Donald L Hill
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Dou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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28
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Li J, Park J, Mayer JP, Webb KJ, Uchikawa E, Wu J, Liu S, Zhang X, Stowell MH, Choi E, Bai XC. Synergistic activation of the insulin receptor via two distinct sites. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:357-368. [PMID: 35361965 PMCID: PMC9115778 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) signaling controls multiple facets of animal physiology. Maximally four insulins bind to IR at two distinct sites, termed site-1 and site-2. However, the precise functional roles of each binding event during IR activation remain unresolved. Here, we showed that IR incompletely saturated with insulin predominantly forms an asymmetric conformation and exhibits partial activation. IR with one insulin bound adopts a Γ-shaped conformation. IR with two insulins bound assumes a Ƭ-shaped conformation. One insulin binds at site-1 and another simultaneously contacts both site-1 and site-2 in the Ƭ-shaped IR dimer. We further show that concurrent binding of four insulins to sites-1 and -2 prevents the formation of asymmetric IR and promotes the T-shaped symmetric, fully active state. Collectively, our results demonstrate how the synergistic binding of multiple insulins promotes optimal IR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Junhee Park
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John P. Mayer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kristofor J. Webb
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Emiko Uchikawa
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael H.B. Stowell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA,Correspondence: ; ;
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Correspondence: ; ;
| | - Xiao-chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA,Correspondence: ; ;
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29
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Gu Y, Desai A, Corbett KD. Evolutionary Dynamics and Molecular Mechanisms of HORMA Domain Protein Signaling. Annu Rev Biochem 2022; 91:541-569. [PMID: 35041460 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-090920-103246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Controlled assembly and disassembly of multi-protein complexes is central to cellular signaling. Proteins of the widespread and functionally diverse HORMA family nucleate assembly of signaling complexes by binding short peptide motifs through a distinctive safety-belt mechanism. HORMA proteins are now understood as key signaling proteins across kingdoms, serving as infection sensors in a bacterial immune system and playing central roles in eukaryotic cell cycle, genome stability, sexual reproduction, and cellular homeostasis pathways. Here, we describe how HORMA proteins' unique ability to adopt multiple conformational states underlies their functions in these diverse contexts. We also outline how a dedicated AAA+ ATPase regulator, Pch2/TRIP13, manipulates HORMA proteins' conformational states to activate or inactivate signaling in different cellular contexts. The emergence of Pch2/TRIP13 as a lynchpin for HORMA protein action in multiple genome-maintenance pathways accounts for its frequent misregulation in human cancers and highlights TRIP13 as a novel therapeutic target. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume 91 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Gu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Arshad Desai
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; .,Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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30
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Li J, Wu J, Hall C, Bai XC, Choi E. Molecular basis for the role of disulfide-linked αCTs in the activation of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and insulin receptor. eLife 2022; 11:81286. [PMID: 36413010 PMCID: PMC9731570 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) control metabolic homeostasis and cell growth and proliferation. The IR and IGF1R form similar disulfide bonds linked homodimers in the apo-state; however, their ligand binding properties and the structures in the active state differ substantially. It has been proposed that the disulfide-linked C-terminal segment of α-chain (αCTs) of the IR and IGF1R control the cooperativity of ligand binding and regulate the receptor activation. Nevertheless, the molecular basis for the roles of disulfide-linked αCTs in IR and IGF1R activation are still unclear. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of full-length mouse IGF1R/IGF1 and IR/insulin complexes with modified αCTs that have increased flexibility. Unlike the Γ-shaped asymmetric IGF1R dimer with a single IGF1 bound, the IGF1R with the enhanced flexibility of αCTs can form a T-shaped symmetric dimer with two IGF1s bound. Meanwhile, the IR with non-covalently linked αCTs predominantly adopts an asymmetric conformation with four insulins bound, which is distinct from the T-shaped symmetric IR. Using cell-based experiments, we further showed that both IGF1R and IR with the modified αCTs cannot activate the downstream signaling potently. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that the certain structural rigidity of disulfide-linked αCTs is critical for optimal IR and IGF1R signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Catherine Hall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Xiao-chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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31
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Integration of miRNA-lncRNA-mRNA profiles in liver tissue from EpCAM knockout mice. ARCH BIOL SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/abs211207001l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is highly expressed in the
liver during development and diseases. However, its role in the development
and pathology of liver remains to be explored. The liver tissues of EpCAM-/-
and wildtype (WT) mice at P0 stage were used for RNA sequencing. The
differently expressed miRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs were selected and confirmed
by qPCR. The expression of metabolism-related gene SET domain bifurcated 2
(Setdb2) was significantly increased in the liver of EpCAM-/- mice; the
triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels in the liver were also
markedly decreased in EpCAM-/- mice. The microRNA (miRNA)-long noncoding RNA
(lncRNA)-mRNA regulatory networks indicated that EpCAM may play important
roles in glucose and lipid metabolism of the liver during development and in
disease. The comprehensive miRNA, lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in the
developing liver of EpCAM-/- mice established here might help to elucidate
functions and mechanisms of EpCAM during development and in diseases of the
liver.
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32
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Gao J, Mizokami A, Takeuchi H, Li A, Huang F, Nagano H, Kanematsu T, Jimi E, Hirata M. Phospholipase C-related catalytically inactive protein acts as a positive regulator for insulin signalling in adipocytes. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273924. [PMID: 34859819 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin signalling is tightly controlled by various factors, but the exact molecular mechanism remains incompletely understood. We previously reported that phospholipase C-related but catalytically inactive protein (PRIP) interacts with Akt, the central molecule in insulin signalling. Here, we investigated whether PRIP is involved in the regulation of insulin signalling in adipocytes. We found that insulin signalling including insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), Akt, and glucose uptake, were impaired in adipocytes from PRIP-knockout (KO) mice compared with those from wild-type (WT) mice. The amount of IR expressed on the cell-surface was decreased in PRIP-KO adipocytes. Immunoprecipitation assay showed that PRIP interacted with IR. The reduced cell-surface IR in PRIP-KO adipocytes was comparable with that in WT cells when Rab5 expression was silenced using specific siRNA. In contrast, the dephosphorylation of IRS-1 at serine residues, some of which were reported to be involved in the internalisation of IR, was impaired in cells from PRIP-KO mice. These results suggest that PRIP facilitates insulin signalling by modulating the internalisation of IR in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizokami
- Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Applied Pharmacology, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan
| | - Aonan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruki Nagano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cell Biology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Oral Health/Brain Health/Total Health Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
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33
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Mad1's ability to interact with Mad2 is essential to regulate and monitor meiotic synapsis in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009598. [PMID: 34762652 PMCID: PMC8610272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic homolog synapsis is essential to ensure accurate segregation of chromosomes during meiosis. In C. elegans, proper regulation of synapsis and a checkpoint that monitors synapsis relies on the spindle checkpoint components, Mad1 and Mad2, and Pairing Centers (PCs), cis-acting loci that interact with the nuclear envelope to mobilize chromosomes within the nucleus. Here, we test what specific functions of Mad1 and Mad2 are required to regulate and monitor synapsis. We find that a mutation that prevents Mad1's localization to the nuclear periphery abolishes the synapsis checkpoint but has no effect on Mad2's localization to the nuclear periphery or synapsis. By contrast, a mutation that prevents Mad1's interaction with Mad2 abolishes the synapsis checkpoint, delays synapsis and fails to localize Mad2 to the nuclear periphery. These data indicate that Mad1's primary role in regulating synapsis is through control of Mad2 and that Mad2 can bind other factors at the nuclear periphery. We also tested whether Mad2's ability to adopt a specific conformation associated with its activity during spindle checkpoint function is required for its role in meiosis. A mutation that prevents Mad2 from adopting its active conformer fails to localize to the nuclear periphery, abolishes the synapsis checkpoint and exhibits substantial defects in meiotic synapsis. Thus, Mad2, and its regulation by Mad1, is an important regulator of meiotic synapsis in C. elegans.
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34
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Artico LL, Laranjeira ABA, Campos LW, Corrêa JR, Zenatti PP, Carvalheira JBC, Brambilla SR, Nowill AE, Brandalise SR, Yunes JA. Physiologic IGFBP7 levels prolong IGF1R activation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3633-3646. [PMID: 34438446 PMCID: PMC8945593 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are mitogenic and prosurvival factors to many different cell types, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Circulating IGFs are bound by IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) that regulate their action. IGFBP7 is an IGFBP-related protein (IGFBP-rP) that in contrast to other IGFBPs/IGFBP-rPs features higher affinity for insulin than IGFs and was shown to bind the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) as well. The role of IGFBP7 in cancer is controversial: on some tumors, it functions as an oncogene, whereas in others, it functions as a tumor suppressor. In childhood ALL, higher IGFBP7 expression levels were associated with worse prognosis. Here we show that IGFBP7 exerts mitogenic and prosurvival autocrine effects on ALL cells that were dependent on insulin/IGF. IGFBP7 knockdown or antibody-mediated neutralization resulted in significant attenuation of ALL cell viability in vitro and leukemia progression in vivo. IGFBP7 was shown to prolong the surface retention of the IGF1R under insulin/IGF1 stimulation, resulting in sustained IGF1R, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), protein kinase B (AKT), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Conversely, the insulin receptor was readily internalized and dephosphorylated on insulin stimulation, despite IGFBP7 addition. The affinity of homodimeric IGF1R for insulin is reportedly >100 times lower than for IGF1. In the presence of IGFBP7, however, 25 ng/mL insulin resulted in IGF1R activation levels equivalent to that of 5 ng/mL IGF1. In conclusion, IGFBP7 plays an oncogenic role in ALL by promoting the perdurance of IGF1R at the cell surface, prolonging insulin/IGF stimulation. Preclinical data demonstrate that IGFBP7 is a valid target for antibody-based therapeutic interventions in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Luís Artico
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Capinas
| | | | - Livia Weijenborg Campos
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Capinas
| | - Juliana Ronchi Corrêa
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Capinas
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Andrés Yunes
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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35
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Lara-Gonzalez P, Pines J, Desai A. Spindle assembly checkpoint activation and silencing at kinetochores. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:86-98. [PMID: 34210579 PMCID: PMC8406419 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance mechanism that promotes accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis. The checkpoint senses the attachment state of kinetochores, the proteinaceous structures that assemble onto chromosomes in mitosis in order to mediate their interaction with spindle microtubules. When unattached, kinetochores generate a diffusible inhibitor that blocks the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase required for sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Work from the past decade has greatly illuminated our understanding of the mechanisms by which the diffusible inhibitor is assembled and how it inhibits the APC/C. However, less is understood about how SAC proteins are recruited to kinetochores in the absence of microtubule attachment, how the kinetochore catalyzes formation of the diffusible inhibitor, and how attachments silence the SAC at the kinetochore. Here, we summarize current understanding of the mechanisms that activate and silence the SAC at kinetochores and highlight open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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36
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Gaborit B, Govers R, Altié A, Brunel JM, Morange P, Peiretti F. The aminosterol Claramine inhibits β-secretase 1-mediated insulin receptor cleavage. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100818. [PMID: 34029592 PMCID: PMC8254121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleavage of the insulin receptor by β-secretase 1 (BACE1) in the liver increases during diabetes, which contributes to reduce insulin receptor levels and impair insulin signaling. However, the precise signaling events that lead to this increased cleavage are unclear. We showed that BACE1 cleaves the insulin receptor in the early secretory pathway. Indeed, coimmunoprecipitation experiments reveal the interaction of the proforms of the two proteins. Moreover, fragments of insulin receptor are detected in the early secretory pathway and a mutated form of BACE1 that retains its prodomain cleaves an early secretory pathway-resident form of the insulin receptor. We showed that BACE1 proform levels are regulated by proteasome and/or lysosome-dependent degradation systems whose efficiencies are dependent on the O-GlcNacylation process. Our results showed that enhanced O-GlcNacylation reduces the efficiency of intracellular protein degradation systems, leading to the accumulation of the proform of BACE1 in the early secretory pathway where it cleaves the precursor of the insulin receptor. All these dysregulations are found in the livers of diabetic mice. In addition, we performed a screen of molecules according to their ability to increase levels of the insulin receptor at the surface of BACE1-overexpressing cells. This approach identified the aminosterol Claramine, which accelerated intracellular trafficking of the proform of BACE1 and increased autophagy. Both of these effects likely contribute to the reduced amount of the proform of BACE1 in the early secretory pathway, thereby reducing insulin receptor cleavage. These newly described properties of Claramine are consistent with its insulin sensitizing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Gaborit
- INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition Department, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Roland Govers
- INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Altié
- INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Pierre Morange
- INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France; Hematology Laboratory, La Timone Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Peiretti
- INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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37
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Batista TM, Haider N, Kahn CR. Defining the underlying defect in insulin action in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:994-1006. [PMID: 33730188 PMCID: PMC8916220 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the earliest defects in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Over the past 50 years, elucidation of the insulin signalling network has provided important mechanistic insights into the abnormalities of glucose, lipid and protein metabolism that underlie insulin resistance. In classical target tissues (liver, muscle and adipose tissue), insulin binding to its receptor initiates a broad signalling cascade mediated by changes in phosphorylation, gene expression and vesicular trafficking that result in increased nutrient utilisation and storage, and suppression of catabolic processes. Insulin receptors are also expressed in non-classical targets, such as the brain and endothelial cells, where it helps regulate appetite, energy expenditure, reproductive hormones, mood/behaviour and vascular function. Recent progress in cell biology and unbiased molecular profiling by mass spectrometry and DNA/RNA-sequencing has provided a unique opportunity to dissect the determinants of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome; best studied are extrinsic factors, such as circulating lipids, amino acids and other metabolites and exosomal microRNAs. More challenging has been defining the cell-intrinsic factors programmed by genetics and epigenetics that underlie insulin resistance. In this regard, studies using human induced pluripotent stem cells and tissues point to cell-autonomous alterations in signalling super-networks, involving changes in phosphorylation and gene expression both inside and outside the canonical insulin signalling pathway. Understanding how these multi-layered molecular networks modulate insulin action and metabolism in different tissues will open new avenues for therapy and prevention of type 2 diabetes and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M Batista
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nida Haider
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Insulin receptor signaling is crucial for β cell homeostasis. In a recent issue of Nature, Ansarullah et al. (2021) have identified the insulin inhibitory receptor (inceptor), which balances insulin signaling by promoting insulin receptor internalization.
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39
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von Zastrow M, Sorkin A. Mechanisms for Regulating and Organizing Receptor Signaling by Endocytosis. Annu Rev Biochem 2021; 90:709-737. [PMID: 33606955 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-081820-092427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intricate relationships between endocytosis and cellular signaling, first recognized nearly 40 years ago through the study of tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors, are now known to exist for multiple receptor classes and to affect myriad physiological and developmental processes. This review summarizes our present understanding of how endocytosis orchestrates cellular signaling networks, with an emphasis on mechanistic underpinnings and focusing on two receptor classes-tyrosine kinase and G protein-coupled receptors-that have been investigated in particular detail. Together, these examples provide a useful survey of the current consensus, uncertainties, and controversies in this rapidly advancing area of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark von Zastrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA;
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA;
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40
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Vasudevan A, Schukken KM, Sausville EL, Girish V, Adebambo OA, Sheltzer JM. Aneuploidy as a promoter and suppressor of malignant growth. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:89-103. [PMID: 33432169 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-00321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy has been recognized as a hallmark of tumorigenesis for more than 100 years, but the connection between chromosomal errors and malignant growth has remained obscure. New evidence emerging from both basic and clinical research has illuminated a complicated relationship: despite its frequency in human tumours, aneuploidy is not a universal driver of cancer development and instead can exert substantial tumour-suppressive effects. The specific consequences of aneuploidy are highly context dependent and are influenced by a cell's genetic and environmental milieu. In this Review, we discuss the diverse facets of cancer biology that are shaped by aneuploidy, including metastasis, drug resistance and immune recognition, and we highlight aneuploidy's distinct roles as both a tumour promoter and an anticancer vulnerability.
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41
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Henriques AC, Silva PMA, Sarmento B, Bousbaa H. The Mad2-Binding Protein p31 comet as a Potential Target for Human Cancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:401-415. [PMID: 33511944 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210129095726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance mechanism that prevents mitotic exit at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition until all chromosomes have established correct bipolar attachment to spindle microtubules. Activation of SAC relies on the assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), which requires conformational change from inactive open Mad2 (OMad2) to the active closed Mad2 (C-Mad2) at unattached kinetochores. The Mad2-binding protein p31comet plays a key role in controlling timely mitotic exit by promoting SAC silencing, through preventing Mad2 activation and promoting MCC disassembly. Besides, increasing evidences highlight the p31comet potential as target for cancer therapy. Here, we provide an updated overview of the functional significance of p31comet in mitotic progression, and discuss the potential of deregulated expression of p31comet in cancer and in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Henriques
- Instituto de Investigacao e Formacao Avancada em Ciencias e Tecnologias da Saude, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias da Saude, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia M A Silva
- Instituto de Investigacao e Formacao Avancada em Ciencias e Tecnologias da Saude, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias da Saude, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Instituto de Investigacao e Formacao Avancada em Ciencias e Tecnologias da Saude, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias da Saude, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- Instituto de Investigacao e Formacao Avancada em Ciencias e Tecnologias da Saude, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias da Saude, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
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42
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Inceptor counteracts insulin signalling in β-cells to control glycaemia. Nature 2021; 590:326-331. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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43
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Leroux M, Boutchueng-Djidjou M, Faure R. Insulin's Discovery: New Insights on Its Hundredth Birthday: From Insulin Action and Clearance to Sweet Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031030. [PMID: 33494161 PMCID: PMC7864324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2021, the 100th anniversary of the isolation of insulin and the rescue of a child with type 1 diabetes from death will be marked. In this review, we highlight advances since the ingenious work of the four discoverers, Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod, James Bertram Collip and Charles Herbert Best. Macleoad closed his Nobel Lecture speech by raising the question of the mechanism of insulin action in the body. This challenge attracted many investigators, and the question remained unanswered until the third part of the 20th century. We summarize what has been learned, from the discovery of cell surface receptors, insulin action, and clearance, to network and precision medicine.
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44
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Lei Z, Wu H, Yang Y, Hu Q, Lei Y, Liu W, Nie Y, Yang L, Zhang X, Yang C, Lin T, Tong F, Zhu J, Guo J. Ovariectomy Impaired Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis and Altered the Gut Microbiota in Mice With Different Diets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:708838. [PMID: 34276568 PMCID: PMC8278766 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.708838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lower incidence of metabolic diseases of women than men and the increasing morbidity of metabolic disorders of menopausal women indicated that hormones produced by ovaries may affect homeostasis of glucose and lipid metabolism, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To explore the functions of ovaries on regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in females, 8 weeks old C57BL/6 mice were preformed ovariectomy and administrated with normal food diet (NFD) or high fat diet (HFD). Six weeks after ovariectomy, blood biochemical indexes were tested and the morphology and histology of livers were checked. The expression levels of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism in liver were detected through transcriptome analysis, qPCR and western blot assays. 16S rDNA sequence was conducted to analyze the gut microbiota of mice with ovariectomy and different diets. The serum total cholesterol (TC) was significantly increased in ovariectomized (OVX) mice fed with NFD (OVXN), and serum low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) was significantly increased in both OVXN mice and OVX mice fed with HFD (OVXH). The excessive glycogen storage was found in livers of 37.5% mice from OVXN group, and lipid accumulation was detected in livers of the other 62.5% OVXN mice. The OVXN group was further divided into OVXN-Gly and OVXN-TG subgroups depending on histological results of the liver. Lipid drops in livers of OVXH mice were more and larger than other groups. The expression level of genes related with lipogenesis was significantly increased and the expression level of genes related with β-oxidation was significantly downregulated in the liver of OVXN mice. Ovariectomy also caused the dysbiosis of intestinal flora of OVXN and OVXH mice. These results demonstrated that hormones generated by ovaries played important roles in regulating hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism and communicating with the gut microbiota in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zili Lei, ; Jiao Guo,
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital (School of Clinical Medicine), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Lei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanwan Liu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Nie
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanxiang Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyuan Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxue Tong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Zhu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zili Lei, ; Jiao Guo,
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Yu H, Li Y, Li L, Huang J, Wang X, Tang R, Jiang Z, Lv L, Chen F, Yu C, Yuan K. Functional reciprocity of proteins involved in mitosis and endocytosis. FEBS J 2020; 288:5850-5866. [PMID: 33300206 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis and endocytosis are two fundamental cellular processes essential for maintaining a eukaryotic life. Mitosis partitions duplicated chromatin enveloped in the nuclear membrane into two new cells, whereas endocytosis takes in extracellular substances through membrane invagination. These two processes are spatiotemporally separated and seemingly unrelated. However, recent studies have uncovered that endocytic proteins have moonlighting functions in mitosis, and mitotic complexes manifest additional roles in endocytosis. In this review, we summarize important proteins or protein complexes that participate in both processes, compare their mechanism of action, and discuss the rationale behind this multifunctionality. We also speculate on the possible origin of the functional reciprocity from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yinshuang Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Xujuan Wang
- The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruijun Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghui Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunhong Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Biobank of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Abstract
The single gene, single protein, single function hypothesis is increasingly becoming obsolete. Numerous studies have demonstrated that individual proteins can moonlight, meaning they can have multiple functions based on their cellular or developmental context. In this review, we discuss moonlighting proteins, highlighting the biological pathways where this phenomenon may be particularly relevant. In addition, we combine genetic, cell biological, and evolutionary perspectives so that we can better understand how, when, and why moonlighting proteins may take on multiple roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA;
| | - Needhi Bhalla
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;
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47
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Manohar S, Yu Q, Gygi SP, King RW. The Insulin Receptor Adaptor IRS2 is an APC/C Substrate That Promotes Cell Cycle Protein Expression and a Robust Spindle Assembly Checkpoint. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1450-1467. [PMID: 32554797 PMCID: PMC8143631 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) is an essential adaptor that mediates signaling downstream of the insulin receptor and other receptor tyrosine kinases. Transduction through IRS2-dependent pathways is important for coordinating metabolic homeostasis, and dysregulation of IRS2 causes systemic insulin signaling defects. Despite the importance of maintaining proper IRS2 abundance, little is known about what factors mediate its protein stability. We conducted an unbiased proteomic screen to uncover novel substrates of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase that controls the abundance of key cell cycle regulators. We found that IRS2 levels are regulated by APC/C activity and that IRS2 is a direct APC/C target in G1 Consistent with the APC/C's role in degrading cell cycle regulators, quantitative proteomic analysis of IRS2-null cells revealed a deficiency in proteins involved in cell cycle progression. We further show that cells lacking IRS2 display a weakened spindle assembly checkpoint in cells treated with microtubule inhibitors. Together, these findings reveal a new pathway for IRS2 turnover and indicate that IRS2 is a component of the cell cycle control system in addition to acting as an essential metabolic regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Manohar
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall W King
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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48
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Pajuelo-Lozano N, Alcalá S, Sainz B, Perona R, Sanchez-Perez I. Targeting MAD2 modulates stemness and tumorigenesis in human Gastric Cancer cell lines. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9601-9618. [PMID: 32863948 PMCID: PMC7449921 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Gastric cancer (GC) is a solid tumor that contains subpopulations of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are considered drivers of tumor initiation and metastasis; responsible for therapeutic resistance; and promoters of tumor relapse. The balance between symmetric and asymmetric division is crucial for stem cell maintenance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of MAD2, a key protein for proper mitotic checkpoint activity, in the tumorigenesis of GC. Methods: Gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) were obtained from MKN45, SNU638 and ST2957 cell lines. Pluripotency and stemness markers were evaluated by RT-qPCR and autofluorescence and membrane markers by flow cytometry. Relevant signal transduction pathways were studied by WB. We analysed cell cycle progression, migration and invasion after modulation of MAD2 activity or protein expression levels in these in vitro models. In vivo assays were performed in a nude mouse subcutaneous xenograft model. Results: We found that NANOG, CXCR4 and autofluorescence are common and consistent markers for the GCSCs analysed, with other markers showing more variability. The three main signalling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin; Hedgehog and Notch) were activated in GCSCs. Downregulation of MAD2 in MKN45CSCs decreased the expression of markers CXCR4, CD133, CD90, LGR5 and VIM, without affecting cell cycle profile or therapy resistance. Moreover, migration, invasion and tumor growth were clearly reduced, and accordingly, we found that metalloprotease expression decreased. These results were accompanied by a reduction in the levels of transcription factors related with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Conclusions: We can conclude that MAD2 is important for GCSCs stemness and its downregulation in MKN45CSCs plays a central role in GC tumorigenesis, likely through CXCR4-SNAI2-MMP1. Thus, its potential use in the clinical setting should be studied as its functions appear to extend beyond mitosis.
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49
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Sieben CJ, Jeganathan KB, Nelson GG, Sturmlechner I, Zhang C, van Deursen WH, Bakker B, Foijer F, Li H, Baker DJ, van Deursen JM. BubR1 allelic effects drive phenotypic heterogeneity in mosaic-variegated aneuploidy progeria syndrome. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:171-188. [PMID: 31738183 DOI: 10.1172/jci126863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic-variegated aneuploidy (MVA) syndrome is a rare childhood disorder characterized by biallelic BUBR1, CEP57, or TRIP13 aberrations; increased chromosome missegregation; and a broad spectrum of clinical features, including various cancers, congenital defects, and progeroid pathologies. To investigate the mechanisms underlying this disorder and its phenotypic heterogeneity, we mimicked the BUBR1L1012P mutation in mice (BubR1L1002P) and combined it with 2 other MVA variants, BUBR1X753 and BUBR1H, generating a truncated protein and low amounts of wild-type protein, respectively. Whereas BubR1X753/L1002P and BubR1H/X753 mice died prematurely, BubR1H/L1002P mice were viable and exhibited many MVA features, including cancer predisposition and various progeroid phenotypes, such as short lifespan, dwarfism, lipodystrophy, sarcopenia, and low cardiac stress tolerance. Strikingly, although these mice had a reduction in total BUBR1 and spectrum of MVA phenotypes similar to that of BubR1H/H mice, several progeroid pathologies were attenuated in severity, which in skeletal muscle coincided with reduced senescence-associated secretory phenotype complexity. Additionally, mice carrying monoallelic BubR1 mutations were prone to select MVA-related pathologies later in life, with predisposition to sarcopenia correlating with mTORC1 hyperactivity. Together, these data demonstrate that BUBR1 allelic effects beyond protein level and aneuploidy contribute to disease heterogeneity in both MVA patients and heterozygous carriers of MVA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cheng Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Bjorn Bakker
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hu Li
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Darren J Baker
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.,Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, and
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50
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Dooley J, Lagou V, Goveia J, Ulrich A, Rohlenova K, Heirman N, Karakach T, Lampi Y, Khan S, Wang J, Dresselaers T, Himmelreich U, Gunter MJ, Prokopenko I, Carmeliet P, Liston A. Heterogeneous Effects of Calorie Content and Nutritional Components Underlie Dietary Influence on Pancreatic Cancer Susceptibility. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107880. [PMID: 32668252 PMCID: PMC7370178 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a rare but fatal form of cancer, the fourth highest in absolute mortality. Known risk factors include obesity, diet, and type 2 diabetes; however, the low incidence rate and interconnection of these factors confound the isolation of individual effects. Here, we use epidemiological analysis of prospective human cohorts and parallel tracking of pancreatic cancer in mice to dissect the effects of obesity, diet, and diabetes on pancreatic cancer. Through longitudinal monitoring and multi-omics analysis in mice, we found distinct effects of protein, sugar, and fat dietary components, with dietary sugars increasing Mad2l1 expression and tumor proliferation. Using epidemiological approaches in humans, we find that dietary sugars give a MAD2L1 genotype-dependent increased susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. The translation of these results to a clinical setting could aid in the identification of the at-risk population for screening and potentially harness dietary modification as a therapeutic measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dooley
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jermaine Goveia
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Anna Ulrich
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Katerina Rohlenova
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Heirman
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tobias Karakach
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada; Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Yulia Lampi
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Shawez Khan
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tom Dresselaers
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; UMR 8199 - EGID, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Section of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Liston
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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