Role of nitric oxide produced by iNOS through NF-κB pathway in migration of cerebellar granule neurons induced by Lipopolysaccharide

Comparative effectiveness of nitro dihydrocapsaicin, new synthetic derivative capsaicinoid, and capsaicin in alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated corneal epithelial cells

Loss of tear homeostasis, characterized by hyperosmolarity of the ocular surface, induces cell damage through inflammation and oxidation. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a sensor for osmotic changes, plays a crucial role as a calcium ion channel in the pathogenesis of hypertonic-related eye diseases. Capsaicin (CAP), a potent phytochemical, alleviates inflammation during oxidative stress events by activating TRPV1. However, the pharmacological use of CAP for eye treatment is limited by its pungency. Nitro dihydrocapsaicin (NDHC) was synthesized with aromatic ring modification of CAP structure to overcome the pungent effect. We compared the molecular features of NDHC and CAP, along with their biological activities in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells, focusing on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The results demonstrated that NDHC maintained cell viability, cell shape, and exhibited lower cytotoxicity compared to CAP-treated cells. Moreover, NDHC prevented oxidative stress and inflammation in HCE cells following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. These findings underscore the beneficial effect of NDHC in alleviating ocular surface inflammation, suggesting that NDHC may serve as an alternative anti-inflammatory agent targeting TRPV1 for improving hyperosmotic stress-induced ocular surface damage.

Ali S, Efferth T, Hegazy MEF. Salvimulticanol from Salvia multicaulis suppresses LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages: in vitro and in silico studies

Sustained inflammatory responses can badly affect several vital organs and lead to chronic inflammation-related disorders, such as atherosclerosis, pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cancers. Salvia multicaulis is one of the widely distributed plants that contains several biologically active phytochemicals and diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, finding alternative and safer natural plant-extracted compounds with good curative anti-inflammatory efficiencies is an urgent need for the clinical treatment of inflammation-related diseases. In the current study, S. multicaulis Vahl was used to extract and isolate two compounds identified as salvimulticanol and candesalvone B methyl ester to examine their effects against inflammation in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells that were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Accordingly, after culturing RAW264.7 cells and induction of inflammation by LPS (100 ng/ml), cells were exposed to different concentrations (9, 18, 37.5, 75, and 150 µM) of each compound. Then, Griess assay for detection of nitric oxide (NO) levels and western blotting for the determination of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were performed. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies were employed to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism. Our obtained results validated that the level of NO was significantly decreased in the macrophage cell suspensions as a response to salvimulticanol treatment in a dose-dependent manner (IC50: 25.1 ± 1.2 µM) as compared to the methyl ester of candesalvone B which exerted a weaker inhibition (IC50: 69.2 ± 3.0 µM). This decline in NO percentage was comparable with a down-regulation of iNOS expression by western blotting. Salvimulticanol strongly interacted with both the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) complex and the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) kinase subunit beta (IKKβ) to disrupt their inflammatory activation due to the significant hydrogen bonds and effective interactions with amino acid residues present in the target proteins' active sites. S.multicaulis is a rich natural source of the aromatic abietane diterpenoid, salvimulticanol, which exerted a strong anti-inflammatory effect through targeting iNOS and diminishing NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells in a mechanism that is dependent on the inhibition of TLR4-MD-2 and IKKβ as activators of the classical NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathway.

The Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Molecular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Cervical Ripening: A Comprehensive Review

The uterine cervix is one of the key factors involved in ensuring a proper track of gestation and labor. At the end of the gestational period, the cervix undergoes extensive changes, which can be summarized as a transformation from a non-favorable cervix to one that is soft and prone to dilation. During a process called cervical ripening, fundamental remodeling of the cervical extracellular matrix (ECM) occurs. The cervical ripening process is a derivative of many interlocking and mutually driving biochemical and molecular pathways under the strict control of mediators such as inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen species. A thorough understanding of all these pathways and learning about possible triggering factors will allow us to develop new, better treatment algorithms and therapeutic goals that could protect women from both dysfunctional childbirth and premature birth. This review aims to present the possible role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the cervical ripening process, emphasizing possible mechanisms of action and regulatory factors.

Innate Immune-Enhancing Effect of Pinus densiflora Pollen Extract via NF-κB Pathway Activation

Considering the emergence of various infectious diseases, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), people's attention has shifted towards immune health. Consequently, immune-enhancing functional foods have been increasingly consumed. Hence, developing new immune-enhancing functional food products is needed. Pinus densiflora pollen can be collected from the male red pine tree, which is commonly found in Korea. P. densiflora pollen extract (PDE), obtained by water extraction, contained polyphenols (216.29 ± 0.22 mg GAE/100 g) and flavonoids (35.14 ± 0.04 mg CE/100 g). PDE significantly increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but, did not exhibit cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. Western blot results indicated that PDE induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. PDE also significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of cytokines and the phosphorylation of IKKα/β and p65, as well as the activation and degradation of IκBα. Additionally, western blot analysis of cytosolic and nuclear fractions and immunofluorescence assay confirmed that the translocation of p65 to the nucleus after PDE treatment. These results confirmed that PDE increases the production of cytokines, NO, and ROS by activating NF-κB. Therefore, PDE is a promising nutraceutical candidate for immune-enhancing functional foods.

NMDA Receptor Antagonist Memantine Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Aged Rats

Aging is closely related to the main aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS). The average age of the MS population is increasing and the number of elderly MS patients is expected to increase. In addition to neurons, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are also expressed on non-neuronal cells, such as immune cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of NMDARs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in young and aged rats. Memantine, a non-competitive NMDAR antagonist, was administered to young and aged Dark Agouti rats from day 7 after immunization. Antagonizing NMDARs had a more favourable effect on clinical disease, reactivation, and apoptosis of CD4+ T cells in the target organ of aged EAE rats. The expression of the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 was increased in memantine-treated rats, but to a greater extent in aged rats. Additionally, memantine increased Nrf2 and Nrf2-regulated enzymes' mRNA expression in brain tissue. The concentrations of superoxide anion radicals, malondialdehyde, and advanced oxidation protein products in brain tissue were consistent with previous results. Overall, our results suggest that NMDARs play a more important role in the pathogenesis of EAE in aged than in young rats.

In vitro photoprotective potential of aryl-sandwiched (thio)semicarbazones against UVA mediated cellular and DNA damage

The most prevalent solar ultraviolet radiation is ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation. It is the inducer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a potent mediator of inflammation and photocarcinogenesis. Regular application of sunscreens containing UVA filters is an effective preventive measure in mitigating the risk associated with the formation of dermal carcinoma. Therefore, the development of new photoprotective agents is of great need. The current work examined the in vitro photoprotection of the aryl-linked (thio)semicarbazone derivatives against UVA-mediated DNA damage, inflammation, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and ROS. Except for the inflammatory cytokine assay, which was carried out on the human monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cell line, all tests were conducted on the human dermal fibroblast (BJ) cell line. In comparison to benzophenone (reference compound), the compound (2Z, 2'Z)-2,2'-(1,3-Phenylenebis (methanylylidene)) bis (hydrazine-1-carbothioamide) (DD-21) demonstrated considerable protection against UVA-induced damage. Compared to the UVA-irradiated control, DD-21 significantly decreased the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and ROS (p < 0.001). In the presence of DD-21, the release of UVA-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), was also significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Moreover, it was observed that DD-21 protected the cells from UVA-mediated DNA strand breaks and also inhibited the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) upon comparison to the UVA-exposed control cells (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the findings of this study revealed that DD-21 exhibits remarkable photoprotective properties, thus demonstrating its potential as a candidate UVA filter.

Diterpenes of Pinus pinaster aiton with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial activities

ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The P. pinaster species, known as 'Pino nigral or rodeno', is used in the treatment of colds, asthma, flu, and tuberculosis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study determined the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial activities of the P. pinaster resin, identifying the compounds with higher biological activity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A bio-guided isolation of the compounds of P. pinaster was carried out by selecting the most active extracts with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the HBEC3-KT, MRC-5, and THP-1 cell lines. The antibacterial activity was determined against the S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa strains.

RESULTS

The following compounds were identified by NMR: dehydroabietic acid (1), ( + )-cis-abienol (2), pimaric acid (3), isopimaric acid (4), 7α-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acid (5), 7-oxo-dehydroabietic acid (6), 15-hydroxy-abietic acid (7), 7-oxo-15-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acid (8), 13-oxo-8 (14)-podocarpen-18-oic acid (9), and pinyunin A (10). Regarding their anti-inflammatory activity, all compounds inhibited NF-κB. Compound 9 was the most active (IC50 = 3.90-12.06 μM). Concerning the analgesic activity, all the compounds inhibited NK-1, yet compound 9 was the most active (IC50 = 0.28-0.33 μM). Finally, compounds 6 (MIC = 12.80-25.55 μM) and 9 (MIC = 9.80-24.31 μM) were the most promising antibacterial compounds in all strains.

CONCLUSION

This study managed to identify, for the first time, six diterpenes from the resin of P. pinaster, with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial activity. Among the identified compounds, compound 9 was the most active, being considered a promising candidate as an antagonist of the tachykinin NK-1 receptor and as an analgesic agent against inflammation and neuropathic pain. It also had an antibacterial effect against Gram negative bacteria.

Vitexin along with verapamil downregulates efflux pump P-glycoprotein in macrophages and potentiate M1 to M2 switching via TLR4-NF-κB-TNFR2 pathway in lipopolysaccharide treated mice

The lipopolysaccharide, a microbial toxin, is one of the major causative agents of sepsis. P-gp expression and its functions are altered during inflammation. LPS has been known to impair the functions of P-gp, an efflux transporter. But the effect of LPS on P-gp expression in murine peritoneal macrophages is poorly understood. Molecular docking studies reveal that vitexin is a potent substrate and verapamil a potent inhibitor of P-gp. In the present experimental study, the curative potential of vitexin as a fruit component and verapamil treated as a control inhibitor of P-gp was examined in a murine LPS sepsis model. The effects of vitexin and verapamil on P-gp expression in macrophages correlating with changes in macrophage polarization and associated functional responses during LPS induced sepsis were studied. Peritoneal macrophages of LPS (10 mg/kg body weight) challenged mice exhibited elevated levels of H2O2, superoxide, and NO in parallel with lower antioxidant activity. LPS treatment increased P-gp expression through increased TLR4/expression. However, LPS challenged mice treated with vitexin (5 mg/kg body weight) + verapamil (5 mg/kg body weight) showed higher anti-oxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT and GRx) resulting in reduced oxidative stress. This combination treatment also elevated TNFR2, concomitant with down-regulation of TLR4, NF-κB and P-gp expression in murine peritoneal macrophages, resulting in a switch from M1 to M2 polarisation of macrophages and reduced inflammatory responses. In conclusion, combined vitexin and verapamil treatment could be used as a promising therapy to regulate P-gp expression and protection against LPS mediated sepsis and inflammatory damages.

NRF2 interacts with distal enhancer and inhibits nitric oxide synthase 2 expression in KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer cells

Nitric oxide is a pleiotropic free radical produced by three nitric oxide synthases (NOS1-3), of which inducible NOS2 is involved in tumor initiation and progression. In this study, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq and qRT-PCR experiments combined with bioinformatic analyses showed that NRF2 is a repressor of NOS2 gene by maintaining a distal enhancer located 22 kb downstream of TSS in an inactive state. Deletion of NRF2 leads to activation of the enhancer, which exerts a pioneering function before it is fully activated. Specifically, NRF2 controls the expression of NOS2 in response to intracellular oxidative stress and extracellular oxygen pressure. We found that abrogation of NOS2 expression by siRNAs partially reduced the ability of WT Panc-1 cells to form 3D spheroids, but strongly reduced the formation of 3D spheroids by NRF2-depleted Panc-1 cells. Mechanistically, this effect correlates with the finding that NOS2 and nitric oxide stimulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in NRF2-depleted Panc-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells. We also found that knockdown of NOS2 leads to blockade of 3D matrigel invasion of NRF2-depleted PDAC cells, demonstrating that a short-circuit in the reciprocal regulation of NOS2 and NRF2 attenuates the malignancy of PDAC cells. In summary, we show for the first time that: (i) NRF2 is a suppressor of NOS2 in pancreatic cancer cells; (ii) NRF2 binds to and inactivates an enhancer located 22 kb downstream of TSS of the NOS2 gene; (iii) activation of NOS2 requires suppression of NRF2; (iv) NOS2 is required for NRF2-depleted Panc-1 cells to maintain their malignancy and invasiveness.

Direct assessment of nitrative stress in lipid environments: Applications of a designer lipid-based biosensor for peroxynitrite

Lipid membranes and lipid-rich organelles are targets of peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a highly reactive species generated under nitrative stress. We report a membrane-localized phospholipid (DPPC-TC-ONOO-) that allows the detection of ONOO- in diverse lipid environments: biomimetic vesicles, mammalian cell compartments, and within the lung lining. DPPC-TC-ONOO- and POPC self-assemble to membrane vesicles that fluorogenically and selectively respond to ONOO-. DPPC-TC-ONOO-, delivered through lipid nanoparticles, allowed for ONOO- detection in the endoplasmic reticulum upon cytokine-induced nitrative stress in live mammalian cells. It also responded to ONOO- within lung tissue murine models upon acute lung injury. We observed nitrative stress around bronchioles in precision cut lung slices exposed to nitrogen mustard and in pulmonary macrophages following intratracheal bleomycin challenge. Results showed that DPPC-TC-ONOO- functions specifically toward iNOS, a key enzyme modulating nitrative stress, and offers significant advantages over its hydrophilic analog in terms of localization and signal generation.

6-Pentyl-α-Pyrone from Trichoderma gamsii Exert Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Mouse Macrophages

Filamentous fungi produce several beneficial secondary metabolites, including bioactive compounds, food additives, and biofuels. Trichoderma, which is a teleomorphic Hypocrea that falls under the taxonomic groups Ascomycota and Dikarya, is an extensively studied fungal genus. In an ongoing study that seeks to discover bioactive natural products, we investigated potential bioactive metabolites from the methanolic extract of cultured Trichoderma gamsii. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), one major compound was isolated and structurally identified as 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP) based on nuclear magnetic resonance data and LC-MS analysis. To determine its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as the underlying mechanisms, we treated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw264.7 mouse macrophages with 6PP. We found that 6PP suppresses LPS-induced increase in the levels of nitric oxide, a mediator of oxidative stress and inflammation, and restores LPS-mediated depletion of total glutathione by stabilizing nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an antioxidative factor, and elevating heme oxygenase-1 levels. Furthermore, 6PP inhibited LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines, which are, at least in part, regulated by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). 6PP suppressed proinflammatory responses by inhibiting the nuclear localization of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), as well as by dephosphorylating the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These results indicate that 6PP can protect macrophages against oxidative stress and LPS-induced excessive inflammatory responses by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway while inhibiting the proinflammatory, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways.

Identification of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Bioactive Compounds in Essential Oils and Aqueous Distillation Residues Obtained from Commercial Varieties of Cannabis sativa L

Neuroinflammation, which is mainly triggered by microglia, is a key contributor to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products, and in particular Cannabis sativa L., due to its richness in phytochemical components, represent ideal candidates to counteract neuroinflammation. We previously characterized different C. sativa commercial varieties which showed significantly different chemical profiles. On these bases, the aim of this study was to evaluate essential oils and aqueous distillation residues from the inflorescences of three different hemp varieties for their anti-neuroinflammatory activity in BV-2 microglial cells. Cells were pretreated with aqueous residues or essential oils and then activated with LPS. Unlike essential oils, aqueous residues showed negligible effects in terms of anti-inflammatory activity. Among the essential oils, the one obtained from 'Gorilla Glue' was the most effective in inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators and in upregulating anti-inflammatory ones through the modulation of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Moreover, the sesquiterpenes (E)-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and caryophyllene oxide were identified as the main contributors to the essential oils' anti-inflammatory activity. To our knowledge, the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of α-humulene has not been previously described. In conclusion, our work shows that C. sativa essential oils characterized by high levels of sesquiterpenes can be promising candidates in the prevention/counteraction of neuroinflammation.

Retinal inflammation in murine models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with diabetic retinopathy

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

The loss of pericytes surrounding the retinal vasculature in early diabetic retinopathy underlies changes to the neurovascular unit that lead to more destructive forms of the disease. However, it is unclear which changes lead to loss of retinal pericytes. This study investigated the hypothesis that chronic increases in one or more inflammatory factors mitigate the signalling pathways needed for pericyte survival.

METHODS

Loss of pericytes and levels of inflammatory markers at the mRNA and protein levels were investigated in two genetic models of diabetes, Ins2Akita/+ (a model of type 1 diabetes) and Leprdb/db (a model of type 2 diabetes), at early stages of diabetic retinopathy. In addition, changes that accompany gliosis and the retinal vasculature were determined. Finally, changes in retinal pericytes chronically incubated with vehicle or increasing amounts of IFNγ were investigated to determine the effects on pericyte survival. The numbers of pericytes, microglia, astrocytes and endothelial cells in retinal flatmounts were determined by immunofluorescence. Protein and mRNA levels of inflammatory factors were determined using multiplex ELISAs and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The effects of IFNγ on the murine retinal pericyte survival-related platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) signalling pathway were investigated by western blot analysis. Finally, the levels of cell death-associated protein kinase C isoform delta (PKCδ) and cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) in pericytes were determined by western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry.

RESULTS

The essential findings of this study were that both type 1 and 2 diabetes were accompanied by a similar progression of retinal pericyte loss, as well as gliosis. However, inflammatory factor expression was dissimilar in the two models of diabetes, with peak expression occurring at different ages for each model. Retinal vascular changes were more severe in the type 2 diabetes model. Chronic incubation of murine retinal pericytes with IFNγ decreased PDGFRβ signalling and increased the levels of active PKCδ and CC3.

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

We conclude that retinal inflammation is involved in and sustains pericyte loss as diabetic retinopathy progresses. Moreover, IFNγ plays a critical role in reducing pericyte survival in the retina by reducing activation of the PDGFRβ signalling pathway and increasing PKCδ levels and pericyte apoptosis.

Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate in combination with L-N-monomethyl arginine alleviates Staphylococcus aureus infection via regulation of CXCL8/CXCR1 axis in peritoneal macrophages in vitro

The CXCL8/CXCR1 axis in conjoint with the free radicals and anti-oxidants dictates the severity of inflammation caused by the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. S.aureus mediated inflammatory processes is regulated by NF-κB and its product, iNOS. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of inhibition of NF-κB and iNOS on CXCL8/CXCR1, alteration in M1/M2 polarization of macrophages and associated inflammatory responses during S.aureus infection in vitro. For this, the murine peritoneal macrophages were pretreated with NF-κB inhibitor, Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and iNOS inhibitor, L-N-monomethyl arginine (LNMMA), either alone or in combination, followed by time-dependent S.aureus infection. The chemotactic migrations of macrophages were determined by the agarose spot assay. The iNOS, NF-κB and CXCR1 protein expressions were evaluated. The ROS level (superoxide, H2O2, NO) and antioxidant activities (SOD, CAT, GSH, arginase) were measured. The intra-macrophage phagoctyic activity had been analyzed by confocal microscopy. S.aureus activated macrophages showed increased iNOS expression that symbolizes M1 characterization of macrophages. The results suggest that the combination treatment of LNMMA + PDTC was effective in diminution of CXCL8 production and CXCR1 expression through downregulation of NF-κB and iNOS signaling pathway. Consequently, there was decrement in macrophage migration, reduced ROS generation, elevated antioxidant enzyme activity as well as bacterial phagocytosis at 90 min post bacterial infection. The increased arginase activity further proves the switch from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 polarization of macrophages. Concludingly, the combination of PDTC + LNMMA could resolve S.aureus mediated inflammation through mitigation of CXCL8/CXCR1 pathway switching from M1 to M2 polarization.

Transition metals in angiogenesis - A narrative review

The aim of this paper is to offer a narrative review of the literature regarding the influence of transition metals on angiogenesis, excluding lanthanides and actinides. To our knowledge there are not any reviews up to date offering such a summary, which inclined us to write this paper. Angiogenesis describes the process of blood vessel formation, which is an essential requirement for human growth and development. When the complex interplay between pro- and antiangiogenic mediators falls out of balance, angiogenesis can quickly become harmful. As it is so fundamental, both its inhibition and enhancement take part in various diseases, making it a target for therapeutic treatments. Current methods come with limitations, therefore, novel agents are constantly being researched, with metal agents offering promising results. Various transition metals have already been investigated in-depth, with studies indicating both pro- and antiangiogenic properties, respectively. The transition metals are being applied in various formulations, such as nanoparticles, complexes, or scaffold materials. Albeit the increasing attention this field is receiving, there remain many unanswered questions, mostly regarding the molecular mechanisms behind the observed effects. Notably, approximately half of all the transition metals have not yet been investigated regarding potential angiogenic effects. Considering the promising results which have already been established, it should be of great interest to begin investigating the remaining elements whilst also further analyzing the established effects.

Therapeutic Effects of Combination of Nebivolol and Donepezil: Targeting Multifactorial Mechanisms in ALS

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. Although the disease's pathophysiological mechanism remains poorly understood, multifactorial mechanisms affecting motor neuron loss converge to worsen the disease. Although two FDA-approved drugs, riluzole and edaravone, targeting excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, respectively, are available, their efficacies are limited to extending survival by only a few months. Here, we developed combinatorial drugs targeting multifactorial mechanisms underlying key components in ALS disease progression. Using data analysis based on the genetic information of patients with ALS-derived cells and pharmacogenomic data of the drugs, a combination of nebivolol and donepezil (nebivolol-donepezil) was identified for ALS therapy. Here, nebivolol-donepezil markedly reduced the levels of cytokines in the microglial cell line, inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nucleus translocation in the HeLa cell and substantially protected against excitotoxicity-induced neuronal loss by regulating the PI3K-Akt pathway. Nebivolol-donepezil significantly promoted the differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPC) into motor neurons. Furthermore, we verified the low dose efficacy of nebivolol-donepezil on multiple indices corresponding to the quality of life of patients with ALS in vivo using SOD1G93A mice. Nebivolol-donepezil delayed motor function deterioration and halted motor neuronal loss in the spinal cord. Drug administration effectively suppressed muscle atrophy by mitigating the proportion of smaller myofibers and substantially reducing phospho-neurofilament heavy chain (pNF-H) levels in the serum, a promising ALS biomarker. High-dose nebivolol-donepezil significantly prolonged survival and delayed disease onset compared with vehicle-treated mice. These results indicate that the combination of nebivolol-donepezil efficiently prevents ALS disease progression, benefiting the patients' quality of life and life expectancy.

Pathogenic mechanisms and regulatory factors involved in alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholism is a widespread and damaging behaviour of people throughout the world. Long-term alcohol consumption has resulted in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) being the leading cause of chronic liver disease. Many metabolic enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenases such as ADH, CYP2E1, and CATacetaldehyde dehydrogenases ALDHsand nonoxidative metabolizing enzymes such as SULT, UGT, and FAEES, are involved in the metabolism of ethanol, the main component in alcoholic beverages. Ethanol consumption changes the functional or expression profiles of various regulatory factors, such as kinases, transcription factors, and microRNAs. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms of ALD are complex, involving inflammation, mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, nitrification, and oxidative stress. Moreover, recent evidence has demonstrated that the gut-liver axis plays a critical role in ALD pathogenesis. For example, ethanol damages the intestinal barrier, resulting in the release of endotoxins and alterations in intestinal flora content and bile acid metabolism. However, ALD therapies show low effectiveness. Therefore, this review summarizes ethanol metabolism pathways and highly influential pathogenic mechanisms and regulatory factors involved in ALD pathology with the aim of new therapeutic insights.

Effect of Ouabain on Glutamate Transport in the Hippocampus of Rats with LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation

A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation rat model was used to study the effects of ouabain (OUA) at low concentrations, which can interact with the Na,K-ATPase, causing the modulation of intracellular signalling pathways in the Central Nervous System. Our study aimed to analyse the effects of OUA on glutamate transport in the hippocampus of rats with LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: OUA (1.8 µg/kg), saline (CTR), LPS (200 µg/kg), and OUA + LPS (OUA 20 min before LPS). The animals were sacrificed after 2 h, and the hippocampus was collected for analysis. After treatment, we determined the activities of Na,K-ATPase and glutamine synthetase (GS). In addition, expression of the α1, α2, and α3 isoforms of Na,K-ATPase and the glutamate transporters, EAAT1 and EAAT2, were also analysed. Treatment with OUA caused a specific increase in the α2 isoform expression (~20%), whereas LPS decreased its expression (~22%), and treatment with OUA before LPS prevented the effects of LPS. Moreover, LPS caused a decrease of approximately 50% in GS activity compared with that in the CTR group; however, OUA pre-treatment attenuated this effect of LPS. Notably, it was found that treatment with OUA caused an increase in the expression of EAAT1 (~30%) and EAAT2 (~25%), whereas LPS caused a decrease in the expression of EAAT1 (~23%) and EAAT2 (~25%) compared with that in the CTR group. When treated with OUA, the effects of LPS were abrogated. In conclusion, the OUA pre-treatment abolished the effect caused by LPS, suggesting that this finding may be related to the restoration of the interaction between FXYD2 and the studied membrane proteins.

Nitric Oxide, Neutrophil/Lymphocyte, and Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratios as Promising Inflammatory Biomarkers in Complicated Crohn's Disease: Outcomes of Corticosteroids and Anti-TNF-α Therapies

Crohn's disease (CD) is a relapsing-remitting inflammatory bowel disease with a progressive course. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and blood count-based ratios in patients with complicated Crohn's disease as well as the outcome of corticosteroid or anti-TNF-α therapy. In this context, we evaluated the NLR as the ratio of neutrophils count to lymphocytes count, PLR as the ratio of platelets count to lymphocytes count, and MLR as the ratio of monocytes count to lymphocytes count in patients and controls. Furthermore, we assessed NO production by the Griess method in plasma along with iNOS and NF-κB expression by immunofluorescence method in intestinal tissues of patients and controls. In the same way, we evaluated plasma TNF-α, IL-17A, and IL-10 levels using ELISA. Our results indicate that blood count-based ratios NLR, PLR, and MLR were significantly higher in patients compared to controls. In addition, increased systemic levels of NO, TNF-α, and IL-17A and colonic expression of iNOS and NF-κB were observed in the same patients. Interestingly, the high ratio of NLR and MLR as well as NO production were significantly decreased in treated patients. Collectively, our findings suggest that nitric oxide as well as the blood count-based ratios (NLR, PLR, MLR) could constitute useful biomarkers in complicated Crohn's disease, predicting the response to treatments.

Network Pharmacological Analysis on the Herbal Combinations for Mitigating Inflammation in Respiratory Tracts and Experimental Evaluation

The regulation of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and leukotriene B4, could play a crucial role in suppressing inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanisms of drug combinations comprising Ephedrae Herba, Schisandra Fructus, Platycodonis Radix, and Ginseng Radix; validated the anti-inflammatory effects of these drugs; and determined the optimal dose of the drug combinations. By constructing a herb-compound-target network, associations were identified between the herbs and tissues (such as bronchial epithelial cells and lung) and pathways (such as the TNF, NF-κB, and calcium signaling pathways). The drug combinations exerted anti-inflammatory effects in the RAW264.7 cell line treated with lipopolysaccharide by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide and inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and leukotriene B4. Notably, the drug combinations inhibited PMA-induced MUC5AC mRNA expression in NCI-H292 cells. A design space analysis was carried out to determine the optimal herbal medicine combinations using the design of experiments and synergy score calculation. Consequently, a combination study of the herbal preparations confirmed their mitigating effect on inflammation in COVID-19.

Heavy-ion radiation-induced colitis and colorectal carcinogenesis in Il10-/- mice display co-activation of β-catenin and NF-κB signaling

Space radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) cancer risk models for future interplanetary astronauts are being developed that primarily rely on quantitative animal model studies to assess radiation-quality effects of heavy-ion space radiation exposure in relation to γ-rays. While current GI-cancer risk estimation efforts are focused on sporadic GI-cancer mouse models, emerging in-vivo data on heavy-ion radiation-induced long-term GI-inflammation are indicative of a higher but undetermined risk of GI-inflammation associated cancers, such as colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Therefore, we aimed to assess radiation quality effects on colonic inflammation, colon cancer incidence, and associated signaling events using an in-vivo CAC model i.e., Il10-/- mice. Male Il10-/- mice (8-10 weeks, n = 12/group) were irradiated with either sham, γ-rays or heavy-ions (28Si or 56Fe), and histopathological assessments for colitis and CAC were conducted at 2.5 months post-exposure. qPCR analysis for inflammation associated gene transcripts (Ptges and Tgfb1), and in-situ staining for markers of cell-proliferation (phospho-histone H3), oncogenesis (active-β-catenin, and cyclin D1), and inflammation (phospho-p65NF-κB, iNOS, and COX2) were performed. Significantly higher colitis and CAC frequency were noted after heavy-ion exposure, relative to γ and control mice. Higher CAC incidence after heavy-ion exposure was associated with greater activation of β-catenin and NF-κB signaling marked by induced expression of common downstream inflammatory (iNOS and COX2) and pro-proliferative (Cyclin D1) targets. In summary, IR-induced colitis and CAC incidence in Il10-/- mice depends on radiation quality and display co-activation of β-catenin and NF-κB signaling.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of the Natural H2S-Donor Erucin in Vascular Endothelium

Vascular inflammation (VI) represents a pathological condition that progressively affects the integrity and functionality of the vascular wall, thus leading to endothelial dysfunction and the onset of several cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the research of novel compounds able to prevent VI represents a compelling need. In this study, we tested erucin, the natural isothiocyanate H₂S-donor derived from Eruca sativa Mill. (Brassicaceae), in an in vivo mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis, where it significantly reduced the amount of emigrated CD11b positive neutrophils. We then evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of erucin in LPS-challenged human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The pre-incubation of erucin, before LPS treatment (1, 6, 24 h), significantly preserved cell viability and prevented the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. Moreover, erucin downregulated endothelial hyperpermeability and reduced the loss of vascular endothelial (VE)-Cadherin levels. In addition, erucin decreased vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin E-synthase 1 (mPGES-1) expression. Of note, erucin induced eNOS phosphorylation and counteracted LPS-mediated NF-κB nuclear translocation, an effect that was partially abolished in the presence of the eNOS inhibitor L-NAME. Therefore, erucin can control endothelial function through biochemical and genomic positive effects against VI.

Jasminum sambac Cell Extract as Antioxidant Booster against Skin Aging

Oxidative stress plays a major role in the skin aging process through the reactive oxygen species production and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation. Antioxidant ingredients are therefore needed in the skin care market and the use of molecules coming from plant cell cultures provide a unique opportunity. In this paper, the features of an hydroethanolic extract obtained by Jasminum sambac cells (JasHEx) were explored. The antioxidant and anti-AGE properties were investigated by a multidisciplinary approach combining mass spectrometric and bio-informatic in vitro and ex vivo experiments. JasHEx contains phenolic acid derivatives, lignans and triterpenes and it was found to reduce cytosolic reactive oxygen species production in keratinocytes exposed to exogenous stress. It also showed the ability to reduce AGE formation and to increase the collagen type I production in extracellular matrix. Data demonstrated that JasHEx antioxidant properties were related to its free radical scavenging and metal chelating activities and to the activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. This can well explain JasHEx anti-inflammatory activity related to the decrease in NO levels in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Thus, JasHEx can be considered a powerful antioxidant booster against oxidative stress-induced skin aging.

Probing photoprotection properties of lipophilic chain conjugated thiourea-aryl group molecules to attenuate ultraviolet-A induced cellular and DNA damages

Ultraviolet-A (UVA) radiation is a major contributor to reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrite species (RNS), inflammation, and DNA damage, which causes photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the UVA protective potential of lipophilic chain conjugated thiourea-substituted aryl group molecules against UVA-induced cellular damages in human dermal fibroblasts (BJ cell line). We tested a series of nineteen (19) molecules for UVA photoprotection, from which 2',5'-dichlorophenyl-substituted molecule DD-04 showed remarkable UVA protection properties compared to the reference (benzophenone). The results indicate that DD-04 significantly reduced intracellular ROS and nitric oxide (NO) as compared to the UVA-irradiated control (p < 0.001). Moreover, the compound DD-04 showed anti-inflammatory activity as it significantly reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by THP-1 (human monocytic) cells (p < 0.05). DNA damage was also prevented by DD-04 treatment in the presence of UVA. It was observed that DD-04 significantly reduced the number of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) when compared to the UVA-irradiated control (p < 0.001). Finally, the DNA strand breaks were checked and a single intact DNA band was seen upon treatment with DD-04 in the presence of UVA. In conclusion, DD-04 can be considered a potential candidate UVA filter due to its photoprotective potential.

Utility of NO and H2S donating platforms in managing COVID-19: Rationale and promise

Viral infections are a continuing global burden on the human population, underscored by the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current treatment options and supportive therapies for many viral infections are relatively limited, indicating a need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Virus-induced damage occurs through direct infection of host cells and inflammation-related changes. Severe cases of certain viral infections, including COVID-19, can lead to a hyperinflammatory response termed cytokine storm, resulting in extensive endothelial damage, thrombosis, respiratory failure, and death. Therapies targeting these complications are crucial in addition to antiviral therapies. Nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide are two endogenous gasotransmitters that have emerged as key signaling molecules with a broad range of antiviral actions in addition to having anti-inflammatory properties and protective functions in the vasculature and respiratory system. The enhancement of endogenous nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide levels thus holds promise for managing both early-stage and later-stage viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Using SARS-CoV-2 as a model for similar viral infections, here we explore the current evidence regarding nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide's use to limit viral infection, resolve inflammation, and reduce vascular and pulmonary damage.

Intervention of 3-aminobenzamide against Dextran Sulphate Sodium induced colitis in mice: Investigations on molecular mechanisms

Various preclinical and clinical studies reported that Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 plays significant role in all acute and chronic inflammatory diseases with different etiopathogenesis. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of 3-aminobenzamide in Dextran Sulphate Sodium induced ulcerative colitis and associated molecular mechanisms. Ulcerative colitis in male BALB/c mice was induced using Dextran sulphate sodium (3 %w/v) for 3 cycles with 7 days recovery period in-between. 3-aminobenzamide was administered at the doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg starting from the I^st week of remission period and was continued till the termination of the experiment. The effect of 3-aminbenzamide was evaluated using biochemical parameters, histopathological evaluations, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. All the doses of 3-aminobenzamide (5 mg/kg; 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) ameliorated the severity of ulcerative colitis by modulating various molecular targets such as poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain, cysteine aspartases, interleukin-1β, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, sirtuin 1, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, tumour necrosis factor-α and catalase. However, the lower doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) exerted more prominent effects in comparison to the high dose (20 mg/kg). Further, 3-aminobenzamide treatment restored the intestinal integrity by increasing the expression of occludin and significantly ameliorated ulcerative colitis associated elevated lipopolysaccharides, oxidative and nitrosative stress, cellular damage and apoptosis. Lower doses of 3-aminobenzamide showed more prominent protective effects against ulcerative colitis associated damage as compared to higher dose.

Targeting ectromelia virus and TNF/NF-κB or STAT3 signaling for effective treatment of viral pneumonia

Viral causes of pneumonia pose constant threats to global public health, but there are no specific treatments currently available for the condition. Antivirals are ineffective when administered late after the onset of symptoms. Pneumonia is caused by an exaggerated inflammatory cytokine response to infection, but tissue necrosis and damage caused by virus also contribute to lung pathology. We hypothesized that viral pneumonia can be treated effectively if both virus and inflammation are simultaneously targeted. Combined treatment with the antiviral drug cidofovir and etanercept, which targets tumor necrosis factor (TNF), down-regulated nuclear factor kappa B-signaling and effectively reduced morbidity and mortality during respiratory ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection in mice even when treatment was initiated after onset of clinical signs. Treatment with cidofovir alone reduced viral load, but animals died from severe lung pathology. Treatment with etanercept had no effect on viral load but diminished levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12p40, TGF-β, and CCL5 and dampened activation of the STAT3 cytokine-signaling pathway, which transduces signals from multiple cytokines implicated in lung pathology. Consequently, combined treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor and cidofovir was effective in improving clinical disease and lung pathology in ECTV-infected mice. Thus, the simultaneous targeting of virus and a specific inflammatory cytokine or cytokine-signaling pathway is effective in the treatment of pneumonia. This approach might be applicable to pneumonia caused by emerging and re-emerging viruses, like seasonal and pandemic influenza A virus strains and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

SBT (Composed of Panax ginseng and Aconitum carmichaeli) and Stigmasterol Enhances Nitric Oxide Production and Exerts Curative Properties as a Potential Anti-Oxidant and Immunity-Enhancing Agent

Immune dysregulation is a risk factor for several diseases, including infectious diseases. Immunostimulatory agents have been used for the treatment of immune dysregulation, but deleterious adverse effects have been reported. The present study aims to establish the anti-oxidant and immunity-enhancing effects of Sambu-Tang (SBT), composed of Panax ginseng and Aconitum carmichaeli, and stigmasterol (Stig), an active compound of SBT. Immune-related factors were analyzed in RAW264.7 macrophage cells, mouse primary splenocytes, and the serum and spleen of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. Results showed that the production levels of nitric oxide (NO) and expression levels of inducible NO synthase and heme oxygenase-1 were increased following SBT or Stig treatment in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig increased the production levels of G-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α and induced the activation of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells. SBT or Stig promoted splenic lymphocyte proliferation and increased splenic NK cell cytotoxic activity. In addition, SBT or Stig enhanced the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-2, IL-6, or TNF-α in the serum and spleen of the immunosuppressed mice. SBT or Stig increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the spleen. Collectively, SBT and Stig possess anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory activities, so they may be considered effective natural compounds for the treatment of various symptoms caused by immune dysregulation.

Evaluation of the effects produced by subacute tributyltin administration on vascular reactivity of male wistar rats

Tributyltin chloride (TBT) is an organotin compound widely used in several high biocides for agroindustrial applications, such as fungicides, and marine antifouling paints leading to endocrine disrupting actions, such as imposex development in mollusks. In female rats, TBT has been shown to promote ovarian dysfunction, reduction of estrogen protective effect in the vascular morphophysiology, at least in part by oxidative stress consequences. Estrogen causes coronary endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation. However, the TBT effects on cardiovascular system of male rats are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of subacute TBT exposure in aorta vascular reactivity from male wistar rats. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (C), TBT 500 ng/kg/day and TBT 1000 ng/kg/day. TBT was administered daily for 30 days by oral gavage. We found that TBT exposure enhanced testosterone serum levels and it was also observed obesogenic properties. TBT exposure evoked an increase in endothelium-dependent and independent phenylephrine-induced contraction, associated to an inhibition in eNOS activity. On the other hand, it was observed an enhancement of iNOS and NF-kB protein expression. We also observed an increase in oxidative stress parameters, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase expression, and also an increase in malondialdehyde production. Finally, TBT exposure produced aortic intima-media thickness. Taken together, these data suggest a potential cardiovascular toxicological effect after subacute TBT exposure in male rats.

The beneficial effect of salubrinal on neuroinflammation and neuronal loss in intranigral LPS-induced hemi-Parkinson disease model in rats

OBJECTIVE

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and neuroinflammation are triggers for neurodegenerative disorders. Salubrinal is a selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) complex involving dephosphorylation of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α), the key crucial pathway in the ERS. Therefore, this study assessed the effects of inhibition of the ERS with salubrinal in the intranigral hemi-Parkinson disease (PD) model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Animals were treated with salubrinal for one week after the PD model was created by intranigral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Apomorphine-induced rotation, rotarod, cylinder, and pole tests were performed to evaluate behavioral changes. Proinflammatory cytokines and the expression level of the dual specificity protein phosphatase 2 (DUSP2), PP1, and p-eIF2α were evaluated. Nigral expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappaB (Nf-κB), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 was determined. Finally, tyrosine hydroxylase and caspase-3/ caspase-9 expressions were assessed by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Salubrinal reduced the motor impairments and dopamine-related behavioral deficiencies caused by the LPS. Salubrinal attenuated the LPS-induced increased levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and salubrinal rescued the loss of TH expression and dopamine levels and prevented the caspase-3/9 increase in the substantial nigra (SN). LPS potently increased iNOS, Nf-κB, and COX-2 expression, but this effect was reduced after salubrinal treatment. Additionally, salubrinal attenuated the LPS-induced PP1 and DUSP2 increase.

CONCLUSION

Our results reveal that salubrinal is attenuating several inflammatory mediators and thereby decreased the inflammatory effects of LPS in the neurons of the SN. Together this results in increased cellular survival and maintained integrity of SN. Taken together our data show the beneficial effects of inhibition of ERS to restrict neuroinflammatory progression and neuronal loss in a PD model.

Bitis arietans Snake Venom and Kn-Ba, a Snake Venom Serine Protease, Induce the Production of Inflammatory Mediators in THP-1 Macrophages

Bitis arietans is a snake of medical importance found throughout sub-Saharan Africa and in savannas and pastures of Morocco and western Arabia. The effects of its venom are characterized by local and systemic alterations, such as inflammation and cardiovascular and hemostatic disturbances, which can lead to victims' death or permanent disability. To better characterize the inflammatory process induced by this snake's venom, the participation of eicosanoids and PAF (platelet- activating factor) in this response were demonstrated in a previous study. In addition, edema and early increased vascular permeability followed by an accumulation of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in the peritoneal cavity were accompanied by the production of the eicosanoids LTB₄, LTC₄, TXB₂, and PGE₂, and local and systemic production of IL-6 and MCP-1. In this context, the present study focused on the identification of inflammatory mediators produced by human macrophages derived from THP-1 cells in response to Bitis arietans venom (BaV), and Kn-Ba, a serine protease purified from this venom. Here, we show that Kn-Ba, and even the less intensive BaV, induced the production of the cytokine TNF and the chemokines RANTES and IL-8. Only Kn-Ba was able to induce the production of IL-6, MCP-1, and IP-10, whereas PGE₂ was produced only in response to BaV. Finally, the release of IL-1β in culture supernatants suggests the activation of the inflammasomes by the venom of Bitis arietans and by Kn-Ba, which will be investigated in more detail in future studies.

Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 Ameliorates Cognition and Molecular Detrimental Changes after Chronic Mild Stress in SAMP8 Mice

Impaired glucocorticoid (GC) signaling is a significant factor in aging, stress, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the study of GC-mediated stress responses to chronic moderately stressful situations, which occur in daily life, is of huge interest for the design of pharmacological strategies toward the prevention of neurodegeneration. To address this issue, SAMP8 mice were exposed to the chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm for 4 weeks and treated with RL-118, an 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor. The inhibition of this enzyme is linked with a reduction in GC levels and cognitive improvement, while CMS exposure has been associated with reduced cognitive performance. The aim of this project was to assess whether RL-118 treatment could reverse the deleterious effects of CMS on cognition and behavioral abilities and to evaluate the molecular mechanisms that compromise healthy aging in SAMP8 mice. First, we confirmed the target engagement between RL-118 and 11β-HSD1. Additionally, we showed that DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation, and histone phosphorylation were decreased by CMS induction, and increased by RL-118 treatment. In addition, CMS exposure caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage and increased pro-oxidant enzymes-as well as pro-inflammatory mediators-through the NF-κB pathway and astrogliosis markers, such as GFAP. Of note, these modifications were reversed by 11β-HSD1 inhibition. Remarkably, although CMS altered mTORC1 signaling, autophagy was increased in the SAMP8 RL-118-treated mice. We also showed an increase in amyloidogenic processes and a decrease in synaptic plasticity and neuronal remodeling markers in mice under CMS, which were consequently modified by RL-118 treatment. In conclusion, 11β-HSD1 inhibition through RL-118 ameliorated the detrimental effects induced by CMS, including epigenetic and cognitive disturbances, indicating that GC-excess attenuation shows potential as a therapeutic strategy for age-related cognitive decline and AD.

Exploring nordihydroguaretic acid (NDGA) as a plausible neurotherapeutic in the experimental paradigm of autism spectrum disorders targeting nitric oxide pathway

The present study investigates the neuro-protective ability of nordihydroguaretic acid (NDGA) in the experimental paradigm of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and further decipher the nitric oxide pathway's role in its proposed action. An intracerebroventricular infusion of 4 μl of 1 M PPA was given in the lateral ventricle's anterior region to induce autism-like phenotype in male rats. Oral administration of NDGA (5, 10 & 15 mg/kg) was initiated from the 3^rd day lasting till the 28th day. L-NAME (50 mg/kg) and L-Arginine (800 mg/kg) were also given individually and combined to explore NDGA's ability to act via the nitric oxide pathway. Behavior tests for sociability, stereotypy, anxiety, depression, novelty, repetitive and perseverative behavior were carried out between the 14th and 28th day. On the 29th day, animals were sacrificed, and mitochondrial complexes and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. We also estimated the levels of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic markers such as TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB, IFN-γ, HSP-70, and caspase-3. To assess the involvement of the nitric oxide pathway, levels of iNOS and homocysteine were estimated. Treatment with NDGA significantly restored behavioral, biochemical, neurological, and molecular deficits. Hence, NDGA can be used as a neurotherapeutic agent in ASD. Targeting nitric oxide pathway mediated oxidative & nitrosative stress responsible for behavioral, biochemical, and molecular alterations via modulating nitric oxide pathway. The evaluation of iNOS and homocysteine levels conclusively establishes the nitric oxide pathway's role in causing behavioral, biochemical & molecular deficits and NDGA's beneficial effect in restoring these alterations.

The Novel Antioxidant Compound JSH-23 Prevents Osteolysis by Scavenging ROS During Both Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis

Inflammatory osteolysis is a pathological skeletal disease associated with not only the production of inflammatory cytokines but also local oxidative status. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote bone resorption by osteoclasts and induce the apoptosis of osteoblasts. In consideration of the lack of effective preventive or treatments options against osteolysis, the exploitation of novel pharmacological compounds/agents is critically required. In our study, we found that a novel antioxidant compound, JSH-23, plays a role in restoring bone homeostasis by scavenging intracellular ROS during both osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis. Mechanically, JSH-23 suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption and the expression of specific genes (including NFATc1, c-Fos, TRAP, CTSK and DC-STAMP) via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Meanwhile, JSH-23 suppressed RANKL-induced ROS generation via the TRAF6/Rac1/NOX1 pathway and the enhanced expression of Nrf2/HO-1. In addition, JSH-23 attenuated H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and mineralization reduction in osteoblasts by reducing ROS production and enhancing Nrf2/HO-1 expression. Our in vivo results further revealed that JSH-23 exerts its protective effects on bone mass through its antioxidant activity. In conclusion, our results show that the application of JSH-23 might be a novel and plausible strategy for the treatment of osteolysis-related disease.

The Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Pathway Promotes Osteoclastogenesis under Hypoxic Culture Conditions

Bone homeostasis depends on the balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts (OCs) and bone formation by osteoblasts. Bone resorption can become excessive under various pathologic conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis. Previous studies have shown that OC formation is promoted under hypoxia. However, the precise mechanisms behind OC formation under hypoxia have not been elucidated. The present study investigated the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in OC differentiation under hypoxia. Primary bone marrow cells obtained from mice were stimulated with receptor activator of NF-κB ligand and macrophage colony-stimulating factor to induce OC differentiation. The number of OCs increased in culture under hypoxia (oxygen concentration, 5%) compared with that under normoxia (oxygen concentration, 20%). iNOS gene and protein expression increased in culture under hypoxia. Addition of an iNOS inhibitor under hypoxic conditions suppressed osteoclastogenesis. Addition of a nitric oxide donor to the normoxic culture promoted osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, insulin-like growth factor 2 expression was significantly altered in both iNOS inhibition experiments and nitric oxide donor experiments. These data might provide clues to therapies for excessive osteoclastogenesis under several hypoxic pathologic conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis.

Liver X Receptor as a Possible Drug Target for Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity

Purpose: blood-brain barrier (BBB) is made of specialized cells that are responsible for the selective passage of substances directed to the brain. The integrated BBB is essential for precise controlling of the different substances passage as well as protecting the brain from various damages. In this article, we attempted to explain the role of liver X receptor (LXR) in maintaining BBB integrity as a possible drug target.

Methods: In this study, various databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched using the following keywords: blood-brain barrier, BBB, liver X receptor, and LXR until July, 2020. Additionally, contents close to the subject of our study were surveyed.

Results: LXR is a receptor the roles of which in various diseases have been investigated. LXR can affect maintaining BBB by affecting various ways such as ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), tight junction molecules, both signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), Wnt/β-catenin Signaling, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, and expressions of Smad 2/3 and Snail.

Conclusion: LXR could possibly be used either as a target for drug delivery to brain tissue or as a target for maintaining the BBB integrity in different diseases; thereby the drug will be conducted to tissues, other than the brain. If it is verified that only LXRα is necessary for protecting BBB, some specific LXRα ligands must be found and then used in medication.

HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) versus adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)

Objectives

Human T cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection may lead to one or both diseases including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) or adult T cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL). The complete interactions of the virus with host cells in both diseases is yet to be determined. This study aims to construct an interaction network for distinct signaling pathways in these diseases based on finding differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HAM/TSP and ATLL.

Results

We identified 57 hub genes with higher criteria scores in the primary protein–protein interaction network (PPIN). The ontology-based enrichment analysis revealed following important terms: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in meiotic cell cycle and positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by histone modification. The upregulated genes TNF, PIK3R1, HGF, NFKBIA, CTNNB1, ESR1, SMAD2, PPARG and downregulated genes VEGFA, TLR2, STAT3, TLR4, TP53, CHUK, SERPINE1, CREB1 and BRCA1 were commonly observed in all the three enriched terms in HAM/TSP vs. ATLL. The constructed interaction network was then visualized inside a mirrored map of signaling pathways for ATLL and HAM/TSP, so that the functions of hub genes were specified in both diseases.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05521-y.

Triclosan affects the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in mouse neocortical neurons in vitro

Triclosan (TCS) is a well-known compound that can be found in disinfectants, personal care products. There is one publication concerning the involvement of PPARγ in the mechanism of action of TCS. It is known that activation of PPARγ regulates the expression of the NF-κB mediated inflammation by acting on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) genes. However, there are no studies demonstrating a relationship between the effects of TCS on the PPARγ signaling pathway, changes in NF-κB expression, and NOS isoform synthesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of TCS on the expression of PPARγ, NF-κB, nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS in mouse neocortical neurons. In addition, the effects of co-administration of synthetic alpha-naphthoflavone (αNF) or beta-naphthoflavone (βNF) flavonoids and triclosan were investigated. Our results show that TCS alters PPARγ, NF-κB, iNOS, and eNOS expression in mouse neurons in vitro. After 48 h of exposure, TCS increased PPARγ expression and decreased NF-κB expression. Moreover, under the influence of TCS, the expression of iNOS was increased and at the same time the expression of nNOS was decreased, which was probably caused by high levels of ROS. The experiments have shown that both αNF and βNF are able to modulate the effects of TCS in primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons.

Sustained Inhibition of NF-κB Activity Mitigates Retinal Vasculopathy in Diabetes

This study investigated the effects of long-term NF-κB inhibition in mitigating retinal vasculopathy in a type 1 diabetic mouse model (Akita, Ins2^Akita). Akita and wild-type (C57BL/6J) male mice, 24 to 26 weeks old, were treated with or without a selective inhibitor of NF-κB, 4-methyl-N1-(3-phenyl-propyl) benzene-1,2-diamine (JSH-23), for 4 weeks. Treatment was given when the mice were at least 24 weeks old. Metabolic parameters, key inflammatory mediators, blood-retinal barrier junction molecules, retinal structure, and function were measured. JSH-23 significantly lowered basal glucose levels and intraocular pressure in Akita. It also mitigated vascular remodeling and microaneurysms significantly. Optical coherence tomography of untreated Akita showed thinning of retinal layers; however, treatment with JSH-23 could prevent it. Electroretinogram demonstrated that A- and B-waves in Akita were significantly smaller than in wild type mice, indicating that JSH-23 intervention prevented loss of retinal function. Protein levels and gene expression of key inflammatory mediators, such as NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, were decreased after JSH-23 treatment. At the same time, connexin-43 and occludin were maintained. Vision-guided behavior also improved significantly. The results show that reducing inflammation could protect the diabetic retina and its vasculature. Findings appear to have broader implications in treating not only ocular conditions but also other vasculopathies.

Determining the quantitative relationship between glycolysis and GAPDH in cancer cells exhibiting the Warburg effect

Previous studies have identified GAPDH as a promising target for treating cancer and modulating immunity because its inhibition reduces glycolysis in cells (cancer cells and immune cells) with the Warburg effect, a modified form of cellular metabolism found in cancer cells. However, the quantitative relationship between GAPDH and the aerobic glycolysis remains unknown. Here, using siRNA-mediated knockdown of GAPDH expression and iodoacetate-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity, we examined the quantitative relationship between GAPDH activity and glycolysis rate. We found that glycolytic rates were unaffected by the reduction of GAPDH activity down to 19% ± 4.8% relative to untreated controls. However, further reduction of GAPDH activity below this level caused proportional reductions in the glycolysis rate. GAPDH knockdown or inhibition also simultaneously increased the concentration of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P, the substrate of GAPDH). This increased GA3P concentration countered the effect of GAPDH knockdown or inhibition and stabilized the glycolysis rate by promoting GAPDH activity. Mechanistically, the intracellular GA3P concentration is controlled by the Gibbs free energy of the reactions upstream of GAPDH. The thermodynamic state of the reactions along the glycolysis pathway was only affected when GAPDH activity was reduced below 19% ± 4.8%. Doing so moved the reactions catalyzed by GAPDH + PGK1 (phosphoglycerate kinase 1, the enzyme immediate downstream of GAPDH) away from the near-equilibrium state, revealing an important biochemical basis to interpret the rate control of glycolysis by GAPDH. Collectively, we resolved the numerical relationship between GAPDH and glycolysis in cancer cells with the Warburg effect and interpreted the underlying mechanism.

Inhibitors of Src Family Kinases, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and NADPH Oxidase as Potential CNS Drug Targets for Neurological Diseases

Neurological diseases share common neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. Both phenotypic and molecular changes in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons contribute to the progression of disease and present potential targets for disease modification. Src family kinases (SFKs) are present in both neurons and glial cells and are upregulated following neurological insults in both human and animal models. In neurons, SFKs interact with post-synaptic protein domains to mediate hyperexcitability and neurotoxicity. SFKs are upstream of signaling cascades that lead to the modulation of neurotransmitter receptors and the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as producers of free radicals through the activation of glia. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS-II) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2), the major mediators of reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (RNS/ROS) production in the brain, are also upregulated along with the pro-inflammatory cytokines following neurological insult and contribute to disease progression. Persistent neuronal hyperexcitability, RNS/ROS, and cytokines can exacerbate neurodegeneration, a common pathognomonic feature of the most prevalent neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Using a wide variety of preclinical disease models, inhibitors of the SFK-iNOS-NOX2 signaling axis have been tested to cure or modify disease progression. In this review, we discuss the SFK-iNOS-NOX2 signaling pathway and their inhibitors as potential CNS targets for major neurological diseases.

The Impact of Acute or Chronic Alcohol Intake on the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Alcohol-Related Liver Disease

Ethanol misuse is frequently associated with a multitude of profound medical conditions, contributing to health-, individual- and social-related damage. A particularly dangerous threat from this classification is coined as alcoholic liver disease (ALD), a liver condition caused by prolonged alcohol overconsumption, involving several pathological stages induced by alcohol metabolic byproducts and sustained cellular intoxication. Molecular, pathological mechanisms of ALD principally root in the innate immunity system and are especially associated with enhanced functionality of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. NF-κB is an interesting and convoluted DNA transcription regulator, promoting both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Thus, the abundancy of studies in recent years underlines the importance of NF-κB in inflammatory responses and the mechanistic stimulation of inner molecular motifs within the factor components. Hereby, in the following review, we would like to put emphasis on the correlation between the NF-κB inflammation signaling pathway and ALD progression. We will provide the reader with the current knowledge regarding the chronic and acute alcohol consumption patterns, the molecular mechanisms of ALD development, the involvement of the NF-κB pathway and its enzymatic regulators. Therefore, we review various experimental in vitro and in vivo studies regarding the research on ALD, including the recent active compound treatments and the genetic modification approach. Furthermore, our investigation covers a few human studies.

Endothelial dysfunction in neuroprogressive disorders-causes and suggested treatments

BACKGROUND

Potential routes whereby systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may drive the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, even in an environment of low cholesterol, are examined.

MAIN TEXT

Key molecular players involved in the regulation of endothelial cell function are described, including PECAM-1, VE-cadherin, VEGFRs, SFK, Rho GEF TRIO, RAC-1, ITAM, SHP-2, MAPK/ERK, STAT-3, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, eNOS, nitric oxide, miRNAs, KLF-4 and KLF-2. The key roles of platelet activation, xanthene oxidase and myeloperoxidase in the genesis of endothelial cell dysfunction and activation are detailed. The following roles of circulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the development of endothelial cell dysfunction are then described: paracrine signalling by circulating hydrogen peroxide, inhibition of eNOS and increased levels of mitochondrial ROS, including compromised mitochondrial dynamics, loss of calcium ion homeostasis and inactivation of SIRT-1-mediated signalling pathways. Next, loss of cellular redox homeostasis is considered, including further aspects of the roles of hydrogen peroxide signalling, the pathological consequences of elevated NF-κB, compromised S-nitrosylation and the development of hypernitrosylation and increased transcription of atherogenic miRNAs. These molecular aspects are then applied to neuroprogressive disorders by considering the following potential generators of endothelial dysfunction and activation in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: NF-κB; platelet activation; atherogenic miRs; myeloperoxidase; xanthene oxidase and uric acid; and inflammation, oxidative stress, nitrosative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONS

Finally, on the basis of the above molecular mechanisms, details are given of potential treatment options for mitigating endothelial cell dysfunction and activation in neuroprogressive disorders.

The Beneficial Effects of Morusin, an Isoprene Flavonoid Isolated from the Root Bark of Morus

The root bark of Morus has long been appreciated as an antiphlogistic, diuretic and expectorant drug in Chinese herbal medicine, albeit with barely known targets and mechanisms of action. In the 1970s, the development of analytic chemistry allowed for the discovery of morusin as one of 7 different isoprene flavonoid derivatives in the root bark of Morus. However, the remarkable antioxidant capacity of morusin with the unexpected potential for health benefits over the other flavonoid derivatives has recently sparked scientific interest in the biochemical identification of target proteins and signaling pathways and further clinical relevance. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the functional roles of morusin in multiple biological processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, metabolism and autophagy. We also highlight recent in vivo and in vitro evidence on the clinical potential of morusin treatment for multiple human pathologies including inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, diabetes, cancer and the underlying mechanisms.

Nitric Oxide (NO) and NO Synthases (NOS)-Based Targeted Therapy for Colon Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide and CRC therapy remains unsatisfactory. In recent decades, nitric oxide (NO)-a free-radical gas-plus its endogenous producer NO synthases (NOS), have attracted considerable attention. NO exerts dual effects (pro- and anti-tumor) in cancers. Endogenous levels of NO promote colon neoplasms, whereas exogenously sustained doses lead to cytotoxic functions. Importantly, NO has been implicated as an essential mediator in many signaling pathways in CRC, such as the Wnt/β-catenin and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, which are closely associated with cancer initiation, metastasis, inflammation, and chemo-/radio-resistance. Therefore, NO/NOS have been proposed as promising targets in the regulation of CRC carcinogenesis. Clinically relevant NO-donating agents have been developed for CRC therapy to deliver a high level of NO to tumor sites. Notably, inducible NOS (iNOS) is ubiquitously over-expressed in inflammatory-associated colon cancer. The development of iNOS inhibitors contributes to targeted therapies for CRC with clinical benefits. In this review, we summarize the multifaceted mechanisms of NO-mediated networks in several hallmarks of CRC. We review the clinical manifestation and limitations of NO donors and NOS inhibitors in clinical trials. We also discuss the possible directions of NO/NOS therapies in the immediate future.

Soshiho-tang protects LPS-induced acute liver injury by attenuating inflammatory response

Soshiho-tang (SSHT) has traditionally been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. In this experiment, we investigated the protective effect of SSHT on inflammatory liver injury in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensitized mice. Male C57BL/6J mice aged 6 weeks were randomly placed in 6 groups (n = 5): normal mice (CTR), LPS-sensitized mice (LPS), LPS-sensitized mice treated with dexamethasone (DEX) and LPS-sensitized mice treated with 0.05, 0.55, and 5.55 g/kg of SSHT (SSHT 0.05, SSHT 0.55, and SSHT 5.55). Various doses of SSHT was given once a day for 7 days. After 2 h of LPS injection, the liver tissue was collected. SSHT pretreatment recovered hemorrhage of liver tissues in LPS-induced acute liver injury. The expressions of MAP Kinase, NF-κB, IκBα, p-IκBα, COX-2, and iNOS protein levels were markedly decreased by SSHT-treated liver tissues. Additionally, SSHT pretreatment significantly regulated the expressions of MCP-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 cytokines. These results suggest the potential of SSHT on the protection of acute liver injury.