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Laue HE, Lanphear BP, Calafat AM, Cecil KM, Chen A, Xu Y, Kalkwarf HJ, Madan JC, Karagas MR, Yolton K, Fleisch AF, Braun JM. Time-varying associations of gestational and childhood triclosan with pubertal and adrenarchal outcomes in early adolescence. Environ Epidemiol 2024; 8:e305. [PMID: 38617430 PMCID: PMC11008648 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Triclosan is an endocrine-disrupting chemical, but associations with pubertal outcomes remain unclear. We examined associations of gestational and childhood triclosan with adolescent hormone concentrations and pubertal stage. Methods We quantified urinary triclosan concentrations twice during pregnancy and seven times between birth and 12 years in participants recruited from Cincinnati, OH (2003-2006). We averaged concentrations across pregnancy and childhood and separately considered individual exposure periods in multiple informant models. At 12 years, we measured serum hormone concentrations (males [n = 72] and females [n = 84]-dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone; males-testosterone; females-estradiol). Also at age 12 years, participants self-reported physical development and menarchal timing. We estimated associations (95% confidence interval) of triclosan with hormone concentrations, more advanced physical development, and age at menarche. Results For females, each doubling of childhood triclosan was associated with 16% lower estradiol concentrations (-29%, 0%), with stronger associations for measures closer to adolescence. We found suggestive evidence that higher triclosan at any age was associated with ~10% (for gestational triclosan: -18%, -2%) lower follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations among males and early postnatal (1-3 years) triclosan was associated with 63% (5%, 96%) lower odds of advanced pubic hair development in females. In multiple informant models, each doubling of gestational triclosan concentrations was associated with 5% (0%, 9%) earlier age at menarche, equivalent to 5.5 months. Conclusion Gestational and childhood triclosan concentrations were related to some pubertal outcomes including hormone concentrations and age at menarche. Our findings highlight the relevance of elucidating potential sex-specific and time-dependent actions of triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Laue
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Bruce P. Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kim M. Cecil
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Heidi J. Kalkwarf
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Juliette C. Madan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Abby F. Fleisch
- Center for Interdisciplinary and Population Health Research, Maine Institute for Research, Portland, Maine
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine
| | - Joseph M. Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Jiang J, Chen B, Tang B, Li J, Zhang C, Tan D, Zhang T, Wei Q. Urinary phenols and parabens exposure in relation to urinary incontinence in the US population. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:515. [PMID: 38373965 PMCID: PMC10875867 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study aimed to investigate the impact of urinary concentrations of personal care products (PCPs)-related phenols (PNs) and parabens (PBs), including Triclosan (TCS), Bisphenol A (BPA), Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), Butylparaben (BPB), Ethylparaben (EPB), Methylparaben (MPB), and Propylparaben (PPB), on urinary incontinence (UI) occurrence. METHOD We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning the years 2007 to 2016. Regression analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between exposure to PCPs-related substances, various levels of exposure, and UI within both the general population and the female demographic. Additionally, the Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) model was used to assess the effects of mixtures on UI. RESULTS Our analysis comprised 7,690 participants who self-reported their diagnosis. Among them, 12.80% experienced stress urinary incontinence (SUI), 11.80% reported urge urinary incontinence (UUI), and 10.22% exhibited mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). In our fully adjusted multivariable models, BP-3 exposure exhibited a positive association with SUI (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.14, p = 0.045). BPA exposure correlated with an increased risk of UUI (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.01-1.44, p = 0.046) and MUI (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02-1.54, p = 0.029). TCS exposure displayed a negative correlation with the incidence of MUI (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.79-0.97, p = 0.009). No significant links were observed between parabens and urinary incontinence. Notably, among the female population, our investigation revealed that BPA exposure heightened the risk of MUI (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.01-1.63, p = 0.043). Participants in the highest tertile of BP-3 exposure demonstrated elevated likelihoods of SUI and MUI compared to those in the lowest tertile. In the BKMR analysis, negative trends were observed between the mixture and the risks of UUI and MUI when the mixture ranged from the 25th to the 40th and 35th to the 40th percentiles or above, respectively. Additionally, a positive trend was identified between the mixture and MUI when it was in the 40th to 55th percentile. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our findings suggest that exposure to BPA, TCS, and BP-3 may contribute to the development of urinary incontinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Jiang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinze Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chensong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Daqing Tan
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, (Ron) Hoogenboom L, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Hart A, Rose M, Schroeder H, Vrijheid M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8497. [PMID: 38269035 PMCID: PMC10807361 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food, focusing on 10 congeners: BDE-28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154, -183 and ‑209. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour and reproductive/developmental effects are the critical effects in rodent studies. For four congeners (BDE-47, -99, -153, -209) the Panel derived Reference Points, i.e. benchmark doses and corresponding lower 95% confidence limits (BMDLs), for endpoint-specific benchmark responses. Since repeated exposure to PBDEs results in accumulation of these chemicals in the body, the Panel estimated the body burden at the BMDL in rodents, and the chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans. For the remaining six congeners no studies were available to identify Reference Points. The Panel concluded that there is scientific basis for inclusion of all 10 congeners in a common assessment group and performed a combined risk assessment. The Panel concluded that the combined margin of exposure (MOET) approach was the most appropriate risk metric and applied a tiered approach to the risk characterisation. Over 84,000 analytical results for the 10 congeners in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary Lower Bound exposure to PBDEs were meat and meat products and fish and seafood. Taking into account the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded that it is likely that current dietary exposure to PBDEs in the European population raises a health concern.
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Khani L, Martin L, Pułaski Ł. Cellular and physiological mechanisms of halogenated and organophosphorus flame retardant toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165272. [PMID: 37406685 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are chemical substances used to inhibit the spread of fire in numerous industrial applications, and their abundance in modern manufactured products in the indoor and outdoor environment leads to extensive direct and food chain exposure of humans. Although once considered relatively non-toxic, FRs are demonstrated by recent literature to have disruptive effects on many biological processes, including signaling pathways, genome stability, reproduction, and immune system function. This review provides a summary of research investigating the impact of major groups of FRs, including halogenated and organophosphorus FRs, on animals and humans in vitro and/or in vivo. We put in focus those studies that explained or referenced the modes of FR action at the level of cells, tissues and organs. Since FRs are highly hydrophobic chemicals, their biophysical and biochemical modes of action usually involve lipophilic interactions, e.g. with biological membranes or elements of signaling pathways. We present selected toxicological information about these molecular actions to show how they can lead to damaging membrane integrity, damaging DNA and compromising its repair, changing gene expression, and cell cycle as well as accelerating cell death. Moreover, we indicate how this translates to deleterious bioactivity of FRs at the physiological level, with disruption of hormonal action, dysregulation of metabolism, adverse effects on male and female reproduction as well as alteration of normal pattern of immunity. Concentrating on these subjects, we make clear both the advances in knowledge in recent years and the remaining gaps in our understanding, especially at the mechanistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khani
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland; Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Leonardo Martin
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Łukasz Pułaski
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodz, Poland.
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Dong Y, Chen L, Gao D, Li Y, Chen M, Ma T, Ma Y, Liu J, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Wang X, Song Y, Zou Z, Ma J. Endogenous sex hormones homeostasis disruption combined with exogenous phthalates exposure increase the risks of childhood high blood pressure: A cohort study in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 168:107462. [PMID: 35998410 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The structural similarity between sex hormones and exogenous phthalates (PAEs) enabled them as disrupters in regulating childhood blood pressure (BP). We aim to explore the association of sex hormones homeostasis and PAEs metabolites with childhood high BP (HBP). METHODS A cohort study was conducted with 1416 children aged 7-13 years at baseline and with 824, 819, and 801 children completing three waves' follow up. Serum testosterone (TT) and estradiol (E2) in children during three consecutive waves of surveys were measured by radioimmunoassay, and then TT/E2 ratio calculated as TT divided by E2 were used to represent sex hormones homeostasis. Seven urinary PAEs metabolites were measured in children of first wave. The BP Z-Scores and HBP across waves were obtained by sex, age, and height specific percentiles. Log-binomial regression models with adjusted risk ratios (aRR) after adjusting for confounders were utilized. RESULTS The prevalence of HBP at the baseline survey was 25.5%, and increased from 26.3% in the first wave of survey to 35.0% in the third wave of survey. PAEs were negatively correlated with E2, while positively correlated with TT and TT/E2 ratio. A positive association of the serum TT levels, TT/E2 ratio, and total PAEs was found with HBP prevalence (in wave 1, 2 and 3 with TT (aRR): 1.63, 1.37 and 1.45; with TT/E2: 1.63, 1.42 and 1.20; with PAEs: 1.40, 1.32 and 1.32), persistent HBP (with TT (aRR): 2.19; TT/E2: 2.16; PAEs: 2.57), occasional HBP (with TT (aRR): 1.94; TT/E2: 1.72; PAEs: 1.38), and new HBP incidence (with TT (aRR): 1.44; TT/E2: 1.57; PAEs: 1.67), but E2 had a negative association with HBP phenotypes (HBP prevalence in wave 1, 2 and 3 (aRR): 0.77, 0.93, and 1.10; persistent HBP: 0.47; occasional HBP: 0.96; new HBP incidence: 0.81). The E2 and PAEs had antagonistic effects on HBP risks in children, particularly in girls and those with high BMI group, but the TT levels, TT/E2 ratio and PAEs had synergistic effects on HBP risks in children, particularly in boys and those with high BMI group. CONCLUSION Exogenous PAEs exposure and endogenous sex hormones homeostasis disruption independently increase the risks of HBP. Moreover, the exogenous PAEs exposure could disrupt the endogenous sex hormones homeostasis in children, thereby combinedly increased risks of childhood HBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Di Gao
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Manman Chen
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qi Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, No.1160, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, 750004, China
| | - Yi Song
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhiyong Zou
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
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Phillips J, Haimbaugh AS, Akemann C, Shields JN, Wu CC, Meyer DN, Baker BB, Siddiqua Z, Pitts DK, Baker TR. Developmental Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Effects of Exposure to Nanomolar Levels of 4-Nonylphenol, Triclosan, and Triclocarban in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020053. [PMID: 35202241 PMCID: PMC8877790 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, triclocarban and 4-nonylphenol are all chemicals of emerging concern found in a wide variety of consumer products that have exhibited a wide range of endocrine-disrupting effects and are present in increasing amounts in groundwater worldwide. Results of the present study indicate that exposure to these chemicals at critical developmental periods, whether long-term or short-term in duration, leads to significant mortality, morphologic, behavioral and transcriptomic effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio). These effects range from total mortality with either long- or short-term exposure at 100 and 1000 nM of triclosan, to abnormalities in uninflated swim bladder seen with long-term exposure to triclocarban and short-term exposure to 4-nonylphenol, and cardiac edema seen with short-term 4-nonylphenol exposure. Additionally, a significant number of genes involved in neurological and cardiovascular development were differentially expressed after the exposures, as well as lipid metabolism genes and metabolic pathways after exposure to each chemical. Such changes in behavior, gene expression, and pathway abnormalities caused by these three known endocrine disruptors have the potential to impact not only the local ecosystem, but human health as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Phillips
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 28201, USA
| | - Alex S. Haimbaugh
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 28201, USA
| | - Camille Akemann
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 28201, USA
| | - Jeremiah N. Shields
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
| | - Chia-Chen Wu
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Danielle N. Meyer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 28201, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bridget B. Baker
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Zoha Siddiqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Z.S.); (D.K.P.)
| | - David K. Pitts
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Z.S.); (D.K.P.)
| | - Tracie R. Baker
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 28201, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
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Measurement of Urinary Triclocarban and 2,4-Dichlorophenol Concentration and Their Relationship with Obesity and Predictors of Cardiovascular Diseases among Children and Adolescents in Kerman, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:2939022. [PMID: 35096073 PMCID: PMC8794682 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2939022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) at an early age can lead to chronic diseases. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and Triclocarban (TCC) are among EDCs that disrupt the endocrine system and alter the body's metabolism. In the present study, the hypothesis that exposure to 2,4-DCP and TCC affects obesity and predictors of cardiovascular diseases was investigated. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL (tests were performed on 79 children and adolescents. Also, blood pressure, Body Mass Index (BMI), and BMI z-score were measured to examine the hypothesis. Urinary concentrations of TCC and 2,4-DCP were measured by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Mean concentrations of TCC and 2,4-DCP (µg/L) were higher in obese individuals (5.50 ± 2.35, 0.29 ± 0.13, respectively). After adjusting for possible confounding factors, the results showed an increase in TCC concentration among girls and a decrease in 2,4-DCP among boys with increasing age. The 2,4-DCP concentration among girls increased by 0.007 and 0.01 units with a one-unit increase in Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and FBS, respectively. There was a significant relationship between TCC and TG (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.02,
-value = 0.007), LDL (OR = 1.05,
-value = 0.003), and HDL (OR = 0.88,
-value = 0.002). There was also a significant relationship between 2,4-DCP and TG (OR = 1.02,
-value = 0.002), LDL (OR = 1.12,
-value = 0.007), and HDL (OR = 0.92,
-value = 0.02). Exposure to TCC and 2,4-DCP can increase some heart risk factors and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. However, to confirm the results of the present study, it is necessary to conduct further studies, such as cohort and case-control studies, with a larger sample size to examine the causal relationships.
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Mandour DA, Aidaros AAM, Mohamed S. Potential long-term developmental toxicity of in utero and lactational exposure to Triclocarban (TCC) in hampering ovarian folliculogenesis in rat offspring. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151772. [PMID: 34428603 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), an antimicrobial compound commonly added to a wide range of household and personal hygiene care products, is one of the most prevalent endocrine-disrupting substances (EDS). This study was conducted to elucidate whether in utero and lactational exposure to TCC could adversely affect folliculogenesis and the onset of puberty in female rat offspring. Twenty pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into Control and TCC dam groups (supplemented daily with drinking water enriched with 0.5 mg/L of TCC) from gestational day5 to postnatal day21 (PND21). Female offspring, 20 from control and 20 from TCC dams, were subdivided into 4 subgroups (PND21, PND28, PND35 & PND42). The day of vaginal opening and first estrous cycle were determined. Ovarian sections of the offspring were processed for H&E staining and for immunohistochemical expression of Ki67, Caspase-3 and androgen receptors (AR) on the granulosa cells of ovarian follicles. Follicular count and atretic index were assessed besides, serum estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH, C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured. TCC offspring exhibited a significant delay in the onset of puberty and impedance of normal transition of the primordial follicles to more developed ones with altered cyctoarchitecture. Also, TCC decreased follicular count, proliferation and gonado-somatic index while it increased atretic index, apoptosis and AR of the granulosa cells along with disturbance of the feminine hormonal profile and oxidant/antioxidant balance. This study highlighted the potential long-term consequences of in utero and lactational exposure to TCC on the postnatal development of the ovary in rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Mandour
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Abd Al-Mawla Aidaros
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Soad Mohamed
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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Xie M, Zhang H, Wang W, Sherman HL, Minter LM, Cai Z, Zhang G. Triclocarban Exposure Exaggerates Spontaneous Colonic Inflammation in Il-10-/- Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 174:92-99. [PMID: 31868902 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide, TCC) is a high-volume chemical used as an antimicrobial ingredient in many consumer and personal care products. In 2016, the Food and Drug Administration removed TCC from over-the-counter hand washing products. However, TCC remains approved to use in many other products and is a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment; furthermore, many common food crops can efficiently accumulate environmental TCC, resulting in potential human exposure through oral ingestion of contaminated food products. Therefore, human exposure to TCC could be a long-lasting and serious problem. A better understanding of its impact on human health could lead to important impact for public health and regulatory policy. Using a spontaneous colonic inflammation model in Il-10-/- mice, here we demonstrate that exposure to TCC, at doses relevant to human exposure, exaggerates spontaneous colonic inflammation in Il-10-/- mice, with reduced colon length, increase fecal concentration of lipocalin 2, enhanced gene expression of Il-6 and Ifn-γ in the colon, and exaggerated crypt damage in the colon. Collectively, these results support that TCC could be a potential environmental risk factor of colitis and associated gut diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.,Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts
| | - Hongna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Weicang Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, Massachusetts
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11
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Rose M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06421. [PMID: 33732387 PMCID: PMC7938899 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. HBCDDs, predominantly mixtures of the stereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCDD, were widely used additive flame retardants. Concern has been raised because of the occurrence of HBCDDs in the environment, food and in humans. Main targets for toxicity are neurodevelopment, the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the reproductive and immune systems. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour in mice can be considered the critical effects. Based on effects on spontaneous behaviour in mice, the Panel identified a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.9 mg/kg body weight (bw) as the Reference Point, corresponding to a body burden of 0.75 mg/kg bw. The chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans was calculated to be 2.35 μg/kg bw per day. The derivation of a health-based guidance value (HBGV) was not considered appropriate. Instead, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to assess possible health concerns. Over 6,000 analytical results for HBCDDs in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to HBCDDs were fish meat, eggs, livestock meat and poultry. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the resulting MOE values support the conclusion that current dietary exposure to HBCDDs across European countries does not raise a health concern. An exception is breastfed infants with high milk consumption, for which the lowest MOE values may raise a health concern.
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12
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Yang H, Sanidad KZ, Wang W, Xie M, Gu M, Cao X, Xiao H, Zhang G. Triclocarban exposure exaggerates colitis and colon tumorigenesis: roles of gut microbiota involved. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1690364. [PMID: 31760871 PMCID: PMC7524142 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1690364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is a widely used antimicrobial ingredient in consumer products and is a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment. In 2016, the FDA removed TCC from over-the-counter handwashing products, but this compound is still approved for use in many other personal care products. A better understanding of its impact on human health could lead to significant impact for public health and regulatory policies. Here we show that exposure to low-dose TCC exaggerated the severity of colitis and exacerbated the development of colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis, via gut microbiota-dependent mechanisms. Exposure to TCC increased dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)- and interleukin 10 (IL-10) knockout-induced colitis, and exaggerated azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice. Regarding the mechanisms, TCC exposure reduced the diversity and altered the composition of gut microbiota and failed to promote DSS-induced colitis in mice lacking the microbiota, supporting that the presence of the microbiota is critical for the pro-colitis effects of TCC. Together, these results support TCC could be a novel risk factor for colitis and colitis-associated colon cancer, and further regulatory policies on this compound could be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Yang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Katherine Z. Sanidad
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Weicang Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Minhao Xie
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Hang Xiao Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA,CONTACT Guodong Zhang
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13
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Zhou H, Yin N, Faiola F. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA): A controversial environmental pollutant. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:54-66. [PMID: 32933740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants and is extensively used in electronic equipment, furniture, plastics, and textiles. It is frequently detected in water, soil, air, and organisms, including humans, and has raised concerns in the scientific community regarding its potential adverse health effects. Human exposure to TBBPA is mainly via diet, respiration, and skin contact. Various in vivo and in vitro studies based on animal and cell models have demonstrated that TBBPA can induce multifaceted effects in cells and animals, and potentially exert hepatic, renal, neural, cardiac, and reproductive toxicities. Nevertheless, other reports have claimed that TBBPA might be a safe chemical. In this review, we re-evaluated most of the published TBBPA toxicological assessments with the goal of reaching a conclusion about its potential toxicity. We concluded that, although low TBBPA exposure levels and rapid metabolism in humans may signify that TBBPA is a safe chemical for the general population, particular attention should be paid to the potential effects of TBBPA on early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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14
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Kenda M, Karas Kuželički N, Iida M, Kojima H, Sollner Dolenc M. Triclocarban, Triclosan, Bromochlorophene, Chlorophene, and Climbazole Effects on Nuclear Receptors: An in Silico and in Vitro Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:107005. [PMID: 33064576 PMCID: PMC7567334 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can interfere with hormonal homeostasis and have adverse effects for both humans and the environment. Their identification is increasingly difficult due to lack of adequate toxicological tests. This difficulty is particularly problematic for cosmetic ingredients, because in vivo testing is now banned completely in the European Union. OBJECTIVES The aim was to identify candidate preservatives as endocrine disruptors by in silico methods and to confirm endocrine receptors' activities through nuclear receptors in vitro. METHODS We screened preservatives listed in Annex V in the European Union Regulation on cosmetic products to predict their binding to nuclear receptors using the Endocrine Disruptome and VirtualToxLab™ version 5.8 in silico tools. Five candidate preservatives were further evaluated for androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER α ), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and thyroid receptor (TR) agonist and antagonist activities in cell-based luciferase reporter assays in vitro in AR-EcoScreen, hER α -HeLa- 9903 , MDA-kb2, and GH3.TRE-Luc cell lines. Additionally, assays to test for false positives were used (nonspecific luciferase gene induction and luciferase inhibition). RESULTS Triclocarban had agonist activity on AR and ER α at 1 μ M and antagonist activity on GR at 5 μ M and TR at 1 μ M . Triclosan showed antagonist effects on AR, ER α , GR at 10 μ M and TR at 5 μ M , and bromochlorophene at 1 μ M (AR and TR) and at 10 μ M (ER α and GR). AR antagonist activity of chlorophene was observed [inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) IC 50 = 2.4 μ M ], as for its substantial ER α agonist at > 5 μ M and TR antagonist activity at 10 μ M . Climbazole showed AR antagonist (IC 50 = 13.6 μ M ), ER α agonist at > 10 μ M , and TR antagonist activity at 10 μ M . DISCUSSION These data support the concerns of regulatory authorities about the endocrine-disrupting potential of preservatives. These data also define the need to further determine their effects on the endocrine system and the need to reassess the risks they pose to human health and the environment. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6596.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Kenda
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
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15
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Comparative Target Analysis of Chlorinated Biphenyl Antimicrobials Highlights MenG as a Molecular Target of Triclocarban. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00933-20. [PMID: 32503913 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00933-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), a formerly used disinfectant, kills bacteria via an unknown mechanism of action. A structural hallmark is its N,N'-diaryl urea motif, which is also present in other antibiotics, including the recently reported small molecule PK150. We show here that, like PK150, TCC exhibits an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus menaquinone metabolism via inhibition of the biosynthesis protein demethylmenaquinone methyltransferase (MenG). However, the activity spectrum (MIC90) of TCC across a broad range of multidrug-resistant staphylococcus and enterococcus strains was much narrower than that of PK150. Accordingly, TCC did not cause an overactivation of signal peptidase SpsB, a hallmark of the PK150 mode of action. Furthermore, we were able to rule out inhibition of FabI, a confirmed target of the diaryl ether antibiotic triclosan (TCS). Differences in the target profiles of TCC and TCS were further investigated by proteomic analysis, showing complex but rather distinct changes in the protein expression profile of S. aureus Downregulation of the arginine deiminase pathway provided additional evidence for an effect on bacterial energy metabolism by TCC.IMPORTANCE TCC's widespread use as an antimicrobial agent has made it a ubiquitous environmental pollutant despite its withdrawal due to ecological and toxicological concerns. With its antibacterial mechanism of action still being unknown, we undertook a comparative target analysis between TCC, PK150 (a recently discovered antibacterial compound with structural resemblance to TCC), and TCS (another widely employed chlorinated biphenyl antimicrobial) in the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus We show that there are distinct differences in each compound's mode of action, but also identify a shared target between TCC and PK150, the interference with menaquinone metabolism by inhibition of MenG. The prevailing differences, however, which also manifest in a remarkably better broad-spectrum activity of PK150, suggest that even high levels of TCC or TCS resistance observed by continuous environmental exposure may not affect the potential of PK150 or related N,N'-diaryl urea compounds as new antibiotic drug candidates against multidrug-resistant infections.
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16
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Zhou Y, Ma T, Yan M, Meng X, Wu J, Ding J, Han X, Li D. Exposure of DBP in gestation induces inflammation of testicular Sertoli cells in progeny by activating NLRP3 inflammasomes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136139. [PMID: 31863983 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), as one of the environmental chemicals, can cause male reproductive decline including testicular hypoplasia and impairments of spermatogenesis. Testicular inflammation is positively related to decline in male reproductive function. However, whether exposure to DBP in utero can cause testicular inflammation in progeny has not been studied. In this study, we established an animal model and observed that DBP exposure during gestation induced testicular inflammation in progeny with the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and CXC chemokine ligand-10 (CXCL-10), representing the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). However, NF-κB was activated within 1 h in Sertoli cells (SCs) when exposed to MBP (a metabolite of DBP) in vitro. Meanwhile, we detected increased expression of inflammatory NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), resulting from Pellino2-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome priming. Further, we confirmed that the activation of the NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β canonical inflammasome pathway induced secretion of inflammatory factors of SCs and immune response, and INF39 (an inhibitor of NLRP3) could inhibit the inflammation in vitro. Collectively, these findings indicated that NLRP3 inflammasomes played key roles in DBP-induced inflammation in testicular SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Tan Ma
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Minghao Yan
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
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17
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Kajta M, Rzemieniec J, Wnuk A, Lasoń W. Triclocarban impairs autophagy in neuronal cells and disrupts estrogen receptor signaling via hypermethylation of specific genes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134818. [PMID: 31706213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although an increasing body of evidence suggests that triclocarban, a phenyl ether classified as a contaminant of emerging concern, presents a risk to development, there is limited data available on the potential interplay of triclocarban with the developing mammalian nervous system. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of environmentally pervasive chemical triclocarban on autophagy and estrogen receptor-mediated signaling pathways in mouse neurons. The study showed that triclocarban impaired autophagy and disrupted estrogen receptor signaling in mouse embryonic neurons in primary culture. Triclocarban used at environmentally relevant concentrations inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of ESR1 and GPER1 but not ESR2. The triclocarban-induced decrease in the expression of estrogen receptors was supported by the colocalization of the receptors in mouse neurons and corresponded to hypermethylation of the Esr1 and Gper1 genes. Selective antagonists increased the effects of triclocarban, which suggests that the neurotoxic effects of triclocarban, in addition to decreasing estrogen receptor expression, are mediated via inhibition of the neuroprotective capacity of the receptors. Furthermore, Becn1 and Atg7 siRNAs potentiated the caspase-3-dependent effect of triclocarban, which points to triclocarban-induced impairment of autophagy. Indeed, triclocarban dysregulated the expression of autophagy-related genes, and caused a time-dependent inhibition of the mRNA expression of Becn1, Map1lc3a, Map1lc3b, Nup62, and Atg7, which was correlated with a decrease in the protein levels of MAP1LC3B, BECN1 and autophagosomes, but not NUP62 protein level which was increased. Intriguingly, the Esr1 and Gper1 siRNAs did not affect the level of autophagosomes, suggesting that the triclocarban-induced impairment of autophagy is independent of the triclocarban-induced disruption of estrogen receptor signaling in mammalian neurons. Because our data provided evidence that triclocarban has the capacity to impair autophagy and disrupt estrogen receptor signaling in brain neurons at an early developmental stage, we postulate to categorize the compound as a neurodevelopmental risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kajta
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
| | - J Rzemieniec
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Wnuk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - W Lasoń
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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18
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Costa NO, Borges LI, Cavalcanti LF, Montagnini BG, Anselmo Franci JA, Kiss ACI, Gerardin DCC. In utero and lactational exposure to triclocarban: reproductive effects on female rat offspring. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:504-514. [PMID: 31869449 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is an antimicrobial compound widely used in personal care products such as soaps, toothpaste, and shampoo. This agent is incompletely removed by wastewater treatment and represents an environmental contaminant. Recent studies have shown that TCC is associated with some endocrine disruptions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if TCC exposure during critical periods of development (gestation and lactation) could lead to adverse effects on reproductive and behavior parameters of female offspring. Pregnant female Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8-11/group): Control; TCC 0.3 mg/kg (TCC 0.3); TCC 1.5 mg/kg; TCC 3.0 mg/kg (TCC 3.0); and treated daily by oral gavage from gestational day 0 to lactational day 21. The female pups (F1 generation) were weaned on post-natal day 21 and included in the study. No litter-mates were used for the same group. There was a decrease in estradiol levels in the TCC 0.3 and TCC 3.0 groups. Moreover, there was a decrease in progesterone levels and an increase in pre-implantation loss in the TCC 3.0 group in adulthood. It is suggested, in this study, that the decrease in progesterone biosynthesis could interfere with implantation process. The exposure window to TCC is an important factor, as we found alterations only in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Ireno Borges
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Garcia Montagnini
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Carolina Inhasz Kiss
- Department of Physiology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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McComb J, Mills IG, Muller M, Berntsen HF, Zimmer KE, Ropstad E, Verhaegen S, Connolly L. Human blood-based exposure levels of persistent organic pollutant (POP) mixtures antagonise androgen receptor transactivation and translocation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105083. [PMID: 31470217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been linked to genitourinary health-related conditions such as decreased sperm quality, hypospadias, and prostate cancer (PCa). Conventional risk assessment of POPs focuses on individual compounds. However, in real life, individuals are exposed to many compounds simultaneously. This might lead to combinatorial effects whereby the global effect of the mixture is different from the effect of the single elements or subgroups. POP mixtures may act as endocrine disruptors via the androgen receptor (AR) and potentially contribute to PCa development. AIM To determine the endocrine disrupting activity of a POP mixture and sub-mixtures based upon exposure levels detected in a human Scandinavian population, on AR transactivation and translocation in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Total POP mixture combined 29 chemicals modelled on the exposure profile of a Scandinavian population and 6 sub-mixtures: brominated (Br), chlorinated (Cl), Cl + Br, perfluorinated (PFAA), PFAA + Br, PFAA + Cl, ranging from 1/10× to 500× relative to what is found in human blood. Transactivation was measured by reporter gene assay (RGA) and translocation activity was measured by high content analysis (HCA), each using stably transfected AR model cell lines. RESULTS No agonist activity in terms of transactivation and translocation was detected for any POP mixtures. In the presence of testosterone the Cl + Br mixture at 100× and 500× blood level antagonised AR transactivation, whereas the PFAA mixture at blood level increased AR transactivation (P < 0.05). In the presence of testosterone the Cl and PFAA + Br mixtures at 1/10×, 1×, and 50× blood level antagonised AR translocation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Taken together, some combinations of POP mixtures can interfere with AR translocation. However, in the transactivation assay, these combinations did not affect gene transactivation. Other POP combinations were identified here as modulators of AR-induced gene transactivation without affecting AR translocation. Thus, to fully evaluate the effect of environmental toxins on AR signalling, both types of assays need to be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McComb
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - I G Mills
- Prostate Cancer UK/Movember Centre of Excellence, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - M Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA-Research, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - H F Berntsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post-box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway; Department of Administration, Lab Animal Unit, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 5330, Oslo, Norway
| | - K E Zimmer
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post-box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - E Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post-box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - S Verhaegen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post-box 369 sentrum, 0102 Oslo, Norway
| | - L Connolly
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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20
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Baken KA, Lambrechts N, Remy S, Mustieles V, Rodríguez-Carrillo A, Neophytou CM, Olea N, Schoeters G. A strategy to validate a selection of human effect biomarkers using adverse outcome pathways: Proof of concept for phthalates and reproductive effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:235-256. [PMID: 31146096 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring measures the concentrations of environmental chemicals or their metabolites in body fluids or tissues. Complementing exposure biomarkers with mechanistically based effect biomarkers may further elucidate causal pathways between chemical exposure and adverse health outcomes. We combined information on effect biomarkers previously implemented in human observational studies with mechanisms of action reported in experimental studies and with information from published Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs), focusing on adverse reproductive effects of phthalate exposure. Phthalates constitute a group of chemicals that are ubiquitous in consumer products and have been related to a wide range of adverse health effects. As a result of a comprehensive literature search, we present an overview of effect biomarkers for reproductive toxicity that are substantiated by mechanistic information. The activation of several receptors, such as PPARα, PPARγ, and GR, may initiate events leading to impaired male and female fertility as well as other adverse effects of phthalate exposure. Therefore, these receptors appear as promising targets for the development of novel effect biomarkers. The proposed strategy connects the fields of epidemiology and toxicology and may strengthen the weight of evidence in observational studies that link chemical exposures to health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Baken
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Lambrechts
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, Granada, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Christiana M Neophytou
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicolas Olea
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, Granada, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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21
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Kim J, Kim K. Association of antimicrobial household exposure with development of allergic rhinitis in Korea. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2019; 30:569-571. [PMID: 30861215 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - KyooSang Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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Zheng X, Yan Z, Liu P, Fan J, Wang S, Wang P, Zhang T. Research Progress on Toxic Effects and Water Quality Criteria of Triclosan. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:731-740. [PMID: 30949737 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is widely used in personal care products. It has been detected in different environmental media, and poses high potential ecological risk. In this article, we carried out a literature review of recent studies on the toxic effects of TCS from different aspects at the molecular, cell, tissue, organ, and individual level. TCS can exhibit acute toxicity to aquatic organisms, affect the normal expression and physiological function of enzymes and genes, and produce cytotoxicity. Many studies have demonstrated that TCS exerts significant endocrine-disrupting effects on organisms, interfering the normal physiological functions of the reproductive, thyroid, and nervous systems via related signaling pathways. Moreover, we reported current research on the water quality criteria of TCS and discuss possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peiyuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
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23
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Triclosan: An Update on Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1607304. [PMID: 31191794 PMCID: PMC6525925 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1607304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic, chlorinated phenolic antimicrobial agent commonly used in commercial and healthcare products. Items made with TCS include soaps, deodorants, shampoos, cosmetics, textiles, plastics, surgical sutures, and prosthetics. A wealth of information obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies has demonstrated the therapeutic effects of TCS, particularly against inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, extensive investigations on the molecular aspects of TCS action have identified numerous adversaries associated with the disinfectant including oxidative injury and influence of physiological lifespan and longevity. This review presents a summary of the biochemical alterations pertaining to TCS exposure, with special emphasis on the diverse molecular pathways responsive to TCS that have been elucidated during the present decade.
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Taweetanawanit P, Ratpukdi T, Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi S. Performance and kinetics of triclocarban removal by entrapped Pseudomonas fluorescens strain MC46. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 274:113-119. [PMID: 30502601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated removal of triclocarban (TCC) from contaminated wastewater by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain MC46 entrapped in barium alginate. Appropriate entrapped cell preparation conditions (cell-to-entrapment material ratio and cell loading) for removing TCC were examined. The highest TCC removal by the entrapped and free cell systems at the initial TCC concentration of 10 mg/L was 72 and 45%, respectively. TCC was degraded to less toxic compounds. Self-substrate inhibition was found at TCC concentration of 30 mg/L. The kinetics of TCC removal by entrapped and free cells fitted well with Edwards model. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations revealed that entrapment matrices reduced TCC-microbe contact, which lessened TCC inhibition. A live/dead cell assay also confirmed reduced microbial cell damage in the entrapped cell system compared to the free cell system. This study reveals the potential of entrapment technology to improve antibiotic removal from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongsatorn Taweetanawanit
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Thunyalux Ratpukdi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sumana Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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25
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Guan J, Yan X, Zhao Y, Lu J, Sun Y, Peng X. Investigation of the molecular interactions of triclocarban with human serum albumin using multispectroscopies and molecular modeling. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3550-3565. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1520149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajing Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinhe Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Metrological Supervision and Testing, Nankai District, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Ye J, Zhu W, Liu H, Mao Y, Jin F, Zhang J. Environmental exposure to triclosan and polycystic ovary syndrome: a cross-sectional study in China. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019707. [PMID: 30337305 PMCID: PMC6196802 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy of women at reproductive age. Although the aetiology of PCOS remains unclear, potential effects of environmental endocrine-disrupting compounds on the development of PCOS have drawn increasing attention. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between triclosan (TCS) and PCOS, and explore possible mechanisms on how TCS may contribute to the development of clinical manifestations of PCOS. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING This study was conducted in one tertiary-level hospital located in Zhejiang, China. PARTICIPANTS A total of 674 infertile women at 18-45 years of age were recruited in 2014-2015. Participants with (n=84) and without (n=212) PCOS with urinary TCS concentration available were included in the analyses. METHODS Urinary TCS concentration was measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between TCS and PCOS. Fractional polynomial regression models were built to fit the potential non-linear relationship between TCS concentrations and luteinising hormone (LH) and LH/follicle stimulate hormone (FSH). RESULTS The PCOS group had significantly higher level of TCS concentration than the non-PCOS group (the median of TCS (IQR), μg/g creatinine: 1.49 (0.68-3.80) vs 1.06 (0.52-3.02), p=0.0407). Compared with the lowest tertile, the highest tertile of TCS concentration was associated with an increased odd of PCOS (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.99). After adjusting for potential confounders, the significant association remained (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.05 to 3.79). Positive relationships were found between TCS levels and LH and LH/FSH ratio in non-PCOS participants. CONCLUSIONS TCS exposure at a relatively low level is associated with PCOS in Chinese women. Further epidemiological studies are needed to confirm our finding, which may have important public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Ye
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics of Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Liu
- Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Jin
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics of Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical School, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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27
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Martínez-Paz P. Response of detoxification system genes on Chironomus riparius aquatic larvae after antibacterial agent triclosan exposures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1-8. [PMID: 29245033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial agent used in a range of personal care and consumer products and is commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the effects of TCS at the molecular level on the detoxification system of Chironomus riparius aquatic larvae, a test organism widely used for the assessment of aquatic toxicology, were evaluated. The obtained results show that this xenobiotic was able to induce significant changes in transcripts from different cytochrome P450s and glutathione s-transferases genes, involved in phase I and phase II of detoxification system, respectively. In contrast, TCS did not affect the glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity nor the expression pattern of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1, which belongs to phase III of detoxification system. These results provide information about the effects of TCS on the detoxification mechanism of C. riparius and offers different biomarker genes that could be useful in ecotoxicological studies, risk assessment and bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martínez-Paz
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Farmer WT, Louis GW, Buckalew AR, Hallinger DR, Stoker TE. Evaluation of triclosan in the Hershberger and H295R steroidogenesis assays. Toxicol Lett 2018; 291:194-199. [PMID: 29501854 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial widely used in personal care products that exhibits endocrine disrupting activity in several species, with reports of altered thyroid, estrogen and androgen signaling pathways. To evaluate the androgenic mode of action, TCS was evaluated for androgen receptor mediated effects in the Hershberger assay and for altered androgen synthesis in the H295R steroidogenesis assay. In the Hershberger assay, castrated males were dosed by oral gavage for 10 days with corn oil (vehicle) or TCS (50 or 200 mg/kg/day) in the presence or absence of testosterone proprionate (TP, 0.2 mg/kg/day) prior to assessing accessory sex tissues (ASTs) weights. TCS alone or in combination with TP did not alter androgen dependent AST weights. Assessment of serum thyroxine (T4) demonstrated a significant dose-dependent decrease by TCS (50 or 200 mg/kg/day) co-administered with TP and TCS (200 mg/kg) without TP, but no differences in liver or thyroid weights. In the H295R assay, TCS from 0.01 to 10 μM had no effect on testosterone production but TCS at 3 μM and above did induce a significant increase in estrogen production. At 10 μM, TCS produced significant cytotoxicity which confounded the interpretation of the estrogenic effect at that concentration. Thus, TCS had no effect on androgen synthesis or activity in the models used, but did enhance estrogen production and suppress serum T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Farmer
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - G W Louis
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - A R Buckalew
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - D R Hallinger
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - T E Stoker
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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29
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Impact of Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate Metabolites on Male Reproductive Function: a Systematic Review of Human Evidence. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 5:20-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s40572-018-0174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Sipahutar MK, Piapukiew J, Vangnai AS. Efficiency of the formulated plant-growth promoting Pseudomonas fluorescens MC46 inoculant on triclocarban treatment in soil and its effect on Vigna radiata growth and soil enzyme activities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:883-892. [PMID: 29190586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
For bioaugmentation-based treatment of triclocarban (TCC), an emerging soil pollutant that is recalcitrant to biodegradation and phytotransformation, efficient TCC-degrading bacteria with an effective soil-delivering means are required. This work developed the formulated bacterial inoculant, and successfully demonstrated its TCC removal and detoxification performance in pot soil experiment with Vigna radiata plants. The soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens MC46 was isolated as TCC-degrading, plant-growth promoting bacterium. The characterizations were conducted in vitro revealing that it could utilize TCC as a sole carbon source, and at a wide and higher concentration range from 1.6-31.6mgkg-1 than those previously reported, while the detoxification was assessed by cytogenotoxicity and phytotoxicity tests. The developed sawdust-based inoculant formula combined with molasses (5% w/w), and either PEG or CMC-starch blend (1% w/w) could maintain a 20-week shelf-life inoculant stability in terms of cell viability, and TCC-degrading activity. Bioaugmentation of the formulated inoculants into TCC-contaminated soil efficiently removed TCC up to 74-76% of the initial concentration, mitigated toxicity, restored plant growth and health, and enhanced soil enzyme activities. This work is the first to demonstrate potential application of the formulated plant-growth promoting bacterial inoculant for the treatment and detoxification of a persistent TCC contaminated in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry Krisdawati Sipahutar
- Biological Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology Research unit, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jittra Piapukiew
- Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology Research unit, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Alisa S Vangnai
- Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology Research unit, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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31
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de Almeida Monteiro Melo Ferraz M, Henning HHW, Ferreira da Costa P, Malda J, Le Gac S, Bray F, van Duursen MBM, Brouwers JF, van de Lest CHA, Bertijn I, Kraneburg L, Vos PLAM, Stout TAE, Gadella BM. Potential Health and Environmental Risks of Three-Dimensional Engineered Polymers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2018; 5:80-85. [PMID: 29911125 PMCID: PMC5997463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polymer engineering, such as in three-dimensional (3D) printing, is rapidly gaining popularity, not only in the scientific and medical fields but also in the community in general. However, little is known about the toxicity of engineered materials. Therefore, we assessed the toxicity of 3D-printed and molded parts from five different polymers commonly used for prototyping, fabrication of organ-on-a-chip platforms, and medical devices. Toxic effects of PIC100, E-Shell200, E-Shell300, polydimethylsiloxane, and polystyrene (PS) on early bovine embryo development, on the transactivation of estrogen receptors were assessed, and possible polymer-leached components were identified by mass spectrometry. Embryo development beyond the two-cell stage was inhibited by PIC100, E-Shell200, and E-Shell300 and correlated to the released amount of diethyl phthalate and polyethylene glycol. Furthermore, all polymers (except PS) induced estrogen receptor transactivation. The released materials from PIC100 inhibited embryo cleavage across a confluent monolayer culture of oviduct epithelial cells and also inhibited oocyte maturation. These findings highlight the need for cautious use of engineered polymers for household 3D printing and bioengineering of culture and medical devices and the need for the safe disposal of used devices and associated waste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heiko H. W. Henning
- Department
of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Ferreira da Costa
- Department
of Orthopedics, Utrecht Medical Center, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
- Utrecht
Biofabrication Facility, Utrecht Medical
Center, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department
of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
- Department
of Orthopedics, Utrecht Medical Center, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
- Utrecht
Biofabrication Facility, Utrecht Medical
Center, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied
Microfluidics for Bioengineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7522 NB, The
Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Bray
- Miniaturization
for Synthesis, Analysis and Proteomics, USR CNRS 3290, University of Lille, Lille 59650, France
| | - Majorie B. M. van Duursen
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology and Pharmacology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht
University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - Jos F. Brouwers
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - Chris H. A. van de Lest
- Department
of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg Bertijn
- Department
of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Kraneburg
- Department
of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L. A. M. Vos
- Department
of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A. E. Stout
- Department
of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
- Department
of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
| | - Barend M. Gadella
- Department
of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
- Department
of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CM, The Netherlands
- E-mail: . Phone: +31302535386
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32
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Chen J, Meng T, Li Y, Gao K, Qin Z. Effects of triclosan on gonadal differentiation and development in the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 64:157-165. [PMID: 29478635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that triclosan (TCS) could possess an androgenic activity. We aimed to investigate the effects of TCS on gonadal differentiation and development in the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus, a sensitive amphibian species to androgenic chemicals. P. nigromaculatus tadpoles at stage 24 were exposed to TCS (3, 30, and 300nmol/L) to stage 46 in a semi-static exposure system. At the end of exposure, gonadal morphology and histology, sex ratio and gonadal expression of sex-biased genes were examined in P. nigromaculatus. In each TCS treatment group, we found several individuals whose gonads exhibited morphological and/or histological abnormalities. Gonadal histological abnormalities were characterized by few oocytes and many somatic cells. Although the percentage of the individuals with abnormal gonads was low (7.8%) among all animals treated with TCS, statistical test revealed the sex ratios in the 3 and 300nmol/L TCS treatment groups were significantly different from the solvent control. In the 30nmol/L TCS treatment group, abnormal gonads were also observed, although the sex ratio was not changed compared with the solvent control, which was possibly due to the smaller sample size in this group. In all the TCS treatment groups, the sex ratios were not obviously male-biased, but the expression levels of some sex-biased genes were significantly altered by TCS. Altogether, our results suggest that TCS, even at environmentally relevant concentrations, could disrupt gonadal differentiation and development in P. nigromaculatus, but we are not sure whether the disrupting effects were associated with masculinization or feminization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhanfen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Iyer AP, Xue J, Honda M, Robinson M, Kumosani TA, Abulnaja K, Kannan K. Urinary levels of triclosan and triclocarban in several Asian countries, Greece and the USA: Association with oxidative stress. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:91-96. [PMID: 28964967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and Triclocarban (TCC) are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in personal care products (PCPs). Because of their potential for endocrine disrupting effects, human exposure to these chemicals is a concern. Biomonitoring studies of human exposure to TCS and TCC have shown widespread exposure of populations in western European countries and the USA. However, exposure to TCC and TCS by populations in Asian countries is less well known. In this study, concentrations of TCS and TCC were determined in human urine collected from seven Asian countries (China, India, Korea, Kuwait, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam), and Greece and the USA. A total of 430 urine samples were analyzed for TCS and TCC, of which 355 (83%) and 82 (19%), respectively, contained measurable levels of these chemicals. The overall geometric mean [GM] concentrations of TCS and TCC, were 1.36 and 0.03ng/mL, respectively. The highest mean concentration of TCS was found in urine from China (100ng/mL) and the lowest concentration was found in urine from Vietnam (2.34ng/mL). We also analyzed urinary 8-OHdG, a marker of oxidative stress, to elucidate the association with TCS and TCC levels for samples from Saudi Arabia (n=130) and a positive correlation between Ln-transformed TCC levels and 8-OHdG was found, although this was not statistically significant. This is the first study to report urinary levels of TCS and TCC in several Asian countries, especially for Vietnam, Kuwait, and Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana P Iyer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Vitamin D Pharmacogenomics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Masato Honda
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Taha Abdullah Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Abulnaja
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States.
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Potential Developmental and Reproductive Impacts of Triclocarban: A Scoping Review. J Toxicol 2017; 2017:9679738. [PMID: 29333157 PMCID: PMC5733165 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9679738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is an antimicrobial agent used in personal care products. Although frequently studied with another antimicrobial, triclosan, it is not as well researched, and there are very few reviews of the biological activity of TCC. TCC has been shown to be a possible endocrine disruptor, acting by enhancing the activity of endogenous hormones. TCC has been banned in the US for certain applications; however, many human populations, in and outside the US, exhibit exposure to TCC. Because of the concern of the health effects of TCC, we conducted a scoping review in order to map the current body of literature on the endocrine, reproductive, and developmental effects of TCC. The aim of this scoping review was to identify possible endpoints for future systematic review and to make recommendations for future research. A search of the literature until August 2017 yielded 32 relevant studies in humans, rodents, fish, invertebrates, and in vitro. Based on the robustness of the literature in all three evidence streams (human, animal, and in vitro), we identified three endpoints for possible systematic review: estrogenic activity, androgenic activity, and offspring growth. In this review, we describe the body of evidence and make recommendations for future research.
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NTP Research Report on Biological Activity of Bisphenol A (BPA) Structural Analogues and Functional Alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.22427/ntp-rr-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hua R, Zhou Y, Wu B, Huang Z, Zhu Y, Song Y, Yu Y, Li H, Quan S. Urinary triclosan concentrations and early outcomes of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Reproduction 2017; 153:319-325. [PMID: 28073982 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) exists ubiquitously in the environment. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that TCS exerts endocrine disruptive effects on reproduction, but data from human populations are limited and conflicting. The objective of our study was to investigate whether high urinary TCS concentration is adversely associated with early reproductive outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). This prospective cohort study was conducted from September 2015 to June 2016, including 156 infertile women undergoing their first IVF-ET cycle. Two spot urine samples were collected prior to oocyte retrieval for TCS detection using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Linear regression model and binary logistic regression model were used to evaluate the association between urinary TCS concentrations and IVF outcomes. The intake of aquaculture food may have positive influences on urinary TCS concentrations. After adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), baseline follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), antral follicle count (AFC) and smoking status, a significant decrease of top quality embryo formation and implantation rate was observed in patients with urinary TCS concentration greater than or equal to the median level (0.045 μmol/mol Cr). We concluded that TCS exposure may exert negative effects during early stages of human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongwei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyYong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yongtong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yali Song
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhong Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Quan
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Ma T, Yin X, Han R, Ding J, Zhang H, Han X, Li D. Effects of In Utero Exposure to Di-n-Butyl Phthalate on Testicular Development in Rat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101284. [PMID: 29064414 PMCID: PMC5664784 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are inevitably exposed to ubiquitous phthalate esters (PAEs). In utero exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) induces abnormal development of the testis and reproductive tract in male offspring, which correspond closely with the human condition of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS)-like syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, pregnant rats were orally exposed to either corn oil (controls) or DBP at three different doses by gavage during Gestational Days 12.5-21.5. Pathological examinations were performed for toxicity evaluation. Proliferation and apoptosis related proteins (ras related dexamethasone induced 1 (Rasd1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases1/2 (MEK1/2), Bcl-2, and Bax) were measured for mechanisms exploration. The results showed that different doses of DBP caused male developmental and reproductive toxicity in rats, including the decrease of anogenital distance (AGD), the histological damage of testis, and apoptosis of seminiferous tubule cells. Our data suggested that DBP played chronic and continuous toxic roles on male reproductive system by disrupting expression of Rasd1 and MEK1/2 as well as Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Ma
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Yin
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Ruitong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Gray JM, Rasanayagam S, Engel C, Rizzo J. State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment. Environ Health 2017; 16:94. [PMID: 28865460 PMCID: PMC5581466 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review, we examine the continually expanding and increasingly compelling data linking radiation and various chemicals in our environment to the current high incidence of breast cancer. Singly and in combination, these toxicants may have contributed significantly to the increasing rates of breast cancer observed over the past several decades. Exposures early in development from gestation through adolescence and early adulthood are particularly of concern as they re-shape the program of genetic, epigenetic and physiological processes in the developing mammary system, leading to an increased risk for developing breast cancer. In the 8 years since we last published a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, hundreds of new papers have appeared supporting this link, and in this update, the evidence on this topic is more extensive and of better quality than that previously available. CONCLUSION Increasing evidence from epidemiological studies, as well as a better understanding of mechanisms linking toxicants with development of breast cancer, all reinforce the conclusion that exposures to these substances - many of which are found in common, everyday products and byproducts - may lead to increased risk of developing breast cancer. Moving forward, attention to methodological limitations, especially in relevant epidemiological and animal models, will need to be addressed to allow clearer and more direct connections to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Gray
- Department of Psychology and Program in Science, Technology, and Society, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0246 USA
| | - Sharima Rasanayagam
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Connie Engel
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Jeanne Rizzo
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
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Martínez-Paz P, Morales M, Urien J, Morcillo G, Martínez-Guitarte JL. Endocrine-related genes are altered by antibacterial agent triclosan in Chironomus riparius aquatic larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 140:185-190. [PMID: 28260683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent widely used in personal care and consumer products and commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, the effects of TCS on endocrine-related genes of Chironomus riparius aquatic larvae, a reference organism in aquatic toxicology, were evaluated. Twenty-four-hour in vivo exposures at 10µg/L, 100µg/L, and 1000µg/L TCS revealed that this xenobiotic was able to alter the transcriptional activity of ecdysone receptor gene (EcR), the ultraspiracle gene (usp), the estrogen-related receptor gene (ERR), and the E74 early ecdysone-inducible gene, as measured by real-time RT-PCR. Moreover, the hsp70 gene, a heat shock protein gene, was upregulated after exposure to TCS. The results of the present work provide the first evidence of the potential disruptive effects of TCS in endocrine-related genes suggesting a mode of action that mimics ecdysteroid hormones in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martínez-Paz
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental. Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica Morales
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental. Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josune Urien
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental. Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Morcillo
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental. Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez-Guitarte
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental. Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), C/ Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Oziol L, Alliot F, Botton J, Bimbot M, Huteau V, Levi Y, Chevreuil M. First characterization of the endocrine-disrupting potential of indoor gaseous and particulate contamination: comparison with urban outdoor air (France). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:3142-3152. [PMID: 27858277 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The composition of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the ambient air of indoor environments has already been described, but little is known about the inherent endocrine-disrupting potential of indoor air contamination. We therefore aimed to study the distribution of bioactive EDCs in the gaseous and particulate phases of indoor air using a cellular bioassay approach that integrates the interaction effects between chemicals. Organic air extracts, both gaseous and particulate, were taken from three indoor locations (office, apartment, and children's day care) in France and sampled in two different seasons in order to study their interference with the signaling of estrogen, androgen, and thyroid receptors. The experiments were also conducted on aerial extracts from an outdoor site (urban center). We found that gaseous and/or particulate extracts from all locations displayed estrogenicity, anti-androgenicity, and thyroidicity. Overall, indoor air extracts had a higher endocrine-disrupting potential compared to outdoor ones, especially during winter and in the day care. The biological activities were predominant for the gaseous extracts and tended to increase for the particulate extracts in cool conditions. In conclusion, our data confirmed the presence of bioactive EDCs in a gaseous state and highlighted their indoor origin and concentration, especially in the cold season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Oziol
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
- University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Botton
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Team "Early Origin of the Child's Health and Development" (ORCHAD), Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Maya Bimbot
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
- University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Viviane Huteau
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
- University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Yves Levi
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
- University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Marc Chevreuil
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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Barros S, Montes R, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Oliveira JMA, Santos MM, Neuparth T. Chronic effects of triclocarban in the amphipod Gammarus locusta: Behavioural and biochemical impairment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:276-283. [PMID: 27750095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), a common antimicrobial agent widely used in many household and personal care products, has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Due to its high lipophilicity and persistence in the aquatic ecosystems, TCC is of emerging environmental concern. Despite the frequently reported detection of TCC in the environment and significant uncertainties about its long term effects on aquatic ecosystems, few studies have addressed the chronic effects of TCC in aquatic organisms at ecologically relevant concentrations. Therefore, we aimed at testing a broad range of biological responses in the amphipod Gammarus locusta following a chronic (60 days) exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCC (100, 500 and 2500ng/L). This work integrated biochemical markers of oxidative stress (catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)) and neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)) with several key ecological endpoints, i.e. behaviour, survival, individual growth and reproduction. Significant alterations were observed in all biochemical markers. While AChE showed a dose-response curve (with a significant increased activity at a TCC concentration of 2500ng/L), oxidative stress markers did not follow a dose-response curve, with significant increase at 100 and/or 500ng/L and a decreased activity in the highest concentration (2500ng/L). The same effect was observed in the females' behavioural response, whereas males' behaviour was not affected by TCC exposure. The present study represents a first approach to characterize the hazard of TCC to crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barros
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jorge M A Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Villeneuve DL, Jensen KM, Cavallin JE, Durhan EJ, Garcia-Reyero N, Kahl MD, Leino RL, Makynen EA, Wehmas LC, Perkins EJ, Ankley GT. Effects of the antimicrobial contaminant triclocarban, and co-exposure with the androgen 17β-trenbolone, on reproductive function and ovarian transcriptome of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:231-242. [PMID: 27312088 PMCID: PMC6110301 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is an antimicrobial agent routinely detected in surface waters that has been hypothesized to interact with the vertebrate endocrine system. The present study examined the effects of TCC alone and in combination with the model endocrine disruptor 17β-trenbolone (TRB) on fish reproductive function. Adult Pimephales promelas were continuously exposed to either 1 µg TCC/L or 5 µg TCC/L, to 0.5 µg TRB/L, or to a mixture (MIX) of 5 µg TCC/L and 0.5 µg TRB/L for 22 d, and a variety of reproductive and endocrine-related endpoints were examined. Cumulative fecundity was significantly reduced in fathead minnows exposed to TRB, MIX, or 5 µg TCC/L. Exposure to 1 µg TCC/L had no effect on reproduction. In general, both TRB and MIX treatments caused similar physiological effects, evoking significant reductions in female plasma vitellogenin, estradiol, and testosterone, and significant increases in male plasma estradiol. Based on analysis of the ovarian transcriptome, there were potential pathway impacts that were common to both TRB- and TCC-containing treatment groups. In most cases, however, those pathways were more plausibly linked to differences in reproductive status than to androgen-specific functions. Overall, TCC was reproductively toxic to fish at concentrations at or near those that have been measured in surface water. There was little evidence that TCC elicits reproductive toxicity through a specific mode of endocrine or reproductive action, nor that it could augment the androgenic effects of TRB. Nonetheless, the relatively small margin of safety between some measured environmental concentrations and effect concentrations suggests that concern is warranted. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:231-242. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard L. Leino
- University of Minnesota Duluth, School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Duluth, MN, USA (retired)
| | | | - Leah C. Wehmas
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
- Oregon State University, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Edward J. Perkins
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
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Balabanič D, Filipič M, Krivograd Klemenčič A, Žegura B. Raw and biologically treated paper mill wastewater effluents and the recipient surface waters: Cytotoxic and genotoxic activity and the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:78-89. [PMID: 27623529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Paper mill effluents are complex mixtures containing different toxic compounds including endocrine-disrupting (EDCs) and genotoxic compounds. In the present study non-concentrated raw and biologically treated wastewaters from two paper mill plants with different paper production technologies i) Paper mill A uses virgin fibres, and ii) Paper mill B uses recycled fibres for paper production and the corresponding receiving surface waters, were assessed for their cytotoxic/genotoxic activity with SOS/umuC, Ames MPF 98/100 Aqua, and comet assay with human hepatoma HepG2 cells. In addition the levels of seven selected EDCs were quantified in wastewater samples and receiving surface waters. All investigated EDCs were confirmed in raw and biologically treated effluents from both paper mills with concentrations being markedly higher in Paper mill B effluents. In the receiving surface waters three of the studied EDCs were determined downstream of both paper mills effluent discharge. The wastewater samples and the recipient surface water samples from Paper mill A were not mutagenic for bacteria and did not induce DNA damage in HepG2 cells. On the contrary, half of the raw wastewater samples from Paper mill B were mutagenic whereas biologically treated wastewater and the recipient surface water samples were negative. In HepG2 cells most of the raw and biologically treated wastewater samples from Paper mill B as well as surface water samples collected downstream of Paper mill B effluent discharge induced DNA damage. The results confirmed that genotoxic contaminants were present only in wastewaters from Paper mill B that uses recycled fibres for paper production, and that the combined aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment procedure efficiently reduced contaminants that are bacterial mutagens, but not those that induce DNA damage in HepG2 cells. This study highlights that in addition to chemical analyses bioassays are needed for a comprehensive toxicological evaluation of complex wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjan Balabanič
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Šegova ulica 112, SI-8000 Novo mesto, Slovenia.
| | - Metka Filipič
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Aleksandra Krivograd Klemenčič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Hajdrihova 28, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Ye X, Wong LY, Dwivedi P, Zhou X, Jia T, Calafat AM. Urinary Concentrations of the Antibacterial Agent Triclocarban in United States Residents: 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13548-13554. [PMID: 27993070 PMCID: PMC5594736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban is widely used as an antibacterial agent in personal care products, and the potential for human exposure exists. We present here the first nationally representative assessment of exposure to triclocarban among Americans ≥6 years of age who participated in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We detected triclocarban at concentrations above 0.1 μg/L in 36.9% of 2686 urine samples examined. Triclocarban was detected more frequently in adolescents and adults than in children, and in non-Hispanic black compared to other ethnic groups. In univariate analysis, log-creatinine, sex, age, race, and body surface area (BSA) were significantly associated with the likelihood of having triclocarban concentrations above the 95th percentile. In multiple regression models, persons with BSA at or above the median (≥1.86 m2) were 2.43 times more likely than others, and non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white were 3.71 times and 2.23 times more likely than "all Hispanic," respectively, to have urinary concentrations above the 95th percentile. We found no correlations between urinary concentrations of triclocarban and triclosan, another commonly used antibacterial agent. Observed differences among demographic groups examined may reflect differences in physiological factors (i.e., BSA) as well as use of personal care products containing triclocarban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ye
- Corresponding Author: Phone: 770-488-7502; (X.Y.)
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45
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Wang P, Du Z, Gao S, Zhang X, Giesy JP. Impairment of reproduction of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) by binary mixtures of environmentally relevant concentrations of triclocarban and inorganic mercury. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 134P1:124-132. [PMID: 27611220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Effects of chemical mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations on endocrine systems of aquatic organisms are of concern. Triclocarban (TCC) and inorganic mercury (Hg2+) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, and are known to interfere with endocrine pathways via different mechanisms of toxic action. However, effects of mixtures of the two pollutants on aquatic organisms and associated molecular mechanisms were unknown. This study examined effects of binary mixtures of TCC and Hg2+ on histopathological and biochemical alteration of reproductive organs in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after 21 d exposure. The results showed that: 1) At concentrations studied, TCC alone caused little effect on hepatic tissues, but it aggravated lesions in liver caused by Hg2+ via indirect mechanisms of disturbing homeostasis and altering concentrations of hormones; 2) Histological lesions were more severe in gonads of individuals, especially males, exposed to the binary mixture. Exposure to TCC alone (2.5 or 5μg/L) (measured concentration 140 or 310ng/L) or Hg2+ alone (5μg/L or 10μg/L (measured concentration 367 or 557ng/L) slightly retarded development of oocytes, whereas co-exposure to nominal concentrations of 5μg/L TCC and 10μg /L Hg2+ promoted maturation of oocytes. In males, maturation of sperm was slightly delayed by exposure to either TCC or Hg2+, while their combinations caused testes to be smaller and sperm to be fewer compared with fish exposed to either of the contaminants individually; 3) Lesions observed in fish exposed to binary mixtures might be due to altered transcription of genes involved in steroidogenesis, such as cyp19a, 3beta-HSD, cyp17, 17beta-HSD and modulated concentrations of testosterone and estradiol in blood plasma. The observed results further support the complexity of toxic responses of fish exposed to lesser concentrations of binary chemical mixtures. Since it is impossible to collect empirical information in controlled studies of all possible combinations of toxicants, the application of omics methods might improve the predictive capabilities of results of single classes of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongkun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - J P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Toxicology Centre and Department of veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
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Di Paolo C, Kirchner K, Balk FGP, Muschket M, Brack W, Hollert H, Seiler TB. Downscaling procedures reduce chemical use in androgen receptor reporter gene assay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:826-33. [PMID: 27436773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioactivity screening studies often face sample amount limitation with respect to the need for reliable, reproducible and quantitative results. Therefore approaches that minimize sample use are needed. Low-volume exposure and chemical dilution procedures were applied in an androgen receptor reporter gene human cell line assay to evaluate environmental contaminants and androgen receptor modulators, which were the agonist 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT); and the antagonists flutamide, bisphenol A, 1-hydroxypyrene and triclosan. Cells were exposed in around 1/3 of the medium volume recommended by the protocol (70μL/well). Further, chemical losses during pipetting steps were minimized by applying a low-volume method for compound dilution in medium (250μL for triplicate wells) inside microvolume glass inserts. Simultaneously, compounds were evaluated following conventional procedures (200μL/well, dilution in 24-well plates) for comparison of results. Low-volume exposure tests produced DHT EC50 (3.4-3.7×10(-10)M) and flutamide IC50 (2.2-3.3×10(-7)M) values very similar to those from regular assays (3.1-4.2×10(-10) and 2.1-3.3×10(-7)M respectively) and previous studies. Also, results were within assay acceptance criteria, supporting the relevance of the downscaling setup for agonistic and antagonistic tests. The low-volume exposure was also successful in determining IC50 values for 1-hydroxypyrene (2.1-2.8×10(-6)M), bisphenol A (2.6-3.3×10(-6)M), and triclosan (1.2-1.9×10(-6)M) in agreement with values obtained through high-volume exposure (2.3-2.8, 2.5-3.4 and 1.0-1.3×10(-6)M respectively). Finally, experiments following both low-volume dosing and exposure produced flutamide and triclosan IC50 values similar to those from regular tests. The low-volume experimental procedures provide a simple and effective solution for studies that need to minimize bioassay sample use while maintaining method reliability. The downscaling methods can be applied for the evaluation of samples, fractions or chemicals which require minimal losses during the steps of pipetting, transference to medium and exposure in bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Di Paolo
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kristina Kirchner
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Gerhard Peter Balk
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Muschket
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Philips EM, Jaddoe VWV, Trasande L. Effects of early exposure to phthalates and bisphenols on cardiometabolic outcomes in pregnancy and childhood. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 68:105-118. [PMID: 27596818 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women are exposed to various chemicals, including endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates and bisphenols. Increasing evidence suggests that early life exposures to phthalates and bisphenols may contribute to cardiometabolic risks. The aim of this narrative review was to summarize current knowledge of the effects of fetal and childhood exposure to phthalates and bisphenols on child growth and child cardiometabolic outcomes and the effects on maternal outcomes. In total, 54 studies were identified and included. The majority of studies found effects of phthalates and bisphenols on maternal, child growth, and cardiometabolic outcomes. Currently results suggest that early life exposure to phthalates and bisphenols may have a substantial influence on perinatal and postnatal cardiometabolic programming. In a large part of the investigated outcomes studies show contradictory results. However, the majority of the existing evidence is based on non-cohort studies with single samples neglecting time-variant effects and complicating conclusions regarding causal inference. More studies are needed investigating the mechanisms and its potential interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M Philips
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA; New York Wagner School of Public Service, New York City, NY, USA; New York Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York City, NY, USA; New York University Global Institute of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
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48
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Lassen TH, Frederiksen H, Kyhl HB, Swan SH, Main KM, Andersson AM, Lind DV, Husby S, Wohlfahrt-Veje C, Skakkebæk NE, Jensen TK. Prenatal Triclosan Exposure and Anthropometric Measures Including Anogenital Distance in Danish Infants. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1261-8. [PMID: 26908126 PMCID: PMC4977040 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triclosan (TCS) is widely used as an antibacterial agent in consumer products such as hand soap and toothpaste, and human exposure is widespread. TCS is suspected of having endocrine-disrupting properties, but few human studies have examined the developmental effects of prenatal TCS exposure. OBJECTIVES We prospectively examined associations between prenatal TCS exposure and anthropometric measures at birth and anogenital distance (AGD) at 3 months of age. METHODS Pregnant women from the Odense Child Cohort (n = 514) provided urine samples at approximately gestational week 28 (median 28.7 weeks, range 26.4-34.0), and urinary TCS concentration was measured by isotope dilution TurboFlow-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine associations between prenatal TCS exposure and measures of size at birth (birth weight, length, head and abdominal circumference) and AGD at 3 months of age (median 3.3 months, range 2.3-6.7 months), controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS Newborn boys in the highest quartile of prenatal TCS exposure had a 0.7-cm [95% confidence interval (CI): -1.2, -0.1, p = 0.01] smaller head circumference than boys in the lowest quartile. Additionally in boys, inverse associations of borderline statistical significance were observed between prenatal TCS exposure and abdominal circumference at birth and AGD at 3 months of age (p-values < 0.10). Prenatal TCS exposure was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes in girls. However, AGD was measured in fewer girls, and we observed no significant interactions between a child's sex and prenatal TCS exposure in anthropometric measures at birth. CONCLUSION Prenatal TCS exposure was associated with reduced head and abdominal circumference at birth and with reduced AGD at 3 months of age in boys, although the last two findings were statistically nonsignificant. These findings require replication but are compatible with an anti-androgenic effect of prenatal TCS exposure on fetal growth in boys. CITATION Lassen TH, Frederiksen H, Kyhl HB, Swan SH, Main KM, Andersson AM, Lind DV, Husby S, Wohlfahrt-Veje C, Skakkebæk NE, Jensen TK. 2016. Prenatal triclosan exposure and anthropometric measures including anogenital distance in Danish infants. Environ Health Perspect 124:1261-1268; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409637.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Harmer Lassen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Boye Kyhl
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Odense Patient data Exploratory Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Shanna H. Swan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katharina M. Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte Vesterholm Lind
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steffen Husby
- Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine Wohlfahrt-Veje
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E. Skakkebæk
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Address correspondence to T.K. Jensen, Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwsparken 17, 5000 Odense, Denmark. Telephone: 4565503077. E-mail:
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49
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Houten SM, Chen J, Belpoggi F, Manservisi F, Sánchez-Guijo A, Wudy SA, Teitelbaum SL. Changes in the Metabolome in Response to Low-Dose Exposure to Environmental Chemicals Used in Personal Care Products during Different Windows of Susceptibility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159919. [PMID: 27467775 PMCID: PMC4965097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequences of ubiquitous exposure to environmental chemicals remain poorly defined. Non-targeted metabolomic profiling is an emerging method to identify biomarkers of the physiological response to such exposures. We investigated the effect of three commonly used ingredients in personal care products, diethyl phthalate (DEP), methylparaben (MPB) and triclosan (TCS), on the blood metabolome of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were treated with low levels of these chemicals comparable to human exposures during prepubertal and pubertal windows as well as chronically from birth to adulthood. Non-targeted metabolomic profiling revealed that most of the variation in the metabolites was associated with developmental stage. The low-dose exposure to DEP, MPB and TCS had a relatively small, but detectable impact on the metabolome. Multiple metabolites that were affected by chemical exposure belonged to the same biochemical pathways including phenol sulfonation and metabolism of pyruvate, lyso-plasmalogens, unsaturated fatty acids and serotonin. Changes in phenol sulfonation and pyruvate metabolism were most pronounced in rats exposed to DEP during the prepubertal period. Our metabolomics analysis demonstrates that human level exposure to personal care product ingredients has detectable effects on the rat metabolome. We highlight specific pathways such as sulfonation that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M. Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio (Bologna), Italy
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio (Bologna), Italy
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Wudy
- Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susan L. Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
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50
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Crossover Control Study of the Effect of Personal Care Products Containing Triclosan on the Microbiome. mSphere 2016; 1:mSphere00056-15. [PMID: 27303746 PMCID: PMC4888890 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00056-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan and triclocarban are commonly used commercial microbicides found in toothpastes and soaps. It is unknown what effects these chemicals have on the human microbiome or on endocrine function. From this randomized crossover study, it appears that routine personal care use of triclosan and triclocarban neither exerts a major influence on microbial communities in the gut and mouth nor alters markers of endocrine function in humans. Commonly prescribed antibiotics are known to alter human microbiota. We hypothesized that triclosan and triclocarban, components of many household and personal care products (HPCPs), may alter the oral and gut microbiota, with potential consequences for metabolic function and weight. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, participants were given triclosan- and triclocarban (TCS)-containing or non-triclosan/triclocarban (nTCS)-containing HPCPs for 4 months and then switched to the other products for an additional 4 months. Blood, stool, gingival plaque, and urine samples and weight data were obtained at baseline and at regular intervals throughout the study period. Blood samples were analyzed for metabolic and endocrine markers and urine samples for triclosan. The microbiome in stool and oral samples was then analyzed. Although there was a significant difference in the amount of triclosan in the urine between the TCS and nTCS phases, no differences were found in microbiome composition, metabolic or endocrine markers, or weight. Though this study was limited by the small sample size and imprecise administration of HPCPs, triclosan at physiologic levels from exposure to HPCPs does not appear to have a significant or important impact on human oral or gut microbiome structure or on a panel of metabolic markers. IMPORTANCE Triclosan and triclocarban are commonly used commercial microbicides found in toothpastes and soaps. It is unknown what effects these chemicals have on the human microbiome or on endocrine function. From this randomized crossover study, it appears that routine personal care use of triclosan and triclocarban neither exerts a major influence on microbial communities in the gut and mouth nor alters markers of endocrine function in humans.
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