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Liu J, Deng S, Tong H, Yang Y, Tuheti A. Emission profiles, source identifications, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a road tunnel located in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:85125-85138. [PMID: 37380852 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and characteristics of PM2.5-bound PAHs from traffic-related pollution can provide valuable data for mitigating air contamination from traffic in local urban regions. However, little information on PAHs is available regarding the typical arterial highway-Qinling Mountains No.1 tunnel in Xi'an. We estimated the profiles, sources, and emission factors of PM2.5-bound PAHs in this tunnel. The total PAH concentrations were 22.78 ng·m-3 and 52.80 ng·m-3 at the tunnel middle and exit, which were 1.09 and 3.84 times higher than that at the tunnel entrance. Pyr, Flt, Phe, Chr, BaP, and BbF were the dominant PAH species (representing approximately 78.01% of total PAHs). The four rings PAHs were dominant (58%) among the total PAH concentrations in PM2.5. The results demonstrated that diesel and gasoline vehicles exhaust emissions contributed 56.81% and 22.60% to the PAHs, respectively, while the corresponding value for together brakes, tyre wear, and road dust was 20.59%. The emission factors of total PAHs were 29.35 μg·veh-1·km-1, and emission factors of 4 rings PAHs were significantly higher than those of the other PAHs. The sum of ILCR was estimated to be 1.41×10-4, which accorded with acceptable level of cancer risk (10-6-10-4), PAHs should not ignored as they still affect the public health of inhabitants. This study shed light on PAH profiles and traffic-related sources in the tunnel, thereby facilitating the assessment of control measures targeting PAHs in local areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Shunxi Deng
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
| | - Hui Tong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Abula Tuheti
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
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Pereira GM, Nogueira T, Kamigauti LY, Monteiro Dos Santos D, Nascimento EQM, Martins JV, Vicente A, Artaxo P, Alves C, de Castro Vasconcellos P, de Fatima Andrade M. Particulate matter fingerprints in biofuel impacted tunnels in South America's largest metropolitan area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159006. [PMID: 36162571 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized the chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) from light- (LDV) and heavy-duty (HDV) vehicles based on two traffic tunnel samplings carried out in the megacity of São Paulo (Brazil), which has >7 million vehicles and intense biofuel use. The samples were collected with high-volume samplers and analyzed using chemical characterization techniques (ion and gas chromatography, thermal-optical analysis, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy). Chemical source profiles (%) were calculated based on the measurements performed inside and outside the tunnels. Identifying a high abundance of Fe and Cu for traffic-related PM in the LDV-impacted tunnel was possible, linked with the emission of vehicles powered by ethanol and gasohol (gasoline and ethanol blend). We calculated diagnostic ratios (e.g., EC/Cu, Fe/Cu, pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene, pyrene/benzo[b]fluoranthene, and fluoranthene/benzo[b]fluoranthene) characteristic of fuel exhausts (diesel/biodiesel and ethanol/gasohol), allowing their use in the assessment of the temporal variation of the fuel type used in urban sites. Element diagnostic ratios (Cu/Sb and Fe/Cu) pointed to the predominance of LDVs exhaust-related copper and can differentiate LDVs exhaust from brake wear emissions. The carbonaceous fraction EC3 was suggested as an HDV emission tracer. A higher total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fraction of traffic-related PM2.5 was observed in the HDV-impacted tunnel, with a predominance of diesel-related pyrene and fluoranthene, as well as higher oxy-PAHs (e.g., 9,10-anthraquinone, associated with biodiesel blends) abundances. However, carcinogenic species presented higher abundances for the LDV-impacted tunnel (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene). These findings highlighted the impact of biofuels on the characteristic ratios of chemical species and pointed to possible markers for LDVs and HDVs exhausts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Yoshiaki Kamigauti
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Vinicius Martins
- Departamento de Mineralogia e Geotectônica, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-080 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Vicente
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia Alves
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Maria de Fatima Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
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Bai X, Wei J, Ren Y, Gao R, Chai F, Li H, Xu F, Kong Y. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during heating season in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:169-182. [PMID: 36521982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives (NPAHs) attract continuous attention due to their outstanding carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In order to investigate the diurnal variations, sources, formation mechanism, and health risk assessment of them in heating season, particulate matter (PM) were collected in Beijing urban area from December 26, 2017 to January 17, 2018. PAHs and NPAHs in PM were quantitatively analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) . Average daily concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were (78 ± 54) ng/m3 and (783 ± 684) pg/m3, respectively. The concentrations of them were significantly higher at nighttime than at daytime, and NPAHs concentrations were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than PAHs concentrations. In the heating season, the dominant species of PAHs include benzo[b]fluoranthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene, while 9-nitroanthracene, 2+3-nitrofluoranthene, and 2-nitropyrene were dominant species for NPAHs. NPAHs were found to have a single peak during heating and to be primarily distributed in the 0.4-0.7 µm particle size. Primary emissions such as biomass burning, coal combustion, and traffic emissions were the major sources of PAHs. NPAHs were produced by the primary source of vehicle emissions and the secondary reaction triggered by OH radicals, as well as biomass burning during daytime. According to the health risk assessment, the total carcinogenic risk was higher in adults than in children. While upon oral ingestion, the carcinogenic risk in children was higher than that of adults, but the risk of adults was higher than children through skin contact and respiratory inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Shandong University, Environment Research Institute, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanqin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Shandong University, Environment Research Institute, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuxue Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Chen YP, Zeng Y, Guan YF, Huang YQ, Liu Z, Xiang K, Sun YX, Chen SJ. Particle size-resolved emission characteristics of complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures from various combustion sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113840. [PMID: 35810804 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Combustion of domestic solid fuels is a significant source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Some oxygenated PAHs (o-PAHs) and PAHs with molecular weight of 302 (MW302 PAHs) are more toxic than the traditional 16 priority PAHs, whereas their emissions were much less elucidated. This study characterized the size-dependent emissions of parent PAHs (p-PAHs), o-PAHs, and MW302 PAHs from various combustion sources. The estimated emission factors (eEFs) from biomass burning sources were highest for most of the PAHs (391-8928 μg/kg), much higher than that of anthracite coal combustion (43.0-145 μg/kg), both which were operated in an indoor stove. Cigarette smoking had a high eEF of o-PAHs (240 ng/g). MW302 PAHs were not found in the emissions of smoking, cooking, and vehicular exhausts. Particle-size distributions of PAHs were compound- and source-dependent, and the tendency to associate with smaller particles was observed especially in biomass burning and cigarette smoking sources. Furthermore, the inter-source differences in PAH eEFs were associated with their dominance in fine particles. PAH composition profiles also varied with the particle size, showing increasing contributions of large-molecule PAHs with decreasing sizes in most cases. The size distributions of p-PAHs are much more significantly dependent on their n-octanol/air partition coefficients and vapor pressures than those of o-PAHs, suggesting differences in mechanisms governing their distributions. Several molecular diagnostic ratios (MDRs), including two based on MW302 PAHs, specific to these combustion scenarios were identified. However, the MDRs within some sources are also strongly size-dependent, providing a new explanation for the uncertainty in their application for source identification of PAHs. This work also highlights the necessity for understanding the size-resolved atmospheric behaviors and fate of PAHs after their emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Feng Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Qi Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kai Xiang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Xin Sun
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Xue Q, Tian Y, Wei Y, Song D, Huang F, Tian S, Feng Y. Seasonal variation and source apportionment of inorganic and organic components in PM 2.5: influence of organic markers application on PMF source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:79002-79015. [PMID: 35704234 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples collected over a 1-year period in a Chinese megacity were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions, elements, and organic markers such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, steranes, and n-alkanes. To study the applicability of organic markers in source apportionment, the relationship between organic and inorganic components was analyzed, and four scenarios were implemented by incorporating different combinations of organic and inorganic tracers. The consistent temporal variations trend of 4-ring PAHs and SO42- prove that coal burning directly emits a portion of sulfate. The concentrations of ∑5-7-ring PAHs, NO3-, and NO2 show a trend of simultaneous increase and decrease, implying collective impacts from the vehicle source. The concentrations of OC and EC positively correlate with the 5-7-ring PAHs and Cu and Zn, which proves that part of Cu and Zn comes from vehicle emissions. Five factors were identified by incorporating only conventional components, including secondary source (SS, 30%), fugitive dust (FD, 14%), construction dust (CD, 4%), traffic source (TS, 19%), and coal combustion (CC, 14%). Six factors were identified by incorporating conventional components and PAHs, including SS (28%), FD (15%), CD (4%), CC (13%), gasoline vehicles (GV, 12%), and diesel vehicles (DV, 10%). Eight factors were identified by incorporating conventional components, PAHs, hopanes, and n-alkanes, including SS (26%), FD (17%), CD (3%), GV (14%), DV (8%), immature coal combustion (ICC, 5%), mature coal combustion (MCC, 10%), and biogenic source (BS, 1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xue
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
- CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER/CMA-NKU), Tianjin, 300374, China.
| | - Yang Wei
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Fengxia Huang
- Chengdu Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Shanshan Tian
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER/CMA-NKU), Tianjin, 300374, China
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Lei Y, Wang Z, Xu H, Feng R, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Du W, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Li L, Qu L, Hang Ho SS, Shen Z, Cao J. Characteristics and health risks of parent, alkylated, and oxygenated PAHs and their contributions to reactive oxygen species from PM 2.5 vehicular emissions in the longest tunnel in downtown Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113357. [PMID: 35580669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A vehicular emission study was conducted in the longest inner-city tunnel in Xi'an, northwestern China in four time periods (I: 07:30-10:30, II: 11:00-14:00, III: 16:30-19:30, and IV: 20:00-23:00 LST). A sum of 40 PAHs, including parent (p-PAHs), alkylated (a-PAHs), and oxygenated (o-PAHs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were quantified. The relationships between the PAHs and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also studied. The average total quantified PAHs concentration was 236.3 ± 48.3 ng m-3. The p-PAHs were found to be the most dominated group, accounting for an average of 88.1% of the total quantified PAHs, followed by a-PAHs (6.1%) and o-PAHs (5.8%). On the base of the number of aromatic rings, the groups of ≤5 rings (92.5 ± 1.2%) had higher fractions than the high ones (≥6 rings, 7.5 ± 1.2%) for pPAHs. Diurnal variations of PAHs subgroups exhibited the highest levels in Period III, consistent with the largest traffic counts in evening rush hours. However, less reduction of few PAHs in the night period demonstrates that the emissions of compressed natural gas (CNG) and methanol-fueled vehicles cannot be ignored while their contribution increased. High ROS activity levels were observed in the traffic-dominated samples, implying the potential oxidative damages to humans. Additionally, diurnal variation of the ROS activity was consistent with the total quantified PAHs and toxic equivalency of benzo[a]pyrene. Good correlations (R > 0.6, p < 0.05) were seen between individual groups of PAHs (especially for 3-5 rings p-PAHs, 4 rings a-PAHs, and 2-3 rings o-PAHs) and ROS activity, supporting that the vehicular emitted PAHs possibly initiate oxidative stress. The multiple linear regression analysis further illustrated that chrysene contributed the highest (25.0%) to ROS activity. In addition to highlighting the potential hazards to the PAHs from the vehicular emission, their roles to mitigate the health effects by formations of ROS were firstly reported in northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zexuan Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Rong Feng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ningning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Henan Research Academy of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Dat ND, Thuan NT, Hoang NTT, Tran HN, Hien TT, Tran KT, Chang MB. Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air of a tropical mega-area, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: concentration, distribution, gas/particle partitioning, potential sources and cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44054-44066. [PMID: 35122647 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation on overall characteristics of 25 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (15 PAHs regulated by US-EPA (excluding naphthalene) and 16 PAHs recommended by the European Union) in ambient air of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Their levels, congener profiles, gas/particle partitioning, potential sources of atmospheric PAHs (gas and particulate phases), and lung cancer risks in the dry and rainy seasons were examined. The ∑25 PAH concentration in the dry and rainy seasons ranged from 8.79 to 33.2 ng m-3 and 26.0 to 60.0 ng m-3, respectively. Phenanthrene and Indeno[123-cd]pyrene were major contributors to gaseous and particulate PAHs, respectively, while benzo[c]fluorene was dominant component of the total BaP-TEQ. The ∑16 EU-PAH concentration contributed to 13 ± 2.7% of the total ∑ 25 PAH concentration; however, they composed over 99% of the total ∑ 25 PAH toxic concentration. Adsorption mainly governed the phase partitioning of PAHs because the slope of correlation between logKp and logP0L was steeper than - 1. Vehicular emission was the primary source of PAHs in two seasons; however, PAHs in the dry season were also originated from biomass burning. Assessment of lung cancer risk showed that children possibly exposed to potential lung cancer risk via inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Duy Dat
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 700000
| | - Ngo Thi Thuan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, International University, Linh TrungWard, Quarter 6Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Nhung Thi-Tuyet Hoang
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 700000
| | - Hiep Ngoc Tran
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 700000
| | - To Thi Hien
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khoi Tien Tran
- Department of Environmental Engineering, International University, Linh TrungWard, Quarter 6Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, Taiwan, 32001.
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Bateni F, Mehdinia A, Lundin L, Hashtroudi MS. Distribution, source and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of northern part of the Persian Gulf. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133859. [PMID: 35149014 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Distribution, sources, and ecological risk of 43 compounds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surficial sediments of the Persian Gulf were investigated. The sediments were sampled from 60 offshore stations during an oceanographic cruise in the winter of 2012. Gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry was used for the PAHs determinations in sediment samples. The concentrations of 21 parent PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs and 4 nitrated PAHs were 9.0-201.5 ng g-1 dw, 3.3-60.3 ng g-1 dw, 15.2-172.7 ng g-1 dw and 0.1-8.3 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Among 21 parental PAHs, naphthalene (29.35 ng g-1 dw), phenanthrene (4.6 ng g-1 dw), and pyrene (3.18 ng g-1 dw) were the most abundant compound. 1-acenaphthenone (43.41 ng g-1 dw) and 2-methylnaphthalene (7.15 ng g-1 dw) showed the highest concentration in the oxy- and methyl-PAHs, respectively. The concentrations of nitro-PAHs were between not detected to 4 ng g-1 dw. According to the ecological risk assessment, the calculated total toxicity of PAHs was at below the lethal level on benthic organisms in all stations in the Persian Gulf, but there is risk of toxicity for the benthic organism in the Gulf of Oman (from the Strait of Hormuz to Jask). In general, nitrogenated and oxygenated derivatives did not show a significant risk in the study area. Based on the diagnostic ratios, the mixed sources (both petrogenic and pyrogenic) and pyrogenic sources have been identified for PAHs. Biomass combustion source has been identified for the stations near flares and gas fields. Principle component analysis-multivariate linear regression analysis for source identification shows that maritime traffic, abundant flares that burn the gas in oil, gas fields and dust storms have a major impact on the production of PAHs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bateni
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran
| | - Ali Mehdinia
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran.
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mehri Seyed Hashtroudi
- Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-4781, Iran
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, Bai P, Neroda A, Mishukov VF, Zhang L, Hayakawa K, Nagao S, Tang N. PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2878. [PMID: 35270572 PMCID: PMC8910546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particles (TSP) were collected in Vladivostok, Russia, which is a typical port city. This study investigated the concentration, potential sources, and long-term variation in particle PAHs and NPAHs in the atmosphere of Vladivostok. The PAH and NPAH concentrations were higher in winter than in summer (PAHs: winter: 18.6 ± 9.80 ng/m3 summer: 0.54 ± 0.21 ng/m3; NPAHs: winter: 143 ± 81.5 pg/m3 summer: 143 ± 81.5 pg/m3). The diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs and NPAHs mainly came from vehicle emissions in both seasons, while heating systems were the main source of air pollution in winter. The TEQ assessment values were 2.90 ng/m3 and 0.06 ng/m3 in winter and summer, respectively, suggesting a significant excess cancer risk in the general population in winter. The ILCR values conveyed a potential carcinogenic risk because the value was between 1 × 10-5 and 1 × 10-7 and ingestion was a main contributor in Vladivostok. However, it is worth noting that the concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs showed an overall downward trend from 1999 to 2020. An important reason for this is the cogenerations project implemented by the Far Eastern Center for Strategic Research on Fuel and Energy Complex Development in 2010. This research clarified the latest variations in PAHs and NPAHs to provide continuous observation data for future chemical reaction or model prediction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Pengchu Bai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Andrey Neroda
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.N.); (V.F.M.)
| | - Vassily F. Mishukov
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.N.); (V.F.M.)
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan
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Li X, Feng J, Li Y, Zhao P, Pan X, Huang Z. Size-fractionated nonpolar organic compounds of traffic aerosol emissions in a highway tunnel. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118501. [PMID: 34785283 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Size-fractionated aerosol samples (PM0.25, PM0.25-1, PM1-2.5, and PM2.5-10) were collected in a highway tunnel in Shanghai, China. The concentrations of nonpolar organic compounds (NPOCs), i.e., n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes in the aerosol samples at the tunnel inlet and outlet, emission factors (EFs) of individual NPOCs in PM10, and EFs of size-fractionated individual NPOCs were analyzed comprehensively. NPOC concentrations in this tunnel were lower than the earlier tunnel results, which might be attributed to the tunnel configuration effect on the pollution dilution along the tunnel, in addition to the improvement of engine technology and fuel quality during past decades. n-Alkane homologs for C14-C35 exhibited a smooth hump-like distribution pattern with the most abundance at C22 and 1-2 carbon number shifts of Cmax in comparison to those in other tunnels due to different fleet and fuel compositions. The most abundant PAHs from diesel (e.g., Nap, Phe, Flu and Pyr) and gasoline (e.g., BghiF, BbkF, BeP, DBA and BghiP) vehicle emissions presented concentration increases of 1.8-5.8 times from the tunnel inlet to outlet. The individual n-alkane and PAH distributions exhibited obvious size dependence, while it was expected that the relative abundances and homolog distributions of hopanes were very similar for different size stages. Several diagnostic ratios, e.g., fossil/plant n-alkanes and LMW/HMW PAHs, were evidently size dependent, indicating different sources of size-fractionated n-alkanes and PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Li
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 202162, China.
| | - Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yingjie Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Pan
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of M.O.E, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Bhardwaj LK, Sharma S, Jindal T. Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Lake Water at Grovnes Peninsula Over East Antarctica. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-021-00278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Franzin BT, Guizellini FC, Hojo O, Pastre IA, de Marchi MRR, Silva HF, Fertonani FL, Oliveira CM. Chemical and morpho-structural characterization of atmospheric aerosol (PM 10 and PM 2.5) in a city of São Paulo state, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59486-59498. [PMID: 33844139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To access the sources of air pollutants is crucial to control atmospheric pollution in urban areas, minimizing human exposure. Particulate matter is a pollutant of great concern making its chemical and morpho-structural characterization of enormous importance. The present work aims at the characterization of atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5. Data of the aerosol mass concentration was correlated by multivariate analysis with water-soluble ion fraction composition accessed by ion chromatography (IC), as well as with meteorological information and air mass backward trajectories. The gravimetric analysis presented average values 3 to 4 times higher than the guide values recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). A morpho-structural analysis by SEM/FEG coupled to EDS was also carried out identifying the coarse fraction elements from minerals and from soil resuspension organic spherical particles that originated from combustion processes as well as Ti, associated with long-distance transportation. In the fine fraction, Zn with origin probably in tires and vehicle brakes was found. These origins were confirmed by the air masses' backward trajectories obtained by the HYSPLIT model (NOAA). This study contributes to a better understanding of the complex composition of the particulate material in the atmosphere of Araraquara City, resulting from the combination of local and long-distance sources, and serves as a basis for the comparison with future studies related to the air quality at this and other regions in Brazil and in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Trevizan Franzin
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil.
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | - Ossamu Hojo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Iêda Aparecida Pastre
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences Institute, Ibilce, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Félix Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- Área Departamental de Engenharia Química do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, ISEL-ADEQ, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1059-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Luis Fertonani
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, 14800-060, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences Institute, Ibilce, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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Source Apportionment of PM2.5, PAH and Arsenic Air Pollution in Central Bohemia. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The results of air quality monitoring show significantly increased concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and arsenic in the area located near the town of Kladno in Central Bohemia, Czech Republic. The region of interest is historically associated with coal mines and steelworks. Source apportionment using the method of Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) at three sites has been used to try to explain the reasons of the increased PM2.5, benzo[a]pyrene, and arsenic concentrations in the ambient air. Based on the PMF analysis, nine factors explaining the atmospheric aerosol mass have been identified. The PMF results showed that most of the aerosol mass originated from residential heating (about one third of PM2.5), both primary particles and secondary organic aerosols induced by road traffic (up to approximately 25%), soil and other mineral dust (about 15%), secondary inorganic aerosol ammonium sulfate (up to 16%), ammonium nitrate (up to 14%) and other sulfates (up to 9%). The main source of arsenic and benzo[a]pyrene was residential heating, which accounted for two-thirds and 80% of their total mass, respectively. The results have pointed to the most important measures for effective air quality protection in the area of interest: replacing coal fuel and old boilers used for residential heating in order to reduce arsenic and PAH emissions and mitigate sources of secondary particles precursors to decrease PM concentrations.
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Lin CH, Lung SCC, Chen YC, Wang LC. Pulmonary toxicity of actual alveolar deposition concentrations of ultrafine particulate matters in human normal bronchial epithelial cell. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50179-50187. [PMID: 33954916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major worldwide concern, and exposure to particulate matter (PM) can increase the risks of pulmonary diseases. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells were applied to clarify the role of ultrafine PM (UFPM) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary toxic effects with realistic alveolar deposition doses. The UFPM used in this research originated from vehicular emissions and coal combustion. UFPM exposure of up to 72 h was found to induce significant time- and concentration-dependent decreases in cell viability. Exposure to UFPM increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation through heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inhibition and induced massive oxidative stress that increased the interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. UFPM also reduced the pulmonary trans-epithelial electrical resistance through the depletion of zonula occludens (ZO) proteins. Finally, UFPM decreased the α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) expression, which implies high risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The evidence demonstrates that exposure to UFPM, even at very low concentrations, may affect the functions of the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan.
| | | | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chun Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 63208, Taiwan
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15
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Abd Manan TSB, Khan T, Wan Mohtar WHM, Beddu S, Qazi S, Sheikh Khozani Z, Mohd Kamal NL, Sarwono A, Jusoh H, Yavari S, Mustafa SFZ, Hanafiah Z, Mohd Zaid HF, Machmudah A, Isa MH, Ahmad A, Ghanim AA. Ecological and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sungai Perak, Malaysia. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2021; 294:126124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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16
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Wu Y, Salamova A, Venier M. Using diagnostic ratios to characterize sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Great Lakes atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143240. [PMID: 33243501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterized source profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the Great Lakes atmosphere using nine PAH diagnostic ratios (DRs). The samples were collected from six sites in the Great Lakes basin during 1996-2018 within the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). In general, pyrogenic sources, including coal combustion and vehicular emissions, were the most important contributors to atmospheric profiles, in particular at the urban sites. Diesel emissions accounted for a larger portion of the traffic-originated PAHs than gasoline emissions at all sites, but this compositional pattern was less obvious at the urban sites. Temporal analyses for DRs revealed that the relative contribution of petrogenic sources and volatilization from surfaces has been increasing gradually, and that the gaps in PAH emissions between diesel- and gasoline-engines appeared to be further amplified in recent years. Coal combustion and non-pyrogenic emissions were the main PAH sources for winter and summer air, respectively, but none of the DRs responded to these changes. DRs were generally different between vapor and particle phases. Our findings shed light on spatial and temporal trends of PAH DRs and PAH source characterization in the Great Lakes basin. Additionally, this study confirmed the usefulness of DRs, especially when combined with the PMF analysis, while also highlighting the limitation of multiple DRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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17
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Davoudi M, Esmaili-Sari A, Bahramifar N, Moeinaddini M. Spatio-temporal variation and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface dust of Qom metropolis, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9276-9289. [PMID: 33140304 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine seasonal variation, distribution, potential health risk, and source identification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface dust of eight urban areas of Qom. The total levels of 16 PAHs ranged from 364.83 to 739.26 ng g-1, with an average of 478.27 ng g-1. Sites 1 and 8 showed the highest (491.33 ng g-1) and lowest (465.08 ng g-1) concentrations of PAHs, respectively. The PAHs demonstrated the highest and the lowest levels in autumn (553.41 ng g-1) and summer (402.30 ng g-1), respectively. Naphthalene (Nap) showed the highest amounts in all of the areas (75.57 ng g-1). Source apportionment indicated that vehicular emissions and combustion of fossil fuels (liquid fossil fuel, crude oil, and gas) are the main sources of the PAHs. Toxic equivalency quantities (TEQs) index exhibited a mean concentration of 47.41 ng g-1, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA) together contributed more than 80% of TEQ, indicating high risk potential of these compounds. Total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) presented higher value (2.62 × 10-7) for children than for adults (2.53 × 10-7), one-fold lower than the threshold (10-6). The spatial ILCR for the study areas and seasons showed the highest cancer risk in site 2 and winter. Taken together, the carcinogenic risk of PAHs to children and adults, respectively, through direct ingestion and dermal contact pathways illustrated values close to the baseline, suggesting that more attention should be paid to the issue in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Davoudi
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Esmaili-Sari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Nader Bahramifar
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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18
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Hu PT, Su PH, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Song WW, Qiao LN, Tian CG, Macdonald RW, Nikolaev A, Cao ZG, Li YF. New equation to predict size-resolved gas-particle partitioning quotients for polybrominated diphenyl ethers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123245. [PMID: 32947688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gas/particle (G/P) partition quotients of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for bulk air have been widely discussed in experimental and theoretical contexts, but research on size-resolved G/P partition quotients (KPi) are scarce and limited in scope. To investigate G/P partition behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) for size-segregated particles in the atmosphere, 396 individual size-segregated particulate samples (36 batches × 11 size-ranges), and 108 pairs of concurrent gaseous and bulk particulate samples were collected in Harbin, China. A steady-state equation based on bulk particles is derived to determine G/P partition quotients of PBDEs for size-segregated particles, which depends on the organic matter contents of size-segregated particles (fOMi). This equation can well predict KPi with knowledge of bulk partition quotient (KPS), ambient temperature, and fOMi, the results of which match well with monitoring data in Harbin and other published data collected in Shanghai and Guangzhou of China and Thessaloniki of Greece, and remedies a defect of over-estimate KPi for high-brominated PBDEs by the previous equation. In particular, the new equation contributes to obtaining the PBDEs concentrations in all atmospheric phase from partial phase, then provides a credible path to evaluate healthy exposure dose from the airborne PBDEs, by co-utilization with exposure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Tuan Hu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Peng-Hao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Li-Na Qiao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Chong-Guo Tian
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Anatoly Nikolaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences, North-Eastern Federal University, Russia
| | - Zhi-Guo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, HIT (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, HIT, Harbin, 150090, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada.
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Liao K, Yu JZ. Abundance and sources of benzo[a]pyrene and other PAHs in ambient air in Hong Kong: A review of 20-year measurements (1997-2016). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127518. [PMID: 32650173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) family is of environmental concern due to its toxicity, prompting the need of monitoring their long-term trends. Three monitoring programs in Hong Kong report concentrations of ambient PAHs, namely (1) respirable suspending particle (RSP) speciation program that monitored benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) (1997 to March 2000), (2) total suspended particle speciation program that monitored BaP (1997-1999), and (3) toxic air pollutant monitoring program that monitors BaP and 16 other PAHs in the combined gas and particulate phases at two general urban stations once or twice a month since January 1998. In this work, we review all the available PAH measurements in Hong Kong during 1997-2016, with emphasis on the temporal trends of BaP and the other 16 PAHs. PAHs of 5-6 rings exhibit an ambiguous decline trend since 1998, with a negative Sen's slope that is statistically significant. Specifically, BaP was reduced by 78% from 1998 to 2016, with a Sen's slope of -0.013 ng m-3 year-1. Correlations of BaP with RSP major species of high source specificity and PAH diagnostic ratios are employed to explore the source origins of PAHs. Our analysis reveals that PAHs mainly come from a combination of vehicular emissions and biomass/coal combustion. The decline trend of PAHs is further found in consistence with the declined particulate matter emissions from vehicular exhaust and biomass/coal combustion. This study fills the data vacancy in the long-term trends of ambient PAHs for the Pearl River Delta region, one of the economically more advanced regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Benlaribi R, Djebbar S. Concentrations, distributions, sources, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in topsoils around a petrochemical industrial area in Algiers (Algeria). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29512-29529. [PMID: 32445139 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-five samples were collected from topsoils around a petrochemical industrial area at the east of Algiers (Algeria) and analyzed for 16EPA priority PAHs in the aim to determine the concentrations, the distributions, and the possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results of the quantification are then devoted to the assessment of the potential risks as the toxicity, the risk for the ecosystem, and the risk for the human health. The sampling sites were classified into four categories: rural, suburban, urban, and industrial-urban. A new extraction method based on the insertion of a preliminary step, using hot water, was proposed to improve the extraction efficiency. Principal component analysis (PCA) and selected diagnostic ratio of PAHs were used to investigate the source apportionment of these PAHs. The potential toxicity, the ecological, and human health risk of PAHs in soil were estimated using the toxic equivalent quotient, the risk quotient, and the total lifetime cancer risk (TLCR) methods, respectively. The proposed new protocol gave improved recovery rates for the sixteen EPA PAHs particularly for low molecular weight PAHs, with satisfactory repeatability (RSD < 10%). The Σ16PAHs concentrations were varied from 143.73 to 4575.65 μg kg-1 with a mean value of 1209.56 μg kg-1. Σ16PAH concentrations found for the industrial areas would be 2 times higher than for urban soils and 3 times higher than for the rural soils. The biplots of PCA and the five diagnostic ratios suggested that the most sources of PAHs in the rural, the suburban, and the urban areas are traffic emissions, biomass burning, and coal combustion sources. Some points of the urban-industrial area are from the petroleum source. The found Σ16PAH concentrations and theirs calculated TEQs showed the following trend: industrial-urban > urban > suburban >rural. The potential cancer of human health risks calculated through TLCR results indicated that the exposure to the 7EPA PAH-contaminated soils produces negligible cancer risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Benlaribi
- Laboratoire d'Hydrométallurgie et Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire, USTHB, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria.
- Institut National de Criminalistique et de Criminologie de la Gendarmerie Nationale (INCC/GN), Cheraga, Algeria.
| | - Safia Djebbar
- Laboratoire d'Hydrométallurgie et Chimie Inorganique Moléculaire, USTHB, BP 32 El Alia, 16111, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
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21
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Zhang Y, Yan Q, Wang J, Han S, He R, Zhao Q, Jin M, Zhang R. Emission characteristics and potential toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter from the prebaked anode industry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137546. [PMID: 32192972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emission factors (EFs) and source profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) from the prebaked anode industry were studied to fill the knowledge gap and provide data for emission inventory and source resolution. In 2018, three prebaked anode plants were selected in Central China, each having one calcining chimney as well as one baking chimney, and then 92 samples were collected from the stack gas of the six chimneys. The results of the study are as follows. (1) PM10 and PM2.5 from the prebaked anode industry contained 37-42% water-soluble ions, 16-20% elements, 11-17% organic carbon, and 9.2-14% elemental carbon. (2) The EFs for PAHs of PM10 and PM2.5 were 1146.1 ± 899.7 and 866.2 ± 1179.8 mg/(t aluminum produced), respectively. The EF for BaP was seven times lower than that given by the European Environment Agency (EEA), whereas those of BbF, BkF, and IcdP were 2-13 times higher than those given by the EEA. (3) Seven diagnostic ratios for PAHs, including Ant/(Ant+Phe), Flua/(Flua+Pyr), BaA/(BaA + Chr), IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP), Flu/(Flu+Pyr), Phe/Ant and BaA/Chr were discussed. Just by diagnostic ratio, it is hard to precisely distinguish between calcining and baking in prebaked industry. (4) The toxic equivalence of PMs in the baking stack gas in the prebaked anode industry was five times higher than that in the calcining stack gas, and PM2.5 showed higher potential toxicity risk than PM10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishun Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qishe Yan
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shijie Han
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruidong He
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Zhao
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengjie Jin
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Research Institute of Environmental Science, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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22
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Zhao T, Yang L, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Bie S, Li J, Zhang W, Duan S, Gao H, Wang W. PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (nitrated-PAHs and oxygenated-PAHs) in a road tunnel located in Qingdao, China: Characteristics, sources and emission factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137521. [PMID: 32145622 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Daytime and nighttime PM2.5 samples were collected at a road tunnel located in Qingdao, China. The mass concentrations and chemical compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) were analysed to determine the variation characteristics and sources. The concentrations in exit were obviously higher than those of entrance in the tunnel. Fluoranthene (FLT) and Pyrene (PYR) were the most abundant PAHs, 2 + 3-nitrofluoranthene (2 + 3N-FLA), 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR) and 2-nitropyrene (2N-PYR) were the dominant NPAHs, and 9-fluorenone (9-FO) and 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10-ANQ) were the most abundant OPAHs. The high rings (4-6 rings) PAHs accounted for over 90% of the total PM2.5-bound PAH concentrations, most of which were considered as motor vehicle emissions. Based on the diagnostics ratios and PCA results, the most important sources of PAHs and NPAHs were estimated as gasoline and diesel vehicles emissions in the tunnel. In addition, non-exhausts (such as road dust, brake line, asphalt and tires wear) also had some contributions to PAHs and NPAHs. The average emission factors were 60.98, 9.02 and 8.47 μg veh-1 km-1 for total PM2.5-bound PAHs, NPAHs and OPAHs, respectively. The emission factors of high rings (4-6 rings) PAHs were greater than those with low rings (2-3 rings). 1N-PYR had the highest emission factor in all measured NPAHs, while the emission factors for the two highest OPAHs were 9-FO and 9,10-ANQ in this tunnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shujun Bie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jingshu Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shengfei Duan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hongliang Gao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Rönkkö TJ, Hirvonen MR, Happo MS, Leskinen A, Koponen H, Mikkonen S, Bauer S, Ihantola T, Hakkarainen H, Miettinen M, Orasche J, Gu C, Wang Q, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O, Komppula M, Jalava PI. Air quality intervention during the Nanjing youth olympic games altered PM sources, chemical composition, and toxicological responses. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109360. [PMID: 32222629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) is a leading global environmental health risk. Current air quality regulations are based on airborne mass concentration. However, PM from different sources have distinct chemical compositions and varied toxicity. Connections between emission control measures, air quality, PM composition, and toxicity remain insufficiently elucidated. The current study assessed the composition and toxicity of PM collected in Nanjing, China before, during, and after an air quality intervention for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games. A co-culture model that mimics the alveolar epithelium with the associated macrophages was created using A549 and THP-1 cells. These cells were exposed to size-segregated inhalable PM samples. The composition and toxicity of the PM samples were influenced by several factors including seasonal variation, emission sources, and the air quality intervention. For example, we observed a size-dependent shift in particle mass concentrations during the air quality intervention with an emphasized proportion of smaller particles (PM2.5) present in the air. The roles of industrial and fuel combustion and traffic emissions were magnified during the emission control period. Our analyses revealed that the PM samples demonstrated differential cytotoxic potencies at equal mass concentrations between sampling periods, locations, and time of day, influenced by variations in the predominant emission sources. Coal combustion and industrial emissions were the most important sources affecting the toxicological responses and displayed the least variation in emission contributions between the sampling periods. In conclusion, emission control mitigated cytotoxicity and oxidative stress for particles larger than 0.2 μm, but there was inadequate evidence to determine if it was the key factor reducing the harmful effects of PM0.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Ramboll Finland Oy, Oppipojankuja 6, FI-70780, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Koponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Applied Physics, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tuukka Ihantola
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mirella Miettinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng Gu
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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24
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Air Pollution Sources’ Contribution to PM2.5 Concentration in the Northeastern Part of the Czech Republic. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the source apportionment of air pollution in a specific northeastern part of the Czech Republic. The research area, located around the city of Třinec, is significantly affected by a complex spectrum of air pollution sources, including local residential heating (coal and wood burning), heavy industry (mainly iron and steel production), road traffic, and regional and long-range air pollution transport from the nearby cities, Poland, and other countries. The main pollution sources contributing to the total concentration of fine suspended particles (PM2.5) were evaluated on the basis of the measurements at three sites and on subsequent positive matrix factorization modeling. The six major air pollution factors were identified, and their relative and absolute contributions were quantified. The result of the study is that the most important current task of air protection is to reduce the residential emissions from solid fuels, which are responsible for approximately 50–60% of PM2.5 concentration, followed by the regional primary and secondary aerosol sources (up to 40% of the total PM2.5 aerosol mass). Lower contributions have been identified in the case of resuspended mineral and biogenic particles (15–20%), long-range (trans-European) air pollution transport (up to 10%), and heavy industry (up to 10% in the most affected location). A detailed discussion has been provided considering specific regional EC (elemental carbon)–OC (organic carbon) relations in the region with traditional coal-burning for household heating which complicate the interpretation of the PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) results, especially due to the interference between the traffic, residential heating, and biogenic aerosol factors.
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Zhang L, Morisaki H, Wei Y, Li Z, Yang L, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Xing W, Hu M, Shima M, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Tang N. PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing: Concentration, composition, and inhalation cancer risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135840. [PMID: 31972919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing in 2015 and analysed for 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 10 nitro-PAHs (NPAHs). In the sampling period in the heating season (namely, the heating period), the median concentrations of indoor and outdoor PAHs were 223 ng/m3 and 264 ng/m3, respectively, and those of indoor and outdoor NPAHs were 3.61 ng/m3 and 5.12 ng/m3, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were consistently higher in the heating period than those (indoor PAHs: 8.75 ng/m3, outdoor PAHs: 8.95 ng/m3, indoor NPAHs: 0.25 ng/m3, outdoor NPAHs: 0.40 ng/m3) in the sampling period in the non-heating season (namely, the non-heating period). In both periods, total PAHs and total NPAHs in indoor PM2.5, as well as most individual PAHs and NPAHs, were positively correlated with the outdoor PAH and NPAH concentrations (p < 0.05). This finding suggests that indoor PAHs and NPAHs are largely dependent on outdoor inputs. It is inferred from the diagnostic ratios that PAHs and NPAHs in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were affected jointly by coal combustion and vehicular emission in the heating period and mainly derived from vehicle exhaust in the non-heating period. Both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 showed considerable benzo[a]pyrene equivalent toxicity (BaPeq), especially in the heating period. Benzo[c]fluorene (BcFE) had relatively low concentrations but large contributions to BaPeq in both periods. This is the first report of PM2.5-bound BcFE inside and outside classrooms in Beijing. This result indicates that neglecting PAHs with low abundance but high toxicity leads to a significant underestimation of the overall PAH toxicity. The inhalation cancer risk (CR) of PAHs and NPAHs in PM2.5 during the primary school year exceeded the acceptable level as defined by the U.S. EPA, emphasizing its impact on the lifetime CR in schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morisaki
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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26
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Kang M, Kim K, Choi N, Kim YP, Lee JY. Recent Occurrence of PAHs and n-Alkanes in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea and Characteristics of their Sources and Toxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1397. [PMID: 32098187 PMCID: PMC7068501 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) were quantified at Seoul, Korea in 2018. The seasonal differences in the total concentration of PAHs and n-Alkanes were clear, where winter showed a higher concentration than that of summer. Compared to the PAHs measurements in 2002 at Seoul, the sum of PAHs concentrations in 2018 were reduced from 26.6 to 5.6 ng m-3. Major sources of the observed PAHs and n-alkanes were deduced from various indicators such as diagnostic ratios for PAHs and Cmax, CPI, and WNA (%) indices for n-alkanes. It was found that in winter coal and biomass combustions, and vehicular exhaust were major sources, while, in summer vehicular exhaust was major source. In addition, in winter, major emission sources were located outside of Seoul. The health effect from the recent level of PAHs was estimated and compared to the previous studies observed in Seoul, and it was found that, recently, the toxicity of PAHs in PM2.5 was significantly decreased, except for in the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.K.); (K.K.); (N.C.)
| | - Kiae Kim
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.K.); (K.K.); (N.C.)
| | - Narae Choi
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.K.); (K.K.); (N.C.)
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.K.); (K.K.); (N.C.)
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27
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Wang X, Banks APW, He C, Drage DS, Gallen CL, Li Y, Li Q, Thai PK, Mueller JF. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and legacy and current pesticides in indoor environment in Australia - occurrence, sources and exposure risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133588. [PMID: 31376762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Paired indoor air and floor dust samples were collected from residential houses and offices (n = 28) in two Australian cities in 2015. For the air samples, a modified passive air sampler (PAS) was used to collect semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in gaseous phase and airborne particles simultaneously. Sampling rates (R) of the PAS for gaseous SVOCs ranged from 0.69 to 3.4 m3 sampler-1 day-1. Out of the 33 analytes, 22, 14 and 17 compounds were detected (above the method detection limit) in over 50% of air, airborne particles and floor dust samples respectively. The highest median level in air, airborne particles and floor dust was observed for phenanthrene (2.0 ng m-3), permethrin (8800 ng g-1) and permethrin (5100 ng g-1) respectively. Among polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, with few exceptions, the largest contribution was from 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11) for both indoor air and floor dust samples. In these houses and offices, the indoor level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was mainly influenced by ambient (outdoor) air. Primary sources of PCBs were from within indoor environments and generally older houses have higher concentrations in air. Among pesticides, hexachlorobenzene in indoor environments appeared to be due to transfer from outdoor sources whereas chlordanes and pyrethroids were associated with past and current household application respectively. Compared to data from other countries/regions, concentrations of chlordanes, chlorpyrifos and pyrethroids in indoor air and dust samples from Australia were among the highest whereas PCB and PAH levels were among the lowest. The sum of estimated daily intakes (EDIs) via inhalation and dust contact and ingestion were calculated. The highest median value of EDI was observed for permethrin at 2.8 (for adults) and 74 ng kg-1 day-1 (for toddlers), which are <0.15% of the U.S. EPA reference dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Andrew P W Banks
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Daniel S Drage
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christie L Gallen
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Qingbo Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Phong K Thai
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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28
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Pereira DCA, Custódio D, de Andrade MDF, Alves C, de Castro Vasconcellos P. Air quality of an urban school in São Paulo city. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:659. [PMID: 31630273 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A major campaign was carried out in indoor and outdoor environments in a school located in the university campus of the city of São Paulo. Elements, PAH, oxy-PAH, water-soluble ions and black carbon were determined and compared with preliminary campaigns. The results indicated that the concentrations of particles and organic compounds were higher indoors. Some high molecular weight compounds, attributed to vehicular emissions, were more abundant outdoors. The associated health risk was found to be low. 2-Methylanthraquinone and benzo(a)anthracene-7,12-dione were detected in the indoor samples, denoting the infiltration of vehicle exhaust. The observation of black carbon also corroborates the contribution of traffic emissions. For most of the elements, except for chromium, iron and manganese, the concentrations obtained in indoors were higher than outdoors, mainly due to soil resuspension. Chromium and manganese likely derived from emissions of the vehicle powered by mixtures of ethanol and gasoline. Water-soluble inorganic ions species denoted the influence of soil resuspension and human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danilo Custódio
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima de Andrade
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Célia Alves
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Departamento de Ambiente, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Miersch T, Czech H, Hartikainen A, Ihalainen M, Orasche J, Abbaszade G, Tissari J, Streibel T, Jokiniemi J, Sippula O, Zimmermann R. Impact of photochemical ageing on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated PAH (Oxy-PAH/OH-PAH) in logwood stove emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:382-392. [PMID: 31181524 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of spruce logwood in a modern residential stove was found to emit polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAH) with emission factors of 404 μg MJ-1 of 35 analysed PAH, 317 μg MJ-1 of 11 analysed Oxy-PAH and 12.5 μg MJ-1 of 5 analysed OH-PAH, most of which are known as potential mutagens and carcinogens. Photochemical ageing in an oxidation flow reactor (OFR) degraded particle-bound PAH, which was also reflected in declining PAH toxicity equivalent (PAH-TEQ) values by 45 to 80% per equivalent day of photochemical ageing in the atmosphere. OPAH concentrations decreased less than PAH concentrations during photochemical ageing, supposedly due to their secondary formation, while 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene and 1,8-naphthalaldehydic acid were significantly increased after ageing. Furthermore, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and aromatic compounds not included in targeted analysis were investigated by thermal-optical carbon analysis (TOCA) hyphenate to resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS). The commonly used PAH-source indicators phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene, retene/chrysene, and indeno[cd]pyrene/benzo[ghi]perylene remained stable during photochemical ageing, enabling identification of wood combustion emissions in ambient air. On the other hand, benz[a]pyrene/benz[e]pyrene and benz[a]anthracene/chrysene were found to decrease with increasing photochemical age. Retene/chrysene was not a proper classifier for the wood combustion emissions of this study, possibly due to more efficient combustion than in open wood burning, from which this diagnostic ratio was initially derived. This study motivates in-depth investigation of degradation kinetics of particle-bound species on different combustion aerosol as well as the consequences of photochemical ageing on toxicity and identification of wood combustion emissions in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Miersch
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1672, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 1, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics" (CMA), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Straße 37, 81479 München, Germany
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Cerqueira M, Matos J. A one-year record of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at an urban background site in Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:34-41. [PMID: 30572213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic chemicals that are widely distributed in the atmosphere and well known for their adverse health effects. This study aims to describe, for the first time, the levels, sources and associated health risks of particulate PAHs in an urban background atmosphere of Lisbon, the capital and largest city in Portugal. PM10 aerosol samples were collected from early January to the end of December 2012 with a high-volume sampler and were later analyzed for 10 PAHs by high-performance liquid chromatography. The annual average of the sum of the concentrations of PAHs (ΣPAHs) was 1.64 ± 1.85 ng/m3. The dominant PAHs were pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, fluoranthene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene. Together these species accounted for approximately 70% of the ΣPAHs. A marked seasonal variation was observed for the investigated PAHs, with the highest values in winter and the lowest in spring and summer, reflecting the variation of emissions and meteorological conditions over time. The average concentration of benzo[a]pyrene was found to be 0.107 ± 0.152 ng/m3, not exceeding the target value of 1 ng/m3 established by European air quality legislation. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis were employed for the source apportionment of PAHs. Both tools indicated that vehicle exhaust was the main contributor to the atmospheric levels of PAHs in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Cerqueira
- Department of Environment & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João Matos
- Portuguese Environment Agency, Environment Reference Laboratory, Rua da Murgueira 9/9A, 2610-124 Amadora, Portugal
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Stakėnienė R, Jokšas K, Galkus A, Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Curonian Lagoon and the Nemunas River Delta (Lithuania, Baltic Sea): distribution, origin, and suggestions for the monitoring program. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:212. [PMID: 30852690 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Curonian Lagoon is the largest lagoon in the Baltic Sea region suffering from a great anthropogenic pressure. Pollution sources within the Nemunas River basin and those within the Klaipėda Port are the main threats to this sensitive water area. For the first time, such a detailed study on 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distribution, origin, and ecological risks was carried out in the Curonian Lagoon and the Nemunas River Delta. Total PAH concentration ranged from 5.6 to 528.4 ng g-1 d.w., demonstrating low to moderate pollution. The main identified PAH sources were vehicular and biomass emission, petroleum product spills, and coal combustion. A particularly high naphthalene concentration posing adverse biological effects was detected in the Nemunas River Delta region. Occasional adverse biological effects related to acenaphthene and dibenzo(a)anthracene might be observed in several Curonian Lagoon locations. The data obtained could serve for the improvement of the current regional environmental monitoring program: it reveals the need to take into account different sedimentary environments while choosing sampling locations. In addition to that, more PAHs could be included to the hazardous substance list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimutė Stakėnienė
- Institute of Geology and Geography, SRI Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, Room 608, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kęstutis Jokšas
- Institute of Geology and Geography, SRI Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, Room 608, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Galkus
- Institute of Geology and Geography, SRI Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, Room 608, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Eva Raudonytė-Svirbutavičienė
- Institute of Geology and Geography, SRI Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, Room 608, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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32
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Froger C, Quantin C, Gasperi J, Caupos E, Monvoisin G, Evrard O, Ayrault S. Impact of urban pressure on the spatial and temporal dynamics of PAH fluxes in an urban tributary of the Seine River (France). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:1002-1013. [PMID: 30682757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced by numerous anthropogenic activities are ubiquitous in the environment and have become a priority concern due to their potential severe biological impacts. A better understanding of PAH transfer at the catchment scale is therefore necessary to improve the management of PAH contaminants and protect rivers. Furthermore, the impact of changes in hydrological regimes and land uses on PAH fluxes should be specifically investigated. Accordingly, the current research monitors the contamination in atmospheric fallout, soils and rivers in a 950-km2 catchment (Orge River) characterized by an increasing urban gradient in downstream direction. During an entire hydrological year, river water contamination was quantified through regular sampling of both particulate and dissolved material at four river-monitoring stations, reflecting the increasing urbanization gradient. The significant input of PAHs from urban areas in downstream river sections corresponded to a specific PAH flux that reached 23 g km-2 y-1 despite the low sediment yield. Moreover, the comparison with runoff-specific fluxes reported in the literature underlined the major impact of urban runoff on the Orge River water and sediment quality. Nevertheless, the annual PAH load exported by the river (21 kg y-1) remained lower than the PAH inputs from atmospheric fallout (173 kg y-1), demonstrating the continuous accumulation of PAH from atmospheric fallout in the catchment soils. Consequently, the notably large PAH stock (close to 1000 tons) resulting from historical contamination of this early-industrialized region continues to increase due to ongoing atmospheric inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Froger
- Laboratoire des Sciences Du Climat et de L'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
| | - Cécile Quantin
- Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Johnny Gasperi
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR MA 102, Agro ParisTech, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Emilie Caupos
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR MA 102, Agro ParisTech, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Gaël Monvoisin
- Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Evrard
- Laboratoire des Sciences Du Climat et de L'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Ayrault
- Laboratoire des Sciences Du Climat et de L'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Miettinen M, Leskinen A, Abbaszade G, Orasche J, Sainio M, Mikkonen S, Koponen H, Rönkkö T, Ruusunen J, Kuuspalo K, Tiitta P, Jalava P, Hao L, Fang D, Wang Q, Gu C, Zhao Y, Michalke B, Schnelle-Kreis J, Lehtinen KEJ, Zimmermann R, Komppula M, Jokiniemi J, Hirvonen MR, Sippula O. PM 2.5 concentration and composition in the urban air of Nanjing, China: Effects of emission control measures applied during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:1-18. [PMID: 30347308 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial processes, coal combustion, biomass burning (BB), and vehicular transport are important sources of atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) and contribute to ambient air concentrations of health-hazardous species, such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and oxygenated-PAHs (OPAH). In China, emission controls have been implemented to improve air quality during large events, like the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) in August 2014 in Nanjing. In this work, six measurement campaigns between January 2014 and August 2015 were undertaken in Nanjing to determine the effects of emission controls and meteorological factors on PM2.5 concentration and composition. PAHs, OPAHs, hopanes, n‑alkanes, heavy metals, and several other inorganic elements were measured. PM2.5 and potassium concentrations were the highest in May-June 2014 indicating the prevalence of BB plumes in Nanjing. Emission controls substantially reduced concentrations of PM2.5 (31%), total PAHs (59%), OPAHs (37%), and most heavy metals (44-89%) during the YOG compared to August 2015. In addition, regional atmospheric transport and meteorological parameters partly explained the observed differences between the campaigns. The most abundant PAHs and OPAHs were benzo[b,k]fluoranthenes, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, 1,8‑naphthalic anhydride, and 9,10‑anthracenedione in all campaigns. Carbon preference index and the contribution of wax n‑alkanes indicated mainly biogenic sources of n‑alkanes in May-June 2014 and anthropogenic sources in the other campaigns. Hopane indexes pointed to vehicular transport as the major source of hopanes, but contribution of coal combustion was detected in winter 2015. The results provide evidence to the local government of the impacts of the air protection regulations. However, differences between individual components were observed, e.g., concentrations of potentially more harmful OPAHs decreased less than concentrations of PAHs. The results suggest that the proportions of hazardous components in the PM2.5 may also change considerably due to emission control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Miettinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Institute of Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maija Sainio
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Hanna Koponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Teemu Rönkkö
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jarno Ruusunen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Kari Kuuspalo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Petri Tiitta
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Liqing Hao
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Die Fang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Qingeng Wang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Gu
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, 210023 Nanjing, China
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kari E J Lehtinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre - Institute of Chemistry, Division of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Singh VK, Li J, Zhang G. Concentrations, sources and health risk of nitrated- and oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban indoor air and dust from four cities of Nepal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1013-1023. [PMID: 30189518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the fate and behavior of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) have been documented worldwide, the information about PAH-derivatives (NPAHs and OPAHs) is limited, especially in developing countries, including Nepal. Moreover, the greater parts of the investigations concentrating on NPAHs/OPAHs are on the air (borne) particulate phase only; and are primarily based on a limited number of compounds analyzed. Little is known about the environmental concentration, fate, and behavior of NPAHs and OPAHs in air gas phase and dust. In this study, the concentration, fate, spatial distributions of 26 NPAHs and 3 OPAHs in the air (n = 34) and dust (n = 24) were investigated in suspected source area/more densely populated areas of Nepal. Four critical source areas in Nepal were considered as it was conjectured that the urban areas are more prone to NPAH/OPAH contamination due to the high density of automobiles and industrial activities. Overall, the measured ∑19NPAHs in air and dust were 5 and 2 times lower than their parent-PAHs, respectively. Highest levels of NPAHs/OPAHs were measured in Birgunj, followed by Kathmandu, Biratnagar, and Pokhara, respectively, while Biratnagar showed the highest level of ∑OPAHs. 3-Nitrodibenzofuran (3-NDBF) was the most abundant NPAHs measured both in air and dust, whereas 9-Fluorenone (9-FLUONE) prevailing OPAHs. The molecular diagnostic ratio (MDR) of 2-Nitrofluoranthene/1-Nitropyrene indicated the contribution from secondary emission via photochemical reaction as the primary source of NPAHs, while solid fuel combustion and crop residue burning were identified as the essential sources of OPAHs. The human exposure to NPAH/OPAH through the different route of intake suggested dermal contact via dust as the primary pathway of NPAH/OPAH exposure for both adult and children. However, other routes of exposure, for instance, dietary intake or dermal absorption via soil may still be prominent in case of Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Al-Alam J, Fajloun Z, Chbani A, Millet M. Determination of 16 PAHs and 22 PCBs in honey samples originated from different region of Lebanon and used as environmental biomonitors sentinel. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 54:9-15. [PMID: 30199354 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1500782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the air quality in some Lebanese regions, a biomonitoring study based on honey as biomonitor candidate was conducted. For this, 18 samples of honey collected from four regions in Lebanon, were analyzed for their contamination by 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 22 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Samples were first extracted using a multi-residue extraction method based on the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method (QuEChERS) followed by a concentration step using Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedures. The extraction was then followed by chromatographic analysis by gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). After PAHs samples assessment, different ratios of founded PAHs were calculated in order to estimate the sources of the pollution by these compounds. The obtained results showed that the four analyzed regions were contaminated with PAHs originated from both pyro and petro genic sources while none of them was found to be contaminated by any of the 22 assessed PCBs. The results of this study show that honey can be used as potential biomonitor candidate allowing the assessment of the pollution statement of a given environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Al-Alam
- a LBA3B, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Doctoral School of Science and Technology , Lebanese University , Tripoli , Lebanon
- b Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health ICPEES UMR 7515 CNRS, Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere , University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- a LBA3B, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Doctoral School of Science and Technology , Lebanese University , Tripoli , Lebanon
- c Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences III , Lebanese University , Tripoli , Lebanon
| | - Asma Chbani
- a LBA3B, Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Doctoral School of Science and Technology , Lebanese University , Tripoli , Lebanon
- d Faculty of Public Health III , Lebanese University , Tripoli , Lebanon
| | - Maurice Millet
- b Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health ICPEES UMR 7515 CNRS, Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere , University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
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Rabhi L, Lemou A, Cecinato A, Balducci C, Cherifi N, Ladji R, Yassaa N. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, parabens and other environmental contaminants in dust and suspended particulates of Algiers, Algeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24253-24265. [PMID: 29948708 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalateesters, parabens, siloxanes and squalene, all of them classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), have been reported to occur in all environmental compartments. The effects of EDCs on development, reproduction, growth, metabolism and obesity constitute a real public health issue. A list of EDCs (> 40 compounds) were characterised in total suspended particulates (outdoor soot: 92 samples) collected in July-September 2016 in an Algiers urban area; besides, settled indoor dusts (36 samples) were collected between November and December 2016 in schools, homes, manufacture and hospital of the same province. The analytical procedure consisted of ultrasonic bath extraction, column chromatography separation into fractions of different polarity and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric processing. The total loads of phthalates ranging from 6.0 to 347 ng/m2 (median, 26 ng/m2) were determined in indoor dust and 4.6 to 11.6 ng/m3 (median, 7.9 ng/m3) in outdoor soot; meanwhile, PAHs ranged from 12.1 to 108 ng/m2 (median, 36 ng/m2) in indoor dust and ranged from 5.6 to 7.7 ng/m3 (median 5.7 ng/m3) in outdoor soot. Finally, illicit substances such as cocaine, cannabinol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol were found to range from 0.5 to 11 pg/m3, 4.6 to 9.2 pg/m3 and 11 to 81 pg/m3, respectively, in outdoor soot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyes Rabhi
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Organique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32, El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
- Unité de recherche en analyses et développement technologiques en environnement-centre de recherche scientifique et technique en Analyses physico-chimiques UR-ADTE- CRAPC, BP 384, Zone industrielle RP, 42004, Bou Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Abdelkader Lemou
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Organique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32, El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria
- Unité de recherche en analyses et développement technologiques en environnement-centre de recherche scientifique et technique en Analyses physico-chimiques UR-ADTE- CRAPC, BP 384, Zone industrielle RP, 42004, Bou Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, via Salaria, km29.3, P. O. Box10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, via Salaria, km29.3, P. O. Box10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Nabila Cherifi
- Unité de recherche en analyses et développement technologiques en environnement-centre de recherche scientifique et technique en Analyses physico-chimiques UR-ADTE- CRAPC, BP 384, Zone industrielle RP, 42004, Bou Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Riad Ladji
- Unité de recherche en analyses et développement technologiques en environnement-centre de recherche scientifique et technique en Analyses physico-chimiques UR-ADTE- CRAPC, BP 384, Zone industrielle RP, 42004, Bou Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Noureddine Yassaa
- Laboratoire d'Analyse Organique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Chimie, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, BP 32, El-Alia, Bab Ezzouar, 16111, Algiers, Algeria.
- Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables, CDER, BP 62, Route de l'Observatoire, Bouzaréah, 16340, Algiers, Algeria.
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Lin TJ, Guo YL, Hsu JC, Wang IJ. 2-Naphthol Levels and Allergic Disorders in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071449. [PMID: 29987264 PMCID: PMC6069002 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: The measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in ambient air is quite difficult to perform. Using urine biomarkers of PAH such as 2-naphthol is one approach to this problem. This study explored the association between urine 2-naphthol levels and allergic diseases. The associations between 2-naphthol levels and oxidative stress biomarkers for the possible disease pathogenesis were also investigated. Method: A total of 453 kindergarten children from the (Childhood Environment and Allergic Diseases Study) CEAS cohort with urine samples were recruited. Urine 2-naphthol levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and markers of oxidative stress (8OHdG) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Information on environmental risk factors and allergic diseases were also collected. The association between 2-naphthol levels, 8OHdG levels, IgE, and allergic diseases were evaluated by multivariate linear regression and logistic regression. Results: Levels of 2-naphthol were positively correlated with 8OHdG levels. A one ln-unit increase in the 2-naphthol level was positively associated to 8OHdG levels (per ln-unit: β = 100.61, p < 0.001). When dividing 2-naphthol levels into quartiles, asthma was significantly associated with 2-naphthol levels at a concentration of >1.60 ng/mL (adjusted OR: 3.14, 95% CI 1.34–7.35). Conclusion: Urine 2-naphthol levels are associated with markers of oxidative stress and the risk of allergic diseases in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Jen Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, College of Exercise and Health Sciences, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Yueliang Leon Guo
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan.
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Jiin-Chyr Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 127, Su-Yuan Road, Hsin-Chuang Dist., Taipei 242, Taiwan.
- Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - I-Jen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 127, Su-Yuan Road, Hsin-Chuang Dist., Taipei 242, Taiwan.
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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38
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Su PH, Tomy GT, Hou CY, Yin F, Feng DL, Ding YS, Li YF. Gas/particle partitioning, particle-size distribution of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in southeast Shanghai rural area and size-resolved predicting model. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:251-261. [PMID: 29353675 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A size-segregated gas/particle partitioning coefficient KPi was proposed and evaluated in the predicting models on the basis of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) field data comparing with the bulk coefficient KP. Results revealed that the characteristics of atmospheric PBDEs in southeast Shanghai rural area were generally consistent with previous investigations, suggesting that this investigation was representative to the present pollution status of atmospheric PBDEs. KPi was generally greater than bulk KP, indicating an overestimate of TSP (the mass concentration of total suspended particles) in the expression of bulk KP. In predicting models, KPi led to a significant shift in regression lines as compared to KP, thus it should be more cautious to investigate sorption mechanisms using the regression lines. The differences between the performances of KPi and KP were helpful to explain some phenomenon in predicting investigations, such as PL0 and KOA models overestimate the particle fractions of PBDEs and the models work better at high temperature than at low temperature. Our findings are important because they enabled an insight into the influence of particle size on predicting models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Hao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chun-Yan Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.
| | - Fang Yin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Dao-Lun Feng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yong-Sheng Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China; IJRC-PTS, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada
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Bauer AK, Velmurugan K, Plöttner S, Siegrist KJ, Romo D, Welge P, Brüning T, Xiong KN, Käfferlein HU. Environmentally prevalent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can elicit co-carcinogenic properties in an in vitro murine lung epithelial cell model. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1311-1322. [PMID: 29170806 PMCID: PMC5866845 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are the most abundant PAHs environmentally, occupationally, and are in cigarette smoke; however, little is known about their carcinogenic potential. We hypothesized that LMW PAHs act as co-carcinogens in the presence of a known carcinogen (benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)) in a mouse non-tumorigenic type II cell line (C10 cells). Gap junctions are commonly suppressed and inflammation induced during tumor promotion, while DNA-adduct formation is observed during the initiation stage of cancer. We used these endpoints together as markers of carcinogenicity in these lung adenocarcinoma progenitor cells. LMW PAHs (1-methylanthracene and fluoranthene, 1-10 µM total in a 1:1 ratio) were used based on previous studies as well as B[a]P (0-3 µM) as the classic carcinogen; non-cytotoxic doses were used. B[a]P-induced inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) was observed at low doses and further reduced in the presence of the LMW PAH mixture (P < 0.05), supporting a role for GJIC suppression in cancer development. Benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide (BPDE)-DNA adduct levels were significantly induced in B[a]P-treated C10 cells and additionally increased with the LMW PAH mixture (P < 0.05). Significant increases in cyclooxygenase (Cox-2) were observed in response to the B[a]P/LMW PAH mixture combinations. DNA adduct formation coincided with the inhibition of GJIC and increase in Cox-2 mRNA expression. Significant cytochrome p4501b1 increases and connexin 43 decreases in gene expression were also observed. These studies suggest that LMW PAHs in combination with B[a]P can elicit increased carcinogenic potential. Future studies will further address the mechanisms of co-carcinogenesis driving these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Kalpana Velmurugan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sabine Plöttner
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katelyn J Siegrist
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Deedee Romo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Peter Welge
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ka-Na Xiong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mailstop V-20, Rm 3125, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Heiko U Käfferlein
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), 44789, Bochum, Germany
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Dat ND, Chang MB. Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:682-693. [PMID: 28763665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds composed of multiple aromatic rings. PAHs are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants which are well-recognized as carcinogenic, teratogenic and genotoxic compounds. PAHs are released from incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of materials containing carbon and hydrogen, such as coal, oil, wood and petroleum products. Understanding the characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, source profiles and technologies available for controlling PAHs emission is essential to reduce the impacts of PAHs. This paper offers an overview on concentration and distribution of atmospheric PAHs, emission factors and distribution of PAHs in different sources, and available control technologies. Characteristics of atmospheric PAHs vary with meteorological conditions and emission sources, while characteristics of PAHs emission depend on burned material and combustion condition. Combination of some technologies may be necessary for effective removal of both low-ring and high-ring PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Duy Dat
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan.
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Romagnoli P, Vichi F, Balducci C, Imperiali A, Perilli M, Paciucci L, Petracchini F, Cecinato A. Air quality study in the coastal city of Crotone (Southern Italy) hosting a small-size harbor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25260-25275. [PMID: 28929369 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and gaseous pollutants were collected from the harbor and the urban area of Crotone (Southern Italy) in October 2015. The atmospheric concentrations of organic substances associated to PM10 were determined daily, while gaseous pollutants (BTEX, O3, SO2, NOx, NO2, and NH3) were monitored on monthly basis by means of diffusive sampling. Total PAHs reached, on the average, 1.56 ± 0.72, 0.33 ± 0.14, and 0.59 ± 0.37 ng/m3 at the urban monitoring stations (Fiore, Fermi) and at the harbor, respectively. The percent distribution and diagnostic concentration ratios of PAHs were similar at Fermi and harbor, whereas differences were found through comparison with Fiore site. Biogenic n-alkanes (n-C29, and n-C31) were the most abundant components, indicating the important impact of terrestrial higher plants in all sites. On the other hand, n-C23-n-C25 homologs originated from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel were not negligible (CPI2.5 = 2.4) in harbor, confirming the role of anthropogenic sources there. Inside the harbor, SO2 concentrations ranged from 5.6 to 14.8 μg/m3 showing the maximum value within the old part of the harbor (touristic port). A statistical significant difference between the harbor and the surroundings was indeed observed for this pollutant, which is a specific marker of ship emissions. The other gaseous species monitored did not exhibit the same distribution, with exception of NH3 and benzene, whose concentration values ranged from 2.8 to 6.9 μg/m3 and 0.3 to 1.4 μg/m3, respectively, and peaked at the same harbor site. Similarities were found in NOx, NO2, and O3 concentration distributions, showing high values in the New Port area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
| | - Francesca Vichi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Andrea Imperiali
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Lucia Paciucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Francesco Petracchini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
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Tian M, Yang F, Chen S, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhang L, Zhang L, Xiang L, Qiao B. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic compounds and associated sources in an urban and a rural area of Chongqing, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:78-87. [PMID: 28841434 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monthly bulk (dry + wet) deposition samples were collected at an urban and a rural site in Chongqing, southwestern China during May 2014 to April 2015 for analyzing the contents of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and three types of substituted PAHs (SPAHs) including oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and methyl PAHs (MPAHs). Annual average (±standard deviation) deposition fluxes of ΣPPAHs, ΣOPAHs, and ΣMPAHs were 536 ± 216; 221 ± 118, and 131 ± 41.9 ng/m2/d, respectively, in the urban area, and 347 ± 185, 160 ± 112, and 85.2 ± 32.0 ng/m2/d, respectively in the rural area. Deposition of ΣNPAHs (6.01 ± 3.93 and 3.91 ± 4.84 ng/m2/d) were about two orders of magnitude lower than those of ΣPPAHs. In the urban area, temporal variations of PPAHs and MPAHs fluxes were positively correlated with particle deposition, while the trends of OPAHs and NPAHs were probably controlled by secondary formation. In the rural area, SPAHs and PPAHs deposition fluxes had similar temporal trends but differed from particle deposition. High relative humidity in Chongqing likely played an important role in facilitating the partitioning of OPAHs to atmospheric aerosols and resulting in the relatively high OPAHs level in winter. Principle component analysis identified secondary formation (21.7%) and combustion emission (52.7%) as two important contributors to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) deposition fluxes in urban area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tian
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - FuMo Yang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Development in Wuling Mountain Areas, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China.
| | - SheJun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - HuanBo Wang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - LiuYi Zhang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - LeiMing Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Li Xiang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - BaoQing Qiao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
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Lynam MM, Dvonch JT, Turlington JM, Olson D, Landis MS. Combustion-Related Organic Species in Temporally Resolved Urban Airborne Particulate Matter. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2017; 10:917-927. [PMID: 30505358 PMCID: PMC6261300 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-017-0482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurate characterization of the chemical composition of particulate matter (PM) is essential for improved understanding of source attribution and resultant health impacts. To explore this we conducted ambient monitoring of a suite of 15 combustion-related organic species in temporally resolved PM 2.5 samples during an ongoing animal exposure study in a near source environment in Detroit, MI. All of the 15 species detected were above the method detection limit in 8 hour samples. This study focused on two molecular classes: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Hopanes measured in samples. Of the 12 PAHs studied, benzo[b]fluoranthene (169 pg m-3), benzo[g,h,i]perylene (124 pg m-3), and benzo[e]pyrene (118, pg m-3) exhibited the three highest mean concentrations while 17α(H),21β(H)-Hopane (189 pg m-3) and 17α(H),21β(H)-30-Norhopane (145 pg m-3) had the highest mean concentrations of the 3 Hopanes analyzed in samples. Ratios of individual compound concentrations to total compound concentrations (∑ 15 compounds) showed the greatest daily variation for 17α(H),21β(H)-Hopane (11-28%) and 17α(H),21β(H)-30-Norhopane (8-20%). Diagnostic PAH concentration ratios ([IP]/[IP + BP] (range 0.30 - 0.45), [BaP]/[BaP+BeP] (range 0.26 - 0.44), [BaP]/[BP] (range 0.41 - 0.82), [Bb]/[Bk] (range 2.07 - 2.66), in samples reflected impacts froma mixture of combustion sources consistent with greater prevalence of petroleum combustion source emissions (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and crude oil) compared to coal or wood combustion emissions impacts at this urban site. Results from this study demonstrate that short duration sampling for organic speciation provides temporally relevant exposure information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Lynam
- University of Michigan Air Quality Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J. Timothy Dvonch
- University of Michigan Air Quality Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John M. Turlington
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - David Olson
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Matthew S. Landis
- U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Jiao H, Bian G, Chen X, Wang S, Zhuang X, Bai Z. Distribution, sources, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from an industrial district in Shanxi, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:12243-12260. [PMID: 28357788 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentration, composition profile, orientation distribution, sources, and potential risks of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in 76 surface (0-25 cm) soil samples collected from the Changzhi industrial district in July 2014 using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS QP2010 Ultra) system. The composition patterns of the PAHs were dominated by the presence of four-ring PAHs (average 42.9%), followed by three-ring (average 25.9%), five-ring PAHs (average 25.6%), two-ring PAHs (average 5.03%), and lastly, six-ring PAHs (average 0.641%). Source apportionment of the soil PAHs was also performed by the diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis (PCA), and coefficient of divergence (CD) analysis indicated signatures of PAHs sources (including incineration, coal/wood combustion, and vehicular exhaust emission). The total concentration of 16 PAHs (∑16PAHs) found in the roadsides soils (RS) ranged from 2197 to 25,041 μg kg-1, with an arithmetic mean value of 12,245 μg kg-1; followed by the village soils (VS), which ranged from 2059 to 21,240 μg kg-1, with a mean of 8976 μg kg-1; and lastly, the agricultural soils (AS), which ranged from 794 to 16,858 μg kg-1, with a mean of 3456 μg kg-1. According to the numerical effect-based soils quality guidelines of Maliszewska-Kordybach, the levels of PAHs in the sampled industrial areas range from high to heavy contamination. The values of total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent values (∑Bapeq16PAHs) in the sample areas ranged from 0.087 to 3611 μg kg-1 with an average of 969 μg kg-1. According to the soil quality guidelines of Canada, values found in the highest range (100 μg kg-1), which are equal to those of ∑Bapeq16PAHs found in the industrial area samples, will exert adverse biological effects. The results of this research could potentially be useful for local governments to control toxicity exposure, promote actions to alleviate PAHs contamination, and to manage human health at both work and industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Jiao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Changzhi University, Changzhi, 046011, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Gaopeng Bian
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Changzhi University, Changzhi, 046011, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Suiliang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, Changzhi University, Changzhi, 046011, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Wang X, Thai PK, Mallet M, Desservettaz M, Hawker DW, Keywood M, Miljevic B, Paton-Walsh C, Gallen M, Mueller JF. Emissions of Selected Semivolatile Organic Chemicals from Forest and Savannah Fires. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1293-1302. [PMID: 28019099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The emission factors (EFs) for a broad range of semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) from subtropical eucalypt forest and tropical savannah fires were determined for the first time from in situ investigations. Significantly higher (t test, P < 0.01) EFs (μg kg-1 dry fuel, gas + particle-associated) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑13 PAHs) were determined from the subtropical forest fire (7,000 ± 170) compared to the tropical savannah fires (1,600 ± 110), due to the approximately 60-fold higher EFs for 3-ring PAHs from the former. EF data for many PAHs from the eucalypt forest fire were comparable with those previously reported from pine and fir forest combustion events. EFs for other SVOCs including polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners as well as some pesticides (e.g., permethrin) were determined from the subtropical eucalypt forest fire. The highest concentrations of total suspended particles, PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, and PBDEs, were typically observed in the flaming phase of combustion. However, concentrations of levoglucosan and some pesticides such as permethrin peaked during the smoldering phase. Along a transect (10-150-350 m) from the forest fire, concentration decrease for PCBs during flaming was faster compared to PAHs, while levoglucosan concentrations increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Marc Mallet
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Maximilien Desservettaz
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale Laboratories, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Darryl W Hawker
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University , 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Melita Keywood
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale Laboratories, 107-121 Station Street, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Streeet, Brisbane City, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Clare Paton-Walsh
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong , Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Michael Gallen
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
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Grung M, Kringstad A, Bæk K, Allan IJ, Thomas KV, Meland S, Ranneklev SB. Identification of non-regulated polycyclic aromatic compounds and other markers of urban pollution in road tunnel particulate matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:36-44. [PMID: 27233209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A combination of silicone rubber extraction and non-target and suspect screening by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of flight mass spectrometry was used for the identification of compounds in particulate matter (PM). Tunnel PM is a proxy for local road pollution that constitutes a hazard to the urban environment and human health. The use of silicone rubber for the extraction of PM allowed the pre-concentration of a wide range of compounds for non-target analysis while minimising the effects of the sample matrix. As expected, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) constituted the major group of compounds identified, but only 5 of 50 PACs identified were amongst those regularly monitored and many of them were alkylated or contained a heteroatom. Urban markers of contamination such as organophosphate flame-retardants, phthalates, benzothiazoles, musk compounds and a plasticiser were also identified. The level of confidence for the identifications was high based on accurate mass, the pattern of fragmentation and retention. The unequivocal identification of 16 compounds, from all groups, was confirmed by co-chromatography with standards and the compounds semi-quantified. Most of the PACs identified are not regularly monitored, and the hazards they pose are therefore unknown. Some of these PACs are known to be more persistent and mobile in the environment than the EPA PAH16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Grung
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alfhild Kringstad
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kine Bæk
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sondre Meland
- Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Environmental Assessment Section, Post Box 8142 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Post Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Sissel B Ranneklev
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
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Lu H, Wang S, Wu Z, Yao S, Han J, Tang X, Jiang B. Variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air during haze and non-haze episodes in warm seasons in Hangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:135-145. [PMID: 27475434 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during haze episodes in warm seasons, daily PM2.5 and gaseous samples were collected from March to September 2015 in Hangzhou, China. Daily samples were further divided into four groups by the definition of haze according to visibility and relative humidity (RH), including non-haze (visibility, >10 km), light haze (visibility, 8-10 km, RH <90 %), medium haze (visibility, 5-8 km, RH <90 %), and heavy haze (visibility, <5 km, RH <90 %). Significantly higher concentrations of PM2.5-bound PAHs were found in haze days, but the mean PM2.5-bound PAH concentrations obviously decreased with the aggravation of haze pollution from light to heavy. The gas/particle partitioning coefficients of PAHs decreased from light-haze to heavy-haze episodes, which indicated that PM2.5-bound PAHs were restricted to adhere to the particulate phase with the aggravation of haze pollution. Absorption was considered the main mechanism of gas/particle partitioning of PAHs from gaseous to particulate phase. Analysis of air mass transport indicated that the PM2.5-bound PAH pollution in haze days was largely from regional sources but also significantly affected by long-range air mass transport. The inhalation cancer risk associated with PAHs exceeded the acceptable risk level markedly in both haze and non-haze days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
| | - Shengsheng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Zuliang Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Shuiliang Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Jingyi Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Xiujuan Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Boqiong Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
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Wang Q, Kobayashi K, Wang W, Ruan J, Nakajima D, Yagishita M, Lu S, Zhang W, Suzuki M, Saitou T, Sekiguchi K, Sankoda K, Takao Y, Nagae M, Terasaki M. Size distribution and sources of 37 toxic species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during summer and winter in Baoshan suburban area of Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1519-1534. [PMID: 27320739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the size-segregated distribution and sources of 37 different species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a suburban area of Shanghai metropolitan City, China. The ambient particulate sampling was carried out on the rooftop of a five-stories building in Baoshan campus of Shanghai University. An Andersen high-volume air sampler was employed to collect ambient size-segregated particulate matter during summer of August to September and winter of November to December 2015. The high toxic PAHs were determined by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The concentrations of total PAHs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and PM1.1 (suspended particulate matter below 1.1μm in diameter) in the suburban area of Shanghai were 4.58-14.5ng/m(3) and 1.82-8.56ng/m(3), respectively in summer, and 43.6-160ng/m(3) and 23.2-121ng/m(3), separately in winter. 1,8-Naphthalic anhydride (1,8-NA) showed the highest concentration among 37 different species of PAHs in the suburban area of Shanghai. The concentrations of high molecular PAHs (e.g. 5-6 ring PAHs) followed a nearly unimodal size distribution with the highest peaks in PM1.1. The diagnostic ration qualitatively indicated that PAHs in SPM of Shanghai were mainly derived from motor-vehicle or petroleum combustion in summer and from coal and biomass combustion in winter. According to the calculated toxicity equivalency factors based on the methods of Nisbet and Lagoy and the potency equivalency factors (PEF) recommended by U.S. EPA, the highest contributors in the total carcinogenicity of the PAHs in SPM and PM1.1 were dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (46.2% and 45.0% in summer), benzo[a]pyrene (44.4% and 43.8% in winter) and benz[j]aceanthrylene (80.2% and 83.1% in summer and 83.1% and 84.0% in winter), respectively. Therefore, benzo[a]pyrene seemed to be a lower contributor than other carcinogenic PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Weiqian Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China
| | - Jie Ruan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National institute for environmental studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Mayuko Yagishita
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National institute for environmental studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Senlin Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China.
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China
| | - Miho Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Tomoya Saitou
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kenshi Sankoda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yuji Takao
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagae
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masanori Terasaki
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-34 Ueda, Morioka City, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Cheng JO, Ko FC, Lee CL, Fang MD. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of southern Taiwan in relation to monsoons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:15675-15688. [PMID: 27137192 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were intensively measured in the Hengchun Peninsula of southern Taiwan. The concentrations of total PAH (Σ38PAH), including gas and particle phases, ranged from 0.85 to 4.40 ng m(-3). No significant differences in the PAH levels and patterns were found between the samples taken at day and at night. The gas phase PAH concentrations were constant year-round, but the highest levels of particle-associated PAHs were found during the northeast monsoon season. Long-range transport and rainfall scavenging mechanisms contributed to the elevated levels in aerosols andΣ38PAH concentrations. Results from principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the major sources of PAHs in this study were vehicular emissions. The back trajectories demonstrated that air mass movement driven by the monsoon system was the main influence on atmospheric PAH profiles and concentrations in the rural region of southern Taiwan. Gas-particle partition coefficients (K p ) of PAHs were well-correlated with sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (P (o) L ) and demonstrated significant seasonal variation between the northeast (NE) and the southwest (SW) monsoon seasons. This study sheds light on the role of Asian monsoons regarding the atmospheric transport of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-O Cheng
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chi Ko
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan.
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, 2, Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Chon-Lin Lee
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Kuroshio Research Group, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Der Fang
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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50
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Wang X, Thai PK, Li Y, Li Q, Wainwright D, Hawker DW, Mueller JF. Changes in atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls between the 1990s and 2010s in an Australian city and the role of bushfires as a source. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:223-231. [PMID: 26901074 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades, efforts have been made to reduce human exposure to atmospheric pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through emission control and abatement. Along with the potential changes in their concentrations resulting from these efforts, profiles of emission sources may have also changed over such extended timeframes. However relevant data are quite limited in the Southern Hemisphere. We revisited two sampling sites in an Australian city, where the concentration data in 1994/5 for atmospheric PAHs and PCBs were available. Monthly air samples from July 2013 to June 2014 at the two sites were collected and analysed for these compounds, using similar protocols to the original study. A prominent seasonal pattern was observed for PAHs with elevated concentrations in cooler months whereas PCB levels showed little seasonal variation. Compared to two decades ago, atmospheric concentrations of ∑13 PAHs (gaseous + particle-associated) in this city have decreased by approximately one order of magnitude and the apparent halving time (t1/2) was estimated as 6.2 ± 0.56 years. ∑6iPCBs concentrations (median value; gaseous + particle-associated) have decreased by 80% with an estimated t1/2 of 11 ± 2.9 years. These trends and values are similar to those reported for comparable sites in the Northern Hemisphere. To characterise emission source profiles, samples were also collected from a bushfire event and within a vehicular tunnel. Emissions from bushfires are suggested to be an important contributor to the current atmospheric concentrations of PAHs in this city. This contribution is more important in cooler months, i.e. June, July and August, and its importance may have increased over the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Wang
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
| | - Phong K Thai
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Yan Li
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Qingbo Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - David Wainwright
- Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Darryl W Hawker
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
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