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Campeau A, Tanaka M, McTavish JR, MacMillan H, McKee C, Hovdestad WE, Gonzalez A, Afifi TO, Stewart-Tufescu A, Tonmyr L. Asking youth and adults about child maltreatment: a review of government surveys. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e063905. [PMID: 36410827 PMCID: PMC9680163 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review we: (1) identify and describe nationally representative surveys with child maltreatment (CM) questions conducted by governments in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries and (2) describe procedures implemented to address respondents' safety and minimise potential distress. DESIGN We conducted a systematic search across eight databases from 1 January 2000 to 5 July 2021 to identify original studies with information about relevant surveys. Additional information about surveys was obtained through survey methods studies, survey reports, survey websites or by identifying full questionnaires (when available). RESULTS Forty-six studies representing 139 surveys (98 youth and 41 adult) conducted by governments from 105 countries were identified. Surveys implemented a variety of procedures to maximise the safety and/or reduce distress for respondents including providing the option to withdraw from the survey and/or securing confidentiality and privacy for the respondent. In many surveys, further steps were taken such as providing information for support services, providing sensitivity training to survey administrators when interviews were conducted, among others. A minority of surveys took additional steps to empirically assess potential distress experienced by respondents. CONCLUSIONS Assessing risk and protective factors and developing effective interventions and policies are essential to reduce the burden of violence against children. While asking about experiences of CM requires careful consideration, procedures to maximise the safety and minimise potential distress to respondents have been successfully implemented globally, although practices differ across surveys. Further analysis is required to assist governments to implement the best possible safety protocols to protect respondents in future surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Campeau
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masako Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jill R McTavish
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harriet MacMillan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, and Pediatrics, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McKee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy E Hovdestad
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences, and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Lil Tonmyr
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Rueda P, Ferragut M, Cerezo MV, Ortiz-Tallo M. Knowledge and Myths About Child Sexual Abuse in Mexican Women. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP11743-NP11760. [PMID: 33632027 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521993927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a terrible type of maltreatment that occurs in all countries and social statuses, but due to the shame and taboo that it creates, it is still riddled with myths and false beliefs that make it difficult for the population and the authorities to adequately determine its prevalence. The objective of this work was to explore what Mexican women know about CSA. The participants were Mexican women (N = 499) who filled out a questionnaire comprising ten items referring to truths and myths about CSA, indicating their degree of agreement with them on a Likert scale. The results showed that although Mexican women have quite adequate knowledge about CSA, they still hold wrong beliefs about the child's feelings toward the abuser or the child victim becoming an adult abuser. Likewise, differences were found in the myths and truths about CSA held by women under 40 and over 40 years of age.
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da Costa EL, Faúndes A, Nunes R. The association between victim-offender relationship and the age of children and adolescents who suffer sexual violence: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2022; 98:310-315. [PMID: 34469770 PMCID: PMC9432057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sexual violence is a problem that affects children and adolescents regardless of social class, age, origin, religion, education level, marital status, race, or sexual orientation. This study aimed to analyze the associations between victim-offender relationships and the victim's age in cases of sexual violence involving female victims. METHODS This cross-sectional, retrospective observational study used data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Department of Public Health Surveillance in Brasília regarding the reportable crime of rape as informed by female victims in the Federal District between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2018. The age of the victim was classified as <15 years or 15-19 years. The offenders were classified into eight different categories according to their relationship with the victim: father, stepfather, brother, husband, boyfriend, friend, stranger, and others. The association between the victim-offender relationship and the victim's age was assessed. RESULTS Overall, there were 4,617 reported cases of sexual violence, with 78.3% of these (n = 3614) corresponding to children under 15 and 21.7% to adolescents 15-19 years old (n = 1003). Close relatives, including brothers, and friends were the main perpetrators in cases of girls < 15 years old. Strangers and friends were the principal perpetrators in the group of girls 15-19 years old. CONCLUSIONS Children under 15 are the group most affected by sexual violence. Strategies must be developed to prevent the sexual abuse of children and adolescents and to facilitate the rehabilitation of victimized children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldo Lima da Costa
- Universidade do Porto/Conselho Federal de Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anibal Faúndes
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas em Saúde Reprodutiva de Campinas (CEMICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rui Nunes
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Medicina, Porto, Portugal
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Aguerrebere M, Frías SM, Smith Fawzi MC, López R, Raviola G. Intimate partner violence types and symptoms of common mental disorders in a rural community of Chiapas, Mexico: Implications for global mental-health practice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256850. [PMID: 34473746 PMCID: PMC8412267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines the scope and characteristics of male-to-female intimate partner violence in southern rural Chiapas, Mexico, and its association with depression and anxiety symptoms, highlighting the role of partner controlling behaviors. Participants were selected by random sampling. One-hundred and forty-one women >15 years participated in the study. Data was obtained through an adapted version of the National Survey of the Dynamics of Household Relationships (ENDIREH) intimate partner violence scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression symptoms and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 for anxiety symptoms. Quantitative results indicated a 66.4% lifetime prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV among ever-partnered women 15 years or older (95% CI: 57.5-74.5%). Forty percent (95% CI: 32.0-49.7%) of them reported having experienced physical and/or sexual violence with high partner control (HC-IPV), and 25.8% (95% CI: 18.5-34.3%) reported having experienced physical and/or sexual violence with low or moderate partner control (MC-IPV). Lifetime experience of HC-IPV was significantly associated with moderate-severe depression symptoms (RR = 5.8) and suicidality (RR = 2.08). While partner alcohol abuse was associated with a 3.06 times higher risk of lifetime physical and/or sexual IPV, 30.9% of women mentioned that their partners were never drunk when violence occurred. Interestingly, high partner alcohol abuse was more frequent among women who reported HC-IPV compared to MC-IPV. Implications for global mental health practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Aguerrebere
- Compañeros En Salud México A.C, Angel Albino Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonia M. Frías
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mary C. Smith Fawzi
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rocío López
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud TecSalud, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Giuseppe Raviola
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Partners in Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Orozco-Vargas AE, Venebra-Muñoz A, Aguilera-Reyes U, García-López GI. The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between family of origin violence and intimate partner violence. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2021; 34:23. [PMID: 34324085 PMCID: PMC8319696 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-021-00187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of family of origin violence and intimate partner violence have been extensively documented; however, very few studies have examined the interaction with emotion regulation strategies. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze whether different types of emotion regulation strategies, both adaptive and maladaptive, mediate the relationship between family of origin violence and intimate partner violence in the Mexican population. A total of 838 participants (45.9% men and 54.1% women) responded to instruments addressing family of origin violence, emotion regulation strategies, and intimate partner violence. The results revealed that both structural models were significant. For women, the model showed an adequate fit X2 (11, N = 838) = 22.75, p = .288, GFI = .95, AGFI = .91, NFI = .98, CFI = .97, RMSEA = .05. Likewise, we found similar indexes for men X2 (11, N = 838) = 28.20, p = .348, GFI = .97, AGFI = .93, NFI = .97, CFI = .95, RMSEA = .04. Specifically, the direct effects of adaptive strategies on intimate partner violence were statistically significant. Meanwhile, the direct effects of family of origin violence on maladaptive emotion regulation strategies were significant, as were the direct effects of maladaptive strategies on intimate partner violence. In turn, the indirect effects of family of-origin violence were significantly related to intimate partner violence via maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. In addition, the results clearly showed that men reported higher levels of aggression against women. Finally, regarding the selection of emotion regulation strategies, while women employed more adaptive emotion regulation, men showed a more definite tendency to use maladaptive emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Enrique Orozco-Vargas
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
- Centro Universitario UAEM Atlacomulco, Carretera Toluca - Atlacomulco Km. 60, Atlacomulco, México
| | | | | | - Georgina Isabel García-López
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
- Centro Universitario UAEM Atlacomulco, Carretera Toluca - Atlacomulco Km. 60, Atlacomulco, México
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Rueda P, Ferragut M, Cerezo MV, Ortiz-Tallo M. Child Sexual Abuse in Mexican Women: Type of Experience, Age, Perpetrator, and Disclosure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136931. [PMID: 34203483 PMCID: PMC8297106 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a type of maltreatment that occurs in practically all countries and social statuses. Due to the taboo and shame that surrounds it, CSA is a problem universally silenced despite the important consequences (both physical and psychological) that it has for the victim and their family. This work aimed to study the correlates of CSA in Mexican women. Our sample comprised 1058 women ranged from 18 to 73 years (M = 40.19; SD = 10.24). They completed an anonymous online survey including questions about all the different types of abuse, questions about who perpetrated it, at what age it happened, and whether the victim disclosed the abuse. Our results showed that, depending on the type of abuse, from 13.9% to 65.8% of the participants had suffered at least one episode of CSA throughout their childhood. The first episode typically occurred between 6 and 12 years old, with the perpetrator being a male. The youngest women reported higher rates of being shown pornography by a family member, whereas the oldest ones reported higher rates of exhibitionism by a stranger. Only 31.3% of the sample disclosed the abuse, usually to their mother or a peer. Differences among the correlates of the different types of abuse, the age of the victims, and the relationship with the perpetrator are discussed as well as the victims’ feelings of being believed when they disclosed the abuse.
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Méndez-López C, Pereda N, Guilera G. Lifetime poly-victimization and psychopathological symptoms in Mexican adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 112:104883. [PMID: 33360393 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of research on the impact of poly-victimization on mental health in Mexico. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between poly-victimization and both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, in a community sample of Mexican adolescents. The starting hypothesis of this study was that poly-victimization would be a better predictor of internalizing and externalizing symptoms than individual categories of victimization (conventional crimes, caregiver victimization, peer and sibling victimization, sexual victimization, witnessing victimization, and electronic victimization). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS The sample comprised 1068 adolescents from public schools in Morelia city (Western Mexico). Adolescents completed the Mexican version of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire and the Latin version of the Youth Self Report. METHODS Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to determine the contributions of victimization and poly-victimization in predicting internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. RESULTS Poly-victimization accounted for more variability in scores of externalizing and internalizing symptoms than a single type of victimization. Even when poly-victimization was considered, conventional crimes contributed to predicting both internalizing and externalizing symptoms, caregiver victimization was a predictor of internalizing symptoms and witnessing victimization was a protective factor for internalizing symptoms and total problems. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in Mexico analyzing the psychological impact of poly-victimization. Our results should be taken into consideration by clinicians and those who design public policies. Conventional crimes need to be specifically addressed when assessing Mexican adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Méndez-López
- Research Group on Child and Adolescent Victimization (GReVIA), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Noemí Pereda
- Research Group on Child and Adolescent Victimization (GReVIA), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Guilera
- Research Group on Child and Adolescent Victimization (GReVIA), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Méndez-López C, Pereda N. Victimization and poly-victimization in a community sample of Mexican adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 96:104100. [PMID: 31362099 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Mexico, there is a little information about child and youth poly-victimization. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence of victimization and poly-victimization in a community sample of Mexican adolescents aged 12-17 years. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS The Mexican version of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire was applied to 1068 adolescents (504 females and 564 males) at six public schools. METHODS Descriptive analyses were conducted to establish the prevalence of six types of victimizations and poly-victimization. Odds ratios were used to estimate differences between the genders and age groups. RESULTS Nearly 80% of the adolescents reported at least one experience of victimization during the past year, while 85.5% reported at least one experience of victimization in their lifetime. Conventional crimes (65.6%) and indirect victimization (61%) were the most frequent types of victimization reported. Of the sample, 35.9% were classified as poly-victims in the past year. Girls experienced a broader spectrum of victimization than boys. Specifically, girls experience more caregiver victimization (OR = 1.56, 95% CI=1.21-2.02), sexual victimization (OR = 2.46, 95% CI=1.73-3.50), and electronic victimization (OR = 1.81, 95% CI=1.33-2.47), in their lifetime. Older adolescents experienced more witnessing victimization (OR = 1.48, 95% CI=1.16-1.88) and caregiver victimization (OR = 1.52, 95% CI=1.15-2.00) during the past year. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to be carried out in Mexico with an instrument that enables cross-cultural comparisons. Our findings highlight the necessity to increase research in this field to improve both intervention programs and public policies to prevent child victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Méndez-López
- Research Group on Child and Adolescent Victimization (GReVIA), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Noemí Pereda
- Research Group on Child and Adolescent Victimization (GReVIA), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Romano E, Moorman J, Ressel M, Lyons J. Men with childhood sexual abuse histories: Disclosure experiences and links with mental health. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 89:212-224. [PMID: 30710773 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited research on the disclosure experiences of men who have experienced childhood sexual abuse and on how such experiences might impact mental health outcomes. OBJECTIVE The current study described men's disclosure experiences and examined the role of disclosure characteristics on mental well-being (internalizing and externalizing behaviors, substance use, resilience). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Men (N = 253) from across Canada and the U.S. were recruited through websites for males with sexual abuse histories. Men aged 18-59 years anonymously completed an online study on their sexual abuse, disclosure experiences, and mental health outcomes. RESULTS Findings indicated that 77.9% of men disclosed their sexual abuse, although they waited an average of 15.4 years before sharing their experience. Once disclosed, 64.4% of the men reported a positive response (e.g., support), while 35.6% reported a negative response (e.g., blame). Regression analyses indicated that a greater delay in disclosure predicted greater externalizing behaviors (B = .49, p < .05), although this was a small effect (Cohen's f2 = 0.02). Additional disclosure variables were associated with components of externalizing (aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors) and internalizing (somatic complaints) behaviors. CONCLUSIONS These results require replication in future studies. However, they do suggest that efforts need to be undertaken to address the barriers that hinder men from disclosing their sexual abuse and to ensure that men are supported once they disclose.
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Mendoza-Meléndez MÁ, Cepeda A, Frankeberger J, López-Macario M, Valdez A. History of child sexual abuse among women consuming illicit substances in Mexico City. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018; 23:520-527. [PMID: 30393464 PMCID: PMC6214458 DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1489478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a pervasive problem that has been linked to numerous developmental, social, health, and substance use consequences. Nevertheless, the relationship between CSA and the consumption of psychoactive substances has not been adequately studied in Mexico. The present study aims to examine this association between history of CSA and illicit substance use and associated risk behaviors in a sample of young adult women in Mexico City. DESIGN AND METHODS The present study uses a cross-sectional design to examine sexual abuse history among women who use illicit substances. Data collection consisted of a questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews with 101 women who sought treatment for substance use in Mexico City. A bivariate analysis was used to examine women who experienced sexual abuse and those who did not. Odds ratio and relative risk were estimated. RESULTS A total of 101 women were interviewed with an average age of 19.2 years. The average age of onset of drug use was 15.4 years. Among participants, 68% reported having been victims of sexual abuse and rape. The average age of reported sexual abuse was 12.2 years. Participants reported a high rate of polydrug use (32.7%), consuming more than two drugs. Sexual abuse was associated with detention by police for drugs, forced prostitution, and consumption of substances during pregnancy. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study found that sexual abuse and rape were highly associated with substance abuse outcomes and associated risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Mendoza-Meléndez
- Program on Science, Technology and Society, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
- Transdisciplinary Research Institute, Division of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alice Cepeda
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Frankeberger
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mateo López-Macario
- Transdisciplinary Research Institute, Division of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Avelardo Valdez
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lev-Wiesel R, First M. Willingness to disclose child maltreatment: CSA vs other forms of child abuse in relation to gender. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 79:183-191. [PMID: 29477611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the role of gender in willingness to disclose childhood sexual abuse (CSA) compared to other forms of abuse (physical, emotional and neglect) in young adolescents. Willingness was examined through two terms: reluctance- the level of unwillingness or disinclination to disclose, and urge-the need to share in order to get rid of unbearable feelings. The sample consisted of 3,156 boys (n = 1,544) and girls (n = 1,612) between the ages of 11-16 who reported having been abused at least once during their life. Participants were divided into three groups: experiencing other than CSA, sexual abuse with no physical contact, and sexual abuse with physical contact. Regarding measures, a self-report questionnaire incorporating the following instruments was administered: Demographics, the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ), and the Disclosure of Trauma Questionnaire (DTQ). Study results indicated that CSA victims were more reluctant to disclose than victims of other than CSA forms of abuse. The more severe the CSA (physical contact) the lower was the willingness to disclose. Boys were more reluctant than girls to disclose sexual abuse whether or not it involved physical contact. Reluctance to disclose was positively associated with emotional reactions to disclosure while urge to talk was negatively correlated with emotional reactions to disclosure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lev-Wiesel
- The Center for the Study of Society, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, 3478601 Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Maya First
- The Center for the Study of Society, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, 3478601 Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
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Laurin J, Wallace C, Draca J, Aterman S, Tonmyr L. Youth self-report of child maltreatment in representative surveys: a systematic review. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can 2018; 38:37-54. [PMID: 29443484 PMCID: PMC5833635 DOI: 10.24095/hpcdp.38.2.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review identified population-representative youth surveys containing questions on self-reported child maltreatment. Data quality and ethical issues pertinent to maltreatment data collection were also examined. METHODS A search was conducted of relevant online databases for articles published from January 2000 through March 2016 reporting on population-representative data measuring child maltreatment. Inclusion criteria were established a priori; two reviewers independently assessed articles to ensure that the criteria were met and to verify the accuracy of extracted information. RESULTS A total of 73 articles reporting on 71 surveys met the inclusion criteria. A variety of strategies to ensure accurate information and to mitigate survey participants' distress were reported. CONCLUSION The extent to which efforts have been undertaken to measure the prevalence of child maltreatment reflects its perceived importance across the world. Data on child maltreatment can be effectively collected from youth, although our knowledge of best practices related to ethics and data quality is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Aterman
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lil Tonmyr
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Frías SM, Finkelhor D. Victimizations of Mexican youth (12-17 years old): A 2014 national survey. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 67:86-97. [PMID: 28242370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Victimization of Mexican youth (aged 12-17) has received little attention compared to that of adults. Using the 2014 Social Survey on Social Cohesion for the Prevention of Violence and Delinquency, we examine prevalence and types of victimization; describe the characteristics of incidents in terms of relationship with perpetrator(s) and places where took place; and study significant correlates of forms of victimization and poly-victimization. During 2014 alone, more than 2.8 million minors were victims of bullying, cyberbullying, theft, sexual abuse, physical assault, threats, robbery, or extortion. About 10% of these were poly-victims-experienced at least four different types of victimization by at least four types of perpetrators. Youth tended to be victimized by people in their inner circle. The factors associated with victimization tended to vary by victimization type, but proximity to crime and peer delinquency increased the risk of experiencing all types of victimization. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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Semple SJ, Stockman JK, Goodman-Meza D, Pitpitan EV, Strathdee SA, Chavarin CV, Rangel G, Torres K, Patterson TL. Correlates of Sexual Violence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Tijuana, Mexico. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:1011-1023. [PMID: 27178173 PMCID: PMC5107348 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence among men who have sex with men (MSM) is prevalent in developing countries and is associated with increased HIV/STI risk. Despite high HIV prevalence (20 %) among MSM in Tijuana, Mexico, little attention has been paid to the occurrence of sexual violence in this high-risk group. The present study used a syndemic conditions framework to examine correlates of sexual violence victimization in a sample of 201 MSM surveyed in Tijuana, Mexico during 2012 and 2013. Participants were recruited through respondent-driven sampling and underwent a 2-h baseline interview and testing for HIV and syphilis. Sexual violence was defined as any incident during the past year in which the participant had been raped, sexually molested, or sexually harassed. The majority of participants self-identified as gay or bisexual, had never married, were employed, and had a high school education or greater. The average age was 29.7 years. Thirty-nine percent reported sexual violence in the past year. A hierarchical multiple linear regression model predicting more experiences of sexual violence was tested. In a final model, a higher number of experiences of sexual violence was associated with a history of childhood sexual abuse, more adult experiences of homophobia, more depression and hostility symptoms, and not living with a spouse or steady partner. The findings from this study support a model of co-occurring psychosocial factors that increase the likelihood of sexual violence experiences among MSM. Multi-level approaches to the prevention of childhood and adult experiences of sexual violence and homophobia are needed to avert the development of adverse mental and physical health outcomes associated with sexual violence victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley J Semple
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Mail Code 0680, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0680, USA
| | - Jamila K Stockman
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Goodman-Meza
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eileen V Pitpitan
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steffanie A Strathdee
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudia V Chavarin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Mail Code 0680, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0680, USA
| | | | - Karla Torres
- Agencia Familiar Binacional, A.C., Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Thomas L Patterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Mail Code 0680, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0680, USA.
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15
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Al-Zboon E, Ahmad J, Al-Dababneh K. Prevalence and types of childhood abuse among special education students attending Jordanian Universities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2015.1093008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Al-Zboon
- Queen Rania Faculty for Childhood, Special Education Department, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Jamal Ahmad
- Queen Rania Faculty for Childhood, Childhood Department, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Kholoud Al-Dababneh
- Queen Rania Faculty for Childhood, Special Education Department, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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16
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Strunin L, Díaz-Martínez LR, Díaz-Martínez A, Heeren T, Winter M, Kuranz S, Hernández-Ávila CA, Fernández-Varela H, Solís-Torres C. Drinking patterns and victimization among male and female students in Mexico. Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 50:226-35. [PMID: 25534933 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences, identify drinking profiles using latent profile analysis (LPA), and investigate associations between profiles and violent victimization among young people in Mexico. METHODS LPA identified profiles of drinking behavior in a survey of entering first year university students. Multinomial and logistic regression examined associations between drinking patterns, socio-demographic variables and violent victimization. RESULTS The LPA identified five profiles of behaviors and consequences among the 22,224 current, former and never drinkers: Non/Infrequent-No Consequences, Occasional-Few Consequences, Regular-Some Consequences, Heavy-Many Consequences and Excessive-Many Consequences drinkers. The Occasional-Few Consequences profile comprised the largest, and the Excessive-Many Consequences profile the smallest, group of drinkers. Multinomial regression showed males and older students more likely to be Heavy or Excessive-Many Consequences drinkers. Living alone was associated with higher odds, and higher maternal education with lower odds, of being a Non/Infrequent-No Consequences drinker. Heavier drinking profiles were more likely to experience violent victimization adverse consequences. Logistic regression showed male and female Heavy and Excessive-Many Consequences drinkers had the highest odds, and Non/Infrequent drinkers the lowest odds, of experiencing any victimization. CONCLUSION Findings suggest changes in male and female drinking behavior and a continuation of the established pattern of infrequent but high consumption among Mexican youths. Both male and female Heavy and Excessive-Many Consequences drinkers were at elevated risk for experiencing victimization. Identifying cultural gender norms about drinking including drinker expectations and drinking context that contribute to these patterns can inform prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Strunin
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - L Rosa Díaz-Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico/National Institute on Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Calzada México-Xochimilco no.101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Delegacion Tlalpan, México, D.F. 14570, México
| | - Alejandro Díaz-Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Edifico 'F' Primer Piso. Circuito Escolar S/N. Ciudad Universitaria. Delegación Coyoacan, México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Timothy Heeren
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael Winter
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Seth Kuranz
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Ave., Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Carlos A Hernández-Ávila
- Department of Psychiatry and Alcohol Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Héctor Fernández-Varela
- General Medical Services, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Escolar S-N Ciudad Universitaria. Delegación Coyoacan, México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Cuauhtémoc Solís-Torres
- General Medical Services, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Escolar S-N Ciudad Universitaria. Delegación Coyoacan, México, D.F. 04510, México
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