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Lidberg J, Berne S, Frisén A. From childhood bullying victimization to resilience in emerging adulthood. Scand J Psychol 2024; 65:521-532. [PMID: 38174812 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to explore how resilience is manifested in the experiences of emerging adults who were subjected to bullying victimization in school and have high levels of psychological functioning in emerging adulthood. METHODS Fifteen Swedish emerging adults (Mage = 29.13, SD = 0.52) who, despite experiences of bullying victimization at age 10, had high levels of psychological functioning as emerging adults were interviewed. The interviews focused on experiences of bullying victimization and the long-term outcomes of these experiences. Qualitative methods were used in the analysis, with a specific focus on resilience. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The findings illustrate how long-term outcomes of bullying victimization in school, in relation to resilience, comprise a dynamic process between personal agency and social resources in the environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lidberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Berne
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Frisén
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Lipscomb ST, Kwon KA, Jefferies P, Giordano F. Editorial: Resilience processes and children's development within socio-ecological contexts. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1429178. [PMID: 38868356 PMCID: PMC11167086 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1429178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyong-Ah Kwon
- College of Education, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Philip Jefferies
- Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Lombardia, Italy
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3
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Van den Bergh BRH, Antonelli MC, Stein DJ. Current perspectives on perinatal mental health and neurobehavioral development: focus on regulation, coregulation and self-regulation. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2024; 37:237-250. [PMID: 38415742 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Perinatal mental health research provides an important perspective on neurobehavioral development. Here, we aim to review the association of maternal perinatal health with offspring neurodevelopment, providing an update on (self-)regulation problems, hypothesized mechanistic pathways, progress and challenges, and implications for mental health. RECENT FINDINGS (1) Meta-analyses confirm that maternal perinatal mental distress is associated with (self-)regulation problems which constitute cognitive, behavioral, and affective social-emotional problems, while exposure to positive parental mental health has a positive impact. However, effect sizes are small. (2) Hypothesized mechanistic pathways underlying this association are complex. Interactive and compensatory mechanisms across developmental time are neglected topics. (3) Progress has been made in multiexposure studies. However, challenges remain and these are shared by clinical, translational and public health sciences. (4) From a mental healthcare perspective, a multidisciplinary and system level approach employing developmentally-sensitive measures and timely treatment of (self-)regulation and coregulation problems in a dyadic caregiver-child and family level approach seems needed. The existing evidence-base is sparse. SUMMARY During the perinatal period, addressing vulnerable contexts and building resilient systems may promote neurobehavioral development. A pluralistic approach to research, taking a multidisciplinary approach to theoretical models and empirical investigation needs to be fostered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta C Antonelli
- Laboratorio de Programación Perinatal del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof.E. De Robertis", Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Frauenklinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Dan J Stein
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Cockcroft K, Greyling M, Fouché A, Ungar M, Theron L. South African emerging adults' capacity for resilience in the face of COVID-19 stressors. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:522-533. [PMID: 37974374 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231208620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about resilience responses to COVID-19 stressors from emerging adults in minority world contexts. In this cross-sectional study, we explored the association between self-reported COVID-19 stressors and capacity for resilience in 351 emerging adults (Meanage = 24.45, SD = 2.57; 68% female) who self-identified as Black African. We were interested in whether age, gender and neighbourhood quality influenced this association. The main findings were that higher pandemic stress was associated with a greater capacity for resilience. Older participants showed higher levels of resilience, while there was no gender difference in this regard. Those who perceived their neighbourhoods as being of a good quality also showed greater capacity for resilience, despite all participants residing in disadvantaged communities. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Cockcroft
- School of Human and Community Development at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Mike Greyling
- Data Management and Statistical Analysis, South Africa
| | - Ansie Fouché
- United Arab Emirates University, UAE
- North-West University, South Africa
| | | | - Linda Theron
- University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Avenue, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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5
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Wood EK, Reid BM, Sheerar DS, Donzella B, Gunnar MR, Coe CL. Lingering Effects of Early Institutional Rearing and Cytomegalovirus Infection on the Natural Killer Cell Repertoire of Adopted Adolescents. Biomolecules 2024; 14:456. [PMID: 38672472 PMCID: PMC11047877 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adversity during infancy can affect neurobehavioral development and perturb the maturation of physiological systems. Dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses contribute to many of the later effects on health. Whether normalization can occur following a transition to more nurturing, benevolent conditions is unclear. To assess the potential for recovery, blood samples were obtained from 45 adolescents adopted by supportive families after impoverished infancies in institutional settings (post-institutionalized, PI). Their immune profiles were compared to 39 age-matched controls raised by their biological parents (non-adopted, NA). Leukocytes were immunophenotyped, and this analysis focuses on natural killer (NK) cell populations in circulation. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity was evaluated to determine if early infection contributed to the impact of an atypical rearing. Associations with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), two cytokines released by activated NK cells, were examined. Compared to the NA controls, PI adolescents had a lower percent of CD56bright NK cells in circulation, higher TNF-α levels, and were more likely to be infected with CMV. PI adolescents who were latent carriers of CMV expressed NKG2C and CD57 surface markers on more NK cells, including CD56dim lineages. The NK cell repertoire revealed lingering immune effects of early rearing while still maintaining an overall integrity and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Brie M. Reid
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA;
| | - Dagna S. Sheerar
- Wisconsin Institute of Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Bonny Donzella
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (B.D.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Megan R. Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (B.D.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Christopher L. Coe
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 54706, USA;
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6
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Borualogo IS, Hyland K, Jefferies P. Expanding the CYRM-R to include domains of spirituality and religiosity for use with children and youth in Indonesia. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2023.2184115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen Hyland
- Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Philip Jefferies
- Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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7
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Knight L, Ploss A, Benavides J, Yoon S. A Qualitative Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Resilience in Survivors of Sex Trafficking. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:3302-3324. [PMID: 37545376 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231192587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
This study explored risk and protective factors for resilience in survivors of sex trafficking from the survivors' perspectives. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 participants recruited from survivor-led advocacy agencies and social service agencies that provide trafficking-specific services. Two overarching themes emerged from data analysis: (a) deep connections to self and others facilitate resilience and (b) detrimental "help" threatens survivors' resilience. Our findings suggest that it may be important for service providers to assist survivors build healthy relationships with themselves and others to promote survivors' resilience. Further, our results highlight the importance of offering more inclusive, survivor-centered, and trauma-informed services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Knight
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alexa Ploss
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Juan Benavides
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, College of Social Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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8
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Theron L, Höltge J, Ungar M. Multisystemic supports and adolescent resilience to depression over time: A South African mixed methods study. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:2365-2383. [PMID: 37144408 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In sub-Saharan countries, like South Africa, there is scant understanding of adolescent resilience to depression over time; the multisystemic resource combinations that support such resilience; and whether more diverse resource combinations yield better mental health dividends. In response, we conducted a longitudinal concurrent nested mixed methods study with 223 South African adolescents (mean age: 17.16 years, SD = 1.73; 64.60% girls; 81.60% Black). Using longitudinal mixture modeling, the quantitative study identified trajectories of depression and associations between trajectory membership and resource diversity. Using a draw-and-write methodology and reflexive thematic analyses, the qualitative study explored the resource diversity associated with each trajectory. Taken together, these studies identified four depression trajectories (Stable Low; Declining; Worsening; Chronic High) with varying resource diversity at baseline and over time. Resource diversity was inclusive of personal, relational, contextual, and culturally valued resources in both the Stable Low and Declining trajectories, with emphasis on relational supports. Personal resources were emphasized in the Worsening and Chronic High trajectories, and culturally valued and contextual resources de-emphasized. In summary, resource constellations characterized by within and across system diversity and cultural responsiveness are more protective and will be key to advancing sub-Saharan adolescent mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Theron
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan Höltge
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Michael Ungar
- Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Cosco TD, Best JR, Hopper S. On prospective resilience methods and precision medicine approaches. Int Psychogeriatr 2023:1-2. [PMID: 37994539 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610223000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore D Cosco
- School of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Oxford Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John R Best
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shawna Hopper
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Reigada LC, Kaighobadi F, Niwa EY, Ahmed T, Carlson DJ, Shane J. An intersectional examination of the impact of COVID-stress and discrimination on college students' resilience and mental health. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37722811 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2249104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the impact of COVID-stress and discrimination on mental health among a group of diverse college students using an intersectional framework. Participants: One thousand six hundred seventy-one undergraduate students (Mage = 20.42, SD = 2.74) were recruited from nine college campuses. Methods: Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing mental health symptoms, COVID-stress, and in-school discrimination. Hierarchical regressions and multi-group SEM path analysis were conducted to examine differences across intersectional identities. Results: Female-identifying students reported higher COVID-stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and lower resilience compared to males. COVID-stress and discrimination were highest among certain minoritized student groups. Using an intersectional framework, more COVID-stress and discrimination were associated with increased anxiety for almost all women of color. Unexpectedly, COVID-stress predicted anxiety symptoms for almost all male intersectional groups. Conclusions: Findings reaffirm the intersectional framework and highlight significant disparities in how students experience COVID-stress, discrimination, and mental health outcomes along dimensions of gender and race/ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Reigada
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Farnaz Kaighobadi
- Department of Psychology, Bronx Community College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Erika Y Niwa
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Tanzina Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J Carlson
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jacob Shane
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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11
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Looman WS, Eull D, Geiger-Simpson E, Lee J, Nersesian PV, Bell AN, Miller AL. Assessment of Youth Coping and Appraisals Through a Timelining Activity: Validation and Utility of a Tool for Pediatric Research and Practice. J Pediatr Health Care 2023; 37:465-477. [PMID: 36890039 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many tools to assess coping in youth fail to engage youth meaningfully in the assessment process. This study aimed to evaluate a brief timeline activity as an interactive way to assess appraisal and coping in pediatric research and practice. METHOD We used a mixed method convergent design to collect and analyze survey and interview data from 231 youths aged 8-17 years in a community-based setting. RESULTS The youth engaged readily in the timeline activity and found the activity easy to understand. Relationships among appraisal, coping, subjective well-being and depression were in the hypothesized directions, suggesting the tool supports a valid assessment of appraisals and coping in this age group. DISCUSSION The timelining activity is well-accepted by youth and supports reflexivity, prompting youth to share insights on strengths and resilience. The tool may augment existing practices for assessing and intervening in youth mental health in research and practice.
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12
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Terrana A, Al-Delaimy W. A systematic review of cross-cultural measures of resilience and its promotive and protective factors. Transcult Psychiatry 2023; 60:733-750. [PMID: 37097913 PMCID: PMC10504813 DOI: 10.1177/13634615231167661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
As psychological resilience has been increasingly recognized as contextually constructed, mixed methods studies that map out local ecologies of resilience have become increasingly common. However, the direct adaptation of quantitative tools for cross-cultural use based on qualitative findings has been relatively lacking. The current review aims to provide an overview of existing measures of resilience used cross-culturally and to synthesize the protective and promotive factors and processes (PPFP) of resilience identified within these measures into a single resource. A January 2021 search of PubMed for studies of the development of psychological resilience measures that excluded studies of non-psychological resilience yielded 58 unique measures. These measures contain 54 unique PPFP of resilience, ranging from individual to communal-level characteristics. This review is intended to serve as a complementary tool for adapting standardized measures for stakeholders requiring an assessment tool that is attuned to their context for mental health risk assessment and intervention evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Terrana
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego
| | - Wael Al-Delaimy
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California San Diego
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13
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Theron L, Ungar M, Cockcroft K, Fouche A. Multisystemic Resources Matter for Resilience to Depression: Learning From a Sample of Young South African Adults. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:828-841. [PMID: 37414738 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231182906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This article interrogates the continuing emphasis on personal sources of resilience; it also amends the inattention to the protective factors and processes (PFPs) that support the mental health resilience of African emerging adults. To that end, we report a study that explored which PFPs distinguished risk-exposed South African 18- to 29-year-olds with negligible depression symptoms from those who reported moderate to severe symptoms. Using an arts-based approach, young people volunteered the PFPs they had personally experienced as resilience-enabling. An inductive thematic analysis of visual and narrative data, generated by young people self-reporting high exposure to family and community adversity (n = 233; mean age: 24.63, SD: 2.43), revealed patterns in the PFPs relative to the severity of self-reported depression symptoms. Specifically, young people reporting negligible depression symptoms reported a range of PFPs associated with psychological, social, and ecological systems. In contrast, the PFPs identified by those reporting more serious depression symptoms were mostly restricted to personal strengths and informal relational supports. In the interests of youth mental health, the findings direct society's attention to the criticality of facilitating young people's access to a composite of resources rooted in personal, social, and ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Theron
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael Ungar
- Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kate Cockcroft
- Department of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ansie Fouche
- Department of Social Wellbeing, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
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Schneiderman JU, Mennen FE, Palmer Molina AC, Cederbaum JA. Adults with a child maltreatment history: Narratives describing individual strengths that promote positive wellbeing. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 139:106133. [PMID: 36921502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment often has negative impacts, but some individuals have strengths that lead to better outcomes. OBJECTIVE Describe the narratives of adults who experienced childhood maltreatment, all of whom had positive psychosocial wellbeing at average age 18 years. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A purposive sample of 21 adults (mean age 27.8 years SD = 1.0) who were part of a longitudinal study on the effects of childhood maltreatment. The sample was self-described as 85.7 % female, 14.3 % male, 42.9 % Black, 33.3 % Latinx, 19.0 % White, and 4.8 % multiracial. METHODS This descriptive qualitative study, which is part of a sequential mixed method study, used semi-structured interviews and a narrative analysis approach. Four coders completed: (1) initial reading of sample interviews (2) generating codes independently and discussion, (3) creating a codebook, (4) reviewing 10-11 transcripts each (5) reconvening to discuss/resolve differences in coding, (6) identifying themes. RESULTS There were four themes. The first theme was seeing oneself in a good light, highlighting self-worth and helper roles. The second theme, moving forward, included letting go of their past and a future orientation. Coping with life, the third theme, included boundaries for people around them, routines, and self-sufficiency. Meaning making, the fourth theme, included insights on the effect of their maltreatment and foster care, and reflections on appreciating life and adapting to changing circumstances. CONCLUSIONS Findings describe varied strengths that promote positive functioning after childhood maltreatment. Study themes highlight how these strengths allow adults to make meaning of their experiences and move forward successfully in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet U Schneiderman
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 669 W. 34th Street, MRF 214, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Ferol E Mennen
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 669 W. 34th Street, MRF 214, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | | | - Julie A Cederbaum
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 669 W. 34th Street, MRF 214, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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15
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Aksoy D, Simões C, Favre CA. Exposure to Intimate-Partner Violence and Resilience Trajectories of Adolescents: A Two-Wave Longitudinal Latent Transition Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095676. [PMID: 37174193 PMCID: PMC10177968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the serious emotional and social consequences of adolescents' exposure to intimate-partner violence (IPV) and the high prevalence of this exposure, few analyses have focused on person-centered models or considered psychological IPV. Studies that address exposure to violence tend to focus on physical IPV. Therefore, in this study, we examine (across two waves) the trajectories of resilience among adolescents who have witnessed psychological IPV by conducting a latent transition analysis and predicting class membership through socio-demographic and individual-level protective factors. Using a sample of 879 (T1, fall 2020) and 770 (T2, spring 2022) adolescent Swiss students with mean ages of 11.74 (SD = 0.64) and 13.77 (SD = 0.53), we identified four distinct time-invariant resilience classes: comorbid-frustrated, internalizing-frustrated, comorbid-satisfied, and resilient. The classes characterized by some level of psychopathological symptoms and basic psychological-needs frustration were the most stable over time. Furthermore, we found the four typical resilience trajectories: recovery, chronic, delayed, and improving. Gender, socioeconomic background, and protective factors showed a significant prediction of class membership in wave 1, highlighting the importance of increasing sensitivity to psychological-IPV exposure on the one hand, and reinforcing the relevance of prevention in schools regarding the promotion of protective factors on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Aksoy
- Department of Research and Development, School of Education, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Celeste Simões
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Céline Anne Favre
- Department of Research and Development, School of Education, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
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16
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Flynn A, Whittaker K, Donne AJ, Bray L, Carter B. Feeling stretched: Parents' narratives about challenges to resilience when their child has a tracheostomy. J Child Health Care 2023:13674935231169409. [PMID: 37050871 DOI: 10.1177/13674935231169409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine how parents develop personal resilience when facing the challenges of caring for a child with tracheostomy. This study employed a longitudinal qualitative design. Unstructured narrative interviews with 12 parents (from nine families) whose child had a new tracheostomy were undertaken at three time points over 12 months. Data were analysed using a socio-narratology method. Findings reveal the journey parents experienced, how their feelings changed and the processes involved in developing resilience over the first 12 months of their child having a tracheostomy. Stories told by parents early in their journey revealed emotional upheaval, negative emotions, stress and shock. Due to medical need, parents had little or no choice for their child to have a tracheostomy. Once their child's life was out of danger, parents started to reframe their experiences and beliefs. Resilience played a major part in how parents perceived and faced their situation, allowing them to deal with what came their way and to move forward with their lives. Different aspects of resilience such as self-awareness, grit, gratitude, internal locus of control and reframing came to the fore at different time points. Parents talked feeling stretched by the challenges they faced and how they reframed their perspectives about their child's tracheostomy. Parents' resilience and reframing is discussed in relation to the ABC-X model. This study identifies a theoretical model that explains this process of change, this results in transferable knowledge, useful for understanding and explaining the experience of other parents and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Flynn
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Karen Whittaker
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Adam J Donne
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Lucy Bray
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
| | - Bernie Carter
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
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Matsopoulos A, Theron L. Resilience to COVID-19 challenges: Lessons for school psychologists serving school-attending youth with experiences of marginalization. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2023; 44:123-134. [PMID: 38603445 PMCID: PMC9895316 DOI: 10.1177/01430343231151591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
This special issue is focused on the lessons learned from the COVID-19 health crisis, showcasing new cross-cultural research from different countries, such as rural/urban US, South Africa, and Australia. The aim οf the special issue is to highlight new knowledge related to pandemic-related impacts, as well as underscore variables that will promote children's resilience and especially vulnerable and marginalized children. We argue that all adults associated with schools (e.g., teachers, school psychologists, administrators, aides, parents, and social workers) need to synergize in creating a caring school community that is purposefully committed to supporting student resilience, especially among students with experiences of marginalization. A multisystemic resilience approach has been adopted and the focus has been on caring adults in the school communities and how they can support the most vulnerable students if the adults (school psychologists parents, caregivers, teachers, and other role-players) take co-ownership of championing student resilience in times of crisis. The studies included in this special issue highlight important issues especially for school psychologists, such as girls' school engagement as a buffering factor to school disruptions, the value of multigenerational supports, the value of spirituality in dealing with crises, the sense of supportive connectedness with schools and finally teacher empowerment to support student wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Theron
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Pretoria - Groenkloof Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
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Jefferies P, Höltge J, Fritz J, Ungar M. A Cross-Country Network Analysis of Resilience Systems in Young Adults. EMERGING ADULTHOOD (PRINT) 2023; 11:415-430. [PMID: 36926198 PMCID: PMC10009297 DOI: 10.1177/21676968221090039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multisystemic resilience has been conceptualised as involving a constellation of protective factors which operate at different levels to promote adaptation and thriving despite experiences of adversity. We used network modelling to discover how protective factors at two different systemic levels (intrapersonal strengths and social-ecological resources) interrelate, drawing on survey data from 5283 emerging adults (M = 24.53 years; 52% female) in Brazil, China, Indonesia, Russia, Thailand, the US and Vietnam. Results indicated that the level of connectivity within and between protective factor levels was similar between the countries, but that there was substantial variation in the specific interrelations among protective factors (both within and between levels), including the presence of some country-specific negative interrelations between protective factors at different levels. The findings support the importance of cultural context in studies of resilience, with implications for the development of appropriate resilience-building interventions for this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Jefferies
- Faculty of Health, Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jan Höltge
- Faculty of Health, Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jessica Fritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Ungar
- Faculty of Health, Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Craig SL, Brooks AS, Doll K, Eaton AD, McInroy LB, Hui J. Processes and Manifestations of Digital Resilience: Video and Textual Insights From Sexual and Gender Minority Youth. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/07435584221144958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Minority stressors harm sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY). This may be mitigated by promotive and protective factors and processes that manifest resilient coping. SGMY increasingly interact with information communication technologies (ICTs) to meet psychological needs, yet research often problematizes youths’ ICT use, inhibiting understanding about ICTs’ potential resilience-enhancing utilities. This study analyzes text and video responses of 609 SGMY aged 14 to 29 residing in Canada or the United States to an open-ended survey question about the benefits of using ICTs. Constructivist grounded theory integrating multimodal coding was used to analyze the data, producing a framework of digital resilience—digital processes and actions that generate positive growth—with four themes: Regulating Emotions and Curating Microsystems; Learning and Integrating; Advocating and Leading; and Cultivating Relationships and Communities of Care. Implications for clinical practice, survey innovation, and application of findings in fostering affirming digital microsystems for SGMY are discussed.
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Ghanouni P, Quirke S. Resilience and Coping Strategies in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:456-467. [PMID: 35079928 PMCID: PMC8788904 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are prone to stress and anxiety affecting their mental health. Although developing coping and resilience are key to cope with stressors of life, limited research exists. We aimed to explore stakeholders' experiences related to the coping and resilience of adults with ASD. We interviewed 22 participants, including 13 adults with ASD, five parents, and four service provides of adults with ASD from various Canadian provinces. Using thematic analysis, three themes emerged including: (a) societal expectations and conformity, (b) adjusting daily routines, and (c) learning overtime. This study highlights the importance of coping and informs the development of services to help enhance resilience among adults with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghanouni
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Stephanie Quirke
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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Nolvi S, Merz EC, Kataja EL, Parsons CE. Prenatal Stress and the Developing Brain: Postnatal Environments Promoting Resilience. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 93:942-952. [PMID: 36870895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heightened maternal stress during pregnancy is associated with atypical brain development and an elevated risk for psychopathology in offspring. Supportive environments during early postnatal life may promote brain development and reverse atypical developmental trajectories induced by prenatal stress. We reviewed studies focused on the role of key early environmental factors in moderating associations between prenatal stress exposure and infant brain and neurocognitive outcomes. Specifically, we focused on the associations between parental caregiving quality, environmental enrichment, social support, and socioeconomic status with infant brain and neurocognitive outcomes. We examined the evidence that these factors may moderate the effects of prenatal stress on the developing brain. Complementing findings from translational models, human research suggests that high-quality early postnatal environments are associated with indices of infant neurodevelopment that have also been associated with prenatal stress, such as hippocampal volume and frontolimbic connectivity. Human studies also suggest that maternal sensitivity and higher socioeconomic status may attenuate the effects of prenatal stress on established neurocognitive and neuroendocrine mediators of risk for psychopathology, such as hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning. Biological pathways that may underlie the effects of positive early environments on the infant brain, including the epigenome, oxytocin, and inflammation, are also discussed. Future research in humans should examine resilience-promoting processes in relation to infant brain development using large sample sizes and longitudinal designs. The findings from this review could be incorporated into clinical models of risk and resilience during the perinatal period and used to design more effective early programs that reduce risk for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Nolvi
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Center for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Emily C Merz
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Eeva-Leena Kataja
- Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Center for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Christine E Parsons
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Interacting Minds Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Guo N, Li R. Measuring Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language learners’ resilience: Development and validation of the foreign language learning resilience scale. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1046340. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1046340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing body of research on the factors of resilience in diverse fields, there is still a dearth of particular attention on foreign language learning resilience. To fill the gap, this study seeks to develop the foreign language learning resilience scale (FLLRS) to measure its psychometric scale reliability and validity in Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language contexts. Valid data were collected from 313 Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language college students who voluntarily participated in the survey. The FLLRS was validated based on a series of reliability (e.g., item analysis, split-half reliability and internal consistency) and validity (e.g., construct validity, convergent validity and discriminant validity) tests. Results suggested that the 19-item FLLRS presented three factors: ego resilience, metacognitive resilience and social resilience. Besides, all the three factors contributed high effects to foreign language learning resilience. Among the three factors, metacognitive resilience was found to have the highest path coefficient, followed by social resilience, with ego resilience having the lowest. The validated scale could advance knowledge in the field of second language acquisition regarding how learners’ individual differences, emotional factors and the contextual antecedents may affect foreign language learning resilience.
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Mawila D. Growing resilience capacity for learners presenting with specific learning disability in learners with special education needs schools. Afr J Disabil 2022. [DOI: 10.4102/ajod.v11i0.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Looman WS, Eull DJ, Bell AN, Gallagher TT, Nersesian PV. Participant-generated timelines as a novel strategy for assessing youth resilience factors: A mixed-methods, community-based study. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 67:64-74. [PMID: 35964482 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore youth perceptions of resilience through participant-generated timelines as a potential new strategy for nursing research and practice. DESIGN AND METHODS We used a concurrent triangulation design to collect and analyze qualitative and quantitative data from a statewide, community-based sample of 448 youth ages 8 to 17 years. We collected three sources of data during two waves of data collection in 2019 and 2021: a participant-generated timeline, a brief structured interview, and a PROMIS pediatric global health measure. RESULTS The timeline activity was easy to administer and well accepted by youth in a community setting. Youth reporting an adverse experience or mental health challenge in the previous year had unique patterns of variability in the timelines, and more frequently reported certain resilience factors, including family support and regulatory, interpersonal, and meaning-making assets. Pandemic-related differences were noted between the two cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The timeline drawing activity reflects and extends findings from a standard measure of global health. This activity benefits both the participant and the clinician or researcher by helping youth to communicate how they make sense of the world, honoring different ways of knowing and prompting recollection of coping appraisals and resilience factors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Participant-generated timelines are a developmentally appropriate and interactive strategy for assessing youth perceptions of their internal strengths. In conjunction with traditional assessments, this strategy may support the identification of malleable targets for intervention in practice with youth who have experienced adversity or mental health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Looman
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-140 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Donna J Eull
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-140 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Adrianna N Bell
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-140 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tiffany T Gallagher
- University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 5-140 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paula V Nersesian
- University of Southern Maine, Masterson Hall, 71 Bedford Street, Portland, ME 04104, USA
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Clark JN, Jefferies P, Foley S, Ungar M. Measuring Resilience in the Context of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence: A Novel Application of the Adult Resilience Measure (ARM). JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17570-NP17615. [PMID: 34233541 PMCID: PMC9554281 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211028323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a rich body of research addressing the issues of conflict-related sexual violence, and a similar wealth of scholarship focused on resilience. To date, however, these literatures have rarely engaged with each other. This article developed from an ongoing research project that seeks to address this gap, by exploring how victims-/survivors of conflict-related sexual violence in three highly diverse settings - Bosnia-Herzegovina, Colombia and Uganda - demonstrate resilience. This research is the first to apply the Adult Resilience Measure (ARM), a 28-item scale that seeks to measure protective resources across individual, relational, and contextual subscales, to the context of conflict-related sexual violence. A total of 449 female and male participants in the three aforementioned countries completed the ARM (in the framework of the study questionnaire) as part of this research. This article presents some of the results of the analyses. Specifically, we first sought to establish through Confirmatory Factor Analysis whether the ARM was actually measuring the same construct in all three countries, by confirming the invariance (or otherwise) of the factor structure. The second aim was to explore how different resources function and cluster in different cultural contexts, to arrive at a more nuanced understanding of the different protective factors in the lives of study participants. We generated different factor structures for BiH, Colombia, and Uganda respectively, suggesting that a single factor structure does not sufficiently capture the diverse groupings of protective factors linked to the particularities of each country, including the dynamics of the conflicts themselves. Ultimately, we use the findings to underscore the need for policy approaches that move away from a deficit model and give greater attention to strengthening and investing in the (often overlooked) protective resources that victims-/survivors may already have in their everyday lives.
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Artuch-Garde R, González-Torres MDC, Martínez-Vicente JM, Peralta-Sánchez FJ, Fuente-Arias JDL. Validation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28) among Spanish youth. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09713. [PMID: 35789873 PMCID: PMC9249678 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This article presents a validation study of the 28-item Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28). The sample contained 365 Spanish youth ages between 15 to 21, from Navarre (Spain), all of them enrolled in Initial Vocational Qualification Programs. Method The CYRM-28 was administered to students from 27 secondary schools in the province of Navarre. Confirmatory analyses were conducted. Results The structure of the original scale was confirmed, as well as acceptable psychometric properties. Discussion Findings add support to the CYRM-28 as a reliable and valid self-report instrument that measures three components of resilience processes in the lives of youth with complex needs. The CYRM-28 shows adequate psychometric properties, the CFA presents indices of goodness and fit (Chi-squared = 60,170, df = 17, p < .001; CFI = .960, TLI = .934, IFI = .961, RFI = .911 and NFI = .946; RMSEA = .084). Conclusion Advanced statistical modeling yielded evidence that the scale, originally developed for use in several countries, can be used to assess resilience in Spanish youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Artuch-Garde
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
- UNED-Pamplona, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
- Corresponding author.
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Sutherland SC, Shannon HS, Ayuku D, Streiner DL, Saarela O, Atwoli L, Braitstein P. The relationships between resilience, care environment, and social-psychological factors in orphaned and separated adolescents in western Kenya. VULNERABLE CHILDREN AND YOUTH STUDIES 2022; 17:165-179. [PMID: 35874427 PMCID: PMC9302592 DOI: 10.1080/17450128.2022.2067381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between care environment, resilience, and social factors in orphaned and separated adolescents and youths (OSAY) in western Kenya are complex and under-studied. This study examines these relationships through the analysis of survey responses from OSAY living in Charitable Children's Institutes (CCI) and family-based care settings (FBS) in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The associations between 1) care environment and resilience (measured using the 14-item Resilience Scale); 2) care environment and factors thought to promote resilience (e.g. social, family, and peer support); and 3) resilience and these same resilience-promoting factors, were examined using multivariable linear and logistic regressions. This cross-sectional study included 1202 OSAY (50.4% female) aged 10-26 (mean=16; SD=3.5). The mean resilience score in CCIs was 71 (95%CI=69-73) vs. 64 (95%CI=62-66) in FBS. OSAY in CCIs had higher resilience (β=7.67; 95%CI=5.26-10.09), social support (β=0.26; 95%CI=0.14-0.37), and peer support (β=0.90; 95%CI=0.64-1.17) than those in FBS. OSAY in CCIs were more likely to volunteer than those in FBS (OR=3.72; 95%CI=1.80-7.68), except in the male subgroup. Family (β=0.42; 95%CI=0.24-0.60), social (β=4.19; 95%CI=2.53-5.85), and peer (β=2.13; 95%CI=1.44-2.83) relationships were positively associated with resilience in all analyses. Volunteering was positively associated with resilience (β=5.85; 95%CI=1.51-10.19). The factor most strongly related to resilience in both fully adjusted models was peer support. This study found a strong relationship between care environment and resilience. Care environment and resilience each independently demonstrated strong relationships with peer support, social support, and participating in volunteer activities. Resilience also had a strong relationship with familial support. These data suggest that resilience can be developed through strategic supports to this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Sutherland
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 3M7, Toronto, Canada
| | - Harry S. Shannon
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 3M7, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, L8S 4L8, Hamilton, Canada
| | - David Ayuku
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - David L. Streiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 100 West 5, L8N 3K7, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8 floor, M5T 1R8, Toronto, Canada
| | - Olli Saarela
- Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 3M7, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lukoye Atwoli
- Department of Mental Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
- Brain and Mind Institute and the Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Medical College, East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paula Braitstein
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, M5T 3M7, Toronto, Canada
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Nandi Road, Eldoret, Kenya
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Cameranesi M, Theron L, Höltge J, Jefferies P, Ungar M. Understanding the Mechanisms through Which Family Risk Affects Adolescent Mental Health: A Model of Multisystemic Resilience in Context. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9040546. [PMID: 35455590 PMCID: PMC9025243 DOI: 10.3390/children9040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that exposure to family adversity significantly and negatively impacts positive adolescent development by placing adolescents at increased risk of experiencing developmental difficulties, including conduct problems. Although the mechanisms responsible for these effects are still largely unknown, a novel line of inquiry in the resilience field conceptualizes positive adaptation, following exposure to atypical adversity, as resulting from complex interactions of systems at multiple ecological levels. The purpose of the present analysis was to apply this multisystemic resilience framework to the study of positive adaptation following exposure to family adversity in a sample of Canadian adolescents (n = 230; mean age 16.16, SD = 1.38) and South African adolescents (n = 421; mean age = 15.97, SD = 1.19) living in economically volatile communities dependent on the oil and gas industry. Cross-sectional survey data were used to investigate the mechanisms through which family adversity exercises its impact on adolescent conduct problems by accounting for their caregiving, peer, and community resources. Results of two moderated mediation analyses showed that family adversity impacts adolescent externalizing mental health negatively, via disrupted caregiving, when other resources are also considered. For the Canadian adolescents, these negative impacts were protectively moderated by peer support, but not moderated by appreciation for community traditions. In contrast, peer support showed no significant protective effect for the South African sample, while a strong appreciation for community traditions was positively and significantly associated with conduct difficulties. Contextual dynamics (e.g., social unrest) provide a plausible explanation for the discrepant results and bring attention to the importance of theorizing resilience in context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Cameranesi
- Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.C.); (J.H.); (P.J.); (M.U.)
| | - Linda Theron
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0027, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan Höltge
- Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.C.); (J.H.); (P.J.); (M.U.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Philip Jefferies
- Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.C.); (J.H.); (P.J.); (M.U.)
| | - Michael Ungar
- Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (M.C.); (J.H.); (P.J.); (M.U.)
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Theron L, Rothmann S, Höltge J, Ungar M. Differential Adaptation to Adversity: A Latent Profile Analysis of Youth Engagement With Resilience-Enabling Cultural Resources and Mental Health Outcomes in a Stressed Canadian and South African Community. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221077353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Using person-centered latent profile analyses, this article reports two distinct sub-groups—nominal versus robust cultural allegiance—that characterize how a sample of 14- to 24-year-olds from stressed environments in South Africa ( n = 576, nfemales = 314, nmales = 257) and Canada ( n =V481; nfemales = 270, nmales = 211) engage with four cultural resources (spirituality, religiosity, family tradition, and community tradition). It considers how nominal versus robust cultural allegiance is associated with youths’ self-reported symptoms of depression and conduct disorder, age-group, and gender. In doing so, the article addresses pre-existing resilience studies’ general inattention to patterns of differential adaptation in how specific groups of youth adjust to adversity, and the role of cultural resources in youth mental health. The results draw attention to the importance of understanding resilience in sociocultural context and urge mental health practitioners and other resilience champions to be circumspect in their work with at-risk youth about which cultural resources they leverage for which mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Höltge
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Freitas DFD, Mendonça M, Wolke D, Marturano EM, Fontaine AM, Coimbra S. Resilience in the face of peer victimization and perceived discrimination: The role of individual and familial factors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 125:105492. [PMID: 35065475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peer victimization and discrimination are two related forms of social victimization. However, the majority of studies only focus on one form or the other. This study investigates resilience in victims of both these forms of violence. OBJECTIVE To identify individual and family level factors that foster, or hinder, resilience in the face of both peer victimization and perceived discrimination. PARTICIPANTS In a sample of 2975 high-school students, 22% (n = 644) met the criteria for substantial social victimization. The sample's mean age was 16.5 years, 57% were girls, 19% were in vocational courses, 12% were from an ethnic minority background, and 5% were lesbian, gay, or bisexual. METHOD A measure of resilience was created by regressing the mean levels of current mental health, self-esteem, and life satisfaction on the frequency of lifetime peer victimization and past year perceived discrimination. Regression analyses were conducted to identify correlates of resilience considering protective and vulnerability factors, including sociodemographic information, anxious personality, empathy, coping strategies, familial optimism, and the relationship with their mother and father. RESULTS Resilience was associated with low anxious personality, four coping strategies (active, use of humor, low self-blame, low substance use), and satisfaction with the relationship with the mother. CONCLUSIONS Resilience is related to both behavioral and meaning-making coping strategies, personality traits, and satisfaction in relationships. This study's findings can be used to tailor interventions to foster resilience in adolescents exposed to social victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fonseca de Freitas
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London & Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Center for Psychology at the University of Porto, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marina Mendonça
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, United Kingdom & Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Medicine, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Susana Coimbra
- Faculty of Psychology and Education Science, University of Porto, Portugal.
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Qu G, Ma S, Liu H, Han T, Zhang H, Ding X, Sun L, Qin Q, Chen M, Sun Y. Positive childhood experiences can moderate the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adolescent depression and anxiety: Results from a cross-sectional survey. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 125:105511. [PMID: 35078091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common and have a wide range of impact on human physical and mental health. The role of positive childhood experiences (PCEs) and its interaction with ACEs on adolescent depression and anxiety are less known. METHODS A cross-sectional survey on Chinese primary and secondary school students was conducted to investigate information of ACEs, PCEs, depression, anxiety and demographic characteristics (n = 6363). Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between specific types and cumulative of PCEs and ACEs and risk of depression, anxiety and its comorbidity. Interaction analyses were conducted to determine the moderation role of PCEs on the impact of ACEs. RESULTS ACEs were positively correlated with the risk of depression and anxiety and there was a significant positive does-response relationship between cumulative ACEs exposure and risk of depression, anxiety and its comorbidity. PCEs were negatively associated with the risk of depression and anxiety and there was an inverse does-response relationship between cumulative PCEs exposure and risk of depression. Adolescents with low ACEs (<4 counts) and high PCEs (6-7 counts) exposure showed significant lower risk of depression and there were negative additive interactions between PCEs and ACEs exposure on risk of depression and the comorbidity of depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS PCEs can moderate the impact of ACEs on mental health of adolescents. Early and proactively promoting PCEs contributes to promoting well-being, especially for adolescents with ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Qu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shaodi Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Huimei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xiuxiu Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Fuyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.19, Zhongnan Avenue, Fuyang 400, Anhui, China
| | - Qirong Qin
- Ma'anshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.849, Jiangdong Avenue, Ma'anshan 243000, Anhui, China
| | - Mingchun Chen
- Changfeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changfeng, Anhui, China
| | - Yehuan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Center for Evidence-Based Practice, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Cameranesi M, Shooshtari S, Piotrowski CC. Investigating adjustment profiles in children exposed to intimate partner violence using a biopsychosocial resilience framework: A Canadian population-based study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 125:105453. [PMID: 35032822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The variability observed across different profiles of adjustment in children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) and the factors associated with resilience in this population are not yet well understood. OBJECTIVE Within a biopsychosocial framework, this study aimed to identify and describe profiles of adjustment in a cohort of children who had previously experienced IPV exposure, as well as the specific risk and promotive factors that significantly predicted membership in the identified adjustment profiles. The moderating effect of children's biological sex was also tested. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Population-based administrative data on all residents of the Province of Manitoba (Canada) over a 12-year period (2006-2017) were used to create a cohort of 3886 children aged 6-11 years who experienced IPV exposure and to extract information on these children and their mothers. METHOD Within a retrospective cohort study design, all study variables were extracted by linking multiple administrative health, social and justice datasets that were available in the Manitoba Population Research Data Repository. RESULTS Person-centered latent class analysis revealed four distinct adjustment profiles in the cohort of children, which differed for boys and girls. These included a resilient profile in which children showed no adjustment problems, as well as three profiles showing different combinations of children's externalizing problems and physical health problems. Positive maternal mental and physical health were the strongest predictors of resilient profile membership in both boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS Study results suggest interconnectedness among biological, psychological and social domains in shaping the adjustment of children exposed to IPV and corroborate existing evidence on the key role that mothers play in promoting the resilience of these children. Thus, future resilience research with this group and resilience-promoting programming for IPV-affected families would benefit from adopting a multisystemic biopsychosocial resilience framework that simultaneously accounts for factors at all levels of human ecologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Cameranesi
- Faculty of Health, School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Shahin Shooshtari
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Caroline C Piotrowski
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Dubus N. Resiliency with Forced Migrants: A Qualitative Study of Providers and Forced Migrants through a ResiliencePerspective. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12020027. [PMID: 35200279 PMCID: PMC8869212 DOI: 10.3390/bs12020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last ten years, the world has experienced unprecedented, forced migration due to civil unrest, political persecution, and the ever-growing climate crisis. This is a qualitative study of the professional experiences of social workers (n = 73) working with forced migrants (n = 34) and the lived experiences of forced migrants in several countries: Germany, Greece, Iceland, Mexico, Switzerland, and the United States. Social workers reported that most of their interventions involved short-term case management that focused on securing initial housing and healthcare. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) was the primary intervention for behavioral health issues. The recipients of these services were appreciative of the pragmatic approach of case management as it helped them meet concrete needs. When resiliency enhancing interventions were used, recipients reported a greater sense of self-control, greater optimism for the future, and less anxious symptoms. The resiliency model used is discussed. This is a possible universal approach to working with forced migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Dubus
- School of Social Work, College of Health and Human Science, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
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White LK, Barzilay R, Moore TM, Calkins ME, Jones JD, Himes MM, Young JF, Gur RC, Gur RE. Risk and Resilience Measures Related to Psychopathology in Youth. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022:10.1007/s10578-021-01296-2. [PMID: 35037180 PMCID: PMC9289457 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity places youth at risk for multiple negative outcomes. The current study aimed to understand how a constellation of risk and resilience factors influenced mental health outcomes as a function of adversities: socioeconomic status (SES) and traumatic stressful events (TSEs). Specifically, we examined outcomes related to psychosis and mood disorders, as well as global clinical functioning. The current study is a longitudinal follow up of 140 participants from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC) assessed for adversities at Time 1 (Mean age: 14.11 years) and risk, resilience, and clinical outcomes at Time 2 (mean age: 21.54 years). In the context of TSE, a limited set of predictors emerged as important; a more diverse set of moderators emerged in the context of SES. Across adversities, social support was a unique predictor of psychosis spectrum diagnoses and global functioning; emotion dysregulation was an important predictor for mood diagnoses. The current findings underscore the importance of understanding effects of childhood adversity on maladaptive outcomes within a resilience framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K White
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason D Jones
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Megan M Himes
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jami F Young
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Tunç Aksan A, Gündüz B, Yildiz MC. Effect of Self-Efficacy on Vicarious Trauma and Resiliency in School Counsellors in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COUNSELLING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10447-021-09459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ungar M, Jefferies P. Becoming More Rugged and Better Resourced: The R2 Resilience Program's© Psychosocial Approach to Thriving. Front Psychol 2021; 12:745283. [PMID: 34955964 PMCID: PMC8702437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen growing interest in interventions that build resilience as a complementary practice to trauma-informed care. From school-based programs focused on self-regulation and academic success to programs that support the well-being of disadvantaged populations or healthcare workers at risk of burnout, the concept of resilience is being used most commonly for programming that builds the capacity of individuals to adapt under conditions of adversity. Critiques have raised concerns that resilience-promoting programs demonstrate bias toward changing individual-level factors such as cognitions (e.g., mindfulness and grit), behavior (e.g., expressing gratitude and changing personal routines), or attachments (e.g., feeling secure in relationships) which help people adapt to socially toxic situations without changing access to the resources they require to overcome exposure to adverse psychosocial factors. This trend belies advances to the theory of resilience which support a more contextualized, multisystemic understanding of how external protective factors (resources) enhance individual qualities (ruggedness) and vice versa. Building on a multisystemic description of resilience, the R2 Resilience Program© was developed and piloted with six different populations ranging from clients of urban social services to workers in a long-term care facility, managers in the health care sector, staff of a Fortune 500 corporation, students in a primary to grade 12 school, and adult volunteers affiliated with an international NGO. Focused on building both individual ruggedness and enhancing people's resources (the two Rs), the program provides contextualized content for each population by selecting from 52 resilience promoting factors with a strong evidence base to create training curricula that enhance the personal qualities and social, physical, and institutional resources most likely to support resilience. This paper reviews the justification for a multisystemic approach to designing resilience interventions and then explains the process of implementation of the R2 program. Preliminary findings are reported, which suggest the program is experienced as effective, with evaluations ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ungar
- Faculty of Health, Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Philip Jefferies
- Faculty of Health, Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Dangmann C, Solberg Ø, Myhrene Steffenak AK, Høye S, Andersen PN. Syrian Refugee Youth Resettled in Norway: Mechanisms of Resilience Influencing Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Distress. Front Public Health 2021; 9:711451. [PMID: 34631646 PMCID: PMC8494783 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.711451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The importance of resilience factors in the positive adaptation of refugee youth is widely recognised. However, their actual mechanism of impact remains under-researched. The aim of this study was therefore to explore protective and promotive resilience mechanisms to inform future interventions and policy. Promotive resilience is seen as a direct main effect and protective resilience as a moderating effect. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of Syrian youth recently resettled in Norway, aged 13–24 years. Regression and moderation analyses were used to explore different interactions, including moderated mediation using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Result: A direct main effect of promotive resilience was found for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and general mental distress, but not for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). No moderating effects of protective resilience were found. Post-migration stressors mediated the effects of potentially traumatic events (PTE) from war and flight, and this indirect effect was present at all levels of resilience. Conclusion: Despite high risk exposure and mental distress, resilience was also high. Broad resilience interventions targeting multiple factors would likely benefit the group, but these should include both individual assets and building supportive environments. Additionally, reducing current stress and providing treatment for those in need could enable recovery and increase the efficacy of resilience factors already present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Dangmann
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Øivind Solberg
- Department of Health Science, Swedish Red Cross University College, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sevald Høye
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Per Normann Andersen
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
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Thomas J, Bowes N, Meyers R, Thirlaway K. Mental well-being and physical activity of young people experiencing homelessness before and during COVID-19 lockdown: A longitudinal study. Ment Health Phys Act 2021; 21:100407. [PMID: 34804201 PMCID: PMC8590379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2021.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While lockdown restrictions in response to COVID-19 indisputably mitigated virus transmission, the aim of this longitudinal study was to establish indirect effects on vulnerable young people's mental well-being and physical activity (PA) levels. METHODS Surveys conducted at time 1 (February 2020), and time 2 (April 2020) comprised of the short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and self-reported moderate and vigorous PA levels. Repeated measures analyses established changes pre-post lockdown restrictions, and differences between sub-groups. Associations between changes in well-being, self-esteem and PA over time were explored through further regression analyses. RESULTS 65 respondents completed the survey at time 1, and 50 respondent at time 2. Wellbeing increased significantly over time, yet remained significantly lower than the population average. Self-esteem increased significantly post-lockdown, however remained significantly lower for females, compared with males. Overall, PA levels increased-whereby 'inactive' participants at time 1 reported significant increases in moderate and total activity levels at time 2. Increased PA levels significantly predicted increased well-being: F(1, 48) = 4.15, p < .05; while participants who had become less active accounted for 69.2% with low self-esteem at time 2. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that increased PA accounted for improved mental well-being, while decreased PA was associated with reduced levels of self-esteem. PA may represent a modifiable means of mitigating risk, and promoting resilience for vulnerable young people experiencing adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Thomas
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Nicola Bowes
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Robert Meyers
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Katie Thirlaway
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK
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Wang D, Jiang Q, Yang Z, Choi JK. The longitudinal influences of adverse childhood experiences and positive childhood experiences at family, school, and neighborhood on adolescent depression and anxiety. J Affect Disord 2021; 292:542-551. [PMID: 34147966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent depression and anxiety are major mental health concerns. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are risk factors for depression and anxiety in adolescence and positive childhood experiences at home, school, and neighborhood are protective factors. Few studies, however, have compared the longitudinal effects of these two sets of contextual risk and protective factors on depression and anxiety among adolescents by framing them together. METHODS This study used data on a subsample of 3426 socioeconomically disadvantaged adolescents collected at their birth, ages one, three, five, nine, and fifteen. Logistic regression was used to examine the longitudinal effects of ACEs, focusing on childhood maltreatment and family dysfunctions, and positive childhood experiences with family, school, and neighborhood on the risks of depression and anxiety. Adolescents' characteristics and their families' socioeconomic status were adjusted. RESULTS In the two ACEs subcategories, childhood maltreatment exposures increased the risks only for later anxiety; family dysfunction increased the risks for both later depression and anxiety. In the three contexts, positive childhood experiences at family and school protected at-risk adolescents against both mental health concerns, whereas neighborhood collective efficacy protected adolescents only against depression. LIMITATIONS Resilience was examined as an outcome only; it can also be examined as a process. Neither teachers' nor grandparents' supports were included. CONCLUSIONS ACEs maltreatment and family dysfunction are two different risk dimensions for adolescent depression and anxiety. Positive childhood experiences at family are the strongest protective factors for children exposed to ACEs, followed by these in school and neighborhood. Early interventions building positive relationships may benefit adolescent mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
| | - Qingyu Jiang
- Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Zhenqiao Yang
- Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jeong-Kyun Choi
- Department of Child, Youth, and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Theron L, van Breda A. A special issue on child abuse and resilience in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of multisystemic resilience-enablers. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 119:105174. [PMID: 34175154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Theron
- Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Adrian van Breda
- Department of Social Work and Community Development, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Theron L, van Breda A. Multisystemic enablers of sub-Saharan child and youth resilience to maltreatment. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 119:105083. [PMID: 33931239 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resilience of sub-Saharan children and youth to abuse and neglect is under-researched. In particular, the multisystemic and contextually sensitive nature of their resilience is under-appreciated. PURPOSE In response we conceptualized a discussion paper. Its intention is to make a case for a contextually relevant, multisystemic understanding of the resilience of sub-Saharan children and youth with exposure to maltreatment. METHOD This discussion paper draws on a critical analysis of pertinent peer-reviewed publications. It also draws on our lifelong residence in sub-Saharan Africa and related insight into this region's situational and cultural dynamics. RESULTS We advance three assertions regarding the multisystemic nature of sub-Saharan young people's resilience to abuse and neglect : (i) family↔communities are pivotal to sub-Saharan child and youth resilience to maltreatment; (ii) institutional supports matter too, particularly when multiple systems interact to provide networks of institutional support; and (iii) the resilience-enabling potential of built and natural environments is yet to be fully harnessed. CONCLUSION Interacting social and ecological system factors and processes matter for the resilience of sub-Saharan children and youth who experience abuse and neglect. Appreciation for their complexity and contextual fit are crucial to practice and policy efforts to advance the protection and wellbeing of sub-Saharan young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Theron
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Adrian van Breda
- University of Johannesburg, Department of Social Work, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
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Norris G, Norris H. Building Resilience Through Sport in Young People With Adverse Childhood Experiences. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:663587. [PMID: 34337400 PMCID: PMC8319951 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.663587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions focused on young people at risk of anti-social and criminal behaviour frequently involve physical exercise and/or participation in sporting activities as a primary vehicle to bring about behavioural change in both the short to medium term. Anecdotal evidence suggests that sporting activities positively influence individual well-being alongside a sense of purpose and belonging centred around sporting clubs and activities. Empirically, participation in sport has been identified as a key resilience factor for young people with numerous Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and investment and policy initiatives target investment in these opportunities. However, the psychological mechanisms which underpin these improvements in well-being and building of resilience are less clearly articulated. This article will review current and developing research in this field to synthesise future applications of sport-related interventions with young people, with a particular emphasis on furthering understanding of the pathways to capacity building at individual and community level which sport and exercise can generate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Norris
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
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The role of epigenetics in psychological resilience. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8:620-629. [PMID: 33915083 PMCID: PMC9561637 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is substantial variation in people's responses to adversity, with a considerable proportion of individuals displaying psychological resilience. Epigenetic mechanisms are hypothesised to be one molecular pathway of how adverse and traumatic events can become biologically embedded and contribute to individual differences in resilience. However, not much is known regarding the role of epigenetics in the development of psychological resilience. In this Review, we propose a new conceptual model for the different functions of epigenetic mechanisms in psychological resilience. The model considers the initial establishment of the epigenome, epigenetic modification due to adverse and protective environments, the role of protective factors in counteracting adverse influences, and genetic moderation of environmentally induced epigenetic modifications. After reviewing empirical evidence for the various components of the model, we identify research that should be prioritised and discuss practical implications of the proposed model for epigenetic research on resilience.
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Association of Nursing Work Environment, Relationship with the Head Nurse, and Resilience with Post-Traumatic Growth in Emergency Department Nurses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062857. [PMID: 33799692 PMCID: PMC8000108 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Emergency department nurses are confronted with unpredictable diseases and disasters and work-related traumatic stress events. This study aimed to examine the relationship between nursing work environment, relationship with the head nurse, resilience, and posttraumatic growth among emergency department nurses. Data were collected from December 2018 to February 2019 through a self-administered survey questionnaire. Participants comprised 127 nurses working in the emergency department. The collected data were analyzed using t-test, analysis of variance with Scheffé’s test, Pearson’s correlations, and hierarchical multiple regression. The mean posttraumatic growth score of emergency department nurses was 2.59 ± 0.64 out of a possible 5.00. The posttraumatic growth showed a statistically significant difference according to age in the emergency department nurse. Resilience was the most significant variable controlling other variables, accounting for 29% of the variability. The findings support that intervention programs should be developed to encourage a positive relationship with the head nurse and enhance resilience in emergency department nurses.
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Ungar M, Theron L, Murphy K, Jefferies P. Researching Multisystemic Resilience: A Sample Methodology. Front Psychol 2021; 11:607994. [PMID: 33510683 PMCID: PMC7835509 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In contexts of exposure to atypical stress or adversity, individual and collective resilience refers to the process of sustaining wellbeing by leveraging biological, psychological, social and environmental protective and promotive factors and processes (PPFPs). This multisystemic understanding of resilience is generating significant interest but has been difficult to operationalize in psychological research where studies tend to address only one or two systems at a time, often with a primary focus on individual coping strategies. We show how multiple systems implicated in human resilience can be researched in the same study using a longitudinal, six-phase transformative sequential mixed methods study of 14- to 24-year-olds and their elders in two communities dependent on oil and gas industries (Drayton Valley, Canada, and Secunda/eMbalenhle, South Africa). Data collection occurred over a 5-year period, and included: (1) community engagement and the identification of youth health and well-being priorities; (2) participatory youth-centric qualitative research using one-on-one semi-structured interviews and arts-based methods; (3) survey of 500 youth at three time points to assess psychosocial health indicators and outcomes; (4) collection of hair samples to assess stress biomarkers (cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-DHEA) over time; (5) youth-led ecological data collection and assessment of historical socio-economic development data; and (6) community resource mapping with community elders. Analyzing data from these multiple systems will allow us to understand the interrelationship and impact of PPFPs within and across systems. To date, we have undertaken thematic and narrative qualitative analyses, and descriptive analyses of the preliminary ecological and survey data. As we proceed, we will combine these and grounded theory approaches with innovative techniques such as latent transition analysis and network analysis, as well as modeling of economic conditions and spatial analysis of human geographies to understand patterns of PPFPs and their inter-relationships. By analyzing the complexity of data collected across systems (including cultural contexts) we are demonstrating the possibility of conducting multisystemic resilience research which expands the way psychological research accounts for positive development under stress in different contexts. This comprehensive examination of resilience may offer an example of how the study of resilience can inform socially and contextually relevant interventions and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ungar
- Faculty of Health, School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Linda Theron
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Murphy
- Faculty of Health, School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Philip Jefferies
- Faculty of Health, School of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Thoma MV, Höltge J, Eising CM, Pfluger V, Rohner SL. Resilience and Stress in Later Life: A Network Analysis Approach Depicting Complex Interactions of Resilience Resources and Stress-Related Risk Factors in Older Adults. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:580969. [PMID: 33281572 PMCID: PMC7705246 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.580969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging systemic approaches on resilience propose that a person's or group's adaptability to significant stress relies on a network of interdependent resources. However, little knowledge exists on systemic resilience in older survivors of early-life adversity (ELA) and how ELA affects their resource network in later life. OBJECTIVE This study investigated how ELA may be linked to the interplay of resources and stress-related risk factors in later life. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data from N = 235 older adults (M age = 70.43 years; 46.40% female) were assessed. Half the participants were affected by ELA through compulsory social measures and placements in childhood, and/or adolescence ("risk group"). The other half were age-matched, non-affected participants ("control group"). Using psychometric instruments, a set of resilience-supporting resources in later life and current stress indices were assessed. Regularized partial correlation networks examined the interplay of resources in both groups, whilst also considering the impact of stress. RESULTS Both groups demonstrated only positive resource interrelations. Although the control group showed more possible resource connections, the groups did not significantly differ in the overall strength of connections. While group-specific resource interrelations were identified, self-esteem was observed to be the most important resource for the network interconnectedness of both groups. The risk group network showed a higher vulnerability to current stress. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Network analysis is a useful approach in the examination of the complex interrelationships between resilience resources and stress-related risk factors in older adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam V. Thoma
- Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Ageing”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Höltge
- Resilience Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Carla M. Eising
- Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Ageing”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viviane Pfluger
- Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Ageing”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shauna L. Rohner
- Psychopathology and Clinical Intervention, Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Ageing”, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Theron L, Ruth Mampane M, Ebersöhn L, Hart A. Youth Resilience to Drought: Learning from a Group of South African Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217896. [PMID: 33126515 PMCID: PMC7663756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to drought is on the increase, also in sub-Saharan Africa. Even so, little attention has been paid to what supports youth resilience to the stressors associated with drought. In response, this article reports a secondary analysis of qualitative data generated in a phenomenological study with 25 South African adolescents (average age 15.6; majority Sepedi-speaking) from a drought-impacted and structurally disadvantaged community. The thematic findings show the importance of personal, relational, and structural resources that fit with youths' sociocultural context. Essentially, proactive collaboration between adolescents and their social ecologies is necessary to co-advance socially just responses to the challenges associated with drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Theron
- Department of Educational Psychology, Centre for the Study of Resilience, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0027, South Africa; (M.R.M.); (L.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Motlalepule Ruth Mampane
- Department of Educational Psychology, Centre for the Study of Resilience, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0027, South Africa; (M.R.M.); (L.E.)
| | - Liesel Ebersöhn
- Department of Educational Psychology, Centre for the Study of Resilience, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0027, South Africa; (M.R.M.); (L.E.)
| | - Angie Hart
- Centre of Resilience for Social Justice, School of Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, UK;
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Liu JJW, Ein N, Gervasio J, Battaion M, Reed M, Vickers K. Comprehensive meta-analysis of resilience interventions. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 82:101919. [PMID: 33045528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/RATIONALE There is no current consensus on operational definitions of resilience. Instead, researchers often debate the optimal approach to understanding resilience, while continuing to explore ways to enhance and/or promote its qualities in various populations. The goal of the current meta-analysis is to substantiate existing evidence examining the promotion of resilience through various interventions. Particular emphasis was placed upon the factors that contribute to variability across interventions, such as age, gender, duration of intervention, intervention approaches and risk exposure of targeted population. METHOD The literature search was conducted on May 28, 2019. Search terms included "resilience intervention" OR "promoting resilience" OR "promoting resiliency" OR "resilience-based intervention". A total of 268 studies, with 1584 independent samples, were included in the meta-analysis. In addition to overall efficacy, outcome-based analyses were conducted for intervention outcomes based on action, biophysical, coping, emotion, resilience, symptoms, and well-being. Finally, moderators of age, gender, length of intervention, intervention approach, intervention target, and the level of risk exposure of the sampled population were examined as moderators. RESULTS The multi-level meta-analysis indicated that resilience-promoting interventions yielded a small, but statistically significant overall effect, Hedges's g = 0.48 (SE = 0.04, 95% CI = [0.40, 0.56]. The variability in study effect sizes within and between studies was significant, p < .001, with many falling short of the threshold for practical significance. DISCUSSION Findings lend some support for the overall efficacy of resilience interventions. However, empirical results should be cautiously interpreted in tandem with their theoretical relevance and potential advancements to the construct of resilience. Variabilities across findings reflect the current ambiguities surrounding the conceptualization and operationalization of resilience. Directions for future research on resilience as well as practical considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J W Liu
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natalie Ein
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julia Gervasio
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mira Battaion
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maureen Reed
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristin Vickers
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada.
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Sagbakken M, Bregård IM, Varvin S. The Past, the Present, and the Future: A Qualitative Study Exploring How Refugees' Experience of Time Influences Their Mental Health and Well-Being. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2020; 5:46. [PMID: 33869453 PMCID: PMC8022670 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The experience of time has a decisive influence on refugees' well-being and suffering in all phases of their flight experiences. Basic safety is connected both developmentally and in present life with a feeling of continuity and predictability. Refugees often experience disruption of this basic sense of time in their home country due to war, persecution, and often severe traumatization, during flight, due to unpredictable and dangerous circumstances in the hands of smugglers, and after flight, due to unpredictable circumstances in asylum centers, e.g., extended waiting time and idleness. These context-dependent disruptions of normal experiences of time may lead to disturbances in mental life and extreme difficulties in organizing one's daily life. This article is based on narrative interviews with 78 asylum seekers and refugees in asylum centers in Norway, exploring their experiences before, during, and after flight. The distinction between abstract, chronological time, and concrete time connecting situational experiences (daily activities, such as daily rhythm of sleep and wakefulness) proved important for understanding how the experiences became mentally disturbing and how people tried to cope with this experience more or often less successfully. Prominent findings were loss of future directedness, a feeling of being imprisoned or trapped, disempowerment, passivity and development of a negative view of self, memory disturbances with difficulty of placing oneself in time and space, disruptions of relations, and a feeling of loss of developmental possibilities. Some had developed resilient strategies, such as imagining the flight as a holiday trip, to cope with the challenges, but most participants felt deeply disempowered and often disorientated. The analysis pointed clearly to a profound context dependent time-disrupting aspect of the refugee experience. An insecure and undefined present made participants unable to visualize their future and integrate the future in their experience of the present. This was connected with the inherent passivity and undefined waiting in the centers and camps, and with previous near encounters with annihilation and death. A response was often withdrawal into passivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Sagbakken
- Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet–Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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Propiedades psicométricas de una escala de resiliencia en cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores. ACTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.14718/acp.2020.23.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
El cuidado de un adulto mayor se ha estudiado no solo como una circunstancia generadora de estrés y deterioro del bienestar para el cuidador, sino también, desde la perspectiva de la psicología positiva, como la disposición de los cuidadores para reaccionar de manera resiliente ante las dificultades experimentadas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar la validación de constructo del Inventario de Resiliencia (IRES) mediante algunos procedimientos exploratorios y confirmatorios. Para ello, se colectaron datos de dos muestras independientes de cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores en la ciudad de Hermosillo, México: la primera con 125 cuidadores de 19 a 73 años (Medad = 47.8, DE = 12) para los análisis factoriales exploratorios; y la segunda con 160 cuidadores de 19 a 82 años (Medad = 48.7, DE = 13) para los análisis factoriales confirmatorios. Los análisis revelaron dos dimensiones claras y robustas estadísticamente en el IRES con 12 ítems: la resiliencia instrumental y la resiliencia emocional. En conclusión, la presente investigación muestra que el IRES es un instrumento válido para la medición de la resiliencia en una población mexicana de cuidadores familiares de adultos mayores.
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