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Setoguchi R, Sengiku T, Kono H, Kawakami E, Kubo M, Yamamoto T, Hori S. Memory CD8 T cells are vulnerable to chronic IFN-γ signals but not to CD4 T cell deficiency in MHCII-deficient mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4418. [PMID: 38806459 PMCID: PMC11133459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the number of memory CD8 T cells is stably maintained remains incompletely understood. It has been postulated that maintaining them requires help from CD4 T cells, because adoptively transferred memory CD8 T cells persist poorly in MHC class II (MHCII)-deficient mice. Here we show that chronic interferon-γ signals, not CD4 T cell-deficiency, are responsible for their attrition in MHCII-deficient environments. Excess IFN-γ is produced primarily by endogenous colonic CD8 T cells in MHCII-deficient mice. IFN-γ neutralization restores the number of memory CD8 T cells in MHCII-deficient mice, whereas repeated IFN-γ administration or transduction of a gain-of-function STAT1 mutant reduces their number in wild-type mice. CD127high memory cells proliferate actively in response to IFN-γ signals, but are more susceptible to attrition than CD127low terminally differentiated effector memory cells. Furthermore, single-cell RNA-sequencing of memory CD8 T cells reveals proliferating cells that resemble short-lived, terminal effector cells and documents global downregulation of gene signatures of long-lived memory cells in MHCII-deficient environments. We propose that chronic IFN-γ signals deplete memory CD8 T cells by compromising their long-term survival and by diverting self-renewing CD127high cells toward terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruka Setoguchi
- Formerly Laboratory for Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Sengiku
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kono
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiryo Kawakami
- Advanced Data Science Project (ADSP), RIKEN Information R&D and Strategy Headquarters, RIKEN, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masato Kubo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Formerly Laboratory for Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shohei Hori
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Formerly Laboratory for Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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2
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Greene TT, Jo Y, Macal M, Fang Z, Khatri FS, Codrington AL, Kazane KR, Chiale C, Akbulut E, Swaminathan S, Fujita Y, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Cordes T, Metallo C, Scott DA, Zuniga EI. Metabolic Deficiencies Underlie Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Exhaustion After Viral Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582551. [PMID: 38464328 PMCID: PMC10925345 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) are central to host protection against viral infections 1 . While any cell can produce IFN-I, Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs) make greater quantities and more varieties of these cytokines than any other cell type 2 . However, following an initial burst of IFN- I, pDCs lose their exceptional IFN-I production capacity and become "exhausted", a phenotype that associates with enhanced susceptibility to secondary infections 3-5 . Despite this apparent cost for the host, pDC exhaustion is conserved across multiple species and viral infections, but the underlying mechanisms and the potential evolutionary advantages are not well understood. Here we characterize pDC exhaustion and demonstrate that it is associated with a reduced capacity of pDCs to engage both oxidative and glycolytic metabolism. Mechanistically, we identify lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) as a novel positive regulator of pDC IFN-I production in mice and humans, show that LDHB deficiency is associated with suppressed IFN-I production, pDC metabolic capacity, and viral control following a viral infection, and demonstrate that preservation of LDHB expression is sufficient to partially restore exhausted pDC function in vitro and in vivo . Furthermore, restoring LDHB in vivo in exhausted pDCs increased IFNAR dependent infection- associated pathology. Therefore, our work identifies a novel and conserved mechanism for balancing immunity and pathology during viral infections, while also providing insight into the highly preserved but previously unexplained phenomenon of pDC exhaustion.
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3
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Xu L, Wei C, Chen Y, Wu Y, Shou X, Chen W, Lu D, Sun H, Li W, Yu B, Wang X, Zhang X, Yu Y, Lei Z, Tang R, Zhu J, Li Y, Lu L, Zhou H, Zhou S, Su C, Chen X. IL-33 induces thymic involution-associated naive T cell aging and impairs host control of severe infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6881. [PMID: 36371464 PMCID: PMC9653498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe infection commonly results in immunosuppression, which leads to impaired pathogen clearance or increased secondary infection in both humans and animals. However, the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that IL-33 results in immunosuppression by inducing thymic involution-associated naive T cell dysfunction with aberrant expression of aging-associated genes and impairs host control of infection in mouse disease models of schistosomiasis or sepsis. Furthermore, we illustrate that IL-33 triggers the excessive generation of medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) IV (thymic tuft cells) in a Pou2f3-dependent manner, as a consequence, disturbs mTEC/cortical TEC (cTEC) compartment and causes thymic involution during severe infection. More importantly, IL-33 deficiency, the anti-IL-33 neutralizing antibody treatment, or IL-33 receptor ST2 deficient thymus transplantation rescues T cell immunity to better control infection in mice. Our findings not only uncover a link between severe infection-induced IL-33 and thymic involution-mediated naive T cell aging, but also suggest that targeting IL-33 or ST2 is a promising strategy to rejuvenate T cell immunity to better control severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Respiratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wei
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Yue Wu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Shou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Di Lu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Sun
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006 P. R. China
| | - Beibei Yu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- grid.452511.6Department of Blood Transfusion, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- grid.452511.6Imaging Center, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008 P. R. China
| | - Yanxiong Yu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Lei
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Rui Tang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Jifeng Zhu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Yalin Li
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Linrong Lu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XInstitute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 P. R. China
| | - Sha Zhou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Chuan Su
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166 P. R. China
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4
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Natukunda A, Zirimenya L, Nassuuna J, Nkurunungi G, Cose S, Elliott AM, Webb EL. The effect of helminth infection on vaccine responses in humans and animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite Immunol 2022; 44:e12939. [PMID: 35712983 PMCID: PMC9542036 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination has potential to eliminate infectious diseases. However, parasitic infections such as helminths may hinder vaccines from providing optimal protection. We reviewed existing literature on the effects of helminth infections and their treatment on vaccine responses in humans and animals. We searched literature until 31 January 2022 in Medline, EMBASE, Global health, Scopus, and Web of science; search terms included WHO licensed vaccines and human helminth types. Standardized mean differences (SMD) in vaccine responses between helminth infected and uninfected or anthelminthic treated and untreated individuals were obtained from each study with suitable data for meta-analysis, and combined using a random effects model. Analysis was stratified by whether helminth exposure was direct or prenatal and by vaccine type. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019123074). Of the 4402 articles identified, 37 were included in the review of human studies and 24 for animal experiments. For human studies, regardless of vaccine type, overall SMD for helminth uninfected/treated, compared to infected/untreated, was 0.56 (95% CI 0.04-1.07 and I2 = 93.5%) for direct helminth exposure and 0.01 (95% CI -0.04 to 0.07 and I2 = 85.9%) for prenatal helminth exposure. Effects of anthelminthic treatment were inconsistent, with no overall benefit shown. Results differed by vaccine type, with responses to live vaccines most affected by helminth exposure. For animal studies, the most affected vaccine was BCG. This result indicates that helminth-associated impairment of vaccine responses is more severe for direct, than for prenatal, helminth exposure. Further research is needed to ascertain whether deworming of individuals before vaccination may help improve responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Natukunda
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines ProgrammeMRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Ludoviko Zirimenya
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines ProgrammeMRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
| | - Jacent Nassuuna
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines ProgrammeMRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
| | - Gyaviira Nkurunungi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines ProgrammeMRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
- Department of Infection BiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Stephen Cose
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines ProgrammeMRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
- Department of Clinical ResearchLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Alison M. Elliott
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines ProgrammeMRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research UnitEntebbeUganda
- Department of Clinical ResearchLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Emily L. Webb
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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5
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Anywaine Z, Lule SA, Hansen C, Warimwe G, Elliott A. Clinical manifestations of Rift Valley fever in humans: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010233. [PMID: 35333856 PMCID: PMC8986116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging, neglected, mosquito-borne viral zoonosis associated with significant morbidity, mortality and expanding geographical scope. The clinical signs and symptoms in humans are non-specific and case definitions vary. We reviewed and analysed the clinical manifestations of RVF in humans. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis we searched on different dates, the Embase (from 1947 to 13th October 2019), Medline (1946 to 14th October 2019), Global Health (1910 to 15th October 2019), and Web of Science (1970 to 15th October 2019) databases. Studies published in English, reporting frequency of symptoms in humans, and laboratory confirmed RVF were included. Animal studies, studies among asymptomatic volunteers, and single case reports for which a proportion could not be estimated, were excluded. Quality assessment was done using a modified Hoy and Brooks et al tool, data was extracted, and pooled frequency estimates calculated using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Of the 3765 articles retrieved, less than 1% (32 articles) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Nine RVF clinical syndromes were reported including the general febrile, renal, gastrointestinal, hepatic, haemorrhagic, visual, neurological, cardio-pulmonary, and obstetric syndromes. The most common clinical manifestations included fever (81%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 69-91; [26 studies, 1286 patients]), renal failure (41%; 23-59; [4, 327]), nausea (38%; 12-67; [6, 325]), jaundice (26%; 16-36; [15, 393]), haemorrhagic disease (26%; 17-36; [16, 277]), partial blindness (24%; 7-45; [11, 225]), encephalitis (21%; 11-33; [4, 327]), cough (4%; 0-17; [4, 11]), and miscarriage (54%) respectively. Death occurred in 21% (95% CI 14-29; [16 studies, 328 patients]) of cases, most of whom were hospitalised. DISCUSSION This study delineates the complex symptomatology of human RVF disease into syndromes. This approach is likely to improve case definitions and detection rates, impact outbreak control, increase public awareness about RVF, and subsequently inform 'one-health' policies. This study provides a pooled estimate of the proportion of RVF clinical manifestations alongside a narrative description of clinical syndromes. However, most studies reviewed were case series with small sample sizes and enrolled mostly in-patients and out-patients, and captured symptoms either sparsely or using broad category terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacchaeus Anywaine
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | - Swaib Abubaker Lule
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hansen
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Warimwe
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- KEMRI WellcomeTrust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Alison Elliott
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
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6
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Yoboue CA, Hosch S, Donfack OT, Guirou EA, Nlavo BM, Ayekaba MO, Guerra C, Phiri WP, Garcia GA, Schindler T, Daubenberger CA. Characterising co-infections with Plasmodium spp., Mansonella perstans or Loa loa in asymptomatic children, adults and elderly people living on Bioko Island using nucleic acids extracted from malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009798. [PMID: 35100277 PMCID: PMC8830708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regular and comprehensive epidemiological surveys of the filarial nematodes Mansonella perstans and Loa loa in children, adolescents and adults living across Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea are lacking. We aimed to demonstrate that blood retained on malaria rapid diagnostic tests, commonly deployed for malaria surveys, could be used as a source of nucleic acids for molecular based detection of M. perstans and L. loa. We wanted to determine the positivity rate and distribution of filarial nematodes across different age groups and geographical areas as well as to understand level of co-infections with malaria in an asymptomatic population. Methodology M. perstans, L. loa and Plasmodium spp. parasites were monitored by qPCR in a cross-sectional study using DNA extracted from a subset malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) collected during the annual malaria indicator survey conducted on Bioko Island in 2018. Principal findings We identified DNA specific for the two filarial nematodes investigated among 8.2% (263) of the 3214 RDTs screened. Positivity rates of M. perstans and L. loa were 6.6% and 1.5%, respectively. M. perstans infection were more prominent in male (10.5%) compared to female (3.9%) survey participants. M. perstans parasite density and positivity rate was higher among older people and the population living in rural areas. The socio-economic status of participants strongly influenced the infection rate with people belonging to the lowest socio-economic quintile more than 3 and 5 times more likely to be L. loa and M. perstans infected, respectively. No increased risk of being co-infected with Plasmodium spp. parasites was observed among the different age groups. Conclusions/Significance We found otherwise asymptomatic individuals were infected with M. perstans and L. loa. Our study demonstrates that employing mRDTs probed with blood for malaria testing represents a promising, future tool to preserve and ship NAs at room temperature to laboratories for molecular, high-throughput diagnosis and genotyping of blood-dwelling nematode filarial infections. Using this approach, asymptomatic populations can be reached and surveyed for infectious diseases beyond malaria. Mansonella perstans and Loa loa are filarial nematodes that infect millions of people living in less developed areas, predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa. Both parasites are neglected among other filarial nematodes because both are regarded as causing mainly asymptomatic infections. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of using malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) deployed during malaria surveys as a convenient sampling strategy for molecular surveillance of blood-dwelling filarial nematode infections. Our findings demonstrate the potential of mRDTs as a source of parasite DNA beyond malaria, providing an opportunity to expand current knowledge on the distribution and populations mostly affected by M. perstans and L. loa infections to Equatorial Guinea, located in Central-West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Aya Yoboue
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Salome Hosch
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Etienne A. Guirou
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Carlos Guerra
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | - Wonder P. Phiri
- Medical Care Development International, Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Tobias Schindler
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (TS); (CAD)
| | - Claudia A. Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (TS); (CAD)
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7
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Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective means available for preventing infectious diseases. However, vaccine-induced immune responses are highly variable between individuals and between populations in different regions of the world. Understanding the basis of this variation is, thus, of fundamental importance to human health. Although the factors that are associated with intra- and inter-population variation in vaccine responses are manifold, emerging evidence points to a key role for the gut microbiome in controlling immune responses to vaccination. Much of this evidence comes from studies in mice, and causal evidence for the impact of the microbiome on human immunity is sparse. However, recent studies on vaccination in subjects treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics have provided causal evidence and mechanistic insights into how the microbiota controls immune responses in humans.
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8
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Roy RK, Yadav R, Jain A, Tripathi V, Jain M, Singh S, Prakash H. Yin and yang of immunological memory in controlling infections: Overriding self defence mechanisms. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:240-252. [PMID: 33872093 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1912037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is critical for host immunity and decisive for individual to respond exponentially to previously encountered infection. Both T and B cell memory are known to orchestrate immunological memory with their central and effector memory arms contributing in prolonged immunity/defence mechanisms of host. While central memory helps in maintaining prolonged immunity for a particular infection, effector memory helps in keeping local/seasonal infection in control. In addition to this, generation of long-lived plasma cells is pivotal for generating neutralizing antibodies which can enhance recall and B cell memory to control re-infection. In view of this, scaling up memory response is one of the major objectives for the expected outcome of vaccination. In this line, this review deals with the significance of memory cells, molecular pathways of their development, maintenance, epigenetic regulation and negative regulation in various infections. We have also highlighted the significance of both T and B cell memory responses in the vaccination approaches against range of infections which is not fully explored so far.[Box: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumar Roy
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Rakhi Yadav
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Vishwas Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sandhya Singh
- Amity Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Hridayesh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida, India
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9
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Labarta-Bajo L, Nilsen SP, Humphrey G, Schwartz T, Sanders K, Swafford A, Knight R, Turner JR, Zúñiga EI. Type I IFNs and CD8 T cells increase intestinal barrier permeability after chronic viral infection. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152069. [PMID: 32880630 PMCID: PMC7953738 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier leakage constitutes a potential therapeutic target for many inflammatory diseases and represents a disease progression marker during chronic viral infections. However, the causes of altered gut barrier remain mostly unknown. Using murine infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, we demonstrate that, in contrast to an acute viral strain, a persistent viral isolate leads to long-term viral replication in hematopoietic and mesenchymal cells, but not epithelial cells (IECs), in the intestine. Viral persistence drove sustained intestinal epithelial barrier leakage, which was characterized by increased paracellular flux of small molecules and was associated with enhanced colitis susceptibility. Type I IFN signaling caused tight junction dysregulation in IECs, promoted gut microbiome shifts and enhanced intestinal CD8 T cell responses. Notably, both type I IFN receptor blockade and CD8 T cell depletion prevented infection-induced barrier leakage. Our study demonstrates that infection with a virus that persistently replicates in the intestinal mucosa increases epithelial barrier permeability and reveals type I IFNs and CD8 T cells as causative factors of intestinal leakage during chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Labarta-Bajo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Steven P Nilsen
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory Humphrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tara Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Karenina Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Austin Swafford
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elina I Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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10
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Hamilton SE, Badovinac VP, Beura LK, Pierson M, Jameson SC, Masopust D, Griffith TS. New Insights into the Immune System Using Dirty Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 205:3-11. [PMID: 32571979 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mouse (Mus musculus) is the dominant organism used to investigate the mechanisms behind complex immunological responses because of their genetic similarity to humans and our ability to manipulate those genetics to understand downstream function. Indeed, our knowledge of immune system development, response to infection, and ways to therapeutically manipulate the immune response to combat disease were, in large part, delineated in the mouse. Despite the power of mouse-based immunology research, the translational efficacy of many new therapies from mouse to human is far from ideal. Recent data have highlighted how the naive, neonate-like immune system of specific pathogen-free mice differs dramatically in composition and function to mice living under barrier-free conditions (i.e., "dirty" mice). In this review, we discuss major findings to date and challenges faced when using dirty mice and specific areas of immunology research that may benefit from using animals with robust and varied microbial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Hamilton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Mark Pierson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - David Masopust
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; .,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and.,Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417
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11
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Galen JE, Wahid R, Buskirk AD. Strategies for Enhancement of Live-Attenuated Salmonella-Based Carrier Vaccine Immunogenicity. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:162. [PMID: 33671124 PMCID: PMC7923097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of live-attenuated bacterial vaccines as carriers for the mucosal delivery of foreign antigens to stimulate the mucosal immune system was first proposed over three decades ago. This novel strategy aimed to induce immunity against at least two distinct pathogens using a single bivalent carrier vaccine. It was first tested using a live-attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain in clinical trials in 1984, with excellent humoral immune responses against the carrier strain but only modest responses elicited against the foreign antigen. Since then, clinical trials with additional Salmonella-based carrier vaccines have been conducted. As with the original trial, only modest foreign antigen-specific immunity was achieved in most cases, despite the incorporation of incremental improvements in antigen expression technologies and carrier design over the years. In this review, we will attempt to deconstruct carrier vaccine immunogenicity in humans by examining the basis of bacterial immunity in the human gastrointestinal tract and how the gut detects and responds to pathogens versus benign commensal organisms. Carrier vaccine design will then be explored to determine the feasibility of retaining as many characteristics of a pathogen as possible to elicit robust carrier and foreign antigen-specific immunity, while avoiding over-stimulation of unacceptably reactogenic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Rezwanul Wahid
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Amanda D. Buskirk
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Process and Facilities, Division of Microbiology Assessment II, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA;
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12
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Bowyer G, Sharpe H, Venkatraman N, Ndiaye PB, Wade D, Brenner N, Mentzer A, Mair C, Waterboer T, Lambe T, Dieye T, Mboup S, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ. Reduced Ebola vaccine responses in CMV+ young adults is associated with expansion of CD57+KLRG1+ T cells. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151780. [PMID: 32413101 PMCID: PMC7336307 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CMV is associated with immunosenescence and reduced vaccine responses in the elderly (>70 yr). However, the impact of CMV in young adults is less clear. In this study, healthy UK and Senegalese adults aged 18–50 yr (average, 29 yr) were vaccinated with the Ebola vaccine candidate chimpanzee adenovirus type 3–vectored Ebola Zaire vaccine (ChAd3-EBO-Z) and boosted with modified vaccinia Ankara Ebola Zaire–vectored (MVA–EBO-Z) vaccine. CMV carriage was associated with an expansion of phenotypically senescent CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing CD57 and killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1), which was negatively associated with vaccine responses in both cohorts. Ebola-specific T cell responses induced by vaccination also contained significantly increased frequencies of terminally differentiated CD57+KLRG1+ cells in CMV seropositive (CMV+) individuals. This study suggests that CMV can also affect vaccine responses in younger adults and may have a particularly marked impact in many developing countries where CMV seroprevalence is almost universal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Sharpe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Djibril Wade
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nicole Brenner
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex Mentzer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tandakha Dieye
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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13
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Early innate and adaptive immune perturbations determine long-term severity of chronic virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection. Immunity 2021; 54:526-541.e7. [PMID: 33515487 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections increase severity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) coinfection. Here, we examined how chronic viral infections alter the pulmonary microenvironment to foster coinfection and worsen disease severity. We developed a coordinated system of chronic virus and Mtb infection that induced central clinical manifestations of coinfection, including increased Mtb burden, extra-pulmonary dissemination, and heightened mortality. These disease states were not due to chronic virus-induced immunosuppression or exhaustion; rather, increased amounts of the cytokine TNFα initially arrested pulmonary Mtb growth, impeding dendritic cell mediated antigen transportation to the lymph node and subverting immune-surveillance, allowing bacterial sanctuary. The cryptic Mtb replication delayed CD4 T cell priming, redirecting T helper (Th) 1 toward Th17 differentiation and increasing pulmonary neutrophilia, which diminished long-term survival. Temporally restoring CD4 T cell induction overcame these diverse disease sequelae to enhance Mtb control. Thus, Mtb co-opts TNFα from the chronic inflammatory environment to subvert immune-surveillance, avert early immune function, and foster long-term coinfection.
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14
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Alexandre YO, Devi S, Park SL, Mackay LK, Heath WR, Mueller SN. Systemic Inflammation Suppresses Lymphoid Tissue Remodeling and B Cell Immunity during Concomitant Local Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108567. [PMID: 33378682 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent infection with multiple pathogens occurs frequently in individuals and can result in exacerbated infections and altered immunity. However, the impact of such coinfections on immune responses remains poorly understood. Here, we reveal that systemic infection results in an inflammation-induced suppression of local immunity. During localized infection or vaccination in barrier tissues including the skin or respiratory tract, concurrent systemic infection induces a type I interferon-dependent lymphopenia that impairs lymphocyte recruitment to the draining lymph node (dLN) and induces sequestration of lymphocytes in non-draining LN. This contributes to suppressed fibroblastic reticular cell and endothelial cell expansion and dLN remodeling and impairs induction of B cell responses and antibody production. Our data suggest that contemporaneous systemic inflammation constrains the induction of regional immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Simone L Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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15
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Barnstorf I, Welten SPM, Borsa M, Baumann NS, Pallmer K, Joller N, Spörri R, Oxenius A. Chronic viral infections impinge on naive bystander CD8 T cells. Immun Inflamm Dis 2020; 8:249-257. [PMID: 32220007 PMCID: PMC7416038 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological data suggest that persistent viral infections impair immune homeostasis and immune responsiveness. Previous studies showed that chronic virus infections negatively impact bystander T-cell differentiation and memory formation but there is limited knowledge of how chronic virus infections impinge on heterologous naive T-cell populations. METHODS We used adoptive transfer of naive CD8 T cells with defined nonviral specificity into hosts, which were subsequently chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, followed by analyses of numeric, phenotypic, and functional changes provoked in the chronically infected host. RESULTS We demonstrate that chronic virus infections have a profound effect on the number and phenotype of naive bystander CD8 T cells. Moreover, primary expansion upon antigen encounter was severely compromised in chronically infected hosts. However, when naive bystander CD8 T cells were transferred from the chronically infected mice into naive hosts, they regained their expansion potential. Conversely, when chronically infected hosts were supplied with additional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), primary expansion of the naive CD8 T cells was restored to levels of the uninfected hosts. CONCLUSIONS Our results document numeric, phenotypic, and functional adaptation of bystander naive CD8 T cells during nonrelated chronic viral infection. Their functional impairment was only evident in the chronically infected host, indicating that T-cell extrinsic factors, in particular the quality of priming APCs, are responsible for the impaired function of naive bystander T cells in the chronically infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Nicolas S. Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of BiologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascaris lumbricoides is a common infection, and mainly affects children living in low-income areas. Water and sanitation improvement, health education, and drug treatment may help break the cycle of transmission, and effective drugs will reduce morbidity. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of anthelmintic drugs (albendazole, mebendazole, ivermectin) for treating people with Ascaris infection. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, three other databases, and reference lists of included studies, without language restrictions, up to 4 July 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCT) that compared albendazole, mebendazole, and ivermectin in children and adults with confirmed Ascaris infection. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data from the included trials. A third review author checked the quality of data extraction. We used the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' assessment tool to determine the risk of bias in included trials. We used risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to compare dichotomous outcomes in treatment and control groups. We used the fixed-effect model for studies with low heterogeneity and the random-effects model for studies with moderate to high heterogeneity. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We used the control rate average to provide illustrative cure rates in the comparison groups. MAIN RESULTS We included 30 parallel-group RCTs, which enrolled 6442 participants from 17 countries across Africa, Asia, Central America and the Caribbean, and South America. Participants were from 28 days to 82 years of age, recruited from school, communities, and health facilities. Twenty studies were funded or co-funded by manufacturers, while 10 studies were independent of manufacturer funding. Twenty-two trials had a high risk of bias for one or two domains (blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting). Single dose of albendazole (four trials), mebendazole (three trials) or ivermectin (one trial) was compared to placebo. Parasitological cure at 14 to 60 days was high in all the studies (illustrative cure of 93.0% in the anthelmintic group and 16.1% in the placebo group; RR 6.29, 95% CI 3.91 to 10.12; 8 trials, 1578 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Single dose of albendazole is as effective as multiple doses of albendazole (illustrative cure of 93.2% with single dose, 94.3% with multiple doses; RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.05; 3 trials, 307 participants; high-certainty evidence); or as single dose of mebendazole (illustrative cure of 98.0% with albendazole, 96.9% with mebendazole; RR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02; 6 trials, 2131 participants; high-certainty evidence). Studies did not detect a difference between a single dose of albendazole and a single dose of ivermectin (cure rates of 87.8% with albendazole, 90.2% with ivermectin; RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.08; 3 trials, 519 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Across all the studies, failure after single dose of albendazole ranged from 0.0% to 30.3%, mebendazole from 0.0% to 22.2%, and ivermectin from 0.0% to 21.6%. The egg reduction rate (ERR) measured up to 60 days after the treatment was high in all treated groups, regardless of the anthelmintic used (range 96% to 100%). It was not possible to evaluate parasitological cure by classes of infection intensity. No included trials reported complication or serious adverse events. Other adverse events were apparently similar among the compared anthelmintic groups (moderate- to low-certainty evidence). The most commonly reported other adverse events were nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, headache, and fever. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Single-dose of albendazole, mebendazole, and ivermectin all appeared effective against Ascaris lumbricoides infection, yielding high parasitological cure and large reductions in eggs excreted, with no differences detected between them. The drugs appear to be safe to treat children and adults with confirmed Ascaris infection. There is little to choose between drugs and regimens in terms of cure or adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucieni O Conterno
- State University of Campinas (UNICAMP)Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases DivisionRua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz"CampinasSão PauloBrazil13083‐887
| | - Marilia D Turchi
- Federal University of GoiasDepartment of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public HealthRua Amorinopolis QdR2 Lt13 Residencial GoiasAlphaville FlamboyantGoianiaGoiasBrazil74884‐540
| | - Ione Corrêa
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP ‐ Univ Estadual PaulistaDepartment of NursingDistrito de Rubião Júnior, s/nBotucatuSão PauloBrazil18603‐970
| | - Ricardo Augusto Monteiro de Barros Almeida
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP ‐ Univ Estadual PaulistaDepartment of Tropical Diseases and Imaging DiagnosisAv. Prof. Montenegro, s/nDistrito de Rubiao JrBotucatuSao PauloBrazil18618‐970
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17
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Wu Z, Ding L, Bao J, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Wang J, Li R, Ishfaq M, Li J. Co-infection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli Triggers Inflammatory Injury Involving the IL-17 Signaling Pathway. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2615. [PMID: 31803158 PMCID: PMC6872679 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli are well known respiratory disease-inducing pathogens. Previous studies have reported that co-infection by MG and E.coli causes significant economic loss in the poultry industry. In order to assess the respiratory toxicity of co-infection in chicken lung, we established a co-infection model to investigate changes in the inflammatory cytokines, lung tissue structure, and transcriptome profiles of chicken lung. The results showed that co-infection caused a wider range of immune damage and more severe tissue lesions than single-pathogen infection. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis indicated that 3,115/1,498/1,075 genes were significantly expressed among the three infection groups, respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG analysis showed genes enriched in response to immune response, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and inflammation-related signaling pathways. Among these pathways, IL-17 signaling was found to be significantly enriched only in co-infection. The expression of IL-17C, CIKS, TRAF6, NFκB, C/EBPβ, and inflammatory chemokines were significantly up-regulated in response to co-infection. Taken together, we concluded that co-infection increased the expression of inflammatory chemokines in lungs through IL-17 signaling, leading to cilia loss and excessive mucus secretion. These results provide new insights into co-infection and reveal target proteins for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Liangjun Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaxin Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiaomei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jichang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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18
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Saxena V, Li L, Paluskievicz C, Kasinath V, Bean A, Abdi R, Jewell CM, Bromberg JS. Role of lymph node stroma and microenvironment in T cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:9-23. [PMID: 31538349 PMCID: PMC6935411 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are at the cross roads of immunity and tolerance. These tissues are compartmentalized into specialized niche areas by lymph node stromal cells (LN SCs). LN SCs shape the LN microenvironment and guide immunological cells into different zones through establishment of a CCL19 and CCL21 gradient. Following local immunological cues, LN SCs modulate activity to support immune cell priming, activation, and fate. This review will present our current understanding of LN SC subsets roles in regulating T cell tolerance. Three major types of LN SC subsets, namely fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, and blood endothelial cells, are discussed. These subsets serve as scaffolds to support and regulate T cell homeostasis. They contribute to tolerance by presenting peripheral tissue antigens to both CD4 and CD8 T cells. The role of LN SCs in regulating T cell migration and tolerance induction is discussed. Looking forward, recent advances in bioengineered materials and approaches to leverage LN SCs to induce T cell tolerance are highlighted, as are current clinical practices that allow for manipulation of the LN microenvironment to induce tolerance. Increased understanding of LN architecture, how different LN SCs integrate immunological cues and shape immune responses, and approaches to induce T cell tolerance will help further combat autoimmune diseases and graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christina Paluskievicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Asher Bean
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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19
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Crespo F, White J, Roberts C. Revisiting the tuberculosis and leprosy cross-immunity hypothesis: Expanding the dialogue between immunology and paleopathology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 26:37-47. [PMID: 31185376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our primary objective is to re-visit the tuberculosis and leprosy cross-immunity. hypothesis through the careful integration of immunology and paleopathology. METHODS Using an integrated theoretical analysis that evaluates clinical literature on human innate immunological responses, paleomicrobiology, bioarchaeology, and paleopathology, we develop a multifactorial model. RESULTS Past populations do not represent homogeneous immunological landscapes, and therefore it is likely that leprosy in Medieval Europe did not uniformly decline due to cross-immunity. CONCLUSIONS We recommend that bioarchaeological reconstructions of past disease experience take into consideration models that include variation in immune function based on past environments and social contexts. This provides a unique opportunity to conduct comprehensive analyses on complex immunological processes. SIGNIFICANCE Extrapolating results from experimental immunology to larger populations elucidates complexities of disease cross-immunity and highlights the importance of synthesizing archaeological, social, paleopathological and biological data as a means of understanding disease in the past. LIMITATIONS All extrapolations from data produced from in vitro studies to past populations, using living donors, pose significant limitations where, among other factors, the full reconstruction of past environmental and social contexts can frequently be sparse or incomplete. SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH To reduce the limitations of integrating experimental immunology with bioarchaeological reconstructions (i.e. how to use skeletal samples to reconstruct inflammatory phenotypes), we propose that osteoimmunology, or the study of the interplay between immune cells and bone cells, should be considered a vital discipline and perhaps the foundation for the expansion of paleoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Crespo
- Department of Anthropology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
| | - Jacob White
- Department of Anthropology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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20
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Vranjkovic A, Deonarine F, Kaka S, Angel JB, Cooper CL, Crawley AM. Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment of HCV Infection Does Not Resolve the Dysfunction of Circulating CD8 + T-Cells in Advanced Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1926. [PMID: 31456810 PMCID: PMC6700371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disrupts immune functions, including that of cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells which are important mediators of immune response. While HCV cure aims to eliminate long term sequelae of infection, whether direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment results in immune reconstitution remains unclear. We and others have reported generalized CD8+ T-cell dysfunction in chronic HCV infection and our research suggests that the degree of liver damage is a factor in this process. Our recent research indicates that liver fibrosis is not readily reversed after DAA-mediated clearance of chronic HCV infection. We therefore examined the function of circulating CD8+ T-cell subsets in chronic HCV infection in the context of liver fibrosis severity, determined by ultrasound elastography and Metavir F-score system. We observed progressive shifts in CD8+ T-cell subset distribution in HCV-infected individuals with advanced liver fibrosis (F4) compared to minimal fibrosis (F0-1) or uninfected controls, and this remained unchanged after viral cure. Impaired CD8+ T-cell function was observed as a reduced proportion of CD107+ and perforin+ late effector memory cells in HCV+(F4) and HCV+(F0-1) individuals, respectively. In HCV+(F4) individuals, nearly all CD8+ T-cell subsets had an elevated proportion of perforin+ cells while naïve cells had increased proportions of IFN-γ+ and CD107+ cells. These exaggerated CD8+ T-cell activities were not resolved when evaluated 24 weeks after completion of DAA therapy and HCV clearance. This was further supported by sustained, high levels of cell proliferation and cytolytic activity. Furthermore, DAA therapy had no effect on elevated concentrations of systemic inflammatory cytokines and decreased levels of inhibitory TGF-β in the plasma of HCV+(F4) individuals, suggesting HCV infection and advanced liver disease result in a long-lasting immune activating microenvironment. These data demonstrate that in chronic HCV infection, liver fibrosis severity is associated with generalized hyperfunctional CD8+ T-cells, particularly with perforin production and cytotoxicity, and this persists after viral clearance. Whether DAA therapy will eliminate other related long-term sequelae in HCV+(F4) individuals remains an important research question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Vranjkovic
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Felicia Deonarine
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shaima Kaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Curtis L Cooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angela M Crawley
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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21
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Rowell J, Lo CY, Price GE, Misplon JA, Crim RL, Jayanti P, Beeler J, Epstein SL. The effect of respiratory viruses on immunogenicity and protection induced by a candidate universal influenza vaccine in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215321. [PMID: 30986224 PMCID: PMC6464343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current approaches to influenza control rely on vaccines matched to viruses in circulation. Universal influenza vaccines would offer the advantage of providing broad protection against diverse strains of influenza virus. Candidate universal vaccines are developed using model systems, often testing in naïve animals. Yet the human population is not naïve, having varied immune histories that include exposure to viruses. We studied a candidate universal influenza vaccine (replication deficient adenoviruses expressing the conserved influenza A antigens NP and M2 [A/NP+M2-rAd]) given intranasally, the route previously shown to be most effective. To model recipients exposed to viruses, we used mice given rhinovirus (RV1B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-A2), influenza B virus, or influenza A virus before or after universal influenza vaccine. Vaccine performance was assessed by measuring immune responses to NP and M2, and monitoring weight loss and survival following influenza A challenge. Prior influenza A virus infection enhanced the response to the vaccine by priming to conserved influenza A antigens. RSV-A2 or RV1B had no effect on antibody responses to NP and M2 in serum. None of the viruses inhibited the ability of the vaccine to protect against influenza A virus challenge. The study demonstrates that the usefulness of this universal vaccine is not confined to the immunologically naïve and supports possible use in a human population with a varied history of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Rowell
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Graeme E. Price
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Misplon
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roberta L. Crim
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Jayanti
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Judy Beeler
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suzanne L. Epstein
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Oh JH, Kim MJ, Choi SJ, Ban YH, Lee HK, Shin EC, Lee KM, Ha SJ. Sustained Type I Interferon Reinforces NK Cell-Mediated Cancer Immunosurveillance during Chronic Virus Infection. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:584-599. [PMID: 30808680 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of natural killer (NK) cells in the early immune response to viral or bacterial infection is well known. However, the phenotype, function, and physiologic role of NK cells during the late stage of persistent viral infection have not been extensively studied. Here, we characterized NK cells in mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 and showed that in contrast to NK cells from acutely infected or uninfected mice, NK cells from chronically infected mice expressed a terminally differentiated phenotype, stronger cytotoxicity, and reduced inhibitory receptor expression. In an in vivo tumor model, chronically infected mice exhibited significantly delayed tumor progression in an NK cell-dependent manner. NK cells from chronically infected mice also expressed high STAT1, and blocking the type I interferon (IFN) receptor revealed that type I IFN signaling directly regulated NK cell cytotoxicity. Our findings indicate that sustained type I IFN signaling during chronic viral infection potentiates the cytolytic function of NK cells and contributes to NK cell-dependent host immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Choi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Ban
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Lang PA, Lang KS. Stand by me(mory): Chronic infection diminishes memory pool via IL-6/STAT1. J Exp Med 2019; 216:474-475. [PMID: 30782615 PMCID: PMC6400542 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great efforts to eradicate chronic viral infections, they still remain a global health problem. In this issue, Barnstorf et al. (2019. J. Exp. Med. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20181589) show that virus-unspecific bystander memory T cells are highly affected during chronic viral infection via IL-6/STAT1. Bystander memory T cells are strongly decimated in numbers and change in phenotype and function during chronic viral infection. These data provide new explanations for immune-mediated problems during chronic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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24
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Teo TH, Howland SW, Claser C, Gun SY, Poh CM, Lee WW, Lum FM, Ng LF, Rénia L. Co-infection with Chikungunya virus alters trafficking of pathogenic CD8 + T cells into the brain and prevents Plasmodium-induced neuropathology. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:121-138. [PMID: 29113976 PMCID: PMC5760855 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviral diseases have risen significantly over the last 40 years, increasing the risk of co-infection with other endemic disease such as malaria. However, nothing is known about the impact arboviruses have on the host response toward heterologous pathogens during co-infection. Here, we investigate the effects of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) co-infection on the susceptibility and severity of malaria infection. Using the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model, we show that concurrent co-infection induced the most prominent changes in ECM manifestation. Concurrent co-infection protected mice from ECM mortality without affecting parasite development in the blood. This protection was mediated by the alteration of parasite-specific CD8+ T-cell trafficking through an IFNγ-mediated mechanism. Co-infection with CHIKV induced higher splenic IFNγ levels that lead to high local levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10. This induced retention of CXCR3-expressing pathogenic CD8+ T cells in the spleen and prevented their migration to the brain. This then averts all downstream pathogenic events such as parasite sequestration in the brain and disruption of blood-brain barrier that prevents ECM-induced mortality in co-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck-Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shanshan W Howland
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carla Claser
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sin Yee Gun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chek Meng Poh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wendy Wl Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa Fp Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore .,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Fregin B, Czerwinski F, Biedenweg D, Girardo S, Gross S, Aurich K, Otto O. High-throughput single-cell rheology in complex samples by dynamic real-time deformability cytometry. Nat Commun 2019; 10:415. [PMID: 30679420 PMCID: PMC6346011 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In life sciences, the material properties of suspended cells have attained significance close to that of fluorescent markers but with the advantage of label-free and unbiased sample characterization. Until recently, cell rheological measurements were either limited by acquisition throughput, excessive post processing, or low-throughput real-time analysis. Real-time deformability cytometry expanded the application of mechanical cell assays to fast on-the-fly phenotyping of large sample sizes, but has been restricted to single material parameters as the Young's modulus. Here, we introduce dynamic real-time deformability cytometry for comprehensive cell rheological measurements at up to 100 cells per second. Utilizing Fourier decomposition, our microfluidic method is able to disentangle cell response to complex hydrodynamic stress distributions and to determine viscoelastic parameters independent of cell shape. We demonstrate the application of our technology for peripheral blood cells in whole blood samples including the discrimination of B- and CD4+ T-lymphocytes by cell rheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Fregin
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 42, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fabian Czerwinski
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 42, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Doreen Biedenweg
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 8, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Salvatore Girardo
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Gross
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 8, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e.V., Standort Greifswald, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 42, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Konstanze Aurich
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 8, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Otto
- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz: Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Universität Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 42, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung e.V., Standort Greifswald, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Fleischmannstr. 42, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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26
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Macal M, Jo Y, Dallari S, Chang AY, Dai J, Swaminathan S, Wehrens EJ, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P, Zúñiga EI. Self-Renewal and Toll-like Receptor Signaling Sustain Exhausted Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells during Chronic Viral Infection. Immunity 2019; 48:730-744.e5. [PMID: 29669251 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although characterization of T cell exhaustion has unlocked powerful immunotherapies, the mechanisms sustaining adaptations of short-lived innate cells to chronic inflammatory settings remain unknown. During murine chronic viral infection, we found that concerted events in bone marrow and spleen mediated by type I interferon (IFN-I) and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) maintained a pool of functionally exhausted plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In the bone marrow, IFN-I compromised the number and the developmental capacity of pDC progenitors, which generated dysfunctional pDCs. Concurrently, exhausted pDCs in the periphery were maintained by self-renewal via IFN-I- and TLR7-induced proliferation of CD4- subsets. On the other hand, pDC functional loss was mediated by TLR7, leading to compromised IFN-I production and resistance to secondary infection. These findings unveil the mechanisms sustaining a self-perpetuating pool of functionally exhausted pDCs and provide a framework for deciphering long-term exhaustion of other short-lived innate cells during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Macal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yeara Jo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Simone Dallari
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aaron Y Chang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jihong Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Shobha Swaminathan
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ellen J Wehrens
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Elina I Zúñiga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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27
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Virtual memory CD8 T cells expanded by helminth infection confer broad protection against bacterial infection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:258-264. [PMID: 30361537 PMCID: PMC6301144 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data and animal studies suggest that helminth infection exerts potent immunomodulatory effects that dampen host immunity against unrelated pathogens. Despite this notion, we unexpectedly discovered that prior helminth infection resulted in enhanced protection against subsequent systemic and enteric bacterial infection. A population of virtual memory CD8 T (CD8 TVM) cells underwent marked expansion upon infection with the helminth Heligmosomoides polygurus by an IL-4-regulated, antigen-independent mechanism. CD8 TVM cells disseminated to secondary lymphoid organs and established a major population of the systemic CD8 T cell pool. IL-4 production elicited by protein immunization or selective activation of natural killer T cells also results in the expansion of CD8 TVM cells. Notably, CD8 TVM cells expanded by helminth infection are sufficient to transfer innate non-cognate protection against bacteria to naïve animals. This innate non-cognate "collateral protection" mediated by CD8 TVM might provide parasitized animals an advantage against subsequent unrelated infections, and represents a potential novel strategy for vaccination.
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28
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Straub T, Freudenberg MA, Schleicher U, Bogdan C, Gasteiger G, Pircher H. Bacterial coinfection restrains antiviral CD8 T-cell response via LPS-induced inhibitory NK cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4117. [PMID: 30297690 PMCID: PMC6175863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of specific pathogen-free mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a widely used model to study antiviral T-cell immunity. Infections in the real world, however, are often accompanied by coinfections with unrelated pathogens. Here we show that in mice, systemic coinfection with E. coli suppresses the LCMV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response and virus elimination in a NK cell- and TLR2/4-dependent manner. Soluble TLR4 ligand LPS also induces NK cell-mediated negative CTL regulation during LCMV infection. NK cells in LPS-treated mice suppress clonal expansion of LCMV-specific CTLs by a NKG2D- or NCR1-independent but perforin-dependent mechanism. These results suggest a TLR4-mediated immunoregulatory role of NK cells during viral-bacterial coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina A Freudenberg
- Institute for Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Huggins MA, Jameson SC, Hamilton SE. Embracing microbial exposure in mouse research. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:73-79. [PMID: 30260516 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0718-273r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research using mouse models have contributed essential knowledge toward our current understanding of how the human immune system functions. One key difference between humans and typical laboratory mice, however, is exposure to pathogens in their respective environments. Several recent studies have highlighted that these microbial encounters shape the development and functional status of the immune system. For humans, such numerous and unavoidable encounters with viruses, bacteria, and parasites may be a defining factor in generating a healthy and robust immune system, poised to respond to new infections and to vaccination. Additionally, the commensal organisms that make up the host microbiome also change with environment and impact the immune response. Hence, there is a pressing need to generate more faithful mouse models that reflect the natural state of the human immune system. This review explores the use of new experimental mouse models designed to better understand how host-microbial interactions shape the immune response. By embracing these technologies to complement traditional mouse models, researchers can remove a significant barrier that has long separated murine and human immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Huggins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara E Hamilton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Homan EJ, Bremel RD. A Role for Epitope Networking in Immunomodulation by Helminths. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1763. [PMID: 30108588 PMCID: PMC6079203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections, by nematodes, trematodes, or cestodes, can lead to the modulation of host immune responses. This allows long-duration parasite infections and also impacts responses to co-infections. Surface, secreted, excreted, and shed proteins are thought to play a major role in modulation. A commonly reported feature of such immune modulation is the role of T regulatory (Treg) cells and IL-10. Efforts to identify helminth proteins, which cause immunomodulation, have identified candidates but not provided clarity as to a uniform mechanism driving modulation. In this study, we applied a bioinformatics systems approach, allowing us to analyze predicted T-cell epitopes of 17 helminth species and the responses to their surface proteins. In addition to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding, we analyzed amino acid motifs that would be recognized by T-cell receptors [T-cell-exposed motifs (TCEMs)]. All the helminth species examined have, within their surface proteins, peptides, which combine very common TCEMs with predicted high affinity binding to many human MHC alleles. This combination of features would result in large cognate T cell and a high probability of eliciting Treg responses. The TCEMs, which determine recognition by responding T-cell clones, are shared to a high degree between helminth species and with Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, both common co-infecting organisms. The implication of our observations is not only that Treg cells play a significant role in helminth-induced immune modulation but also that the epitope specificities of Treg responses are shared across species and genera of helminth. Hence, the immune response to a given helminth cannot be considered in isolation but rather forms part of an epitope ecosystem, or microenvironment, in which potentially immunosuppressive peptides in the helminth network via their common T-cell receptor recognition signals with T-cell epitopes in self proteins, microbiome, other helminths, and taxonomically unrelated pathogens. Such a systems approach provides a high-level view of the antigen-immune system signaling dynamics that may bias a host's immune response to helminth infections toward immune modulation. It may indicate how helminths have evolved to select for peptides that favor long-term parasite host coexistence.
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Abstract
Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical syndrome as the consequence of infection by a single virus that is isolated from clinical specimens. However, this biased laboratory approach omits detection of additional agents that could be contributing to the clinical outcome, including novel agents not usually considered pathogens. The presence of an additional agent may also interfere with the targeted isolation of a known virus. Viral interference, a phenomenon where one virus competitively suppresses replication of other coinfecting viruses, is the most common outcome of viral coinfections. In addition, coinfections can modulate virus virulence and cell death, thereby altering disease severity and epidemiology. Immunity to primary virus infection can also modulate immune responses to subsequent secondary infections. In this review, various virological mechanisms that determine viral persistence/exclusion during coinfections are discussed, and insights into the isolation/detection of multiple viruses are provided. We also discuss features of heterologous infections that impact the pattern of immune responsiveness that develops.
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Kityo C, Makamdop KN, Rothenberger M, Chipman JG, Hoskuldsson T, Beilman GJ, Grzywacz B, Mugyenyi P, Ssali F, Akondy RS, Anderson J, Schmidt TE, Reimann T, Callisto SP, Schoephoerster J, Schuster J, Muloma P, Ssengendo P, Moysi E, Petrovas C, Lanciotti R, Zhang L, Arévalo MT, Rodriguez B, Ross TM, Trautmann L, Sekaly RP, Lederman MM, Koup RA, Ahmed R, Reilly C, Douek DC, Schacker TW. Lymphoid tissue fibrosis is associated with impaired vaccine responses. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2763-2773. [PMID: 29781814 DOI: 10.1172/jci97377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine responses vary by geographic location. We have previously described how HIV-associated inflammation leads to fibrosis of secondary lymph nodes (LNs) and T cell depletion. We hypothesized that other infections may cause LN inflammation and fibrosis, in a process similar to that seen in HIV infection, which may lead to T cell depletion and affect vaccine responses. We studied LNs of individuals from Kampala, Uganda, before and after yellow fever vaccination (YFV) and found fibrosis in LNs that was similar to that seen in HIV infection. We found blunted antibody responses to YFV that correlated to the amount of LN fibrosis and loss of T cells, including T follicular helper cells. These data suggest that LN fibrosis is not limited to HIV infection and may be associated with impaired immunologic responses to vaccines. This may have an impact on vaccine development, especially for infectious diseases prevalent in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cissy Kityo
- Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Krystelle Nganou Makamdop
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rama S Akondy
- Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jodi Anderson
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eirini Moysi
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maria T Arévalo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cavan Reilly
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Julg B, Alter G. Lymph node fibrosis: a structural barrier to unleashing effective vaccine immunity. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2743-2745. [PMID: 29781815 DOI: 10.1172/jci121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is marked variability in vaccine efficacy among global populations. In particular, individuals in low- to middle-income countries have been shown to be less responsive to vaccines than those from developed nations. Several factors, including endemic infections, nutrition, genetics, and gut microbiome composition, have been proposed to underlie discrepancies in vaccine response. In this issue of the JCI, Kityo et al. evaluated response to yellow fever virus vaccine, inflammation, and lymphatic tissue architecture and fibrosis in three cohorts: two from the U.S. and one from Uganda. Compared with the U.S. subjects, the Ugandan cohort exhibited enhanced cytokine responses, increased lymph node fibrosis, reduced CD4+ T cell levels, and reduced vaccine response. Together, these results provide a link among chronic inflammation, damaged lymphoid architecture, and poor vaccine outcome, and set the stage for future studies to identify strategies to overcome these barriers.
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Herati RS, Wherry EJ. What Is the Predictive Value of Animal Models for Vaccine Efficacy in Humans? Consideration of Strategies to Improve the Value of Animal Models. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a031583. [PMID: 28348037 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are an essential feature of the vaccine design toolkit. Although animal models have been invaluable in delineating the mechanisms of immune function, their precision in predicting how well specific vaccines work in humans is often suboptimal. There are, of course, many obvious species differences that may limit animal models from predicting all details of how a vaccine works in humans. However, careful consideration of which animal models may have limitations should also allow more accurate interpretations of animal model data and more accurate predictions of what is to be expected in clinical trials. In this article, we examine some of the considerations that might be relevant to cross-species extrapolation of vaccine-related immune responses for the prediction of how vaccines will perform in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Sedaghat Herati
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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35
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Lee MSJ, Coban C. Unforeseen pathologies caused by malaria. Int Immunol 2017; 30:121-129. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Sue Jann Lee
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Japan
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36
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Rampelli S, Turroni S, Schnorr SL, Soverini M, Quercia S, Barone M, Castagnetti A, Biagi E, Gallinella G, Brigidi P, Candela M. Characterization of the human DNA gut virome across populations with different subsistence strategies and geographical origin. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4728-4735. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Stephanie L. Schnorr
- Department of Anthropology, Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research; University of Oklahoma; Norman OK USA
| | - Matteo Soverini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Sara Quercia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Monica Barone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Castagnetti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Giorgio Gallinella
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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Shah MP, Tate JE, Mwenda JM, Steele AD, Parashar UD. Estimated reductions in hospitalizations and deaths from childhood diarrhea following implementation of rotavirus vaccination in Africa. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:987-995. [PMID: 28832219 PMCID: PMC6829907 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1371595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotavirus is the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths from diarrhea. 33 African countries had introduced rotavirus vaccines by 2016. We estimate reductions in rotavirus hospitalizations and deaths for countries using rotavirus vaccination in national immunization programs and the potential of vaccine introduction across the continent. Areas covered: Regional rotavirus burden data were reviewed to calculate hospitalization rates, and applied to under-5 population to estimate baseline hospitalizations. Rotavirus mortality was based on 2013 WHO estimates. Regional pre-licensure vaccine efficacy and post-introduction vaccine effectiveness studies were used to estimate summary effectiveness, and vaccine coverage was applied to calculate prevented hospitalizations and deaths. Uncertainties around input parameters were propagated using boot-strapping simulations. In 29 African countries that introduced rotavirus vaccination prior to end 2014, 134,714 (IQR 112,321-154,654) hospitalizations and 20,986 (IQR 18,924-22,822) deaths were prevented in 2016. If all African countries had introduced rotavirus vaccines at benchmark immunization coverage, 273,619 (47%) (IQR 227,260-318,102) hospitalizations and 47,741 (39%) (IQR 42,822-52,462) deaths would have been prevented. Expert commentary: Rotavirus vaccination has substantially reduced hospitalizations and deaths in Africa; further reductions are anticipated as additional countries implement vaccination. These estimates bolster wider introduction and continued support of rotavirus vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minesh P. Shah
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jason M. Mwenda
- World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - A. Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | - Umesh D. Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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Condotta SA, Richer MJ. The immune battlefield: The impact of inflammatory cytokines on CD8+ T-cell immunity. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006618. [PMID: 29073270 PMCID: PMC5658174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Condotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin J. Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Jain A, Pasare C. Innate Control of Adaptive Immunity: Beyond the Three-Signal Paradigm. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:3791-3800. [PMID: 28483987 PMCID: PMC5442885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of cells in the adaptive immune system is a highly orchestrated process dictated by multiples cues from the innate immune system. Although the fundamental principles of innate control of adaptive immunity are well established, it is not fully understood how innate cells integrate qualitative pathogenic information to generate tailored protective adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss complexities involved in the innate control of adaptive immunity that extend beyond TCR engagement, costimulation, and priming cytokine production but are critical for the generation of protective T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakanksha Jain
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093
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40
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Mesquita PMM, Preston-Hurlburt P, Keller MJ, Vudattu N, Espinoza L, Altrich M, Anastos K, Herold KC, Herold BC. Role of Interleukin 32 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reactivation and Its Link to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Herpes Simplex Virus Coinfection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:614-622. [PMID: 28007920 PMCID: PMC5388286 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2; herpes) exacerbates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) by unclear mechanisms. These studies tested the impact of HSV-2 on systemic T-cells and HIV reservoirs. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy who were HSV-2 seropositive or seronegative and HIV-uninfected controls were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA were quantified in the absence or presence of activating stimuli, recombinant interleukin 32γ (IL-32γ), and a RUNX1 inhibitor. RNA was assessed by nanostring. Results CD4, but not CD8, T-cell phenotypes differed in HIV+/HSV-2+ versus HIV+/HSV-2- (overall P = .002) with increased frequency of CCR5+, CXCR4+, PD-1+, and CD69+ and decreased frequency of CCR10+ and CCR6+ T-cells. The changes were associated with higher HIV DNA. Paradoxically, IL-32, a proinflammatory cytokine, was lower in subpopulations of CD4+ T-cells in HSV-2+ versus HSV-2- women. Recombinant IL-32γ blocked HIV reactivation in CD4+ T-cells and was associated with an increase in RUNX1 expression; the blockade was overcome by a RUNX1 inhibitor. Conclusions Herpes is associated with phenotypic changes in CD4+ T-cells, including a decrease in IL-32, which may contribute to increased HIV reservoirs. Blocking IL-32 may facilitate HIV reactivation to improve shock and kill strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M M Mesquita
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Marla J Keller
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nalini Vudattu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lilia Espinoza
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Kathryn Anastos
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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41
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Tao L, Reese TA. Making Mouse Models That Reflect Human Immune Responses. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:181-193. [PMID: 28161189 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Humans are infected with a variety of acute and chronic pathogens over the course of their lives, and pathogen-driven selection has shaped the immune system of humans. The same is likely true for mice. However, laboratory mice we use for most biomedical studies are bred in ultra-hygienic environments, and are kept free of specific pathogens. We review recent studies that indicate that pathogen infections are important for the basal level of activation and the function of the immune system. Consideration of these environmental exposures of both humans and mice can potentially improve mouse models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tiffany A Reese
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Schistosoma mansoni Infection Can Jeopardize the Duration of Protective Levels of Antibody Responses to Immunizations against Hepatitis B and Tetanus Toxoid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005180. [PMID: 27926921 PMCID: PMC5142771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a disease of major public health importance in sub-Saharan Africa. Immunoregulation begins early in schistosome infection and is characterized by hyporesponsiveness to parasite and bystander antigens, suggesting that a schistosome infection at the time of immunization could negatively impact the induction of protective vaccine responses. This study examined whether having a Schistosoma mansoni infection at the time of immunization with hepatitis B and tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccines impacts an individual's ability to achieve and maintain protective antibody levels against hepatitis B surface antigen or TT. METHODS Adults were recruited from Kisumu Polytechnic College in Western Kenya. At enrollment, participants were screened for schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths (STHs) and assigned to groups based on helminth status. The vaccines were then administered and helminth infections treated a week after the first hepatitis B boost. Over an 8 month period, 3 blood specimens were obtained for the evaluation of humoral and cytokine responses to the vaccine antigens and for immunophenotyping. RESULTS 146 individuals were available for final analysis and 26% were S. mansoni positive (Sm+). Schistosomiasis did not impede the generation of initial minimum protective antibody levels to either hepatitis B or TT vaccines. However, median hepatitis B surface antibody levels were significantly lower in the Sm+ group after the first boost and remained lower, but not significantly lower, following praziquantel (PZQ) treatment and final boost. In addition, 8 months following TT boost and 7 months following PZQ treatment, Sm+ individuals were more likely to have anti-TT antibody levels fall below levels considered optimal for long term protection. IL-5 levels in response to in vitro TT stimulation of whole blood were significantly higher in the Sm+ group at the 8 month time period as well. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with schistosomiasis at the start the immunizations were capable of responding appropriately to the vaccines as measured by antibody responses. However, they may be at risk of a more rapid decline in antibody levels over time, suggesting that treating schistosome infections with praziquantel before immunizations could be beneficial. The timing of the treatment as well as its full impact on the maintenance of antibodies against vaccine antigens remains to be elucidated.
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Dietze KK, Dittmer U, Koudaimi DK, Schimmer S, Reitz M, Breloer M, Hartmann W. Filariae-Retrovirus Co-infection in Mice is Associated with Suppressed Virus-Specific IgG Immune Response and Higher Viral Loads. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005170. [PMID: 27923052 PMCID: PMC5140070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide more than 2 billion people are infected with helminths, predominantly in developing countries. Co-infections with viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are common due to the geographical overlap of these pathogens. Helminth and viral infections induce antagonistic cytokine responses in their hosts. Helminths shift the immune system to a type 2-dominated immune response, while viral infections skew the cytokine response towards a type 1 immune response. Moreover, chronic helminth infections are often associated with a generalized suppression of the immune system leading to prolonged parasite survival, and also to a reduced defence against unrelated pathogens. To test whether helminths affect the outcome of a viral infection we set up a filarial/retrovirus co-infection model in C57BL/6 mice. Although Friend virus (FV) infection altered the L. sigmodontis-specific immunoglobulin response towards a type I associated IgG2 isotype in co-infected mice, control of L. sigmodontis infection was not affected by a FV-superinfection. However, reciprocal control of FV infection was clearly impaired by concurrent L. sigmodontis infection. Spleen weight as an indicator of pathology and viral loads in spleen, lymph nodes (LN) and bone marrow (BM) were increased in L. sigmodontis/FV-co-infected mice compared to only FV-infected mice. Numbers of FV-specific CD8+ T cells as well as cytokine production by CD4+ and CD8+ cells were alike in co-infected and FV-infected mice. Increased viral loads in co-infected mice were associated with reduced titres of neutralising FV-specific IgG2b and IgG2c antibodies. In summary our findings suggest that helminth infection interfered with the control of retroviral infection by dampening the virus-specific neutralising antibody response. The coincidental infection of a host with two different pathogens is widespread in low-income countries. Regions where helminth infections are endemic strongly overlap with areas where the incidence of viral infections such as HIV is high. HIV is a major public health issue causing more than 1 million deaths per year. To analyse the impact of a pre-existing helminth infection on a viral infection we established a helminth/retrovirus co-infection mouse model. Mice that were first infected with Litomosoides sigmodontis and subsequently with a murine retrovirus showed a more severe course of virus infection, i.e. exaggerated splenomegaly and higher viral loads. Since different lymphocytes such as B and T cells contribute to viral control we analysed the cellular and humoral immune response. While T cell responses were similar in co-infected and virus-infected mice, we observed reduced titres of virus-specific antibodies in co-infected mice. Our results suggest that helminth infection interfered with viral control by dampening the virus-specific antibody response. The viral infection itself altered the humoral immune response against L. sigmodontis without changing the worm burden. In summary, our data highlight the importance of deworming programs or vaccines against helminths in developing countries where the incidence of helminth/HIV co-infections is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Katrin Dietze
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Karim Koudaimi
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Schimmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Reitz
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hartmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Penaloza MacMaster P, Shields JL, Alayo QA, Cabral C, Jimenez J, Mondesir J, Chandrashekar A, Cabral JM, Lim M, Iampietro MJ, Provine NM, Bricault CA, Seaman M, Orlinger K, Aspoeck A, Fuhrmann G, Lilja AE, Monath T, Mangeat B, Pinschewer DD, Barouch DH. Development of novel replication-defective lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus vectors expressing SIV antigens. Vaccine 2016; 35:1-9. [PMID: 27899229 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An important focus in vaccine research is the design of vaccine vectors with low seroprevalence and high immunogenicity. Replication-incompetent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV) vectors do not elicit vector-neutralizing antibody responses, and homologous prime-boost regimens with rLCMV vectors induce boostable and protective T cell responses to model antigens in mice. However, cellular and humoral immune responses following homologous rLCMV vaccine regimens have not been rigorously evaluated in non-human primates (NHPs). To test whether rLCMV vectors constitute an effective vaccine platform in NHPs, we developed rLCMV vectors expressing SIVmac239 Env and Gag antigens and assessed their immunogenicity in mice and cynomolgus macaques. Immunization with rLCMV vaccine vectors expressing SIV Env and Gag was effective at generating SIV-specific T cell and antibody responses in both mice and NHPs. Epitope mapping using SIV Env in C57BL/6 mice demonstrated that rLCMV vectors induced sustained poly-functional responses to both dominant and subdominant epitopes. Our results suggest the potential of rLCMV vectors as vaccine candidates. Future SIV challenge experiments in rhesus macaques will be needed to assess immune protection by these vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Penaloza MacMaster
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Shields
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Quazim A Alayo
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Crystal Cabral
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jessica Jimenez
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jade Mondesir
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abishek Chandrashekar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph M Cabral
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - M Justin Iampietro
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas M Provine
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christine A Bricault
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Klaus Orlinger
- Hookipa Biotech AG Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Aspoeck
- Hookipa Biotech AG Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Fuhrmann
- Hookipa Biotech AG Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anders E Lilja
- Hookipa Biotech AG Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Monath
- Hookipa Biotech AG Helmut-Qualtinger-Gasse 2, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bastien Mangeat
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Crespo FA, Klaes CK, Switala AE, DeWitte SN. Do leprosy and tuberculosis generate a systemic inflammatory shift? Setting the ground for a new dialogue between experimental immunology and bioarchaeology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 162:143-156. [PMID: 27704524 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is possible that during long lasting chronic infections such as tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy individuals who generate a stronger immune response will produce a chronic shift in the systemic levels of inflammatory proteins. Consequently, the systemic immunological shift could affect inflammatory responses against other persistent pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with periodontal disease (PD). OBJECTIVE To determine if in vitro exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. leprae lysates impacts subsequent immune responses to P. gingivalis; and to propose a new dialogue between experimental immunology and paleopathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS We sequentially (2 days protocol) exposed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors to bacterial lysates either from M. tuberculosis, or M. leprae, or P. gingivalis. After collecting all supernatants, we measured the expression of immune proteins TNFα and IFNγ using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Early exposure (day 1) of PBMCs to M. leprae or M. tuberculosis lysates induces an inflammatory shift detected by the increase of TNFα and IFNγ when the same cells are subsequently (day 2) exposed to oral pathogen P. gingivalis. DISCUSSION By extrapolating these results, we suggest that chronic infections, such as TB and leprosy, could generate a systemic immunological shift that can affect other inflammatory processes such the one present in PD. We propose that the presence and severity of PD should be explored as a proxy for inflammatory status or competence when reconstructing the health profile in past populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A Crespo
- Department of Anthropology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Andrew E Switala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Sharon N DeWitte
- Departments of Anthropology and Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Lewis GM, Wehrens EJ, Labarta-Bajo L, Streeck H, Zuniga EI. TGF-β receptor maintains CD4 T helper cell identity during chronic viral infections. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3799-3813. [PMID: 27599295 PMCID: PMC5096797 DOI: 10.1172/jci87041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of CD8 and CD4 T cells is a hallmark in chronic viral infections, including hepatitis C and HIV. While multiple pathways are known to inhibit CD8 T cells, the host molecules that restrict CD4 T cell responses are less understood. Here, we used inducible and CD4 T cell-specific deletion of the gene encoding the TGF-β receptor during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice, and determined that TGF-β signaling restricted proliferation and terminal differentiation of antiviral CD4 T cells. TGF-β signaling also inhibited a cytotoxic program that includes granzymes and perforin expression at both early and late stages of infection in vivo and repressed the transcription factor eomesodermin. Overexpression of eomesodermin was sufficient to recapitulate in great part the phenotype of TGF-β receptor-deficient CD4 T cells, while SMAD4 was necessary for CD4 T cell accumulation and differentiation. TGF-β signaling also restricted accumulation and differentiation of CD4 T cells and reduced the expression of cytotoxic molecules in mice and humans infected with other persistent viruses. These data uncovered an eomesodermin-driven CD4 T cell program that is continuously suppressed by TGF-β signaling. During chronic viral infection, this program limits CD4 T cell responses while maintaining CD4 T helper cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin M. Lewis
- Division of Biological Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ellen J. Wehrens
- Division of Biological Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elina I. Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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47
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Accounting for reciprocal host–microbiome interactions in experimental science. Nature 2016; 534:191-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature18285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang R, Xu A, Zhang X, Wu J, Freywald A, Xu J, Xiang J. Novel exosome-targeted T-cell-based vaccine counteracts T-cell anergy and converts CTL exhaustion in chronic infection via CD40L signaling through the mTORC1 pathway. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:529-545. [PMID: 27264687 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) exhaustion is a chief issue for ineffective virus elimination in chronic infectious diseases. We generated novel ovalbumin (OVA)-specific OVA-Texo and HIV-specific Gag-Texo vaccines inducing therapeutic immunity. To assess their therapeutic effect in chronic infection, we developed a new chronic infection model by i.v. infecting C57BL/6 mice with the OVA-expressing adenovirus AdVova. During chronic AdVova infection, mouse CTLs were found to express the inhibitory molecules programmed cell-death protein-1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and to be functionally exhausted, showing a significant deficiency in T-cell proliferation, IFN-γ production and cytolytic effects. Naive CD8+ T cells upregulated inhibitory PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1), B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator and T-cell anergy-associated molecules (Grail and Itch) while down-regulating the proliferative response upon stimulation in mice with chronic infection. Remarkably, the OVA-Texo vaccine counteracted T-cell anergy and converted CTL exhaustion. The latter was associated with (i) the upregulation of a marker for CTL functionality, diacetylated histone-H3 (diAcH3), (ii) a fourfold increase in CTLs, occurring independent of host DCs or CD4+ T cells, and (iii) the restoration of CTL IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity. In vivo OVA-Texo-stimulated CTLs upregulated the activities of the mTORC1 pathway-related molecules Akt, S6, eIF4E and T-bet, and treatment of the CTLs with an mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, significantly reduced the OVA-Texo-induced increase in CTLs. Interestingly, OVA-Texo-mediated CD40L signaling played a critical role in the observed immunological effects. Importantly, the Gag-Texo vaccine induced Gag-specific therapeutic immunity in chronic infection. Therefore, this study should have a serious impact on the development of new therapeutic vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N4H4.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Aizhang Xu
- Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N4H4
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N4H4.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N4H4
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jim Xiang
- Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N4H4.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5.,Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
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49
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Reese TA, Bi K, Kambal A, Filali-Mouhim A, Beura LK, Bürger MC, Pulendran B, Sekaly RP, Jameson SC, Masopust D, Haining WN, Virgin HW. Sequential Infection with Common Pathogens Promotes Human-like Immune Gene Expression and Altered Vaccine Response. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:713-9. [PMID: 27107939 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses differ between laboratory mice and humans. Chronic infection with viruses and parasites are common in humans, but are absent in laboratory mice, and thus represent potential contributors to inter-species differences in immunity. To test this, we sequentially infected laboratory mice with herpesviruses, influenza, and an intestinal helminth and compared their blood immune signatures to mock-infected mice before and after vaccination against yellow fever virus (YFV-17D). Sequential infection altered pre- and post-vaccination gene expression, cytokines, and antibodies in blood. Sequential pathogen exposure induced gene signatures that recapitulated those seen in blood from pet store-raised versus laboratory mice, and adult versus cord blood in humans. Therefore, basal and vaccine-induced murine immune responses are altered by infection with agents common outside of barrier facilities. This raises the possibility that we can improve mouse models of vaccination and immunity by selective microbial exposure of laboratory animals to mimic that of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Reese
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Kevin Bi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and the Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amal Kambal
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ali Filali-Mouhim
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Matheus C Bürger
- Department of Clinical Analyses and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science at University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - W Nicholas Haining
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, and the Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability to survive long term and mature into memory T cells that can provide long-term immunity. Understanding the signals that regulate the development of memory T cells is crucial to efforts to design vaccines capable of eliciting T cell-based immunity. CD4(+) T cells are essential in the formation of protective memory CD8(+) T cells following infection or immunization. However, until recently, the mechanisms by which CD4(+) T cells act to support memory CD8(+) T cell development following infection were unclear. Here, we discuss recent studies that provide insight into the multifaceted role of CD4(+) T cells in the regulation of memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation.
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