1
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Wu YL, Christodoulou AG, Beumer JH, Rigatti LH, Fisher R, Ross M, Watkins S, Cortes DRE, Ruck C, Manzoor S, Wyman SK, Stapleton MC, Goetzman E, Bharathi S, Wipf P, Wang H, Tan T, Christner SM, Guo J, Lo CWY, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS. Mitigation of Fetal Radiation Injury from Mid-Gestation Total-body Irradiation by Maternal Administration of Mitochondrial-Targeted GS-Nitroxide JP4-039. Radiat Res 2024; 202:565-579. [PMID: 39074819 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00095.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Victims of a radiation terrorist event will include pregnant women and unborn fetuses. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are key pathogenic factors of fetal radiation injury. The goal of this preclinical study is to investigate the efficacy of mitigating fetal radiation injury by maternal administration of the mitochondrial-targeted gramicidin S (GS)-nitroxide radiation mitigator JP4-039. Pregnant female C57BL/6NTac mice received 3 Gy total-body irradiation (TBI) at mid-gestation embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5). Using novel time-and-motion-resolved 4D in utero magnetic resonance imaging (4D-uMRI), we found TBI caused extensive injury to the fetal brain that included cerebral hemorrhage, loss of cerebral tissue, and hydrocephalus with excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Histopathology of the fetal mouse brain showed broken cerebral vessels and elevated apoptosis. Further use of novel 4D Oxy-wavelet MRI capable of probing in vivo mitochondrial function in intact brain revealed a significant reduction of mitochondrial function in the fetal brain after 3 Gy TBI. This was validated by ex vivo Oroboros mitochondrial respirometry. One day after TBI (E14.5) maternal administration of JP4-039, which passes through the placenta, significantly reduced fetal brain radiation injury and improved fetal brain mitochondrial respiration. Treatment also preserved cerebral brain tissue integrity and reduced cerebral hemorrhage and cell death. JP4-039 administration following irradiation resulted in increased survival of pups. These findings indicate that JP4-039 can be deployed as a safe and effective mitigator of fetal radiation injury from mid-gestational in utero ionizing radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijen L Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
- Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Anthony G Christodoulou
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Lora H Rigatti
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources (DLAR), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Renee Fisher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Mark Ross
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Simon Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Devin R E Cortes
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
- Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Cody Ruck
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
- Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Shanim Manzoor
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
- Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Samuel K Wyman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
- Rangos Research Center Animal Imaging Core, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Margaret C Stapleton
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
| | - Eric Goetzman
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
| | - Sivakama Bharathi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Department of Chemistry, Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Tuantuan Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
| | - Susan M Christner
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Jianxia Guo
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Cecilia W Y Lo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
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2
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Leavy A, Phelan J, Jimenez-Mateos EM. Contribution of microglia to the epileptiform activity that results from neonatal hypoxia. Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109968. [PMID: 38692453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are described as the immune cells of the brain, their immune properties have been extensively studied since first described, however, their neural functions have only been explored over the last decade. Microglia have an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system by surveying their surroundings to detect pathogens or damage cells. While these are the classical functions described for microglia, more recently their neural functions have been defined; they are critical to the maturation of neurons during embryonic and postnatal development, phagocytic microglia remove excess synapses during development, a process called synaptic pruning, which is important to overall neural maturation. Furthermore, microglia can respond to neuronal activity and, together with astrocytes, can regulate neural activity, contributing to the equilibrium between excitation and inhibition through a feedback loop. Hypoxia at birth is a serious neurological condition that disrupts normal brain function resulting in seizures and epilepsy later in life. Evidence has shown that microglia may contribute to this hyperexcitability after neonatal hypoxia. This review will summarize the existing data on the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxia and the plausible mechanisms that contribute to the development of hyperexcitability after hypoxia in neonates. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microglia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Leavy
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessie Phelan
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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3
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Le Belle JE, Condro M, Cepeda C, Oikonomou KD, Tessema K, Dudley L, Schoenfield J, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind D, Silva AJ, Zhang Z, Shokat K, Harris NG, Kornblum HI. Acute rapamycin treatment reveals novel mechanisms of behavioral, physiological, and functional dysfunction in a maternal inflammation mouse model of autism and sensory over-responsivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.602602. [PMID: 39026891 PMCID: PMC11257517 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.602602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Maternal inflammatory response (MIR) during early gestation in mice induces a cascade of physiological and behavioral changes that have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a prior study and the current one, we find that mild MIR results in chronic systemic and neuro-inflammation, mTOR pathway activation, mild brain overgrowth followed by regionally specific volumetric changes, sensory processing dysregulation, and social and repetitive behavior abnormalities. Prior studies of rapamycin treatment in autism models have focused on chronic treatments that might be expected to alter or prevent physical brain changes. Here, we have focused on the acute effects of rapamycin to uncover novel mechanisms of dysfunction and related to mTOR pathway signaling. We find that within 2 hours, rapamycin treatment could rapidly rescue neuronal hyper-excitability, seizure susceptibility, functional network connectivity and brain community structure, and repetitive behaviors and sensory over-responsivity in adult offspring with persistent brain overgrowth. These CNS-mediated effects are also associated with alteration of the expression of several ASD-,ion channel-, and epilepsy-associated genes, in the same time frame. Our findings suggest that mTOR dysregulation in MIR offspring is a key contributor to various levels of brain dysfunction, including neuronal excitability, altered gene expression in multiple cell types, sensory functional network connectivity, and modulation of information flow. However, we demonstrate that the adult MIR brain is also amenable to rapid normalization of these functional changes which results in the rescue of both core and comorbid ASD behaviors in adult animals without requiring long-term physical alterations to the brain. Thus, restoring excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and sensory functional network modularity may be important targets for therapeutically addressing both primary sensory and social behavior phenotypes, and compensatory repetitive behavior phenotypes.
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4
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Surala M, Soso-Zdravkovic L, Munro D, Rifat A, Ouk K, Vida I, Priller J, Madry C. Lifelong absence of microglia alters hippocampal glutamatergic networks but not synapse and spine density. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2348-2374. [PMID: 38589666 PMCID: PMC11094096 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia sculpt developing neural circuits by eliminating excess synapses in a process called synaptic pruning, by removing apoptotic neurons, and by promoting neuronal survival. To elucidate the role of microglia during embryonic and postnatal brain development, we used a mouse model deficient in microglia throughout life by deletion of the fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE) in the Csf1r locus. Surprisingly, young adult Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice display no changes in excitatory and inhibitory synapse number and spine density of CA1 hippocampal neurons compared with Csf1r+/+ littermates. However, CA1 neurons are less excitable, receive less CA3 excitatory input and show altered synaptic properties, but this does not affect novel object recognition. Cytokine profiling indicates an anti-inflammatory state along with increases in ApoE levels and reactive astrocytes containing synaptic markers in Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice. Notably, these changes in Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice closely resemble the effects of acute microglial depletion in adult mice after normal development. Our findings suggest that microglia are not mandatory for synaptic pruning, and that in their absence pruning can be achieved by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Surala
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luna Soso-Zdravkovic
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Munro
- University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ali Rifat
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Koliane Ouk
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Imre Vida
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- DZNE Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich and German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Madry
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Zengeler KE, Lukens JR. Microglia pack a toolbox for life. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:338-345. [PMID: 38616144 PMCID: PMC11088496 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
After decades of being overlooked, a recent wave of studies have explored the roles of microglia in brain health and disease. Microglia perform important physiological functions to set up and maintain proper neural network functions, as well as orchestrate responses to toxic stimuli to limit harm. Many microglial transcriptional programs, extracellular sensing molecules, and functional outputs are seen throughout life. A stark example is the similarity of microglial responses to stressors during neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. The same themes often match that of other tissue-resident macrophages, presenting an opportunity to apply known concepts as therapeutics develop. We argue that microglial signaling during development and neurologic disease overlap with one another and with other tissue-resident macrophage pathways, in part due to similar sensed stimuli and a conserved sensome of receptors and signaling molecules, akin to a toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine E Zengeler
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - John R Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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6
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Binder LB, Rosa PB, de Sousa BM, Chagas LS, Dubljević O, Martineau FS, Mottarlini F, Castany S, Morton L, Krstanović F, Tassinari ID, Choconta JL, Pereira-Santos AR, Weinhard L, Pallegar PN, Vahsen BF, Lepiarz-Raba I, Compagnion AC, Lorente-Picón M. Neuro-immune interactions in health and disease: Insights from FENS-Hertie 2022 Winter School. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1977-1992. [PMID: 38311960 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In a great partnership, the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) and the Hertie Foundation organized the FENS-Hertie 2022 Winter School on 'Neuro-immune interactions in health and disease'. The school selected 27 PhD students and 13 postdoctoral fellows from 20 countries and involved 14 faculty members experts in the field. The Winter School focused on a rising field of research, the interactions between the nervous and both innate and adaptive immune systems under pathological and physiological conditions. A fine-tuned neuro-immune crosstalk is fundamental for healthy development, while disrupted neuro-immune communication might play a role in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and aging. However, much is yet to be understood about the underlying mechanisms of these neuro-immune interactions in the healthy brain and under pathological scenarios. In addition to new findings in this emerging field, novel methodologies and animal models were presented to foment research on neuro-immunology. The FENS-Hertie 2022 Winter School provided an insightful knowledge exchange between students and faculty focusing on the latest discoveries in the biology of neuro-immune interactions while fostering great academic and professional opportunities for early-career neuroscientists from around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B Binder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Priscila B Rosa
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience (CSAN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bárbara M de Sousa
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luana S Chagas
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Olga Dubljević
- Department of Neurobiology, Univerzitet u Beogradu Institut za Biološka Istraživanja Siniša Stanković, Institute for Biological Research, Beograd, Republic of Serbia
| | | | - Francesca Mottarlini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sílvia Castany
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience (CSAN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lorena Morton
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Inflammation and Neurodegeneration, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fran Krstanović
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Proteomics, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Isadora D Tassinari
- Department of Physiology, Graduate Program in Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeiny L Choconta
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ana Raquel Pereira-Santos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Björn F Vahsen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Izabela Lepiarz-Raba
- BRAINCITY: Centre of Excellence for Neural Plasticity and Brain Disorders, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marina Lorente-Picón
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Lawrence AR, Canzi A, Bridlance C, Olivié N, Lansonneur C, Catale C, Pizzamiglio L, Kloeckner B, Silvin A, Munro DAD, Fortoul A, Boido D, Zehani F, Cartonnet H, Viguier S, Oller G, Squarzoni P, Candat A, Helft J, Allet C, Watrin F, Manent JB, Paoletti P, Thieffry D, Cantini L, Pridans C, Priller J, Gélot A, Giacobini P, Ciobanu L, Ginhoux F, Thion MS, Lokmane L, Garel S. Microglia maintain structural integrity during fetal brain morphogenesis. Cell 2024; 187:962-980.e19. [PMID: 38309258 PMCID: PMC10869139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia (MG), the brain-resident macrophages, play major roles in health and disease via a diversity of cellular states. While embryonic MG display a large heterogeneity of cellular distribution and transcriptomic states, their functions remain poorly characterized. Here, we uncovered a role for MG in the maintenance of structural integrity at two fetal cortical boundaries. At these boundaries between structures that grow in distinct directions, embryonic MG accumulate, display a state resembling post-natal axon-tract-associated microglia (ATM) and prevent the progression of microcavities into large cavitary lesions, in part via a mechanism involving the ATM-factor Spp1. MG and Spp1 furthermore contribute to the rapid repair of lesions, collectively highlighting protective functions that preserve the fetal brain from physiological morphogenetic stress and injury. Our study thus highlights key major roles for embryonic MG and Spp1 in maintaining structural integrity during morphogenesis, with major implications for our understanding of MG functions and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akindé René Lawrence
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alice Canzi
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Bridlance
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Olivié
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Claire Lansonneur
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France; Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Computational Systems Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Clarissa Catale
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lara Pizzamiglio
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Glutamate Receptors and Excitatory Synapses, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Kloeckner
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, INSERM, Team Myeloid Cell Development, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Aymeric Silvin
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, INSERM, Team Myeloid Cell Development, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - David A D Munro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aurélien Fortoul
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Davide Boido
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, Saclay, France
| | - Feriel Zehani
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hugues Cartonnet
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Viguier
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Oller
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paola Squarzoni
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Candat
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Electron Microscopy Facility, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julie Helft
- Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Team Phagocytes and Tumor Immunology, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Allet
- UMR-S 1172, JPArc - Centre de Recherche Neurosciences et Cancer, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Francoise Watrin
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Manent
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Glutamate Receptors and Excitatory Synapses, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Denis Thieffry
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Computational Systems Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Cantini
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Computational Systems Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Clare Pridans
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josef Priller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin and DZNE Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antoinette Gélot
- Service d'anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Trousseau APHP, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Luisa Ciobanu
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, Saclay, France
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, INSERM, Team Myeloid Cell Development, 94800 Villejuif, France; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Morgane Sonia Thion
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Ludmilla Lokmane
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Team Brain Development and Plasticity, 75005 Paris, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France; Collège de France, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.
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8
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Wu YL, Christodoulou AG, Beumer JH, Rigatti LH, Fisher R, Ross M, Watkins S, Cortes DRE, Ruck C, Manzoor S, Wyman SK, Stapleton MC, Goetzman E, Bharathi S, Wipf P, Tan T, Eiseman JL, Christner SM, Guo J, Lo CWY, Epperly MW, Greenberger JS. Mitigation of Fetal Irradiation Injury from Mid-Gestation Total Body Radiation with Mitochondrial-Targeted GS-Nitroxide JP4-039. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580105. [PMID: 38405696 PMCID: PMC10888932 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Victims of a radiation terrorist event will include pregnant women and unborn fetuses. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are key pathogenic factors of fetal irradiation injury. The goal of this preclinical study is to investigate the efficacy of mitigating fetal irradiation injury by maternal administration of the mitochondrial-targeted gramicidin S (GS)- nitroxide radiation mitigator, JP4-039. Pregnant female C57BL/6NTac mice received 3 Gy total body ionizing irradiation (TBI) at mid-gestation embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5). Using novel time- and-motion-resolved 4D in utero magnetic resonance imaging (4D-uMRI), we found TBI caused extensive injury to the fetal brain that included cerebral hemorrhage, loss of cerebral tissue, and hydrocephalus with excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Histopathology of the fetal mouse brain showed broken cerebral vessels and elevated apoptosis. Further use of novel 4D Oxy-wavelet MRI capable of probing in vivo mitochondrial function in intact brain revealed significant reduction of mitochondrial function in the fetal brain after 3Gy TBI. This was validated by ex vivo Oroboros mitochondrial respirometry. Maternal administration JP4-039 one day after TBI (E14.5), which can pass through the placental barrier, significantly reduced fetal brain radiation injury and improved fetal brain mitochondrial respiration. This also preserved cerebral brain tissue integrity and reduced cerebral hemorrhage and cell death. As JP4-039 administration did not change litter sizes or fetus viability, together these findings indicate JP4-039 can be deployed as a safe and effective mitigator of fetal radiation injury from mid-gestational in utero ionizing radiation exposure. One Sentence Summary Mitochondrial-targeted gramicidin S (GS)-nitroxide JP4-039 is safe and effective radiation mitigator for mid-gestational fetal irradiation injury.
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9
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Harry GJ. Developmental Associations between Neurovascularization and Microglia Colonization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1281. [PMID: 38279280 PMCID: PMC10816009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The temporal and spatial pattern of microglia colonization and vascular infiltration of the nervous system implies critical associated roles in early stages of nervous system development. Adding to existing reviews that cover a broad spectrum of the various roles of microglia during brain development, the current review will focus on the developmental ontogeny and interdependency between the colonization of the nervous system with yolk sac derived macrophages and vascularization. Gaining a better understanding of the timing and the interdependency of these two processes will significantly contribute to the interpretation of data generated regarding alterations in either process during early development. Additionally, such knowledge should provide a framework for understanding the influence of the early gestational environmental and the impact of genetics, disease, disorders, or exposures on the early developing nervous system and the potential for long-term and life-time effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jean Harry
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
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10
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Xu P, Yu Y, Wu P. Role of microglia in brain development after viral infection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1340308. [PMID: 38298216 PMCID: PMC10825034 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1340308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are immune cells in the brain that originate from the yolk sac and enter the developing brain before birth. They play critical roles in brain development by supporting neural precursor proliferation, synaptic pruning, and circuit formation. However, microglia are also vulnerable to environmental factors, such as infection and stress that may alter their phenotype and function. Viral infection activates microglia to produce inflammatory cytokines and anti-viral responses that protect the brain from damage. However, excessive or prolonged microglial activation impairs brain development and leads to long-term consequences such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Moreover, certain viruses may attack microglia and deploy them as "Trojan horses" to infiltrate the brain. In this brief review, we describe the function of microglia during brain development and examine their roles after infection through microglia-neural crosstalk. We also identify limitations for current studies and highlight future investigated questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Yongjia Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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11
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Wu JY, Cho SJ, Descant K, Li PH, Shapson-Coe A, Januszewski M, Berger DR, Meyer C, Casingal C, Huda A, Liu J, Ghashghaei T, Brenman M, Jiang M, Scarborough J, Pope A, Jain V, Stein JL, Guo J, Yasuda R, Lichtman JW, Anton ES. Mapping of neuronal and glial primary cilia contactome and connectome in the human cerebral cortex. Neuron 2024; 112:41-55.e3. [PMID: 37898123 PMCID: PMC10841524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia act as antenna receivers of environmental signals and enable effective neuronal or glial responses. Disruption of their function is associated with circuit disorders. To understand the signals these cilia receive, we comprehensively mapped cilia's contacts within the human cortical connectome using serial-section EM reconstruction of a 1 mm3 cortical volume, spanning the entire cortical thickness. We mapped the "contactome" of cilia emerging from neurons and astrocytes in every cortical layer. Depending on the layer and cell type, cilia make distinct patterns of contact. Primary cilia display cell-type- and layer-specific variations in size, shape, and microtubule axoneme core, which may affect their signaling competencies. Neuronal cilia are intrinsic components of a subset of cortical synapses and thus a part of the connectome. This diversity in the structure, contactome, and connectome of primary cilia endows each neuron or glial cell with a unique barcode of access to the surrounding neural circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao Wu
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Su-Ji Cho
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine Descant
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter H Li
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Alexander Shapson-Coe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Daniel R Berger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cailyn Meyer
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cristine Casingal
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ariba Huda
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tina Ghashghaei
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mikayla Brenman
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michelle Jiang
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph Scarborough
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Art Pope
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Viren Jain
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiami Guo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ryohei Yasuda
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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12
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Harry GJ. Microglia Colonization Associated with Angiogenesis and Neural Cell Development. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:163-178. [PMID: 39207692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The temporal and spatial pattern of microglia colonization of the nervous system implies a role in early stages of organ development including cell proliferation, differentiation, and neurovascularization. As microglia colonize and establish within the developing nervous system, they assume a neural-specific identity and contribute to key developmental events. Their association around blood vessels implicates them in development of the vascular system or vice versa. A similar association has been reported for neural cell proliferation and associated phenotypic shifts and for cell fate differentiation to neuronal or glial phenotypes. These processes are accomplished by phagocytic activities, cell-cell contact relationships, and secretion of various factors. This chapter will present data currently available from studies evaluating the dynamic and interactive nature of these processes throughout the progression of nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jean Harry
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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13
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Han C, Nguyen CL, Scherschinski L, Schriber TD, Arthur HM, Lawton MT, Oh SP. VEGFR2 Expression Correlates with Postnatal Development of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations in a Mouse Model of Type I Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3153. [PMID: 38137374 PMCID: PMC10740421 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) are a critical concern in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) patients, carrying the risk of life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage. While traditionally seen as congenital, the debate continues due to documented de novo cases. Our primary goal was to identify the precise postnatal window in which deletion of the HHT gene Endoglin (Eng) triggers BAVM development. We employed SclCreER(+);Eng2f/2f mice, enabling timed Eng gene deletion in endothelial cells via tamoxifen. Tamoxifen was given during four postnatal periods: P1-3, P8-10, P15-17, and P22-24. BAVM development was assessed at 2-3 months using latex dye perfusion. We examined the angiogenic activity by assessing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression via Western blotting and Flk1-LacZ reporter mice. Longitudinal magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was conducted up to 9 months. BAVMs emerged in 88% (P1-3), 86% (P8-10), and 55% (P15-17) of cases, with varying localization. Notably, the P22-24 group did not develop BAVMs but exhibited skin AVMs. VEGFR2 expression peaked in the initial 2 postnatal weeks, coinciding with BAVM onset. These findings support the "second hit" theory, highlighting the role of early postnatal angiogenesis in initiating BAVM development in HHT type I mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Han
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (C.H.); (C.L.N.); (L.S.); (M.T.L.)
| | - Candice L. Nguyen
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (C.H.); (C.L.N.); (L.S.); (M.T.L.)
| | - Lea Scherschinski
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (C.H.); (C.L.N.); (L.S.); (M.T.L.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tyler D. Schriber
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (C.H.); (C.L.N.); (L.S.); (M.T.L.)
| | - Helen M. Arthur
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Michael T. Lawton
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (C.H.); (C.L.N.); (L.S.); (M.T.L.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Suk Paul Oh
- Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA; (C.H.); (C.L.N.); (L.S.); (M.T.L.)
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14
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Bettag J, Goldenberg D, Carter J, Morfin S, Borsotti A, Fox J, ReVeal M, Natrop D, Gosser D, Kolli S, Jain AK. Gut Microbiota to Microglia: Microbiome Influences Neurodevelopment in the CNS. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1767. [PMID: 38002858 PMCID: PMC10670365 DOI: 10.3390/children10111767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The brain is traditionally viewed as an immunologically privileged site; however, there are known to be multiple resident immune cells that influence the CNS environment and are reactive to extra-CNS signaling. Microglia are an important component of this system, which influences early neurodevelopment in addition to modulating inflammation and regenerative responses to injury and infection. Microglia are influenced by gut microbiome-derived metabolites, both as part of their normal function and potentially in pathological patterns that may induce neurodevelopmental disabilities or behavioral changes. This review aims to summarize the mounting evidence indicating that, not only is the Gut-Brain axis mediated by metabolites and microglia throughout an organism's lifetime, but it is also influenced prenatally by maternal microbiome and diet, which holds implications for both early neuropathology and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery Bettag
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Daniel Goldenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Jasmine Carter
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Sylvia Morfin
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Alison Borsotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - James Fox
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Matthew ReVeal
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Dylan Natrop
- Medical College of Wisconsin-Green Bay, De Pere, WI 54115, USA;
| | - David Gosser
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Sree Kolli
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Ajay K. Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA; (D.G.); (J.C.); (S.M.); (A.B.); (J.F.); (M.R.); (D.G.); (S.K.); (A.K.J.)
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15
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Chen R, Routh BN, Gaudet AD, Fonken LK. Circadian Regulation of the Neuroimmune Environment Across the Lifespan: From Brain Development to Aging. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:419-446. [PMID: 37357738 PMCID: PMC10475217 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231178950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Circadian clocks confer 24-h periodicity to biological systems, to ultimately maximize energy efficiency and promote survival in a world with regular environmental light cycles. In mammals, circadian rhythms regulate myriad physiological functions, including the immune, endocrine, and central nervous systems. Within the central nervous system, specialized glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia survey and maintain the neuroimmune environment. The contributions of these neuroimmune cells to both homeostatic and pathogenic demands vary greatly across the day. Moreover, the function of these cells changes across the lifespan. In this review, we discuss circadian regulation of the neuroimmune environment across the lifespan, with a focus on microglia and astrocytes. Circadian rhythms emerge in early life concurrent with neuroimmune sculpting of brain circuits and wane late in life alongside increasing immunosenescence and neurodegeneration. Importantly, circadian dysregulation can alter immune function, which may contribute to susceptibility to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight circadian neuroimmune interactions across the lifespan and share evidence that circadian dysregulation within the neuroimmune system may be a critical component in human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhuo Chen
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Brandy N. Routh
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Andrew D. Gaudet
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura K. Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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16
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Thoby-Brisson M. Central respiratory command and microglia: An early-life partnership. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102756. [PMID: 37544078 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, brain-resident macrophages, are key players in brain development, regulating synapse density, shaping neural circuits, contributing to plasticity, and maintaining nervous tissue homeostasis. These functions are ensured from early prenatal development until maturity, in normal and pathological states of the central nervous system. Microglia dysfunction can be involved in several neurodevelopmental disorders, some of which are associated with respiratory deficits. Breathing is a rhythmic motor behavior generated and controlled by hindbrain neuronal networks. The operation of the central respiratory command relies on the proper development of these rhythmogenic networks, formation of their appropriate interactions, and their lifelong constant adaptation to physiological needs. This review, focusing exclusively on the perinatal period, outlines recent advances obtained in rodents in determining the roles of microglia in the establishment and functioning of the respiratory networks and their involvement in certain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Thoby-Brisson
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France. mailto:
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17
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Cornil CA, Balthazart J. Contribution of birds to the study of sexual differentiation of brain and behavior. Horm Behav 2023; 155:105410. [PMID: 37567061 PMCID: PMC10543621 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral neuroendocrinology has largely relied on mammalian models to understand the relationship between hormones and behavior, even if this discipline has historically used a larger diversity of species than other fields. Recent advances revealed the potential of avian models in elucidating the neuroendocrine bases of behavior. This paper provides a review focused mainly on the contributions of our laboratory to the study of sexual differentiation in Japanese quail and songbirds. Quail studies have firmly established the role of embryonic estrogens in the sexual differentiation of male copulatory behavior. While most sexually differentiated features identified in brain structure and physiology result from the different endocrine milieu of adults, a few characteristics are organized by embryonic estrogens. Among them, a sex difference was identified in the number and morphology of microglia which is not associated with sex differences in the concentration/expression of neuroinflammatory molecules. The behavioral role of microglia and neuroinflammatory processes requires further investigations. Sexual differentiation of singing in zebra finches is not mediated by the same endocrine mechanisms as male copulatory behavior and "direct" genetic effect, i.e., not mediated by gonadal steroids have been identified. Epigenetic contributions have also been considered. Finally sex differences in specific aspects of singing behavior have been identified in canaries after treatment of adults with exogenous testosterone suggesting that these aspects of song are differentiated during ontogeny. Integration of quail and songbirds as alternative models has thus expanded understanding of the interplay between hormones and behavior in the control of sexual differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Cornil
- GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, 15 Avenue Hippocrate (Bat. B36), 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jacques Balthazart
- GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, 15 Avenue Hippocrate (Bat. B36), 4000 Liège, Belgium
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18
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Zhang X, Chen F, Sun M, Wu N, Liu B, Yi X, Ge R, Fan X. Microglia in the context of multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1157287. [PMID: 37360338 PMCID: PMC10287974 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1157287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that commonly results in nontraumatic disability in young adults. The characteristic pathological hallmark of MS is damage to myelin, oligodendrocytes, and axons. Microglia provide continuous surveillance in the CNS microenvironment and initiate defensive mechanisms to protect CNS tissue. Additionally, microglia participate in neurogenesis, synaptic refinement, and myelin pruning through the expression and release of different signaling factors. Continuous activation of microglia has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We first review the lifetime of microglia, including the origin, differentiation, development, and function of microglia. We then discuss microglia participate in the whole processes of remyelination and demyelination, microglial phenotypes in MS, and the NF-κB/PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in microglia. The damage to regulatory signaling pathways may change the homeostasis of microglia, which would accelerate the progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Yi
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Ruli Ge
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
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19
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Lin B, Ye Z, Ye Z, Wang M, Cao Z, Gao R, Zhang Y. Gut microbiota in brain tumors: An emerging crucial player. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29 Suppl 1:84-97. [PMID: 36627748 PMCID: PMC10314108 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, various roles of the gut microbiota in physiological and pathological conditions have been uncovered. Among the many interacting pathways between the host and gut flora, the gut-brain axis has drawn increasing attention and is generally considered a promising way to understand and treat brain tumors, one of the most lethal neoplasms. In this narrative review, we aimed to unveil and dissect the sophisticated mechanisms by which the gut-brain axis exerts its influence on brain tumors. Furthermore, we summarized the latest research regarding the gastrointestinal microbial landscape and the effect of gut-brain axis malfunction on different brain tumors. Finally, we outlined the ongoing developing approaches of microbial manipulation and their corresponding research related to neuro-malignancies. Collectively, we recapitulated the advances in gut microbial alterations along with their potential interactive mechanisms in brain tumors and encouraged increased efforts in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural RegenerationShanghaiChina
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of NeurosurgeryShanghaiChina
| | - Zhen Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural RegenerationShanghaiChina
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of NeurosurgeryShanghaiChina
| | - Zhao Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural RegenerationShanghaiChina
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of NeurosurgeryShanghaiChina
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhan Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Renyuan Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yichao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural RegenerationShanghaiChina
- Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of NeurosurgeryShanghaiChina
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20
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Mawson ER, Morris BJ. A consideration of the increased risk of schizophrenia due to prenatal maternal stress, and the possible role of microglia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 125:110773. [PMID: 37116354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is caused by interaction of a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Of the latter, prenatal exposure to maternal stress is reportedly associated with elevated disease risk. The main orchestrators of inflammatory processes within the brain are microglia, and aberrant microglial activation/function has been proposed to contribute to the aetiology of schizophrenia. Here, we evaluate the epidemiological and preclinical evidence connecting prenatal stress to schizophrenia risk, and consider the possible mediating role of microglia in the prenatal stress-schizophrenia relationship. Epidemiological findings are rather consistent in supporting the association, albeit they are mitigated by effects of sex and gestational timing, while the evidence for microglial activation is more variable. Rodent models of prenatal stress generally report lasting effects on offspring neurobiology. However, many uncertainties remain as to the mechanisms underlying the influence of maternal stress on the developing foetal brain. Future studies should aim to characterise the exact processes mediating this aspect of schizophrenia risk, as well as focussing on how prenatal stress may interact with other risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R Mawson
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Brian J Morris
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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21
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Tominaga K, Sakashita E, Kasashima K, Kuroiwa K, Nagao Y, Iwamori N, Endo H. Tip60/KAT5 Histone Acetyltransferase Is Required for Maintenance and Neurogenesis of Embryonic Neural Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032113. [PMID: 36768434 PMCID: PMC9916716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation via epigenetic factors in collaboration with tissue-specific transcription factors is curtail for establishing functional organ systems during development. Brain development is tightly regulated by epigenetic factors, which are coordinately activated or inactivated during processes, and their dysregulation is linked to brain abnormalities and intellectual disability. However, the precise mechanism of epigenetic regulation in brain development and neurogenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we show that Tip60/KAT5 deletion in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) in mice results in multiple abnormalities of brain development. Tip60-deficient embryonic brain led to microcephaly, and proliferating cells in the developing brain were reduced by Tip60 deficiency. In addition, neural differentiation and neuronal migration were severely affected in Tip60-deficient brains. Following neurogenesis in developing brains, gliogenesis started from the earlier stage of development in Tip60-deficient brains, indicating that Tip60 is involved in switching from neurogenesis to gliogenesis during brain development. It was also confirmed in vitro that poor neurosphere formation, proliferation defects, neural differentiation defects, and accelerated astrocytic differentiation in mutant NSCs are derived from Tip60-deficient embryonic brains. This study uncovers the critical role of Tip60 in brain development and NSC maintenance and function in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tominaga
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 321-0498, Japan
- Division of Functional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 321-0498, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (N.I.)
| | - Eiji Sakashita
- Division of Functional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 321-0498, Japan
| | - Katsumi Kasashima
- Division of Functional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 321-0498, Japan
| | - Kenji Kuroiwa
- Division of Functional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 321-0498, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Nagao
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 321-0498, Japan
| | - Naoki Iwamori
- Department of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.T.); (N.I.)
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Division of Functional Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 321-0498, Japan
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22
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Carroll JB, Hamidi S, Gabriele ML. Microglial heterogeneity and complement component 3 elimination within emerging multisensory midbrain compartments during an early critical period. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1072667. [PMID: 36685243 PMCID: PMC9846048 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1072667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus (LCIC) is a midbrain shell region that receives multimodal inputs that target discrete zones of its compartmental (modular-matrix) framework. This arrangement emerges perinatally in mice (postnatal day, P0-P12) as somatosensory and auditory inputs segregate into their respective modular and matrix terminal patterns. Microglial cells (MGCs) perform a variety of critical functions in the developing brain, among them identifying areas of active circuit assembly and selectively pruning exuberant or underutilized connections. Recent evidence in other brain structures suggest considerable MGC heterogeneity across the lifespan, particularly during established developmental critical periods. The present study examines the potential involvement of classical complement cascade signaling (C3-CR3/CD11b) in refining early multisensory networks, and identifies several microglial subsets exhibiting distinct molecular signatures within the nascent LCIC. Immunostaining was performed in GAD67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and CX3CR1-GFP mice throughout and after the defined LCIC critical period. GAD labeling highlights the emerging LCIC modularity, while CX3CR1 labeling depicts MGCs expressing the fractalkine receptor. C3 expression is widespread throughout the LCIC neuropil early on, prior to its conspicuous absence from modular zones at P8, and more global disappearance following critical period closure. CD11b-expressing microglia while homogeneously distributed at birth, are biased to modular fields at P8 and then the surrounding matrix by P12. Temporal and spatial matching of the disappearance of C3 by LCIC compartment (i.e., modules then matrix) with CD11b-positive MGC occupancy implicates complement signaling in the selective refinement of early LCIC connectivity. Multiple-labeling studies for a variety of established MGC markers (CD11b, CX3CR1, Iba1, TMEM119) indicate significant MGC heterogeneity in the LCIC as its compartments and segregated multisensory maps emerge. Marker colocalization was the exception rather than the rule, suggesting that unique MGC subpopulations exist in the LCIC and perhaps serve distinct developmental roles. Potential mechanisms whereby microglia sculpt early multisensory LCIC maps and how such activity/inactivity may underlie certain neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark L. Gabriele
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, United States
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23
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Rodrigues-Neves AC, Ambrósio AF, Gomes CA. Microglia sequelae: brain signature of innate immunity in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:493. [PMID: 36443303 PMCID: PMC9705537 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder with significant impact on individuals and society. The current pharmacologic treatment, which principally alleviates psychosis, is focused on neurotransmitters modulation, relying on drugs with severe side effects and ineffectiveness in a significant percentage of cases. Therefore, and due to difficulties inherent to diagnosis and treatment, it is vital to reassess alternative cellular and molecular drug targets. Distinct risk factors - genetic, developmental, epigenetic, and environmental - have been associated with disease onset and progression, giving rise to the proposal of different pathophysiological mechanisms and putative pharmacological targets. Immunity is involved and, particularly microglia - innate immune cells of the central nervous system, critically involved in brain development - have captured attention as cellular players. Microglia undergo marked morphologic and functional alterations in the human disease, as well as in animal models of schizophrenia, as reported in several original papers. We cluster the main findings of clinical studies by groups of patients: (1) at ultra-high risk of psychosis, (2) with a first episode of psychosis or recent-onset schizophrenia, and (3) with chronic schizophrenia; in translational studies, we highlight the time window of appearance of particular microglia alterations in the most well studied animal model in the field (maternal immune activation). The organization of clinical and translational findings based on schizophrenia-associated microglia changes in different phases of the disease course may help defining a temporal pattern of microglia changes and may drive the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Catarina Rodrigues-Neves
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António. F. Ambrósio
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A. Gomes
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
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24
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Cabirol MJ, Cardoit L, Courtand G, Mayeur ME, Simmers J, Pascual O, Thoby-Brisson M. Microglia shape the embryonic development of mammalian respiratory networks. eLife 2022; 11:80352. [PMID: 36321865 PMCID: PMC9629827 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, brain-resident macrophages, play key roles during prenatal development in defining neural circuitry function, including ensuring proper synaptic wiring and maintaining homeostasis. Mammalian breathing rhythmogenesis arises from interacting brainstem neural networks that are assembled during embryonic development, but the specific role of microglia in this process remains unknown. Here, we investigated the anatomical and functional consequences of respiratory circuit formation in the absence of microglia. We first established the normal distribution of microglia within the wild-type (WT, Spi1+/+ (Pu.1 WT)) mouse (Mus musculus) brainstem at embryonic ages when the respiratory networks are known to emerge (embryonic day (E) 14.5 for the parafacial respiratory group (epF) and E16.5 for the preBötzinger complex (preBötC)). In transgenic mice depleted of microglia (Spi1−/− (Pu.1 KO) mutant), we performed anatomical staining, calcium imaging, and electrophysiological recordings of neuronal activities in vitro to assess the status of these circuits at their respective times of functional emergence. Spontaneous respiratory-related activity recorded from reduced in vitro preparations showed an abnormally slow rhythm frequency expressed by the epF at E14.5, the preBötC at E16.5, and in the phrenic motor nerves from E16.5 onwards. These deficits were associated with a reduced number of active epF neurons, defects in commissural projections that couple the bilateral preBötC half-centers, and an accompanying decrease in their functional coordination. These abnormalities probably contribute to eventual neonatal death, since plethysmography revealed that E18.5 Spi1−/− embryos are unable to sustain breathing activity ex utero. Our results thus point to a crucial contribution of microglia in the proper establishment of the central respiratory command during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Jeanne Cabirol
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Cardoit
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gilles Courtand
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Eve Mayeur
- MeLis INSERM U1314-CNRS UMR 5284, Faculté Rockefeller, Lyon, France
| | - John Simmers
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Pascual
- MeLis INSERM U1314-CNRS UMR 5284, Faculté Rockefeller, Lyon, France
| | - Muriel Thoby-Brisson
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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25
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Karam M, Janbon H, Malkinson G, Brunet I. Heterogeneity and developmental dynamics of LYVE-1 perivascular macrophages distribution in the mouse brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:1797-1812. [PMID: 35751367 PMCID: PMC9536125 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs) are border-associated macrophages situated along blood vessels in the Virchow-Robin space and are thus found at a unique anatomical position between the endothelium and the parenchyma. Owing to their location and phagocytic capabilities, PVMs are regarded as important components that regulate various aspects of brain physiology in health and pathophysiological states. Here, we used LYVE-1 to identify PVMs in the mouse brain using brain-tissue sections and cleared whole-brains to learn about how they are distributed within the brain and across different developmental postnatal stages. We find that LYVE-1+ PVMs associate with the vasculature in different patterns and proportions depending on vessel diameter or arterio-venous differentiation. LYVE-1+ PVMs relate to blood vessels in a brain-region-dependent manner. We show that their postnatal distribution is developmentally dynamic and peaks at P10-P20 depending on the brain region. We further demonstrate that their density is reduced in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease proportionally to beta-amyloid deposits. In conclusion, our results reveal unexpected heterogeneity and dynamics of LYVE-1+ PVMs, with selective coverage of brain vasculature, compatible with potential unexplored roles for this population of PVMs in postnatal development, and in regulating brain functions in steady-state and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Karam
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Hadrien Janbon
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Guy Malkinson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Brunet
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
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26
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Cserép C, Schwarcz AD, Pósfai B, László ZI, Kellermayer A, Környei Z, Kisfali M, Nyerges M, Lele Z, Katona I, Ádám Dénes. Microglial control of neuronal development via somatic purinergic junctions. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111369. [PMID: 36130488 PMCID: PMC9513806 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, play important roles during development. Although bi-directional communication between microglia and neuronal progenitors or immature neurons has been demonstrated, the main sites of interaction and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. By using advanced methods, here we provide evidence that microglial processes form specialized contacts with the cell bodies of developing neurons throughout embryonic, early postnatal, and adult neurogenesis. These early developmental contacts are highly reminiscent of somatic purinergic junctions that are instrumental for microglia-neuron communication in the adult brain. The formation and maintenance of these junctions is regulated by functional microglial P2Y12 receptors, and deletion of P2Y12Rs disturbs proliferation of neuronal precursors and leads to aberrant cortical cytoarchitecture during development and in adulthood. We propose that early developmental formation of somatic purinergic junctions represents an important interface for microglia to monitor the status of immature neurons and control neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Cserép
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Anett D Schwarcz
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Szentágothai János Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia I László
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anna Kellermayer
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Kisfali
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Nyerges
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lele
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Katona
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ádám Dénes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
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27
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Sullivan O, Ciernia AV. Work hard, play hard: how sexually differentiated microglia work to shape social play and reproductive behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:989011. [PMID: 36172465 PMCID: PMC9510374 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.989011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident immune cells that play a critical role in synaptic pruning and circuit fine-tuning during development. In the adult brain, microglia actively survey their local environment and mobilize inflammatory responses to signs of damage or infection. Sex differences in microglial gene expression and function across the lifespan have been identified, which play a key role in shaping brain function and behavior. The levels of sex hormones such as androgens, estrogens, and progesterone vary in an age-dependent and sex-dependent manner. Microglia respond both directly and indirectly to changes in hormone levels, altering transcriptional gene expression, morphology, and function. Of particular interest is the microglial function in brain regions that are highly sexually differentiated in development such as the amygdala as well as the pre-optic and ventromedial hypothalamic regions. With a focus on hormone-sensitive developmental windows, this review compares male and female microglia in the embryonic, developing, and adult brain with a particular interest in the influence of sex hormones on microglial wiring of social, reproductive, and disordered behavior circuits in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sullivan
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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28
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Beeken J, Kessels S, Rigo JM, Alpizar YA, Nguyen L, Brône B. p27 kip1 Modulates the Morphology and Phagocytic Activity of Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10432. [PMID: 36142366 PMCID: PMC9499407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
p27kip1 is a multifunctional protein that promotes cell cycle exit by blocking the activity of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complexes as well as migration and motility via signaling pathways that converge on the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Despite the broad characterization of p27kip1 function in neural cells, little is known about its relevance in microglia. Here, we studied the role of p27kip1 in microglia using a combination of in vitro and in situ approaches. While the loss of p27kip1 did not affect microglial density in the cerebral cortex, it altered their morphological complexity in situ. However, despite the presence of p27kip1 in microglial processes, as shown by immunofluorescence in cultured cells, loss of p27kip1 did not change microglial process motility and extension after applying laser-induced brain damage in cortical brain slices. Primary microglia lacking p27kip1 showed increased phagocytic uptake of synaptosomes, while a cell cycle dead variant negatively affected phagocytosis. These findings indicate that p27kip1 plays specific roles in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Beeken
- UHasselt, Hasselt University, BIOMED, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sar-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sofie Kessels
- UHasselt, Hasselt University, BIOMED, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | | | - Laurent Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, C.H.U. Sar-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bert Brône
- UHasselt, Hasselt University, BIOMED, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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29
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Arjun McKinney A, Petrova R, Panagiotakos G. Calcium and activity-dependent signaling in the developing cerebral cortex. Development 2022; 149:dev198853. [PMID: 36102617 PMCID: PMC9578689 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Calcium influx can be stimulated by various intra- and extracellular signals to set coordinated gene expression programs into motion. As such, the precise regulation of intracellular calcium represents a nexus between environmental cues and intrinsic genetic programs. Mounting genetic evidence points to a role for the deregulation of intracellular calcium signaling in neuropsychiatric disorders of developmental origin. These findings have prompted renewed enthusiasm for understanding the roles of calcium during normal and dysfunctional prenatal development. In this Review, we describe the fundamental mechanisms through which calcium is spatiotemporally regulated and directs early neurodevelopmental events. We also discuss unanswered questions about intracellular calcium regulation during the emergence of neurodevelopmental disease, and provide evidence that disruption of cell-specific calcium homeostasis and/or redeployment of developmental calcium signaling mechanisms may contribute to adult neurological disorders. We propose that understanding the normal developmental events that build the nervous system will rely on gaining insights into cell type-specific calcium signaling mechanisms. Such an understanding will enable therapeutic strategies targeting calcium-dependent mechanisms to mitigate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Arjun McKinney
- Graduate Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ralitsa Petrova
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- Graduate Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Marinello WP, Gillera SEA, Fanning MJ, Malinsky LB, Rhodes CL, Horman BM, Patisaul HB. Effects of developmental exposure to FireMaster® 550 (FM 550) on microglia density, reactivity and morphology in a prosocial animal model. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:140-154. [PMID: 35526706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are known to shape brain sex differences critical for social and reproductive behaviors. Chemical exposures can disrupt brain sexual differentiation but there is limited data regarding how they may impact microglia distribution and function. We focused on the prevalent flame retardant mixture Firemaster 550 (FM 550) which is used in foam-based furniture and infant products including strollers and nursing pillows because it disrupts sexually dimorphic behaviors. We hypothesized early life FM 550 exposure would disrupt microglial distribution and reactivity in brain regions known to be highly sexually dimorphic or associated with social disorders in humans. We used prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) because they display spontaneous prosocial behaviors not seen in rats or mice and are thus a powerful model for studying chemical exposure-related impacts on social behaviors and their underlying neural systems. We have previously demonstrated that perinatal FM 550 exposure sex-specifically impacts socioemotional behaviors in prairie voles. We first established that, unlike in rats, the postnatal colonization of the prairie vole brain is not sexually dimorphic. Vole dams were then exposed to FM 550 (0, 500, 1000, 2000 µg/day) via subcutaneous injections through gestation, and pups were directly exposed beginning the day after birth until weaning. Adult offspring's brains were assessed for number and type (ramified, intermediate, ameboid) of microglia in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), cerebellum (lobules VI-VII) and amygdala. Effects were sex- and dose-specific in the regions of interests. Overall, FM 550 exposure resulted in reduced numbers of microglia in most regions examined, with the 1000 µg FM 550 exposed males particularly affected. To further quantify differences in microglia morphology in the 1000 µg FM 550 group, Sholl and skeleton analysis were carried out on individual microglia. Microglia from control females had a more ramified phenotype compared to control males while 1000 µg FM 550-exposed males had decreased branching and ramification compared to same-sex controls. Future studies will examine the impact on the exposure to FM 550 on microglia during development given the critical role of these cells in shaping neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Marinello
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Marley J Fanning
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Lacey B Malinsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Cassie L Rhodes
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian M Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Sharon A, Erez H, Spira ME. Significant Sex Differences in the Efficacy of the CSF1R Inhibitor-PLX5622 on Rat Brain Microglia Elimination. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:569. [PMID: 35631395 PMCID: PMC9145577 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play pivotal roles in central nervous system development, homeostasis, responses to trauma, and neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders with significant sex-bias in their symptoms and prevalence. Survival of the microglia in adult brains depends on the expression of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R). The inhibition of CSF1R by brain-permeant PLX5622 in the chow eliminates, within 5-10 days, ~90% of the microglia in female and male mice, thereby enabling the investigation of the roles of the microglia in health and pathological mice models. Because of a prevailing "impression" that PLX5622 is ineffective in rats, it has hardly been used in studies of adult rats. Here, we report that effective microglia elimination by PLX5622-chow in rats is highly sex-dependent. Our observations provide missing information for the limited use and interpretation of PLX5622 in biomedical studies of the microglia in rat models. The sex differences that are too often overlooked must be carefully considered and clearly emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Sharon
- Department of Neurobiology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (A.S.); (H.E.)
- The Charles E. Smith Family and Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Hadas Erez
- Department of Neurobiology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (A.S.); (H.E.)
- The Charles E. Smith Family and Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Micha E. Spira
- Department of Neurobiology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (A.S.); (H.E.)
- The Charles E. Smith Family and Joel Elkes Laboratory for Collaborative Research in Psychobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Weakley JM, Kavusak EK, Carroll JB, Gabriele ML. Segregation of Multimodal Inputs Into Discrete Midbrain Compartments During an Early Critical Period. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:882485. [PMID: 35463204 PMCID: PMC9021614 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.882485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus (LCIC) is a multimodal subdivision of the midbrain inferior colliculus (IC) that plays a key role in sensory integration. The LCIC is compartmentally-organized, exhibiting a series of discontinuous patches or modules surrounded by an extramodular matrix. In adult mice, somatosensory afferents target LCIC modular zones, while auditory afferents terminate throughout the encompassing matrix. Recently, we defined an early LCIC critical period (birth: postnatal day 0 to P12) based upon the concurrent emergence of its neurochemical compartments (modules: glutamic acid decarboxylase, GAD+; matrix: calretinin, CR+), matching Eph-ephrin guidance patterns, and specificity of auditory inputs for its matrix. Currently lacking are analogous experiments that address somatosensory afferent shaping and the construction of discrete LCIC multisensory maps. Combining living slice tract-tracing and immunocytochemical approaches in a developmental series of GAD67-GFP knock-in mice, the present study characterizes: (1) the targeting of somatosensory terminals for emerging LCIC modular fields; and (2) the relative separation of somatosensory and auditory inputs over the course of its established critical period. Results indicate a similar time course and progression of LCIC projection shaping for both somatosensory (corticocollicular) and auditory (intracollicular) inputs. While somewhat sparse and intermingling at birth, modality-specific projection patterns soon emerge (P4–P8), coincident with peak guidance expression and the appearance of LCIC compartments. By P12, an adult-like arrangement is in place, with fully segregated multimodal afferent arrays. Quantitative measures confirm increasingly distinct input maps, exhibiting less projection overlap with age. Potential mechanisms whereby multisensory LCIC afferent systems recognize and interface with its emerging modular-matrix framework are discussed.
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Xu Y, Zhao H, Wang Z, Gao H, Liu J, Li K, Song Z, Yuan C, Lan X, Pan C, Zhang S. Developmental exposure to environmental levels of cadmium induces neurotoxicity and activates microglia in zebrafish larvae: From the perspectives of neurobehavior and neuroimaging. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132802. [PMID: 34752834 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a worldwide environmental pollutant that postures serious threats to humans and ecosystems. Over the years, its adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS) have been concerned, whereas the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, taking advantages of zebrafish model in high-throughput imaging and behavioral tests, we have explored the potential developmental neurotoxicity of Cd at environmentally relevant levels, from the perspectives of neurobehavior and neuroimaging. Briefly, Cd2+ exposure resulted in a general impairment of zebrafish early development. Zebrafish neurobehavioral patterns including locomotion and reactivity to environmental signals were significantly perturbed upon Cd2+ exposure. Importantly, a combination of in vivo two-photon neuroimaging, flow cytometry and gene expression analyses revealed notable neurodevelopmental disorders as well as neuroimmune responses induced by Cd2+ exposure. Both cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis contributed jointly to a significant decrease of neuronal density in zebrafish larvae exposed to Cd2+. The dramatic morphological alterations of microglia from multi-branched to amoeboid, the microgliosis, as well as the modulation of gene expression profiles demonstrated a strong activation of microglia and neuroinflammation triggered by environmental levels of Cd2+. Together, our study points to the developmental toxicity of Cd in inducing CNS impairment and neuroinflammation thereby providing visualized etiological evidence of this heavy metal induced neurodevelopmental disorders. It's tempting to speculate that this research model might represent a promising tool not only for understanding the molecular mechanisms of Cd-induced neurotoxicity, but also for developing pharmacotherapies to mitigate the neurological damage resulting from exposure to Cd, and other neurotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyi Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Haiyu Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Zuo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Hao Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Junru Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Kemin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zan Song
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Cong Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chuanying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
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Cuadros MA, Sepulveda MR, Martin-Oliva D, Marín-Teva JL, Neubrand VE. Microglia and Microglia-Like Cells: Similar but Different. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:816439. [PMID: 35197828 PMCID: PMC8859783 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.816439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous parenchyma. In mammals, microglia are thought to originate from yolk sac precursors and posteriorly maintained through the entire life of the organism. However, the contribution of microglial cells from other sources should also be considered. In addition to “true” or “bona-fide” microglia, which are of embryonic origin, the so-called “microglia-like cells” are hematopoietic cells of bone marrow origin that can engraft the mature brain mainly under pathological conditions. These cells implement great parts of the microglial immune phenotype, but they do not completely adopt the “true microglia” features. Because of their pronounced similarity, true microglia and microglia-like cells are usually considered together as one population. In this review, we discuss the origin and development of these two distinct cell types and their differences. We will also review the factors determining the appearance and presence of microglia-like cells, which can vary among species. This knowledge might contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies aiming at microglial cells for the treatment of diseases in which they are involved, for example neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Cuadros
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Rosario Sepulveda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Martin-Oliva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L Marín-Teva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Veronika E Neubrand
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Perna J, Lu J, Mullen B, Liu T, Tjia M, Weiser S, Ackman J, Zuo Y. Perinatal Penicillin Exposure Affects Cortical Development and Sensory Processing. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:704219. [PMID: 35002614 PMCID: PMC8727458 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.704219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalent use of antibiotics in pregnant women and neonates raises concerns about long-term risks for children’s health, but their effects on the central nervous system is not well understood. We studied the effects of perinatal penicillin exposure (PPE) on brain structure and function in mice with a therapeutically relevant regimen. We used a battery of behavioral tests to evaluate anxiety, working memory, and sensory processing, and immunohistochemistry to quantify changes in parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons (PV+ INs), perineuronal nets (PNNs), as well as microglia density and morphology. In addition, we performed mesoscale calcium imaging to study neural activity and functional connectivity across cortical regions, and two-photon imaging to monitor dendritic spine and microglial dynamics. We found that adolescent PPE mice have abnormal sensory processing, including impaired texture discrimination and altered prepulse inhibition. Such behavioral changes are associated with increased spontaneous neural activities in various cortical regions, and delayed maturation of PV+ INs in the somatosensory cortex. Furthermore, adolescent PPE mice have elevated elimination of dendritic spines on the apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons, as well as increased ramifications and spatial coverage of cortical microglia. Finally, while synaptic defects are transient during adolescence, behavioral abnormalities persist into adulthood. Our study demonstrates that early-life exposure to antibiotics affects cortical development, leaving a lasting effect on brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Perna
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Ju Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Brian Mullen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Taohui Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Michelle Tjia
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Sydney Weiser
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - James Ackman
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
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Brett CA, Carroll JB, Gabriele ML. Compromised fractalkine signaling delays microglial occupancy of emerging modules in the multisensory midbrain. Glia 2021; 70:697-711. [PMID: 35132709 PMCID: PMC8826074 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells (MGCs) are highly dynamic and have been implicated in shaping discrete neural maps in several unimodal systems. MGCs respond to numerous cues in their microenvironment, including the neuronally expressed chemokine, fractalkine (CX3CL1), via interactions with its corresponding fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1). The present study examines microglial and CX3CL1 patterns with regard to the emerging modular-extramodular matrix organization within the lateral cortex of the inferior colliculus (LCIC). The LCIC is a multisensory shell region of the midbrain inferior colliculus where discrete compartments receive modality-specific connections. Somatosensory inputs terminate within modular confines, while auditory inputs target the surrounding matrix. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an established marker of LCIC modules in developing mouse. During early postnatal development, multimodal LCIC afferents segregate into discrete, neurochemically defined compartments. Here, we analyzed neonatal GAD67-GFP (GFP is defined as green fluorescent protein) and CX3CR1-GFP mice to assess: (1) whether MGCs are recruited to distinct LCIC compartments known to be undergoing active circuit assembly, and (2) if such behaviors are fractalkine signaling-dependent. MGCs colonize the nascent LCIC by birth and increase in density until postnatal day 12 (P12). At the peak critical period (P4-P8), MGCs conspicuously border emerging LCIC modules, prior to their subsequent invasion by P12. CX3CL1 expression becomes distinctly modular at P12, in keeping with the notion of fractalkine-mediated recruitment of microglia to modular centers. In CX3CR1GFP/GFP mice with compromised fractalkine signaling, microglial recruitment into modules is delayed. Taken together, these results suggest a potential role for microglia and fractalkine signaling in sculpting multisensory LCIC maps during an early critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper A. Brett
- Department of Biology James Madison University Harrisonburg Virginia USA
| | | | - Mark L. Gabriele
- Department of Biology James Madison University Harrisonburg Virginia USA
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Hu B, Duan S, Wang Z, Li X, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Zhang YW, Xu H, Zheng H. Insights Into the Role of CSF1R in the Central Nervous System and Neurological Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:789834. [PMID: 34867307 PMCID: PMC8634759 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.789834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor modulating microglial homeostasis, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS). CSF1R, which can be proteolytically cleaved into a soluble ectodomain and an intracellular protein fragment, supports the survival of myeloid cells upon activation by two ligands, colony stimulating factor 1 and interleukin 34. CSF1R loss-of-function mutations are the major cause of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) and its dysfunction has also been implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we review the physiological functions of CSF1R in the CNS and its pathological effects in neurological disorders including ALSP, AD, frontotemporal dementia and multiple sclerosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of CSF1R is critical for developing targeted therapies for related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banglian Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengshun Duan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Honghua Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Prenatal administration of IL-1Ra attenuate the neurodevelopmental impacts following non-pathogenic inflammation during pregnancy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23404. [PMID: 34862457 PMCID: PMC8642433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal inflammation negatively affects placental function, subsequently altering fetal development. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are used to mimics infections in preclinical models but rarely detected during pregnancy. Our group previously developed an animal model of prenatal exposure to uric acid (endogenous mediator), leading to growth restriction alongside IL-1-driven placental inflammation (Brien et al. in J Immunol 198(1):443–451, 2017). Unlike PAMPs, the postnatal impact of prenatal non-pathogenic inflammation is still poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of prenatal uric acid exposure on postnatal neurodevelopment and the therapeutic potential of the IL-1 receptor antagonist; IL-1Ra. Uric acid induced growth restriction and placental inflammation, which IL-1Ra protected against. Postnatal evaluation of both structural and functional aspects of the brain revealed developmental changes. Both astrogliosis and microgliosis were observed in the hippocampus and white matter at postnatal day (PND)7 with IL-1Ra being protective. Decreased myelin density was observed at PND21, and reduced amount of neuronal precursor cells was observed in the Dentate Gyrus at PND35. Functionally, motor impairments were observed as evaluated with the increased time to fully turn upward (180 degrees) on the inclined plane and the pups were weaker on the grip strength test. Prenatal exposure to sterile inflammation, mimicking most clinical situation, induced growth restriction with negative impact on neurodevelopment. Targeted anti-inflammatory intervention prenatally could offer a strategy to protect brain development during pregnancy.
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Jao J, Ciernia AV. MGEnrichment: A web application for microglia gene list enrichment analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009160. [PMID: 34788279 PMCID: PMC8598070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression analysis is becoming increasingly utilized in neuro-immunology research, and there is a growing need for non-programming scientists to be able to analyze their own genomic data. MGEnrichment is a web application developed both to disseminate to the community our curated database of microglia-relevant gene lists, and to allow non-programming scientists to easily conduct statistical enrichment analysis on their gene expression data. Users can upload their own gene IDs to assess the relevance of their expression data against gene lists from other studies. We include example datasets of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from human postmortem brain samples from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and matched controls. We demonstrate how MGEnrichment can be used to expand the interpretations of these DEG lists in terms of regulation of microglial gene expression and provide novel insights into how ASD DEGs may be implicated specifically in microglial development, microbiome responses and relationships to other neuropsychiatric disorders. This tool will be particularly useful for those working in microglia, autism spectrum disorders, and neuro-immune activation research. MGEnrichment is available at https://ciernialab.shinyapps.io/MGEnrichmentApp/ and further online documentation and datasets can be found at https://github.com/ciernialab/MGEnrichmentApp. The app is released under the GNU GPLv3 open source license. Recent technological and computational advances have produced a massive amount of sequencing data that is often inaccessible to the non-bioinformatician. This is particularly true in multi-disciplinary areas of study such as neuro-immunology, where scientists come from a diversity of background fields. We developed a tool to allow wet-lab scientists without computational skills to utilize previous findings on microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain. Our web hosted tool allows users to compare their genes of interest against a large database of previously published gene lists relevant to microglia and brain disorders. With just a few clicks on the interface, users can upload their genes of interest from mouse or human studies, and query their list by selecting options for running statistical analysis. The application compares the user input to each database list, performs a statistical comparison and returns the results to the user, which can be viewed within the application or downloaded for publication. We have included two example datasets of genes from Autism Spectrum Disorder human brain samples. With these example datasets we demonstrate that this type of analysis can be utilized to identify new biological insights and high priority targets for further study in the lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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40
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Benya-Aphikul H, Pongrakhananon V, Chetprayoon P, Sooksawate T, Rodsiri R. Neuronal growth and synaptogenesis are inhibited by prenatal methamphetamine exposure leading to memory impairment in adolescent and adult mice. Toxicol Lett 2021; 351:99-110. [PMID: 34461196 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Synaptogenesis plays critical roles in learning and memory processes and is susceptible to substance abuse toxicity. The present study aimed to elucidate the long-lasting effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on synaptogenesis and learning and memory. The involvement of BDNF-TrkB signaling was also investigated. Pregnant mice (C57BL/6 JNc) were administered methamphetamine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) on gestation days 8-15. Primary hippocampal cultures were prepared from fetuses at gestational day 16.5 to study neuronal morphology and synaptogenesis. The expression of synaptic proteins, BDNF and TrkB receptor was determined in postnatal day 14 (PND14), adolescent and adult mice; memory tests were also conducted. MA exposure decreased axon length and diameter, and synaptic areas in the primary cultures. Presynaptic protein was decreased in the hippocampus of PND14 mice prenatally exposed to MA, while increases in postsynaptic protein (PSD-95) were found in MA-exposed adolescent and adult mice. BDNF expression was enhanced in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of MA-exposed PND14 mice. Memory impairment was observed in MA-exposed adolescent and adult mice compared to control mice. Prenatal MA exposure disrupted neuronal growth and synapse formation in the developing brain with only short-term interference of the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, resulting in the adaptation of postsynaptic neurons. Alterations in the developing brain and synaptogenesis lead to long-lasting learning and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattaya Benya-Aphikul
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Clusters: Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Clusters: Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Paninee Chetprayoon
- Toxicology and Bio Evaluation Service Center (TBES), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thongchai Sooksawate
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Rodsiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Clusters: Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglial progenitors are generated in the yolk sac during the early embryonic stage. Once microglia enter the brain primordium, these cells colonize the structure through migration and proliferation during brain development. Microglia account for a minor population among the total cells that constitute the developing cortex, but they can associate with many surrounding neural lineage cells by extending their filopodia and through their broad migration capacity. Of note, microglia change their distribution in a stage-dependent manner in the developing brain: microglia are homogenously distributed in the pallium in the early and late embryonic stages, whereas these cells are transiently absent from the cortical plate (CP) from embryonic day (E) 15 to E16 and colonize the ventricular zone (VZ), subventricular zone (SVZ), and intermediate zone (IZ). Previous studies have reported that microglia positioned in the VZ/SVZ/IZ play multiple roles in neural lineage cells, such as regulating neurogenesis, cell survival and neuronal circuit formation. In addition to microglial functions in the zones in which microglia are replenished, these cells indirectly contribute to the proper maturation of post-migratory neurons by exiting the CP during the mid-embryonic stage. Overall, microglial time-dependent distributional changes are necessary to provide particular functions that are required in specific regions. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of microglial colonization and multifaceted functions in the developing brain, especially focusing on the embryonic stage, and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial behaviors.
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Delage CI, Nys G, Fillet M, Cornil CA. Effect of cyclo‑oxygenase inhibition on embryonic microglia and the sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Horm Behav 2021; 134:105024. [PMID: 34256221 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enduring sex differences in the brain are established during a developmental process known as brain sexual differentiation and are mainly driven by estrogens during a critical period. In rodents, the masculinization of the preoptic area by estrogens derived from the central aromatization of testosterone depends in part on the interaction between microglia and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a pro-inflammatory hormone of the prostanoid subclass. In contrast, in birds, estrogens produced by females induce a demasculinization, but whether an interaction with the neuro-immune system is involved in this process is unknown. This study addressed this question by testing the effects of blockade of cyclo‑oxygenases (COX), the rate-limiting enzymes for prostanoid synthesis, on embryonic microglia and the sexual differentiation of brain and behavior using the Japanese quail as an animal model. The results show that COX inhibition does not affect the behavior of females, but impairs male sexual behavior and suppresses the sex difference in microglial profiles at embryonic day 12 (E12) in the medial preoptic nucleus by increasing the number of microglia in males only. However, neither prostanoid concentrations nor PGE2 receptors differed between sexes in the hypothalamus and preoptic area (HPOA) during development. Overall, these results uncovered a potential role of prostanoids in the demasculinization of Japanese quail. Moreover, the parallel effect of COX inhibition on behavior and microglia suggests an interaction between prostanoids and microglia in brain demasculinization, thus fueling the hypothesis of a conserved role of the neuroimmune system in the organization of the brain by estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte I Delage
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Gwenael Nys
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte A Cornil
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liege, Belgium.
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43
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Kalafatakis I, Karagogeos D. Oligodendrocytes and Microglia: Key Players in Myelin Development, Damage and Repair. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1058. [PMID: 34356682 PMCID: PMC8301746 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-making cells of the CNS, regulate the complex process of myelination under physiological and pathological conditions, significantly aided by other glial cell types such as microglia, the brain-resident, macrophage-like innate immune cells. In this review, we summarize how oligodendrocytes orchestrate myelination, and especially myelin repair after damage, and present novel aspects of oligodendroglial functions. We emphasize the contribution of microglia in the generation and regeneration of myelin by discussing their beneficial and detrimental roles, especially in remyelination, underlining the cellular and molecular components involved. Finally, we present recent findings towards human stem cell-derived preclinical models for the study of microglia in human pathologies and on the role of microbiome on glial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kalafatakis
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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44
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Cusick JA, Wellman CL, Demas GE. The call of the wild: using non-model systems to investigate microbiome-behaviour relationships. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb224485. [PMID: 33988717 PMCID: PMC8180253 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.224485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
On and within most sites across an animal's body live complex communities of microorganisms. These microorganisms perform a variety of important functions for their hosts, including communicating with the brain, immune system and endocrine axes to mediate physiological processes and affect individual behaviour. Microbiome research has primarily focused on the functions of the microbiome within the gastrointestinal tract (gut microbiome) using biomedically relevant laboratory species (i.e. model organisms). These studies have identified important connections between the gut microbiome and host immune, neuroendocrine and nervous systems, as well as how these connections, in turn, influence host behaviour and health. Recently, the field has expanded beyond traditional model systems as it has become apparent that the microbiome can drive differences in behaviour and diet, play a fundamental role in host fitness and influence community-scale dynamics in wild populations. In this Review, we highlight the value of conducting hypothesis-driven research in non-model organisms and the benefits of a comparative approach that assesses patterns across different species or taxa. Using social behaviour as an intellectual framework, we review the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and host behaviour, and identify understudied mechanisms by which these effects may be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Cusick
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Biology Building 142, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Animal Behavior Program, Indiana University, 409 N. Park Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cara L. Wellman
- Animal Behavior Program, Indiana University, 409 N. Park Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-7007, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Psychology Building, 1101 E 10th Street Bloomington, IN 47405-2204, USA
| | - Gregory E. Demas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Biology Building 142, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Animal Behavior Program, Indiana University, 409 N. Park Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Psychology Building, 1101 E 10th Street Bloomington, IN 47405-2204, USA
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Forner-Piquer I, Faucherre A, Byram J, Blaquiere M, de Bock F, Gamet-Payrastre L, Ellero-Simatos S, Audinat E, Jopling C, Marchi N. Differential impact of dose-range glyphosate on locomotor behavior, neuronal activity, glio-cerebrovascular structures, and transcript regulations in zebrafish larvae. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:128986. [PMID: 33359984 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of glyphosate represents a debated ecotoxicological and health risk factor. Here, zebrafish larvae were exposed, from 1.5 to 120 h post-fertilization, to a broad concentration range (0.05-10.000 μg/L) of glyphosate to explore its impact on the brain. We evaluated morphology, tracked locomotor behavior and neurophysiological parameters, examined neuro-glio-vascular cell structures, and outlined transcriptomic outcomes by RNA sequencing. At the concentration range tested, glyphosate did not elicit gross morphological changes. Behavioral analysis revealed a significant decrease in locomotor activity following the exposure to 1000 μg/L glyphosate or higher. In parallel, midbrain electrophysiological recordings indicated abnormal, and variable, spike activity in zebrafish larvae exposed to 1000 μg/L glyphosate. Next, we asked whether the observed neurophysiological outcome could be secondary to brain structural modifications. We used transgenic zebrafish and in vivo 2-photon microscopy to examine, at the cellular level, the effects of the behavior-modifying concentration of 1000 μg/L, comparing to low 0.1 μg/L, and control. We ruled out the presence of cerebrovascular and neuronal malformations. However, microglia morphological modifications were visible at the two glyphosate concentrations, specifically the presence of amoeboid cells suggestive of activation. Lastly, RNAseq analysis showed the deregulation of transcript families implicated in neuronal physiology, synaptic transmission, and inflammation, as evaluated at the two selected glyphosate concentrations. In zebrafish larvae, behavioral and neurophysiological defects occur after the exposure to high glyphosate concentrations while cellular and transcript signatures can be detected in response to low dose. The prospective applicability to ecotoxicology and the possible extension to brain-health vulnerability are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute for Functional Genomics (University of Montpellier - UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM), 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Adèle Faucherre
- Molecular mechanisms of regeneration, Institute for Functional Genomics (University of Montpellier - UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM LabEx ICST), 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Julia Byram
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute for Functional Genomics (University of Montpellier - UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM), 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Blaquiere
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute for Functional Genomics (University of Montpellier - UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM), 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Frederic de Bock
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute for Functional Genomics (University of Montpellier - UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM), 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology (Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS), 180 Chemin de tournefeuille, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology (Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS), 180 Chemin de tournefeuille, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Audinat
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute for Functional Genomics (University of Montpellier - UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM), 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Chris Jopling
- Molecular mechanisms of regeneration, Institute for Functional Genomics (University of Montpellier - UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM LabEx ICST), 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute for Functional Genomics (University of Montpellier - UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM), 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier, France.
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Fujita Y, Yamashita T. Alterations in Chromatin Structure and Function in the Microglia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:626541. [PMID: 33553166 PMCID: PMC7858661 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.626541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia exhibit diversity in their morphology, density, electrophysiological properties, and gene expression profiles, and play various roles in neural development and adulthood in both physiological and pathological conditions. Recent transcriptomic analysis using bulk and single-cell RNA-seq has revealed that microglia can shift their gene expression profiles in various contexts, such as developmental stages, aging, and disease progression in the CNS, suggesting that the heterogeneity of microglia may be associated with their distinct functions. Epigenetic changes, including histone modifications and DNA methylation, coordinate gene expression, thereby contributing to the regulation of cellular state. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the epigenetic mechanisms underlying spatiotemporal and functional diversity of microglia that are altered in response to developmental stages and disease conditions. We also discuss how this knowledge may lead to advances in therapeutic approaches for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Microglia-Mediated Neurodegeneration in Perinatal Brain Injuries. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010099. [PMID: 33451166 PMCID: PMC7828679 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain injuries, including encephalopathy related to fetal growth restriction, encephalopathy of prematurity, neonatal encephalopathy of the term neonate, and neonatal stroke, are a major cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. They trigger cellular and molecular cascades that lead in many cases to permanent motor, cognitive, and/or behavioral deficits. Damage includes neuronal degeneration, selective loss of subclasses of interneurons, blocked maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells leading to dysmyelination, axonopathy and very likely synaptopathy, leading to impaired connectivity. The nature and severity of changes vary according to the type and severity of insult and maturation stage of the brain. Microglial activation has been demonstrated almost ubiquitously in perinatal brain injuries and these responses are key cell orchestrators of brain pathology but also attempts at repair. These divergent roles are facilitated by a diverse suite of transcriptional profiles and through a complex dialogue with other brain cell types. Adding to the complexity of understanding microglia and how to modulate them to protect the brain is that these cells have their own developmental stages, enabling them to be key participants in brain building. Of note, not only do microglia help build the brain and respond to brain injury, but they are a key cell in the transduction of systemic inflammation into neuroinflammation. Systemic inflammatory exposure is a key risk factor for poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm born infants. Based on these observations, microglia appear as a key cell target for neuroprotection in perinatal brain injuries. Numerous strategies have been developed experimentally to modulate microglia and attenuate brain injury based on these strong supporting data and we will summarize these.
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48
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Lago-Baldaia I, Fernandes VM, Ackerman SD. More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611269. [PMID: 33381506 PMCID: PMC7767919 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization-neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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49
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Klarić TS, Salopek M, Micek V, Gornik Kljaić O, Lauc G. Post-natal developmental changes in the composition of the rat neocortical N-glycome. Glycobiology 2020; 31:636-648. [PMID: 33242084 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation (N-glycosylation) plays a key role in many neurodevelopmental processes, including neural cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth and axon targeting. However, little is known about the dynamics of N-glycosylation during brain development and, in particular, how the N-glycome of the developing neocortex differs from that of the adult. The aim of this study, therefore, was to perform a thorough characterization of N-glycosylation in both the adult and neonatal rat neocortex in order to gain insights into the types of changes occurring in the N-glycome during neurodevelopment. To this end, we used hydrophilic interaction ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to compare the adult neocortical N-glycome with that of 24- and 48-h neonates. We report that the abundance of complex N-glycans is significantly lower in adults compared with neonates. Furthermore, the proportion of charged complex N-glycans is also greatly reduced. This decrease in the abundance of complex N-glycans is offset by a corresponding increase in the proportion of truncated and, to a lesser extent, hybrid N-glycans. Lastly, we report that although the proportion of oligomannose N-glycans remains constant at around 24%, the distribution of high-mannose subtypes shifts from predominantly large subtypes in neonates to smaller subtypes in the adult. In summary, our findings indicate that N-glycan synthesis in the rat neocortex is fundamentally different in neonates compared with adults with a general shift occurring from large, sialylated N-glycans towards smaller, neutral structures as neonates develop into adults, coupled with a parallel shift towards smaller oligomannose structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Klarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matija Salopek
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Laboratory Animals Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Olga Gornik Kljaić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
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50
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Abstract
BACKGROUND With combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), infants with perinatally acquired HIV (pHIV) are living into adolescence and adulthood. Worldwide, many have not received cART in the first years of life, and challenges of adolescence complicate transition to adulthood. Neurobehavioral outcomes in pHIV young adults (pHIVAd) are infrequently reported. OBJECTIVES To examine neurobehavioral characteristics of pHIVAd ages 21-30 years, and to compare them with age-matched young adults infected in the second or third decade of life (HIVagematch), and older adults with similar duration HIV disease (HIVOA). METHODS A comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and questionnaires to determine cognitive function and mood, and reviews of neuromedical and behavioral records were undertaken in three groups of 13 individuals each. Descriptive analysis and bivariate techniques were used for comparisons. RESULTS Rates of cognitive impairment were highest in pHIVAd (85%) compared with HIVagematch (38%) and HIVOA (62%). pHIVAd had the worst scores in global cognition, speed of information processing, working memory, and verbal fluency (0.5--1.0 SD below other groups). There was a trend for higher rates of psychiatric dysfunction (predominantly mood disorders) in pHIVAd (85%) compared with HIV-agematch (46%) and HIVOA (54%). Only four pHIVAd reported employment or enrollment in school. Four had autoimmune disorders. CONCLUSION These pHIVAd displayed high rates of cognitive, psychiatric, and autoimmune dysfunction, greater than age-matched or HIV duration-matched comparators. Although this small study is largely descriptive in nature, it suggests that a lack of cART in early life may result in long-term neurobehavioral and immune abnormalities manifesting into adulthood.
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