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Green AE, DiMaggio-Potter ME, Butts J, Carosella KA, Reigstad KM, Eberly LE, Cullen KR, Klimes-Dougan B. Parental Emotion Socialization of Sadness as a Correlate for Clinical Improvement: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents with a Range of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024:10.1007/s10802-024-01236-3. [PMID: 39235520 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Engagement in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) often begins in adolescence, and commonly occurs when a person is emotionally dysregulated. Parental emotion socialization (ES) plays a key role in shaping children's emotional expression, experience, and regulation. Longitudinal work is needed to understand how links between parental ES and adolescent clinical outcomes unfold over time. In this longitudinal study (N = 118; all assigned female at birth with a range of NSSI - from none to severe; age 12-17 years, Mage = 14.98 at the first assessment), for the Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2) annual assessments; adolescents reported NSSI and adolescents and parents reported depressive symptoms. Parents (primarily mothers) reported on their supportive and unsupportive ES responses to youth expressions of sadness, anger, and happiness. We examined (1) concurrent relationships across time points, (2) longitudinal models (T1 to T2 change in parental ES and its associated T1 to T2 changes in adolescent clinical outcomes), and (3) prediction models (T1 parental ES predicting changes in adolescent clinical outcomes). Concurrent associations between parental supportive ES responses to sadness and anger were inversely related to adolescent's depressive symptoms and NSSI episodes. Longitudinal analyses showed that increases in unsupportive responses to sadness correspond with increases in depressive symptoms from T1 to T2. The findings underscore the importance of examining how parents respond to their children's emotions. Next steps are to investigate potential mechanisms of risk and consider interventions that enhance adaptive responses of parents to adolescents embroiled in negative emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora E Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 2312 S. 6th St., Floor 2, Suite F-275, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Michaelle E DiMaggio-Potter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 2312 S. 6th St., Floor 2, Suite F-275, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Jessica Butts
- Division of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Katherine A Carosella
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, N218 Elliott Hall, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kristina M Reigstad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 2312 S. 6th St., Floor 2, Suite F-275, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Lynn E Eberly
- Division of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kathryn R Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 2312 S. 6th St., Floor 2, Suite F-275, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Bonnie Klimes-Dougan
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, N218 Elliott Hall, 75 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Zhu D, Miller-Slough RL, Garner PW, Dunsmore JC. Adolescent Peer Relationship Difficulties, Prosociality, and Parental Emotion Socialization: Moderating Roles of Adolescent Gender. J Genet Psychol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39086150 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2024.2386012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The present study examined longitudinal, transactional associations between youth social adjustment (prosociality, peer relationship difficulties) and parental emotion socialization in early adolescence. Adolescent gender was considered as a potential moderator. Eighty-seven adolescent-parent dyads (50 girls, 37 boys) participated in 8th grade, with follow-up waves in 9th and 10th grade. Adolescents reported their experiences of peer victimization and their parents' emotion socialization responses, and parents reported youth prosocial behavior and peer relation problems. Hierarchical linear modeling results indicated transactional associations between parent supportive/unsupportive responses and adolescent peer relations and prosociality over time, some of which were moderated by adolescent gender. Increases in parental supportive emotion socialization corresponded to decreased experiences of peer victimization over time for girls, but not boys. When peer victimization increased over time, girls reported less parental supportive responses and all adolescents reported receiving more unsupportive responses from parents. For all adolescents, parents' increased supportive responses also corresponded to decreased peer problems and increased prosocial behavior. As prosocial behavior increased, so did parental supportive responses. Increases in parents' unsupportive responses related to decreased prosocial behavior, and increases in adolescent prosocial behavior related to decreases in parents' unsupportive responses. Results suggest that there is mutual influence between parent emotion socialization and adolescent social adjustment. Adolescent girls appear to uniquely benefit from parents' supportive emotional socialization in relation to their experiences of peer victimization. Potential mechanisms and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Zhu
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Pamela W Garner
- School of Integrative Studies and Human Development and Family Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Julie C Dunsmore
- Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Hare M, Conroy K, Georgiadis C, Shaw AM. Abbreviated Dialectical Behavior Therapy Virtual Skills Group for Caregivers of Adolescents: An Exploratory Study of Service User and Clinical Outcomes. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-024-01681-7. [PMID: 38530589 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Prior work emphasizes involving caregivers in youth mental health services. To support youth with emotion dysregulation, dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents (DBT-A) includes a multi-family skills group, wherein adolescents and caregivers learn skills together. However, limited work has examined the impact of caregiver involvement within DBT-A. The current study examines outcomes of two caregiver-only DBT-A skills groups adapted for abbreviated telehealth delivery. We report on caregivers' (N = 11, 100% mothers, 55% Hispanic) service user outcomes (e.g. self-efficacy at skill usage, group cohesion, therapeutic alliance) and clinical outcomes (i.e. their own emotion functioning, criticism, responses to their adolescent's negative emotions). Results indicate caregiver-only groups were feasible and acceptable, and suggest preliminary efficacy, including improvements in caregiver emotion functioning, distress during interactions with their adolescents, and adolescent-reported criticism. Caregivers also reported reductions in unsupportive responses with their adolescents. Overall, while we caution interpretation due to a small sample size, findings support the preliminary feasibility and efficacy of modifying caregiver participation in DBT-A to be less time-consuming and administered via telehealth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hare
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Kristina Conroy
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Christopher Georgiadis
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Ashley M Shaw
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005, USA.
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Jones JD, Fraley RC, Stern JA, Lejuez CW, Cassidy J. Developmental trajectories of adolescent internalizing symptoms and parental responses to distress. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38389290 PMCID: PMC11341776 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Parents' responses to their children's negative emotions are a central aspect of emotion socialization that have well-established associations with the development of psychopathology. Yet research is lacking on potential bidirectional associations between parental responses and youth symptoms that may unfold over time. Further, additional research is needed on sociocultural factors that may be related to the trajectories of these constructs. In this study, we examined associations between trajectories of parental responses to negative emotions and adolescent internalizing symptoms and the potential role of youth sex and racial identity. Adolescents and caregivers (N = 256) completed six assessments that spanned adolescent ages 13-18 years. Multivariate growth models revealed that adolescents with higher internalizing symptoms at baseline experienced increasingly non-supportive parental responses over time (punitive and distress responses). By contrast, parental responses did not predict initial levels of or changes in internalizing symptoms. Parents of Black youth reported higher minimization and emotion-focused responses and lower distress responses compared to parents of White youth. We found minimal evidence for sex differences in parental responses. Internalizing symptoms in early adolescence had enduring effects on parental responses to distress, suggesting that adolescents may play an active role in shaping their emotion socialization developmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Jones
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Chris Fraley
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Aitken M, Sagar A, Courtney D, Szatmari P. Development, reach, acceptability and associated clinical changes of a group intervention to improve caregiver-adolescent relationships in the context of adolescent depression. JCPP ADVANCES 2023; 3:e12168. [PMID: 38054062 PMCID: PMC10694543 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescents with depression often experience relationship problems with their caregivers, which predict poorer treatment outcomes. Personalising interventions by targeting factors associated with poor treatment outcomes may enhance the effectiveness of interventions. We report the development and initial evaluation of an intervention designed to target caregiver-adolescent relationship problems in the context of adolescent depression. Methods Following a literature search to identify established caregiver interventions, we developed a new group intervention for caregivers through an iterative process including six rounds of the group with n = 53 caregivers of adolescents age 13-18 in the context of an integrated care pathway for adolescent depression. Caregivers rated their family functioning at the beginning and end of the program and provided anonymous satisfaction ratings. Enrolment and attendance data were examined. Youth with lived experience of depression and their caregivers provided input that was incorporated in the final version of the intervention. Results The final intervention consists of 8 weekly, 1.5 h group sessions, delivered face-to-face, addressing: psychoeducation, the cognitive-behavioural model and caregiving, positive caregiving, listening and validation, expressing emotions effectively, and problem solving. Reach (56%), attendance (M = 63%, SD = 31%), and satisfaction (M = 92%; SD = 7%) supported the feasibility of the program. Caregivers reported significant improvements in family functioning, t(21) = 2.68, p = .014, d z = 0.56 [95% CI 0.11-1.0]. Discussion A group intervention is acceptable to caregivers of adolescents with depression and may be associated with improved family functioning. Further research is needed, including a randomised controlled trial to test effects of the intervention on various dimensions of the caregiver-youth relationship and on youth depression outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Aitken
- Cundill Centre for Child and Youth DepressionCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Ameeta Sagar
- Cundill Centre for Child and Youth DepressionCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Darren Courtney
- Cundill Centre for Child and Youth DepressionCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Cundill Centre for Child and Youth DepressionCentre for Addiction and Mental HealthTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of PsychiatryHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
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Khan MK, Jindal MK. Assessment of the environmental risk factors associated with traumatic dental injuries among WHO index-aged children and adolescents. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2023; 12:396. [PMID: 38333168 PMCID: PMC10852169 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1572_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are becoming a worldwide phenomenon owing to their variable prevalence, and their etiology is considered multifactorial and complex in interactions among various risk factors. These are preventable if risk factors are analyzed and interpreted in all possible scientific manners. The objective of this study was to assess the various environmental risk factors (places of occurrence of TDI) among World Health Organization (WHO) index-aged children and adolescents (12 and 15 years). MATERIAL AND METHODS This was the epidemiological cross-sectional study conducted in Aligarh City, Uttar Pradesh, India, in the year 2018, with a sample size of 1000. Multistage random sampling technique was employed. Study data were collected by doing dental examination and structured interview with self-prepared pro forma in ten randomly selected sampling sites (schools) from different regions of the city. Subsequently, data were entered in an Excel sheet and then analyzed with the Chi-square test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. RESULTS Overall, school (63; 46.7%) was found to be the most prevalent environmental risk factor for TDI followed by home (37; 27.4%), roadside (10; 7.4%), and playground (9; 6.7%). Fifteen (11.1%) affected individuals were not able to recall the place of the TDI incident, while 0.7% (1) had TDI occurrence in other places. Among 12-year index-aged children, home (15; 34.1%) was the most common place of TDI in rural regions, while school (27; 67.5%) was the most frequent place of TDI in urban regions. Among 15-year index-aged adolescents, school (19; 59.4%) was found to be the most common place in rural regions, whereas school (9; 47.4%) was the most frequent place of TDI in urban regions. CONCLUSION Environmental factors, especially school premises, infrastructure, and playing facilities, need to be upgraded and built with an emphasis on a safer environment for children. Teachers, parents, and school children should be educated and made aware of the preventive measures for dental injuries in schools and homes. Appropriate safety gears should be mandatory to use among children and adolescents during outdoor sports and recreational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kamran Khan
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry (Pedodontia), Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Jindal
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry (Pedodontia), Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Cui L, Sun Q, Way N, Waters TEA, Li X, Zhang C, Zhang G, Chen X, Okazaki S, Yoshikawa H. Prospective within-family bidirectional effects between parental emotion socialization practices and Chinese adolescents' psychosocial adjustment. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1956-1967. [PMID: 35957559 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942200061x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that parental emotion socialization (ES) practices play important roles in adolescents' social and emotional development. However, longitudinal studies testing bidirectional effects are relatively scarce. Additionally, most studies have focused on people from Western societies. In the current 3-year, multi-informant, longitudinal study of Chinese adolescents and their parents, we investigated prospective bidirectional effects between parental positive ES practices and adolescents' psychosocial adjustment (i.e., self-esteem and depressive symptoms). Adolescents (N = 710 at T1, 50% boys, Mage = 12.41, SD = 0.59) reported on parental positive ES practices and their own depressive symptoms and self-esteem when they were in 7th, 8th, and 9th grade. Mothers and fathers reported on their own use of positive ES practices at all three time points. We utilized a random intercept cross-lagged panel model to examine between- and within-family effects. Overall results showed robust effects of adolescent depressive symptoms on parental positive ES practices and bidirectional effects between parental ES and adolescent self-esteem. Effects differed by informants whether using adolescent-perceived data, or mother- or father-reported data. However, these child effects and bidirectional effects did not differ by adolescent sex. Our findings add to the understanding of parental ES and adolescent psychosocial adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Cui
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Niobe Way
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Xuan Li
- Division of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Sociology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhen Zhang
- Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyin Chen
- Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sumie Okazaki
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hirokazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Hale ME, Price NN, Borowski SK, Zeman JL. Adolescent emotion regulation trajectories: The influence of parent and friend emotion socialization. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:735-749. [PMID: 36740762 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
With mounting evidence demonstrating the link between child emotion regulation (ER) and emotion socialization, we conducted a longitudinal study to understand (a) emotion-specific trajectories of adolescent ER and (b) how specific parent and friend emotion socialization strategies impact ER over 4 years. Participants were 209 adolescents (52.5% girls; Mage = 12.66 years; 75.7% White) and their parents. Latent growth curve models identified unique trajectories for anger and sadness/worry regulation. Anger regulation increased across time, whereas sadness/worry regulation remained highly stable longitudinally, lacking variance for growth modeling. Friend emotion socialization emerged as a more salient predictor of anger regulation than parent emotion socialization. Friend reward, override, and punish responses predicted initial levels. Friend punish and parent magnify responses predicted the slope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Hale
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Natalee N Price
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah K Borowski
- Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, Bethlehem, USA
| | - Janice L Zeman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
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Zhou HY, Zhu WQ, Xiao WY, Huang YT, Ju K, Zheng H, Yan C. Feeling unloved is the most robust sign of adolescent depression linking to family communication patterns. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2023; 33:418-430. [PMID: 36404680 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using network analysis, this study investigated how family communication patterns (Conversation and Conformity) were related to and predictive of adolescent overall depression severity and specific symptoms. A community sample of adolescents (10-17 years, n = 1327) completed the Children's Depression Inventory and the Revised Family Communication Pattern Instrument. Depressive symptoms were also re-assessed 6 months later. Results showed that Conversation orientation protected against, whereas Conformity orientation increased the risk of adolescent depression. Family communication particularly influenced the child's feeling of being unloved, and feeling unloved was the only symptom prospectively predicted by two communication orientations at baseline. These findings revealed the path linking family factors to adolescent depression and may have implications for future family-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Yi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Ju
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Centre, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE&STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Hill KE, Kujawa A, Humphreys KL. Caregivers' positive emotion socialization tendencies are associated with positive affect in preschool age children. Infant Ment Health J 2023; 44:437-447. [PMID: 36840976 PMCID: PMC10198901 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.22036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Longstanding theories of emotion socialization postulate that caregiver emotional and behavioral reactions to a child's emotions together shape the child's emotion displays over time. Despite the notable importance of positive valence system function, the majority of research on caregiver emotion socialization focuses on negative valence system emotions. In the current project, we leveraged a relatively large cross-sectional study of caregivers (N = 234; 93.59% White) of preschool aged children to investigate whether and to what degree, caregiver (1) emotional experiences, or (2) external behaviors, in the context of preschoolers' positive emotion displays in caregiver-child interactions, are associated with children's general positive affect tendencies. Results indicated that, in the context of everyday caregiver-child interactions, caregiver-reported positively valenced emotions but not approach behaviors were positively associated with child general positive affect tendencies. However, when examining specific caregiver behaviors in response to everyday child positive emotion displays, caregiver report of narrating the child's emotion and joining in the emotion with their child was positively associated with child general positive affect tendencies. Together, these results suggest that in everyday caregiver-child interactions, caregivers' emotional experiences and attunement with the child play a role in shaping preschoolers' overall tendencies toward positive affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin E Hill
- Psychology & Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Psychology & Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathryn L Humphreys
- Psychology & Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Choi MJ, Hong JS, Travis R, Kim J. Effects of school environment on depression among Black and White adolescents. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 51:1181-1200. [PMID: 36493332 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While the school environment is critical for adolescents' psychological development, how the school environment influences depression among different racial groups has not been fully explored. This study aims to identify the effects of the school environment (school connectedness, school climates, trouble with peers and teachers) on depressive symptoms among Black and White adolescents. It also compares how the effects of school environments differ between Black and White adolescents. This study analyzed wave 6 of the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study, a longitudinal birth cohort study in 20 major cities across the United States. Almost three-fourth (73.39%) of the adolescents were Black, and 26.61% were White. About half (50.46%) of the adolescents were females, and the mean age of adolescents was 15.39. Multiple regression analysis showed that higher school connectedness and less frequent troubles with teachers were associated with lower depression among Black adolescents. In contrast, only school connectedness was associated with depression among White adolescents. Higher school connectedness was associated with lower depressive symptoms for both Black and White adolescents. However, the magnitude of the effects of school connectedness was found to be statistically weaker among Black adolescents. These findings suggest a need for creating a racially equitable school environment that makes every student feel more connected to their schools, especially Black students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Choi
- School of Social Work, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Jun Sung Hong
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raphael Travis
- School of Social Work, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Jangmin Kim
- School of Social Work, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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12
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Wang K, Hu Y, He Q, Xu F, Wu YJ, Yang Y, Zhang W. Network analysis links adolescent depression with childhood, peer, and family risk environment factors. J Affect Disord 2023; 330:165-172. [PMID: 36828149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent mental health is influenced by various adverse environmental conditions. However, it remains unclear how these factors jointly affect adolescent depression. This study aimed to use network analysis to assess the associations between different environmental factors and depressive symptoms in adolescents and to identify key pathways between them. METHODS This study included 610 adolescents with depression from inpatient and outpatient units recruited between March 2020 and November 2021. The mean age was 14.86 ± 1.96, with no significant difference between males (n = 155, 15.10 ± 2.19) and females (n = 455, 14.78 ± 1.88). Depressive symptoms were measured using the Children's Depression Inventory, and individual risk environment factors included childhood trauma, social peer and family risk factors. Network features, including network centrality, stability, and bridge centrality, were investigated. RESULTS Anhedonia and self-esteem were found to be more central in depressive symptoms. Insult experiences from the social peer and emotional abuse experience from childhood were more central environmental factors. Childhood trauma experiences were more related to adolescent depressive symptoms compared to family and peer factors. Bridge analyses identified emotional abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect as the main bridges linking environment risk to depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS This was a cross-sectionally designed study, which limited its ability to examine longitudinal dynamic interactions between environmental factors and adolescent depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that childhood trauma experiences might have greater psychological impacts on adolescent depression than family and social peer environments, and should be considered as crucial targets for preventing severe depressive moods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangcheng Wang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China; Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yufei Hu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Qiang He
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Feiyu Xu
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China; School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Yan Jing Wu
- Faculty of Foreign Languages, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shandong Mental Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, China; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China.
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Susanto T, Gunawan J. Family structure and function in relation to adolescent reproductive health in developing countries: A scoping review. Int J Nurs Pract 2023; 29:e13004. [PMID: 34387006 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study purpose was to explore the relationships between family structure and function and adolescent reproductive health in the context of family systems in developing countries. BACKGROUND The structures and functions of family are important elements for adolescent reproductive health. However, few studies discuss their relationships with the reproductive health of adolescents. DESIGN This study employed a scoping review design. DATA SOURCES The search was conducted for literature published from 2010 until 2020 using the electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Science Direct sourcing full-text papers in English. Original research papers that focused on family structures, family functions, and adolescent reproductive health were included. REVIEW METHODS Data extraction and analysis were completed on all retrieved studies. Content analysis was used for data analysis. RESULTS Fifteen articles were included. The nature of the relationship between the family structures and functions on adolescent reproductive health were explained in the categories of (i) family process and life cycle, (ii) family norms and values, (iii) family communication patterns and processes, (iv) family roles and connectedness, and (v) family coaching and guidance. CONCLUSION Findings of this study suggest that the relationships between family functions and structures and adolescent reproductive health were explained in multiple constructs. Further studies are needed to examine those constructs on reproductive health in adolescent in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tantut Susanto
- Department of Community, Family & Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Jember, Jember, Indonesia
| | - Joko Gunawan
- Department of Nursing, Poltekkes Kemenkes Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung, Indonesia
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14
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Yaqoob S, Ishaq MI, Mushtaq M, Raza A. Family or otherwise: Exploring the impact of family motivation on job outcomes in collectivistic society. Front Psychol 2023; 14:889913. [PMID: 36936005 PMCID: PMC10018138 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.889913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The motive of the current research is to determine the influence of family motivation on intent to leave and job performance using self-determination theory. Moreover, this study also explores the moderating role of collectivistic culture and the mediating role of psychological meaningfulness on the relationship between family motivation and work outcomes. The data (N = 175) were collected from paramedical staff working in Pakistani public hospitals, and data was analyzed using PROCESS method. The findings revealed that family motivation enhanced employee job performance and lessened employees' intent to leave. At the same time, family motivation and psychological meaningfulness are stronger in highly collectivistic cultures compared to less collectivist cultures. This study extends the investigation of the newly developed construct of family motivation by focusing on psychological meaningfulness and collectivistic culture. Moreover, this study is the first to introduce psychological meaningfulness as a mediator and collectivistic culture as a moderator for the relationship between family motivation and employee job outcomes. This study provides several critical insights for the hospitals by exploring the importance of family motivation as a potential motivational resource for maintaining high employee job-performance levels and lessening the intent of employees to leave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Yaqoob
- Dr Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ishtiaq Ishaq
- School of Management Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Ishtiaq Ishaq,
| | - Mamoona Mushtaq
- Dr Hasan Murad School of Management, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- School of Management Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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15
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Felton JW, Shadur JM, Havewala M, Cassidy J, Lejuez CW, Chronis-Tuscano A. Specific Pathways from Parental Distress Reactions to Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Youths' Reactions to Negative Life Events. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022; 44:750-762. [PMID: 36189339 PMCID: PMC9523721 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-09954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The current multimethod longitudinal study examines how parents' distress reactions to adolescents' negative emotions may shape youths' own perceptions of negative life events and subsequent increases in depressive symptomology. Ninety adolescents (41 girls, 49 boys, average age = 16.5 years old) and their parents were assessed over three timepoints. We found that greater parent-reported distress reactions to adolescents' emotions predicted subsequent increase in youths' own self-reported negative reactions to stressful experiences over a two-week period, which in turn predicted steeper increases in youth-reported depressive symptoms across this same two-week period. Moreover, youths' negative reactions mediated the relation between parent emotion socialization and increases in adolescent depressive symptoms. These findings support the use of interventions that simultaneously target parent and child distress to prevent the onset of adolescent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia W. Felton
- Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Julia M. Shadur
- School of Integrative Studies (Childhood Studies) and Human Development & Family Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Mazneen Havewala
- Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jude Cassidy
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Carl W. Lejuez
- Office of the Provost and Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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16
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Dippel N, Szota K, Cuijpers P, Christiansen H, Brakemeier EL. Family involvement in psychotherapy for depression in children and adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Psychother 2022; 95:656-679. [PMID: 35289047 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Depressive disorders in children and adolescents have an enormous impact on their general quality of life. There is a clear need to effectively treat depression in this age group. Effects of psychotherapy can be enhanced by involving caregivers. In our systematic review and meta-analysis, we examine for the first time the effects of caregiver involvement in depression-specific interventions for children and adolescents. METHODS We included randomized controlled trials examining the effects of interventions for children and adolescents with depression involving their caregivers or families compared to interventions without including caregivers. Primary outcome was the severity of childhood and adolescent depression. RESULTS Overall, 19 randomized controlled trials could be included (N = 1553) that were highly heterogeneous regarding outcome measures or the extent of caregiver integration. We were able to include k = 17 studies in our meta-analysis and find a small but significant effect for family-involved interventions against active control conditions without family-involvement at post intervention (α = 0.05, d = 0.34; [0.07; 0.60]; p = .01). CONCLUSIONS We detected an overall significant but small effect of family/caregivers' involvement compared to control groups without it. Structured, guideline-based research is urgently needed to identify for which children/adolescents with depression, under what circumstances, and in what form the family should be effectively involved in their psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Dippel
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Pim Cuijpers
- Vrije-University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eva-Lotta Brakemeier
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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17
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Dippel N, In-Albon T, Schneider S, Christiansen H, Brakemeier EL. Investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of a modular treatment program for children and adolescents with depression and interpersonal problems: study protocol of a quasi-experimental pilot feasibility trial (CBASP@YoungAge). Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:145. [PMID: 35821072 PMCID: PMC9275387 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a serious disorder in childhood and adolescence. Affected children and adolescents show significant impairments in various aspects of life. Studies on the effectiveness or efficacy of psychotherapy in depressed children and adolescents are qualitatively very heterogeneous and reveal small effect sizes. There is thus a need to better tailor psychotherapy approaches to these age groups to improve outcomes like parent-child relationship, symptomatology, or quality of life. To address this gap, we designed a modular, individualized treatment program for children and adolescents based on the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) including caregiver involvement. METHOD This quasi-experimental pilot feasibility trial is a phase 1 to phase 2 study investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of CBASP@YoungAge by including an intervention group (CBASP@YoungAge) and a treatment-as-usual control group. The treatment of depressive symptoms as well as interpersonal problems with primary caregivers are the main targets of CBASP@YoungAge. Personalization is ensured concerning the treatment course, caregivers' involvement, and the patient's age. The primary outcome relates to two areas: the feasibility of the CBASP@YoungAge treatment program in an outpatient context and a change in patients' depressive symptomatology from before to after treatment. We conduct a brief process evaluation after each session in the intervention group to closely monitor the treatment process and examine feasibility from the therapists' and patients' perspectives and mechanisms of symptom change. In addition, we consider interpersonal behavior between children and caregivers, parenting behavior, and monitor the global-health-index in children and parents as secondary outcomes. Pre-, post-, and follow-up data are evaluated. DISCUSSION This is the first study of a modular-based intervention program for children and adolescents with depression and a clear focus on the interpersonal problems between the depressed young patient and her/his caregiver. It will provide important knowledge on the feasibility and effectiveness of the program and potential benefits of including caregivers in psychotherapy. Based on this study's results, we plan a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial whose long-term aim is to improve the psychotherapeutic care of young patients with depression while preventing persistent courses of depressive disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS (identifier DRKS00023281 ). Registered 17 November 2020-Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dippel
- Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - T In-Albon
- University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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18
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Breaux R, Lewis J, Cash AR, Shroff DM, Burkhouse KL, Kujawa A. Parent Emotion Socialization and Positive Emotions in Child and Adolescent Clinical Samples: A Systematic Review and Call to Action. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:204-221. [PMID: 35201539 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the emotion socialization behaviors (ESB) literature has focused on community samples and socialization of negative emotions. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that ESB are also critical in setting the foundations for the healthy development of positive emotions, with implications for developmental psychopathology. We conducted a systematic review of research examining parent ESB and youth positive emotions in clinical child and adolescent samples. A literature search was conducted in March 2021, resulting in 563 abstracts being reviewed. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts to identify relevant papers, with 53 articles being reviewed in full. Seven articles (four cross-sectional and correlational, three intervention) were included in the current review, of which one was with an internalizing sample, three were with an externalizing sample, and three were with a neurodevelopmental disorder sample. Results varied regarding the role of parent ESB in youth positive emotions across clinical populations. In correlational studies, minimal evidence was found for the association between parent ESB and youth positive emotions, but across the three intervention studies, there was evidence that both parent ESB and children's positive emotions can be improved through intervention. We present a preliminary model of relations between youth psychopathology, parent ESB, and child positive emotions, with consideration of potential moderators of links between ESB and positive emotions. Finally, we discuss limitations of the existing body of research, and offer specific recommendations for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Breaux
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 460 Turner St. NW, Suite 207, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Jasmine Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 460 Turner St. NW, Suite 207, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Annah R Cash
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 460 Turner St. NW, Suite 207, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Delshad M Shroff
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 460 Turner St. NW, Suite 207, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Katie L Burkhouse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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19
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Li Y, Qu G, Kong H, Ma X, Cao L, Li T, Wang Y. Rumination and "hot" executive function of middle school students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of depression and mindfulness. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:989904. [PMID: 36451769 PMCID: PMC9702809 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of COVID-19 had a widely negative effect on adolescents' academics, stress, and mental health. At a critical period of cortical development, adolescents' cognition levels are highly developed, while the ability of emotion control is not developed at the same pace. Faced with negative emotions such as stress and social loneliness caused by COVID-19, adolescents' "hot" executive function encounters severer emotional regulation challenges than ever before. OBJECTIVE The present study established a moderated mediation model to investigate the impact of rumination on "hot" execution function among Chinese middle school students during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the specific role of depression and mindfulness in the association. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 650 students recruited from a province in central China. The participants completed questionnaires and experiment between July 2021 and August 2021. Rumination Responses Scales, Self-rating Depression Scale, and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale were used to measure the level of rumination, depression, and mindfulness. The reaction time and accuracy of the emotional conflict experiment were recorded to reflect the "hot" executive function. RESULTS The results of the moderated mediation model indicated that rumination of middle school students significantly and positively predicted depression in adolescents (β = 0.26, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the indirect effect of depression on the relationship between rumination and "hot" executive function was significant; depression partially mediated this relationship (word-face congruent condition: β = -0.09, p < 0.01; word-face incongruent condition: β = -0.07, p < 0.05). Furthermore, mindfulness buffered the association between rumination and depression, according to moderated mediation analysis (β = -0.11, p < 0.001). For adolescents with low levels of mindfulness, the relationship was substantially stronger. CONCLUSION In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, middle school students' rumination would lead to depression, which can negatively impact their "hot" executive function. Besides, mindfulness could resist the adverse effect of rumination on depression. The educators should pay more attention to students' mental health, provide targeted strategies that boost mindfulness to promote their cognitive flexibility, and thus protect the normal development of their executive function during crisis events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guiping Qu
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiyan Kong
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Ma
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Cao
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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20
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Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Rudolph J, Kerin J, Bohadana-Brown G. Parent emotional regulation: A meta-analytic review of its association with parenting and child adjustment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/01650254211051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a meta-analytic review of 53 studies published between 2000 and 2020 to quantify associations of parents’ emotion regulation with parenting behavior and children’s emotion regulation and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Twelve meta-analyses, which included between 4 to 22 effect sizes ( N from 345 to 3609), were conducted to summarize associations of parent emotion regulation with positive or negative parenting behaviors and child outcomes of emotion regulation, difficulties in emotion regulation, internalizing symptoms, or externalizing behavior. Given the range of behavioral parent emotion regulation measures used across studies, effect sizes for parent emotion regulation strategy use ( skill) were analyzed separately from effect sizes for parents’ difficulties with emotion regulation. Summary effect sizes ranged from |.08| to |.28| for relations of parent emotion regulation skill with parenting behaviors and children’s adjustment. Summary effect sizes ranged from |.03| to |.42| for relations of parent emotion regulation difficulties with parenting behaviors and children’s adjustment. In general, parents with better emotion regulation skill or fewer difficulties are higher in positive parenting behaviors and have children with better emotion regulation and fewer internalizing symptoms. Evidence was less clear-cut for child externalizing behaviors. Significant effect size heterogeneity was observed in most analyses, and study characteristics (measures, child age, parent gender, sampling, and region where the study was conducted) were examined as moderators. Measures used, child age, and participant risk status moderated effect size in some analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Rudolph
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Kerin
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gal Bohadana-Brown
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Bodner N, Tuerlinckx F, Bosmans G, Ceulemans E. Accounting for auto-dependency in binary dyadic time series data: A comparison of model- and permutation-based approaches for testing pairwise associations. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 74 Suppl 1:86-109. [PMID: 33225445 DOI: 10.1111/bmsp.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many theories have been put forward on how people become synchronized or co-regulate each other in daily interactions. These theories are often tested by observing a dyad and coding the presence of multiple target behaviours in small time intervals. The sequencing and co-occurrence of the partners' behaviours across time are then quantified by means of association measures (e.g., kappa coefficient, Jaccard similarity index, proportion of agreement). We demonstrate that the association values obtained are not easy to interpret, because they depend on the marginal frequencies and the amount of auto-dependency in the data. Moreover, often no inferential framework is available to test the significance of the association. Even if a significance test exists (e.g., kappa coefficient) auto-dependencies are not taken into account, which, as we will show, can seriously inflate the Type I error rate. We compare the effectiveness of a model- and a permutation-based framework for significance testing. Results of two simulation studies show that within both frameworks test variants exist that successfully account for auto-dependency, as the Type I error rate is under control, while power is good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Bodner
- Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francis Tuerlinckx
- Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bosmans
- Clinical Psychology Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Ceulemans
- Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Nowinski CJ, DeWalt DA, Carter AS, Chacko A, Gross HE, Perrin EM, Krug CW, Holl JL, Gershon RC. Recommendations for Assessment of Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Health for the National Children's Study. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:624524. [PMID: 34017804 PMCID: PMC8129017 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.624524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Social Emotional Behavioral (SEB) Team of the National Children's Study (NCS) was tasked with making recommendations for assessment of important aspects of social-emotional health and function in children. This paper describes the constructs recommended for assessment along with the rationale for their assessment. These constructs, representing aspects of Social Relationships, Social Capital, Temperament, Negative Affect, Externalizing Behavior, Social Competence, Self-efficacy, Self-image, Psychological well-being, Ethnic/racial Socialization, Perceived Discrimination, Sexual Orientation, Religiosity, and Perceived Stress and Resilience were identified as being critical to the understanding of children's health and development from birth to age 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy J. Nowinski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Darren A. DeWalt
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alice S. Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anil Chacko
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heather E. Gross
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eliana M. Perrin
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Chelsea Weaver Krug
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jane L. Holl
- Department of Neurology, Center for Healthcare Delivery Science and Innovation, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Richard C. Gershon
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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23
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All in the Family: How Parental Criticism Impacts Depressive Symptoms in Youth. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 50:27-35. [PMID: 33743095 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite a strong connection between family environment and mood symptoms in youth, little research to date has examined potential underlying mechanisms. We propose an etiological model investigating how parenting (i.e., expressed emotion, or EE) affects youth depression by shaping their emotion regulation abilities. Forty-six youth and caregivers participated in this cross-sectional study. Family environment was assessed using the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) and the Levels of Expressed Emotion Scale (LEE). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) were used to assess youth emotion regulation and depressive symptoms, respectively. Analyses demonstrated no significant relationships between type of reporter (i.e., independent rater, parent, youth) of parental EE and criticism. Mediation analyses suggested that youth-reported parental EE predicted greater levels of youth depressive symptoms, and that this association was mediated by emotion regulation. This study has direct clinical implications, elucidating the importance of strengthening positive parent-child communication to support the development of emotion regulation skills and psychological well-being for youth.
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24
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Caring for Adolescents Based on the Wisdom of Indonesian Pandalungan Culture: An Ethnonursing Pilot Study. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 55:e270-e278. [PMID: 32532561 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the caring of families with adolescents based on the local wisdom values in Pandalungan families in the Eastern region of Java Island, Indonesia. DESIGN AND METHOD A pilot study with ethnonursing design was performed to identify the domain of inquiry of Pandalungan local wisdom deeply related to how cultural aspects influence families caring for adolescents. The data collection involved 4 months of participants observation in the community and in-depth interviews with the key informants. Then, focus group discussion was performed until data saturation with 92 informants (consisting of key informants, adolescents, and parents). We used Leininger's four phases of analysis for qualitative data to develop a thematic structure of this study. RESULTS Fourteen patterns generated four themes through the analysis of all data. The local wisdom of Pandalungan was integrated into spiritual value in their family. The spiritual value was used to structure their family lives. Then, local wisdom was internalized to functionalize their family function to care for adolescents. Family structuring and functionalizing based on local wisdom of Pandalungan were used to achieve family life cycle development with adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The local wisdom values were internalized in the family spirituality, structure, function, and task development in Pandalungan families caring of their adolescents children in Indonesia. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS A cross-cultural approach with an emphasis on cultural sensitivity issues can be used to identify the family as a whole system regarding the local wisdom of Indonesia.
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25
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Griffith JM, Crawford CM, Oppenheimer CW, Young JF, Hankin BL. Parenting and Youth Onset of Depression Across Three Years: Examining the Influence of Observed Parenting on Child and Adolescent Depressive Outcomes. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:1969-1980. [PMID: 31111380 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent associations between parenting behaviors and youth depression are well established. A smaller body of work has demonstrated longitudinal associations between aspects of parenting and youth risk for depression; however, this limited longitudinal work has predominantly relied upon self- and parent-report questionnaire measures and is thus affected by biases related to retrospective recall and common method variance. The present study used behavioral observation measures of parenting and clinical interview measures of youth depression to examine prospective relationships between observed parental support, responsiveness, criticism, and conflict and youths' onset of a depressive episode in a 3-year longitudinal design. Participants included 585 community youth age 8-16 (M = 11.92, SD = 2.39, 56.6% female) and a participating caregiver. Parental behavior was coded by trained observers in the context of a 5-min conflict resolution discussion at the baseline assessment. Youth onset of depression was subsequently assessed every 6 months for a period of 3 years using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children (KSADS) to ascertain whether youth experienced onset of depressive episode over the follow-up. Logistic regression analyses indicated that greater parental conflict at baseline predicted higher odds of youth experiencing a depressive onset across the 3-year follow up period, even after controlling for youth and caregiver history of depression at baseline. Findings suggest that parental conflict is particularly influential in youth vulnerability to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne M Griffith
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Christopher M Crawford
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Caroline W Oppenheimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jami F Young
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin L Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
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Itahashi T, Okada N, Ando S, Yamasaki S, Koshiyama D, Morita K, Yahata N, Koike S, Nishida A, Kasai K, Hashimoto RI. Functional connectomes linking child-parent relationships with psychological problems in adolescence. Neuroimage 2020; 219:117013. [PMID: 32504815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The child-parent relationship is a significant factor in an adolescent's well-being and functional outcomes. Epidemiological evidence indicates that relationships with the father and mother are differentially associated with specific psychobehavioral problems that manifest differentially between boys and girls. Neuroimaging is expected to bridge the gap in understanding such a complicated mapping between the child-parent relationships and adolescents' problems. However, possible differences in the effects of child-father and child-mother relationships on sexual dimorphism in children's brains and psychobehavioral problems have not been examined yet. This study used a dataset of 10- to 13-year-old children (N = 93) to reveal the triad of associations among child-parent relationship, brain, and psychobehavioral problems by separately estimating the respective effects of child-father and child-mother relationships on boys and girls. We first fitted general linear models to identify the effects of paternal and maternal relationships in largely different sets of children's resting-state functional connectivity, which we term paternal and maternal functional brain connectomes (FBCs). We then performed connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) to predict children's externalizing and internalizing problems from these parental FBCs. The models significantly predicted a range of girls' internalizing problems, whereas the prediction of boys' aggression was also significant using a more liberal uncorrected threshold. A series of control analyses confirmed that CPMs using FBCs associated with peer relationship or family socioeconomic status failed to make significant predictions of psychobehavioral problems. Lastly, a causal discovery method identified causal paths from daughter-mother relationship to maternal FBC, and then to daughter's internalizing problems. These observations indicate sex-dependent mechanisms linking child-parent relationship, brain, and psychobehavioral problems in the development of early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Itahashi
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syudo Yamasaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koshiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yahata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryu-Ichiro Hashimoto
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Language Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lougheed JP. Parent-Adolescent Dyads as Temporal Interpersonal Emotion Systems. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30:26-40. [PMID: 31424138 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Research on the role of parent-adolescent relationships in psychosocial adjustment needs a conceptual approach that specifies the processes by which development is nested in the relationship. I forward a new approach and emphasize the need to consider the unique elements that individuals bring to the dyadic system. I also emphasize the need to examine processes at multiple time scales. I highlight the complexity of dyadic system dynamics: Biological predispositions set the foundation for the parent-adolescent relationship and the emotion dynamics that emerge during interactions. As the system gets entrained through repeated interactions over longer time scales, real-time dynamics coalesce into psychosocial adjustment, which in turn constrains real-time dynamics. I review the evidence for each of these processes and discuss the implications.
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Waters L, Loton DJ, Grace D, Jacques-Hamilton R, Zyphur MJ. Observing Change Over Time in Strength-Based Parenting and Subjective Wellbeing for Pre-teens and Teens. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2273. [PMID: 31649593 PMCID: PMC6795758 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of this study was on adolescent mental health. More specifically, the relationship between strength-based parenting (SBP) and subjective wellbeing (SWB) during adolescence was examined at three time points over 14 months (N = 202, M age = 12.97, SD age = 0.91, 48% female). SBP was positively related to life satisfaction and positive affect at each of the three time points, and was negatively related to negative affect. SBP and SWB both declined significantly over time. When examining the causal relationships between SBP and SWB, two different statistical models were applied: latent growth-curve models (LGM) and random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM). The LGM revealed a strong positive relationship between changes in SBP and SWB. Specifically, this model showed that SBP at one time point predicted adolescent SWB at future time points. However, when the more stringent statistical test was completed through RI-CLPMs, no cross-lagged paths reached significance. Thus, while parenting is a significant predictor of wellbeing for pre-teens and teens in real time, it is not predictive of wellbeing at future time points. Parents, thus, cannot assume that their current levels of SBP are 'banked' by their children to support future wellbeing. Instead, SBP needs to be an ongoing, contemporary parenting practice. Furthermore, the fact that perceptions of SBP decline in this age bracket suggest that SBP interventions may be helpful in supporting adolescent mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Waters
- Centre for Positive Psychology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Loton
- Centre for Positive Psychology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dawson Grace
- Centre for Positive Psychology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Michael J. Zyphur
- Centre for Positive Psychology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Management and Marketing, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Lin WH, Pan WC, Yi CC. "Happiness in the air?" the effects of air pollution on adolescent happiness. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:795. [PMID: 31226978 PMCID: PMC6588912 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to examine the effect of ambient air pollution at the district level on adolescents’ happiness and their change in happiness over time in a cohort sample from Taiwan. Method A cohort from the Taiwan Youth Project was evaluated. The adolescents (n = 2571) were in the 7th grade (mean age = 14.3 years) when the study was initiated and resided in 40 districts in three cities and counties in northern Taiwan. We examined the effects of the concentration level of air pollution, including PM2.5, PM10, and NO2, at the district level on adolescents’ happiness and their change in happiness over time (7th to 9th grade). Due to the high correlations of the three pollutants, we examined each separately with similar covariates. The analyses were based on both multilevel modeling and latent growth curve modeling. Results Higher concentration levels of each of the three air pollutants measured were associated with adolescent happiness such that a higher level of concentration was related to lower levels of adolescents’ happiness. These results were observed after controlling for important individual- and district-level covariates. However, further analyses did not reveal that the concentration level of air pollution was associated with the change in happiness in the study period (after 3 years). Some sensitivity checks (e.g., adjusting district size) did not change the substantive results. Conclusion Many previous studies have shown the influence of air pollution on physical health and negative emotions, but only a few using adult samples have shown that air pollution is inversely related to positive wellbeing. This study may be the first to examine the effects of air pollution on adolescents’ positive affect. Our results echo recent research on the consequent health burden of air pollution. Given that positive affect has been linked to future adult health, the results of the current study provide empirical grounds for early intervention concerning environmental factors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7119-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsu Lin
- Institute of Health and Welfare Policy, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chi Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chun Yi
- Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Abstract
AbstractEmotion dysregulation is defined as patterns of emotional experience or expression that interfere with goal-directed activity. This paper considers this functionalist definition from a developmental perspective with the goal of elaborating this approach with respect to its central questions. What are the goals that are impeded by emotionally dysregulated responding, and what alternative goals might motivate emotion dysregulation? What are the developmental processes by which these goals take shape, and what are the influences of the family context, and especially of central relationships in the family, in their emergence? How does this functionalist account address the complex interaction of experience and developing biological processes that also influence emotion regulation and dysregulation? Drawing on research literature concerning children at risk for affective psychopathology and considering relevant examples of the interaction of biology and context, this discussion offers a portrayal of emotion dysregulation as a biologically dynamic, experience-based aspect of adaptation to environments and relationships that, in conditions of risk for the emergence of developmental psychopathology, motivates patterns of emotional responding that serve immediate coping often at the cost of long-term maladaptation. Implications for emotions theory and the study of developmental psychopathology are also considered.
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Briscoe C, Stack DM, Dickson DJ, Serbin LA. Maternal Emotion Socialization Mediates the Relationship between Maternal and Adolescent Negative Emotionality. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 48:495-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bodner N, Kuppens P, Allen NB, Sheeber LB, Ceulemans E. Affective family interactions and their associations with adolescent depression: A dynamic network approach. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1459-1473. [PMID: 29151387 PMCID: PMC5960596 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of depression rises steeply during adolescence. Family processes have been identified as one of the important factors that contribute to affect (dys)regulation during adolescence. In this study, we explored the affect expressed by mothers, fathers, and adolescents during a problem-solving interaction and investigated whether the patterns of the affective interactions differed between families with depressed adolescents and families with nondepressed adolescents. A network approach was used to depict the frequencies of different affects, concurrent expressions of affect, and the temporal sequencing of affective behaviors among family members. The findings show that families of depressed adolescents express more anger than families of nondepressed adolescents during the interaction. These expressions of anger co-occur and interact across time more often in families with a depressed adolescent than in other families, creating a more self-sustaining network of angry negative affect in depressed families. Moreover, parents' angry and adolescents' dysphoric affect follow each other more often in depressed families. Taken together, these patterns reveal a particular family dynamic that may contribute to vulnerability to, or maintenance of, adolescent depressive disorders. Our findings underline the importance of studying affective family interactions to understand adolescent depression.
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Sideri S, Marcenes W, Stansfeld SA, Bernabé E. Family environment and traumatic dental injuries in adolescents. Dent Traumatol 2018; 34:438-444. [PMID: 30221822 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS No comprehensive assessment of the influence of the home environment on traumatic dental injuries (TDI) has been conducted to date. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between family environment and TDI among adolescents from East London. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from 646 adolescents who participated in phase III of the Research with East London Adolescents Community Health Survey (RELACHS). Family environment was measured with four indicators (non-nuclear family, discordant parental relationship and levels of parental support and parental punishment) measured through a self-administered questionnaire. Clinical examinations were performed for TDI, overjet and lip coverage. Logistic regression was used to test the crude and adjusted (controlling for sociodemographic and clinical factors) association of each family environment characteristic with TDI prevalence. RESULTS Twenty-nine percent of adolescents were from non-nuclear families, and 52.3% reported a discordant parental relationship. The mean score for parental support was -0.01 (SD: 0.90, range: -0.11 to 0.08), and the mean parental punishment score was 0.03 (SD: 0.86, range: -0.04 to 0.10). Adolescents from non-nuclear families had 1.63 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-2.53) greater odds of having TDI than those from nuclear families. However, this association was fully attenuated after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. The other three indicators of family environment were not associated with TDI either in crude or adjusted regression models. CONCLUSION This study found weak evidence of an association between family environment and TDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sideri
- Dental Public Health, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Wagner Marcenes
- Dental Public Health, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Stephen A Stansfeld
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eduardo Bernabé
- Dental Public Health, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas Hospitals, London, UK
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34
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Nelis S, Bastin M, Raes F, Bijttebier P. How do my parents react when I feel happy? Longitudinal associations with adolescent depressive symptoms, anhedonia, and positive affect regulation. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Nelis
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, School Psychology and Development in Context KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Margot Bastin
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, School Psychology and Development in Context KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, School Psychology and Development in Context KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Patricia Bijttebier
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, School Psychology and Development in Context KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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35
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Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective. Nature 2018; 554:441-450. [PMID: 29469094 DOI: 10.1038/nature25770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the case for investing in adolescence as a period of rapid growth, learning, adaptation, and formational neurobiological development. Adolescence is a dynamic maturational period during which young lives can pivot rapidly-in both negative and positive directions. Scientific progress in understanding adolescent development provides actionable insights into windows of opportunity during which policies can have a positive impact on developmental trajectories relating to health, education, and social and economic success. Given current global changes and challenges that affect adolescents, there is a compelling need to leverage these advances in developmental science to inform strategic investments in adolescent health.
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36
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Schwartz OS, Rowell VJ, Whittle S, Byrne ML, Simmons JG, Sheeber L, McKenzie V, Allen NB. Family meta‐emotion and the onset of major depressive disorder in adolescence: A prospective longitudinal study. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Parent emotion socialization and pre-adolescent's social and emotional adjustment: Moderating effects of autonomic nervous system reactivity. Biol Psychol 2017; 130:67-76. [PMID: 29107798 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether measures of children's autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity to social stress moderated the effect of parent emotion socialization on children's social and emotional adjustment. Sixty-one children (9-13 years) completed a peer rejection task while their respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity (RSA-R) and skin conductance level reactivity (SCL-R) were assessed. Parents' report of supportive and non-supportive reactions to their child's negative emotions served as measures of emotion socialization. Measures of children's social and emotional adjustment included: teacher-rated peer rejection, aggression, and prosocial behavior and parent-rated aggressive/dysregulated behavior and emotion regulation skills. Measures of children's ANS reactivity moderated the effect of parent emotion socialization on children's adjustment. Supportive responses were more protective for children evidencing RSA augmentation whereas non-supportive responses were more detrimental for children evidencing low SCL-R. Thus children's ANS reactivity during social stress may represent a biological vulnerability that influences sensitivity to parent emotion socialization.
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Baiden P, Stewart SL, Fallon B. The mediating effect of depressive symptoms on the relationship between bullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Findings from community and inpatient mental health settings in Ontario, Canada. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:238-247. [PMID: 28587863 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although bullying victimization has been linked to a number of behavioral and emotional problems among adolescents, few studies have investigate the mechanism through which bullying victimization affect non-suicidal self-injury. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of bullying victimization on non-suicidal self-injury and the mediating effect of depressive symptoms on the relationship between bullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents. Data for this study came from the interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health dataset. A total of 1650 adolescents aged 12-18 years (M =14.56; SD =1.79; 54.2% males) were analyzed. Binary logistic and Poisson regression models were conducted to identify the mediating effect of depressive symptoms on the relationship between bullying victimization and non-suicidal self-injury. Of the 1650 adolescents studied, 611 representing 37% engaged in non-suicidal self-injury and 26.7% were victims of bullying. The effect of bullying victimization on non-suicidal self-injury was partially mediated by depressive symptoms after adjusting for the effect of demographic characteristics, history of childhood abuse, social support, and mental health diagnoses. The contribution of bullying victimization and depression to non-suicidal self-injury adds to the case for the development of trauma-focused interventions in reducing the risk of non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Baiden
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1V4.
| | - Shannon L Stewart
- Faculty of Education, Western University, 1137 Western Road, London, ON, Canada N6G 1G7
| | - Barbara Fallon
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1V4
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39
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Emotion socialization and child conduct problems: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 54:65-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Miller-Slough RL, Dunsmore JC, Zeman JL, Sanders WM, Poon JA. Maternal and paternal reactions to child sadness predict children's psychosocial outcomes: A family-centered approach. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Nelson BW, Byrne ML, Sheeber L, Allen NB. Does Context Matter? A Multi-Method Assessment of Affect in Adolescent Depression Across Multiple Affective Interaction Contexts. Clin Psychol Sci 2017; 5:239-258. [PMID: 28670504 DOI: 10.1177/2167702616680061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study utilized a multi-method approach (self-reported affect, observed behavior, and psychophysiology) to investigate differences between clinically depressed and non-depressed adolescents across three different affective interaction contexts with their parents. 152 adolescents (52 males, 14-18 y.o.), and their parents, participated in a laboratory session in which they discussed positive and negative aspects of their relationship, and reminisced on positive and negative memories. We found that across contexts depressed adolescents exhibited higher negative affect and behaviors, lower positive behaviors, and greater autonomic and sympathetic activity. Context specific findings indicated that depressed adolescents 1) exhibited greater persistence of negative affect and dysphoric behavior across the sequence of tasks, whereas these phenomena declined amongst their non-depressed peers, 2) depressed adolescents had greater increases in aggressive behaviors during negative interactions, and 3) depressed adolescents had greater parasympathetic withdrawal during negative interactions, while this response characterized the non-depressed group during positive interactions.
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Gomez-Baya D, Mendoza R, Paino S, Gillham JE. A two-year longitudinal study of gender differences in responses to positive affect and depressive symptoms during middle adolescence. J Adolesc 2017; 56:11-23. [PMID: 28130973 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the prospective associations during adolescence between depressive symptoms and response styles to positive affect and to examine gender differences. A longitudinal study was conducted with three waves separated by 1 year each to assess a non-clinical sample of 622 Spanish adolescents who were 13 and 14 years old (50.2% boys, 49.8% girls). The participants completed self-report measures of depressive symptoms and responses to positive affect (emotion-focused positive rumination, self-focused positive rumination and dampening of positive emotion). The results showed that the increase in depressive symptoms was associated with an increase in dampening and decreases in emotion-focused and self-focused positive rumination. Furthermore, girls presented more depressive symptoms, as well as higher dampening and lower self-focused positive rumination, than boys. The conclusions highlight the need to consider responses to positive affect in explaining gender differences in depressive symptoms during mid-adolescence, as well as in designing prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gomez-Baya
- Psychology Department, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Campus Sevilla, C/ Energía Solar, 1. Building G, 41014, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ramon Mendoza
- Social, Developmental and Educational Psychology Department, Universidad de Huelva, Av. Fuerzas Armadas, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Susana Paino
- Clinical and Experimental Psychology Department, Universidad de Huelva, Av. Fuerzas Armadas, 21007, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jane E Gillham
- Psychology Department, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA, 19081-1397, USA
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Hagen EH, Thornhill R. Testing the psychological pain hypothesis for postnatal depression: Reproductive success versus evidence of design. Evol Med Public Health 2017; 2017:17-23. [PMID: 28073826 PMCID: PMC5224882 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eow032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686-9600, USA;
| | - Randy Thornhill
- Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
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Hagen EH, Rosenström T. Explaining the sex difference in depression with a unified bargaining model of anger and depression. Evol Med Public Health 2016; 2016:117-32. [PMID: 26884416 PMCID: PMC4804352 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eow006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are twice as likely as men to be depressed, a bias that is poorly understood. One evolutionary model proposes that depression is a bargaining strategy to compel reluctant social partners to provide more help in the wake of adversity. An evolutionary model of anger proposes that high upper body strength predisposes individuals to angrily threaten social partners who offer too few benefits or impose too many costs. Here, we propose that when social partners provide too few benefits or impose too many costs, the physically strong become overtly angry and the physically weak become depressed. The sexual dimorphism in upper body strength means that men will be more likely to bargain with anger and physical threats and women with depression. METHODOLOGY We tested this idea using the 2011-12 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a large nationally representative sample of US households that included measures of depression and upper body strength. RESULTS A 2 SD increase in grip strength decreased the odds of depression by more than half ([Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]), which did not appear to be a consequence of confounds with anthropometric, hormonal or socioeconomic variables, but was partially explained by a confound with physical disability. Nevertheless, upper body strength mediated 63% of the effect of sex on depression, but the mediation effect was unexpectedly moderated by age. CONCLUSIONS Low upper body strength is a risk factor for depression, especially in older adults, and the sex difference in body strength appears to explain much of the perplexing sex difference in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Hagen
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Tom Rosenström
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014 (PO Box 9), Finland
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Allen NB, Dahl RE. Multi-Level Models of Internalizing Disorders and Translational Developmental Science: Seeking Etiological Insights that can Inform Early Intervention Strategies. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 43:875-83. [PMID: 25947071 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This commentary discusses the articles in this special section with an emphasis on the specific utility of multivariate, multi-level models in developmental psychopathology for ultimately contributing to both etiologic insights and translational advances. These issues are considered not only in terms of the specific papers, but also within a larger set of questions regarding the opportunities (and challenges) currently facing the field. We describe why we believe this an exciting time for integrative team-science approaches to tackle these challenges--a time that holds great promise for rapid advances in integrative developmental science that includes a biological level of mechanistic understanding. In order to facilitate this, we outline a range of approaches within both translational neuroscience and translational developmental science that can be used as frameworks for understanding how such research can provide etiologic insights regarding real-world targets at the level of social, behavioral, and affective processes that can be modified during key developmental windows of opportunity. We conclude that a "construct validity" framework, where biological data form a critical, but not privileged, component of key etiological mechanisms, combined with a developmental perspective on key period of sensitivity to intervention effects, is most likely to provide significant translational outcomes.
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Developmental Risk Relationships between ADHD and Depressive Disorders in Childhood. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-016-0075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shortt JW, Katz LF, Allen N, Leve C, Davis B, Sheeber L. Emotion socialization in the context of risk and psychopathology: Mother and father socialization of anger and sadness in adolescents with depressive disorder. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 25:27-46. [PMID: 28804218 PMCID: PMC5553564 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined parental emotion socialization processes associated with adolescent unipolar depressive disorder. Adolescent participants (N=107; 42 boys) were selected either to meet criteria for current unipolar depressive disorder or to be psychologically healthy as defined by no lifetime history of psychopathology or mental health treatment and low levels of current depressive symptomatology. A multisource/method measurement strategy was used to assess mothers' and fathers' responses to adolescent sad and angry emotion. Each parent and the adolescents completed questionnaire measures of parental emotion socialization behavior, and participated in meta-emotion interviews and parent-adolescent interactions. As hypothesized, parents of adolescents with depressive disorder engaged in fewer supportive responses and more unsupportive responses overall relative to parents of nondepressed adolescents. Between group differences were more pronounced for families of boys, and for fathers relative to mothers. The findings indicate that parent emotion socialization is associated with adolescent depression and highlight the importance of including fathers in studies of emotion socialization, especially as it relates to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Craig Leve
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon
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PEREIRA ML, FERRAZ MPDT, PEÇANHA DLN, MESQUITA ME, FINAZZI MEP, BORDIN IAS. Family functioning in adolescents with major depressive disorder: A comparative study. ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (CAMPINAS) 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-166x2015000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate family functioning in two groups of adolescents: adolescents with major depressive disorder (cases) and adolescents with no psychiatric disorders (controls). A total of 18 adolescents (13-18 years) and their first-degree relatives (N = 70) were evaluated. Cases and controls were matched for the adolescent's age, gender, level of education, number and age of siblings, parental marital status, and economic condition. A family therapist conducted the Structured Family Interview with each family to evaluate nine family functioning dimensions (communication, rules, roles, leadership, conflict, aggressiveness, affect, individuation, and integration). The interview transcripts were independently rated by two different family therapists blinded to case-control status, i.e., without knowing whether they were evaluating cases or controls. The raters scored all interview items using a standardized coding system (overall agreement = 83.5%), and when compared to the controls, the cases showed lower mean scores in seven dimensions, particularly affect (p = 0.0078). There was no difference between cases and controls regarding the dimensions rules and leadership. Difficulty in expressing affect in parent-child relationship was the main disturbance in the families of depressive adolescents evaluated.
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Maternal and Peer Regulation of Adolescent Emotion: Associations with Depressive Symptoms. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 44:963-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-0084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Regulating sadness and fear from outside and within: mothers' emotion socialization and adolescents' parasympathetic regulation predict the development of internalizing difficulties. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 26:1369-84. [PMID: 25422967 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Multilevel models of developmental psychopathology implicate both characteristics of the individual and their rearing environment in the etiology of internalizing problems and disorders. Maladaptive regulation of fear and sadness, the core of anxiety and depression, arises from the conjoint influences of ineffective parasympathetic regulation of emotion and ineffective emotion socialization experiences. In 171 youths (84 female, M = 13.69 years, SD = 1.84), we measured changes of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in response to sadness- and fear-inducing film clips and maternal supportive and punitive responses to youths' internalizing emotions. Youths and mothers reported on youths' internalizing problems and anxiety and depression symptoms concurrently and 2 years later at Time 2. Maternal supportive emotion socialization predicted fewer, and punitive socialization predicted more, mother-reported internalizing problems at Time 2 only for youths who showed RSA suppression to fear-inducing films. More RSA suppression to sadness-inducing films predicted more youth-reported internalizing problems at Time 2 in girls only. In addition, less supportive emotion socialization predicted more youth-reported depression symptoms at Time 2 only for girls who showed more RSA suppression to sadness. RSA suppression to sadness versus fear might reflect different patterns of atypical parasympathetic regulation of emotional arousal, both of which increase the risk for internalizing difficulties in youths, and especially girls, who lack maternal support for regulating emotions.
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