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Penner-Goeke S, Bothe M, Rek N, Kreitmaier P, Pöhlchen D, Kühnel A, Glaser LV, Kaya E, Krontira AC, Röh S, Czamara D, Ködel M, Monteserin-Garcia J, Diener L, Wölfel B, Sauer S, Rummel C, Riesenberg S, Arloth-Knauer J, Ziller M, Labeur M, Meijsing S, Binder EB. High-throughput screening of glucocorticoid-induced enhancer activity reveals mechanisms of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305773120. [PMID: 38011552 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305773120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressful life events increases the risk for psychiatric disorders. Mechanistic insight into the genetic factors moderating the impact of stress can increase our understanding of disease processes. Here, we test 3,662 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from preselected expression quantitative trait loci in massively parallel reporter assays to identify genetic variants that modulate the activity of regulatory elements sensitive to glucocorticoids, important mediators of the stress response. Of the tested SNP sequences, 547 were located in glucocorticoid-responsive regulatory elements of which 233 showed allele-dependent activity. Transcripts regulated by these functional variants were enriched for those differentially expressed in psychiatric disorders in the postmortem brain. Phenome-wide Mendelian randomization analysis in 4,439 phenotypes revealed potentially causal associations specifically in neurobehavioral traits, including major depression and other psychiatric disorders. Finally, a functional gene score derived from these variants was significantly associated with differences in the physiological stress response, suggesting that these variants may alter disease risk by moderating the individual set point of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Penner-Goeke
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Melissa Bothe
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Nils Rek
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Peter Kreitmaier
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Anne Kühnel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Laura V Glaser
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ezgi Kaya
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Anthi C Krontira
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Simone Röh
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Darina Czamara
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Maik Ködel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Jose Monteserin-Garcia
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Laura Diener
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Barbara Wölfel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Susann Sauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Christine Rummel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Stephan Riesenberg
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Janine Arloth-Knauer
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Michael Ziller
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Marta Labeur
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan Meijsing
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany
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Ruiz-Raya F, Noguera JC, Velando A. Covariation between glucocorticoid levels and receptor expression modulates embryo development and postnatal phenotypes in gulls. Horm Behav 2023; 149:105316. [PMID: 36731260 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis can translate, through glucocorticoid secretion, the prenatal environment to development to produce phenotypes that match prevailing environmental conditions. However, whether developmental plasticity is modulated by the interaction between circulating glucocorticoids and receptor expression remains unclear. Here, we tested whether covariation between plasma corticosterone (CORT) and glucocorticoid receptor gene (Nr3c1) expression in blood underlies embryonic developmental programming in yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis). We examined variations in circulating levels of CORT and the expression and DNA methylation patterns of Nr3c1 in response to two ecologically relevant prenatal factors: adult alarm calls (a cue of predator presence) and changes in prenatal light environment (a cue of competitive disadvantage). We then determined whether embryonic development and postnatal phenotypes were associated with CORT levels and Nr3c1 expression, and explored direct and indirect relationships between the prenatal environment, hormone-receptor covariation, and postnatal phenotypes. Prenatal exposure to alarm calls increased CORT levels and up-regulated Nr3c1 expression in gull chicks, while exposure to light cues reduced both hormone levels and receptor expression. Chicks prenatally exposed to alarm calls showed altered DNA methylation profiles in the Nr3c1 regulatory region, but patterns varied throughout the breeding season and between years. Moreover, our results suggest a negative relationship between DNA methylation and expression in Nr3c1 , at least at specific CpG sites. The interplay between circulating CORT and Nr3c1 expression affected embryo developmental timing and vocalizations, as well as hatchling mass and fitness-relevant behaviours. These findings provide a link between prenatal inputs, glucocorticoid function and phenotypic outcomes, suggesting that hormone-receptor interaction may underlie developmental programming in free-living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ruiz-Raya
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal, Vigo 36310, Spain.
| | - Jose C Noguera
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Alberto Velando
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal, Vigo 36310, Spain
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3
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Cesari V, Vallefuoco A, Agrimi J, Gemignani A, Paolocci N, Menicucci D. Intimate partner violence: psycho-physio-pathological sequelae for defining a holistic enriched treatment. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:943081. [PMID: 36248029 PMCID: PMC9561850 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.943081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a health priority, which worldwide, mainly affects women. The consequences of IPV include several psychophysiological effects. These range from altered levels of hormones and neurotrophins to difficulties in emotion regulation and cognitive impairment. Mounting evidence from preclinical studies has shown that environmental enrichment, a form of sensory-motor, cognitive, and social stimulation, can induce a wide range of neuroplastic processes in the brain which consistently improve recovery from a wide variety of somatic and psychiatric diseases. To support IPV survivors, it is essential to ensure a safe housing environment, which can serve as a foundation for environmental enrichment-based interventions. However, some concerns have been raised when supportive housing interventions focus on the economic aspects of survivors’ lives instead of the emotional ones. We thus propose a holistic intervention in which supportive housing is integrated with evidenced-based psychotherapies which could constitute an enriched therapeutic approach for IPV survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cesari
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vallefuoco
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacopo Agrimi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Clinical Psychology branch, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Danilo Menicucci
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Comitato Unico di Garanzia, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Danilo Menicucci
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Wilson PC, Muto Y, Wu H, Karihaloo A, Waikar SS, Humphreys BD. Multimodal single cell sequencing implicates chromatin accessibility and genetic background in diabetic kidney disease progression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5253. [PMID: 36068241 PMCID: PMC9448792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The proximal tubule is a key regulator of kidney function and glucose metabolism. Diabetic kidney disease leads to proximal tubule injury and changes in chromatin accessibility that modify the activity of transcription factors involved in glucose metabolism and inflammation. Here we use single nucleus RNA and ATAC sequencing to show that diabetic kidney disease leads to reduced accessibility of glucocorticoid receptor binding sites and an injury-associated expression signature in the proximal tubule. We hypothesize that chromatin accessibility is regulated by genetic background and closely-intertwined with metabolic memory, which pre-programs the proximal tubule to respond differently to external stimuli. Glucocorticoid excess has long been known to increase risk for type 2 diabetes, which raises the possibility that glucocorticoid receptor inhibition may mitigate the adverse metabolic effects of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker C Wilson
- Division of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yoshiharu Muto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haojia Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anil Karihaloo
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle Inc, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Nguyen KA, Abrahams N, Jewkes R, Mhlongo S, Seedat S, Myers B, Lombard C, Garcia-Moreno C, Chirwa E, Kengne AP, Peer N. The Associations of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence with Hypertension in South African Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074026. [PMID: 35409715 PMCID: PMC8998257 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study describes associations of intimate partner violence (IPV), non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) and sexual harassment (SH) exposures with hypertension in South African women aged 18–40 years. Baseline data (n = 1742) from the Rape Impact Cohort Evaluation study, including a history of sexual, physical, emotional and economic IPV, NPSV and SH were examined. Hypertension was based on blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or a previous diagnosis. Logistic regressions were adjusted for traditional hypertension risk factors and previous trauma (e.g., recent rape). Hypertension was more prevalent in women with a history of all forms of IPV, NPSV, and SH, all p ≤ 0.001, compared to women without. Frequent NPSV (adjusted odds ratio: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.27–2.67) any SH (2.56; 1.60–4.03), frequent physical (1.44; 1.06–1.95) and emotional IPV (1.45; 1.06–1.98), and greater severity of emotional IPV (1.05; 1.02–1.08) were associated with hypertension. Current depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms and/or alcohol binge-drinking completely or partially mediated these associations. This study shows that exposure to gender-based violence is associated with hypertension in young women. Understanding the role of psychological stress arising from abuse may enable the development of prevention and management strategies for hypertension among women with histories of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Anh Nguyen
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (A.P.K.); (N.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Naeemah Abrahams
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (N.A.); (R.J.); (S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (N.A.); (R.J.); (S.M.); (E.C.)
- Office of the Executive Scientist, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Shibe Mhlongo
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (N.A.); (R.J.); (S.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Soraya Seedat
- SAMRC Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
- Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Carl Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
| | - Claudia Garcia-Moreno
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Esnat Chirwa
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (N.A.); (R.J.); (S.M.); (E.C.)
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (A.P.K.); (N.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nasheeta Peer
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (A.P.K.); (N.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Fan X, Yang G, Kowitz J, Akin I, Zhou X, El-Battrawy I. Takotsubo Syndrome: Translational Implications and Pathomechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041951. [PMID: 35216067 PMCID: PMC8875072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is identified as an acute severe ventricular systolic dysfunction, which is usually characterized by reversible and transient akinesia of walls of the ventricle in the absence of a significant obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients present with chest pain, ST-segment elevation or ischemia signs on ECG and increased troponin, similar to myocardial infarction. Currently, the known mechanisms associated with the development of TTS include elevated levels of circulating plasma catecholamines and their metabolites, coronary microvascular dysfunction, sympathetic hyperexcitability, inflammation, estrogen deficiency, spasm of the epicardial coronary vessels, genetic predisposition and thyroidal dysfunction. However, the real etiologic link remains unclear and seems to be multifactorial. Currently, the elusive pathogenesis of TTS and the lack of optimal treatment leads to the necessity of the application of experimental models or platforms for studying TTS. Excessive catecholamines can cause weakened ventricular wall motion at the apex and increased basal motion due to the apicobasal adrenoceptor gradient. The use of beta-blockers does not seem to impact the outcome of TTS patients, suggesting that signaling other than the beta-adrenoceptor-associated pathway is also involved and that the pathogenesis may be more complex than it was expected. Herein, we review the pathophysiological mechanisms related to TTS; preclinical TTS models and platforms such as animal models, human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) models and their usefulness for TTS studies, including exploring and improving the understanding of the pathomechanism of the disease. This might be helpful to provide novel insights on the exact pathophysiological mechanisms and may offer more information for experimental and clinical research on TTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Fan
- First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (X.F.); (J.K.); (I.A.)
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg-Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;
- Research Unit of Molecular Imaging Probes, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jacqueline Kowitz
- First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (X.F.); (J.K.); (I.A.)
| | - Ibrahim Akin
- First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (X.F.); (J.K.); (I.A.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg-Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (X.F.); (J.K.); (I.A.)
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg-Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (I.E.-B.)
| | - Ibrahim El-Battrawy
- First Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Centre Mannheim (UMM), University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (X.F.); (J.K.); (I.A.)
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, Heidelberg-Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (I.E.-B.)
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Forstenpointner J, Elman I, Freeman R, Borsook D. The Omnipresence of Autonomic Modulation in Health and Disease. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 210:102218. [PMID: 35033599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a critical part of the homeostatic machinery with both central and peripheral components. However, little is known about the integration of these components and their joint role in the maintenance of health and in allostatic derailments leading to somatic and/or neuropsychiatric (co)morbidity. Based on a comprehensive literature search on the ANS neuroanatomy we dissect the complex integration of the ANS: (1) First we summarize Stress and Homeostatic Equilibrium - elucidating the responsivity of the ANS to stressors; (2) Second we describe the overall process of how the ANS is involved in Adaptation and Maladaptation to Stress; (3) In the third section the ANS is hierarchically partitioned into the peripheral/spinal, brainstem, subcortical and cortical components of the nervous system. We utilize this anatomical basis to define a model of autonomic integration. (4) Finally, we deploy the model to describe human ANS involvement in (a) Hypofunctional and (b) Hyperfunctional states providing examples in the healthy state and in clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Forstenpointner
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, SH, Germany.
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roy Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Homeostatic Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1: From Physiology to Clinic. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123441. [PMID: 34943949 PMCID: PMC8699886 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) represent a well-known class of lipophilic steroid hormones biosynthesised, with a circadian rhythm, by the adrenal glands in humans and by the inter-renal tissue in teleost fish (e.g., zebrafish). GCs play a key role in the regulation of numerous physiological processes, including inflammation, glucose, lipid, protein metabolism and stress response. This is achieved through binding to their cognate receptor, GR, which functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor. Due to their potent anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressive action, synthetic GCs are broadly used for treating pathological disorders that are very often linked to hypoxia (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory, allergic, infectious, and autoimmune diseases, among others) as well as to prevent graft rejections and against immune system malignancies. However, due to the presence of adverse effects and GC resistance their therapeutic benefits are limited in patients chronically treated with steroids. For this reason, understanding how to fine-tune GR activity is crucial in the search for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing GC-related side effects and effectively restoring homeostasis. Recent research has uncovered novel mechanisms that inhibit GR function, thereby causing glucocorticoid resistance, and has produced some surprising new findings. In this review we analyse these mechanisms and focus on the crosstalk between GR and HIF signalling. Indeed, its comprehension may provide new routes to develop novel therapeutic targets for effectively treating immune and inflammatory response and to simultaneously facilitate the development of innovative GCs with a better benefits-risk ratio.
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Repression of transcription by the glucocorticoid receptor: A parsimonious model for the genomics era. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100687. [PMID: 33891947 PMCID: PMC8141881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to treat an extraordinary range of human disease, including COVID-19, underscoring the ongoing importance of understanding their molecular mechanisms. Early studies of GR signaling led to broad acceptance of models in which glucocorticoid receptor (GR) monomers tether repressively to inflammatory transcription factors, thus abrogating inflammatory gene expression. However, newer data challenge this core concept and present an exciting opportunity to reframe our understanding of GR signaling. Here, we present an alternate, two-part model for transcriptional repression by glucocorticoids. First, widespread GR-mediated induction of transcription results in rapid, primary repression of inflammatory gene transcription and associated enhancers through competition-based mechanisms. Second, a subset of GR-induced genes, including targets that are regulated in coordination with inflammatory transcription factors such as NF-κB, exerts secondary repressive effects on inflammatory gene expression. Within this framework, emerging data indicate that the gene set regulated through the cooperative convergence of GR and NF-κB signaling is central to the broad clinical effectiveness of glucocorticoids in terminating inflammation and promoting tissue repair.
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Zhang J, Liang Y, Ren L, Zhang T. In vitro Anti-Inflammatory Potency of Sanguinarine and Chelerythrine via Interaction with Glucocorticoid Receptor. EFOOD 2021. [DOI: 10.2991/efood.k.210118.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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11
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Nguyen ET, Berman S, Streicher J, Estrada CM, Caldwell JL, Ghisays V, Ulrich-Lai Y, Solomon MB. Effects of combined glucocorticoid/mineralocorticoid receptor modulation (CORT118335) on energy balance, adiposity, and lipid metabolism in male rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E337-E349. [PMID: 31112405 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00018.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress and excess glucocorticoids are associated with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Glucocorticoids act primarily through mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR), and compounds modulating these receptors show promise in mitigating metabolic and cardiovascular-related phenotypes. CORT118335 (GR/MR modulator) prevents high-fat diet-induced weight gain and adiposity in mice, but the ability of this compound to reverse obesity-related symptoms is unknown. Adult male rats were subcutaneously administered CORT118335 (3, 10, or 30 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily. A 5-day treatment with CORT118335 at 30 mg/kg induced weight loss in rats fed a chow diet by decreasing food intake. However, lower doses of the compound attenuated body weight gain primarily because of decreased calorific efficiency, as there were no significant differences in food intake compared with vehicle. Notably, the body weight effects of CORT118335 persisted during a 2-wk treatment hiatus, suggesting prolonged effects of the compound. To our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate a sustained effect of combined GR/MR modulation on body weight gain. These findings suggest that CORT118335 may have long-lasting effects, likely due to GR/MR-induced transcriptional changes. Prolonged (18 days) treatment of CORT118335 (10 mg/kg) reversed body weight gain and adiposity in animals fed a high-fat diet for 13 wk. Surprisingly, this occurred despite a worsening of the lipid profile and glucose homeostasis as well as a disrupted diurnal corticosterone rhythm, suggesting GR agonistic effects in the periphery. We conclude that species and tissue-specific targeting may result in promising leads for exploiting the metabolically beneficial aspects of GR/MR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sarah Berman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joshua Streicher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christina M Estrada
- Experimental Psychology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jody L Caldwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Valentina Ghisays
- Experimental Psychology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yvonne Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matia B Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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12
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Nelson CM, Lennon VA, Lee H, Krug RG, Kamalova A, Madigan NN, Clark KJ, Windebank AJ, Henley JR. Glucocorticoids Target Ependymal Glia and Inhibit Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:56. [PMID: 31069223 PMCID: PMC6491705 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Following injury, the mammalian spinal cord forms a glial scar and fails to regenerate. In contrast, vertebrate fish spinal cord tissue regenerates significantly to restore function. Cord transection in zebrafish (Danio rerio) initially causes paralysis and neural cell death. Subsequently, ependymal glia proliferate, bipolar glia extend across the lesion, and new neurons are born; axons from spared and nascent neurons extend along trans-lesional glial bridges to restore functional connectivity. Here we report that glucocorticoids, used in the clinical management of spinal cord injury, directly inhibit neural repair by targeting ependymal glia independently of hematogenous cells and microglia. After transecting injury, the glucocorticoid receptor in ependymal glia is regulated differentially in zebrafish (becoming inactive) vs. the rat (becoming active). Glucocorticoid blockade of neural regeneration via a direct effect on ependymal glia has important therapeutic implications for the putative benefit of corticosteroids in early management of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Nelson
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Vanda A Lennon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Han Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Randall G Krug
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aichurok Kamalova
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Karl J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - John R Henley
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, United States
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13
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van Zuiden M, Savas M, Koch SB, Nawijn L, Staufenbiel SM, Frijling JL, Veltman DJ, van Rossum EF, Olff M. Associations Among Hair Cortisol Concentrations, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Status, and Amygdala Reactivity to Negative Affective Stimuli in Female Police Officers. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32:238-248. [PMID: 30883913 PMCID: PMC6593697 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. Measurement of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) allows retrospective assessment of HPA axis regulation over prolonged periods of time. Currently, research investigating HCC in PTSD remains sparse. Previous cross-sectional studies have included only civilian populations, although it is known that trauma type moderates associations between PTSD status and HPA axis function. We investigated differences in HCC between trauma-exposed female police officers with current PTSD (n = 13) and without current and lifetime PTSD (n = 15). To investigate whether HCC was associated with neural correlates of PTSD, we additionally performed exploratory correlational analyses between HCC and amygdala reactivity to negative affective stimuli. We observed significantly lower HCC in participants with PTSD than in participants without PTSD, d = 0.89. Additionally, within participants with PTSD, we observed positive correlations between HCC and right amygdala reactivity to negative affective (vs. happy/neutral) faces, r = .806 (n = 11) and left amygdala reactivity to negative affective (vs. neutral) pictures, r = .663 (n = 10). Additionally, left amygdala reactivity to negative faces was positively correlated with HCC in trauma-exposed controls, r = .582 (n = 13). This indicates that lower HCC is associated with diminished amygdala differentiation between negative affective and neutral stimuli. Thus, we observed lower HCC in trauma-exposed noncivilian women with PTSD compared to those without PTSD, which likely reflects prolonged HPA axis dysregulation. Additionally, HCC was associated with hallmark neurobiological correlates of PTSD, providing additional insights into pathophysiological processes in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam van Zuiden
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Mesut Savas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Saskia B.J. Koch
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University–NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Laura Nawijn
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Sabine M. Staufenbiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Jessie L. Frijling
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Dick J. Veltman
- Department of PsychiatryAmsterdam University Medical Centers–VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F.C. van Rossum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical CenterUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers–Academic Medical CenterUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands,Arq Psychotrauma Expert GroupDiementhe Netherlands
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14
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Viho EMG, Buurstede JC, Mahfouz A, Koorneef LL, van Weert LTCM, Houtman R, Hunt HJ, Kroon J, Meijer OC. Corticosteroid Action in the Brain: The Potential of Selective Receptor Modulation. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:266-276. [PMID: 30884490 PMCID: PMC6878852 DOI: 10.1159/000499659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones have important effects on brain function in the context of acute and chronic stress. Many of these are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). GR has transcriptional activity which is highly context-specific and differs between tissues and even between cell types. The outcome of GR-mediated transcription depends on the interactome of associated coregulators. Selective GR modulators (SGRMs) are a class of GR ligands that can be used to activate only a subset of GR-coregulator interactions, thereby giving the possibility to induce a unique combination of agonistic and antagonistic GR properties. We describe SGRM action in animal models of brain function and pathology, and argue for their utility as molecular filters, to characterize context-specific GR interactome and transcriptional activity that are responsible for particular glucocorticoid-driven effects in cognitive processes such as memory consolidation. The ultimate objective of this approach is to identify molecular processes that are responsible for adaptive and maladaptive effects of glucocorticoids in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M G Viho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus C Buurstede
- Division of Endocrinology, Department Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Delft Bioinformatics Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa L Koorneef
- Division of Endocrinology, Department Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa T C M van Weert
- Division of Endocrinology, Department Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hazel J Hunt
- Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Jan Kroon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,
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15
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Constantino RE, Angosta AD, Reyes AT, Kameg B, Wu L, Cobb J, Hui V, Palompon D, Safadi R, Daibes M, Schlenk E. Is Intimate Partner Violence a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Women? A Review of the Preponderance of the Evidence. Health (London) 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2019.116067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Exploring the binding properties of agonists interacting with glucocorticoid receptor: an in silico approach. J Mol Model 2018; 24:342. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Goyal A, Dey AK, Chaturvedi A, Elnabawi YA, Aberra TM, Chung JH, Belur AD, Groenendyk JW, Lerman JB, Rivers JP, Rodante JA, Harrington CL, Varghese NJ, Sanda GE, Baumer Y, Sorokin AV, Teague HL, Genovese LD, Natarajan B, Joshi AA, Playford MP, Bluemke DA, Chen MY, Alavi A, Pitman RK, Powell-Wiley TM, Tawakol A, Gelfand JM, Mehta NN. Chronic Stress-Related Neural Activity Associates With Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Psoriasis: A Prospective Cohort Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 13:465-477. [PMID: 30448131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study hypothesized that there is an association between chronic stress (as indexed by resting amygdalar activity [AmygA]), hematopoietic system activity (HMPA), and subclinical cardiovascular indexes (aortic vascular inflammation [VI] and noncalcified coronary plaque burden [NCB]) in psoriasis (PSO). The study also hypothesized that treatment of PSO would improve these parameters. BACKGROUND PSO is a stress-related chronic inflammatory condition that is associated with increased prevalence of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). In individuals without PSO, stress has been linked to CVD through a serial biological pathway that involves the amygdala, hematopoietic tissues, and atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS A total of 164 consecutive patients with PSO and 47 healthy volunteers underwent 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans for assessment of AmygA, HMPA, and VI, as well as coronary computed tomography angiography scans for quantifying NCB. Furthermore, a consecutive subset of 30 patients with severe PSO (Psoriasis Area Severity Index Score >10) were followed at 1 year to assess the relationship between skin disease improvement and AmygA, HMPA, VI, and NCB. RESULTS The PSO cohort was middle-aged (mean age: 50 years), had low cardiovascular risk (Framingham risk score: median: 3) and had mild to moderate PSO activity (median Psoriasis Area Severity Index Score: 5.6). AmygA was higher in patients with PSO compared to volunteer participants. AmygA was associated with HMPA (bone marrow activity: β = 0.20, p = 0.01) and subclinical CVD (VI: β = 0.31, p < 0.001; NCB: β = 0.27, p < 0.001) The AmygA-CVD association was in part mediated by HMPA (VI: 20.9%, NCB: 36.7%). Following 1 year of PSO treatment in those with severe disease, improvement in skin disease was accompanied by a reduction in AmygA, bone marrow activity, and VI, with no progression of NCB. CONCLUSIONS In PSO, a chronic inflammatory disease state, AmygA, which is a manifestation of chronic stress, substantially contributes to the risk of subclinical CVD. Additional studies that use psychometric measures of stress are required to explore therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Goyal
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amit K Dey
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Abhishek Chaturvedi
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Youssef A Elnabawi
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tsion M Aberra
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan H Chung
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Agastya D Belur
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jacob W Groenendyk
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph B Lerman
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua P Rivers
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Justin A Rodante
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Charlotte L Harrington
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nevin J Varghese
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory E Sanda
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yvonne Baumer
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexander V Sorokin
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heather L Teague
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Leonard D Genovese
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Balaji Natarajan
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aditya A Joshi
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martin P Playford
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David A Bluemke
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Marcus Y Chen
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Abass Alavi
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Roger K Pitman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tiffany M Powell-Wiley
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joel M Gelfand
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nehal N Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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18
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Menezes PMN, Brito MC, de Paiva GO, Dos Santos CO, de Oliveira LM, de Araújo Ribeiro LA, de Lima JT, Lucchese AM, Silva FS. Relaxant effect of Lippia origanoides essential oil in guinea-pig trachea smooth muscle involves potassium channels and soluble guanylyl cyclase. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 220:16-25. [PMID: 29609011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lippia origanoides H.B.K. is an aromatic species used in folk medicine to treat respiratory diseases, including asthma. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this work was to evaluate the relaxing potential and mechanism of action of the L. origanoides (LOO) essential oil in isolated guinea-pig trachea. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leaves from L. origanoides were collected at experimental fields under organic cultivation, at the Forest Garden of Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS and the volatile constituents were identified. Spasmolytic activity and relaxant mechanism of LOO were assayed in isolated guinea-pig trachea contracted with histamine, carbachol or hyperpolarizing KCl. RESULTS Chemical analysis revealed the presence of carvacrol (53.89%) as major constituent. LOO relaxed isolated guinea-pig trachea pre-contracted with KCl 60 mM [EC50 = 30.02 μg/mL], histamine 1 µM [EC50 = 9.28 μg/mL] or carbachol 1 µM [EC50 = 51.80 μg/mL]. The pre-incubation of glibenclamide, CsCl, propranolol, indomethacin, hexamethonium, aminophylline or L-NAME in histamine-induced contractions did not alter significantly the relaxant effect of LOO. However, the presence of 4-aminopyridine, tetraethylammonium or methylene blue reduced LOO effect, while the presence of dexamethasone or atropine potentialized the LOO relaxant effect. LOO pre-incubation inhibited carbachol-evoked contractions, with this effect potentialized in the presence of sodium nitroprusside and blocked in the presence of ODQ. CONCLUSIONS The relaxant mechanism of LOO on the tracheal smooth muscle possibly involves stimulating of soluble guanylyl cyclase with consequent activation of the voltage-gated and Ca2+-activated K+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Coelho Brito
- Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil.
| | | | | | - Lenaldo Muniz de Oliveira
- Horto Florestal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil.
| | - Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro
- Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais do Semiárido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil; Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil.
| | - Julianeli Tolentino de Lima
- Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais do Semiárido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil; Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil.
| | - Angélica Maria Lucchese
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais e Bioativos, Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Souza Silva
- Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais do Semiárido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil; Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil.
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Abstract
The glucocorticoid hormone cortisol acts throughout the body to support circadian processes and adaptation to stress. The glucocorticoid receptor is the target of cortisol and of synthetic glucocorticoids, which are used widely in the clinic. Both agonism and antagonism of the glucocorticoid receptor may be beneficial in disease, but given the wide expression of the receptor and involvement in various processes, beneficial effects are often accompanied by unwanted side effects. Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators are ligands that induce a receptor conformation that allows activation of only a subset of downstream signaling pathways. Such molecules thereby combine agonistic and antagonistic properties. Here we discuss the mechanisms underlying selective receptor modulation and their promise in treating diseases in several organ systems where cortisol signaling plays a role.
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20
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Liberman AC, Budziñski ML, Sokn C, Gobbini RP, Steininger A, Arzt E. Regulatory and Mechanistic Actions of Glucocorticoids on T and Inflammatory Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:235. [PMID: 29867767 PMCID: PMC5964134 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in regulating the inflammatory and immune response and have been used since decades to treat various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Fine-tuning the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity is instrumental in the search for novel therapeutic strategies aimed to reduce pathological signaling and restoring homeostasis. Despite the primary anti-inflammatory actions of GCs, there are studies suggesting that under certain conditions GCs may also exert pro-inflammatory responses. For these reasons the understanding of the GR basic mechanisms of action on different immune cells in the periphery (e.g., macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and T cells) and in the brain (microglia) contexts, that we review in this chapter, is a continuous matter of interest and may reveal novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of immune and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia L. Budziñski
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Sokn
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Paula Gobbini
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anja Steininger
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Arzt,
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Review on the Biological Mechanisms Associated with Depo-Provera and HIV-1 Risk Acquisition in Women. Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 76:73-82. [PMID: 28577243 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-017-0806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Women constitute more than 50% out of millions of individuals infected with HIV-1, the major causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. About 40% of HIV-1 infections have been reported to initiate in the female reproductive tract. However, the mechanisms through which these infections are spread are poorly understood; hence, there is now a major concern in women who use long acting injectable hormonal contraceptives, particularly Depo-Provera and an increase of HIV-1 risk acquisition. Based on literature, Depo-Provera has an affinity for both the glucocorticoid receptor and the progesterone receptor in the female reproductive tract. Therefore, investigating HIV-1 pathogenesis in the female reproductive tract via the glucocorticoid receptor and the progesterone receptor mechanisms in response to the effect of Depo-Provera is of great importance.
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Glucocorticoid receptor promotes the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by suppressing HIF1α-dependent glycolysis. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:618-629. [PMID: 28287112 PMCID: PMC6079089 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory signaling imposes tight regulations on metabolic programs within immune cells and consequentially determines immune response outcomes. Although the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been recently implicated in regulating the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), whether the dysregulation of GR in MDSCs is involved in immune-mediated hepatic diseases and how GR regulates the function of MDSCs in such a context remains unknown. Here, we revealed the dysregulation of GR expression in MDSCs during innate immunological hepatic injury (IMH) and found that GR regulates the function of MDSCs through modulating HIF1α-dependent glycolysis. Pharmacological modulation of GR by its agonist (dexamethasone, Dex) protects IMH mice against inflammatory injury. Mechanistically, GR signaling suppresses HIF1α and HIF1α-dependent glycolysis in MDSCs and thus promotes the immune suppressive activity of MDSCs. Our studies reveal a role of GR-HIF1α in regulating the metabolism and function of MDSCs and further implicate MDSC GR signaling as a potential therapeutic target in hepatic diseases that are driven by innate immune cell-mediated systemic inflammation.
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Tawakol A, Ishai A, Takx RA, Figueroa AL, Ali A, Kaiser Y, Truong QA, Solomon CJ, Calcagno C, Mani V, Tang CY, Mulder WJ, Murrough JW, Hoffmann U, Nahrendorf M, Shin LM, Fayad ZA, Pitman RK. Relation between resting amygdalar activity and cardiovascular events: a longitudinal and cohort study. Lancet 2017; 389:834-845. [PMID: 28088338 PMCID: PMC7864285 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotional stress is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We imaged the amygdala, a brain region involved in stress, to determine whether its resting metabolic activity predicts risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. METHODS Individuals aged 30 years or older without known cardiovascular disease or active cancer disorders, who underwent 18F-fluorodexoyglucose PET/CT at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA, USA) between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2008, were studied longitudinally. Amygdalar activity, bone-marrow activity, and arterial inflammation were assessed with validated methods. In a separate cross-sectional study we analysed the relation between perceived stress, amygdalar activity, arterial inflammation, and C-reactive protein. Image analyses and cardiovascular disease event adjudication were done by mutually blinded researchers. Relations between amygdalar activity and cardiovascular disease events were assessed with Cox models, log-rank tests, and mediation (path) analyses. FINDINGS 293 patients (median age 55 years [IQR 45·0-65·5]) were included in the longitudinal study, 22 of whom had a cardiovascular disease event during median follow-up of 3·7 years (IQR 2·7-4·8). Amygdalar activity was associated with increased bone-marrow activity (r=0·47; p<0·0001), arterial inflammation (r=0·49; p<0·0001), and risk of cardiovascular disease events (standardised hazard ratio 1·59, 95% CI 1·27-1·98; p<0·0001), a finding that remained significant after multivariate adjustments. The association between amygdalar activity and cardiovascular disease events seemed to be mediated by increased bone-marrow activity and arterial inflammation in series. In the separate cross-sectional study of patients who underwent psychometric analysis (n=13), amygdalar activity was significantly associated with arterial inflammation (r=0·70; p=0·0083). Perceived stress was associated with amygdalar activity (r=0·56; p=0·0485), arterial inflammation (r=0·59; p=0·0345), and C-reactive protein (r=0·83; p=0·0210). INTERPRETATION In this first study to link regional brain activity to subsequent cardiovascular disease, amygdalar activity independently and robustly predicted cardiovascular disease events. Amygdalar activity is involved partly via a path that includes increased bone-marrow activity and arterial inflammation. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism through which emotional stressors can lead to cardiovascular disease in human beings. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawakol
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Amorina Ishai
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Ap Takx
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amparo L Figueroa
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Ali
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yannick Kaiser
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quynh A Truong
- Radiology Department, Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chloe Je Solomon
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Calcagno
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheuk Y Tang
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Willem Jm Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James W Murrough
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Udo Hoffmann
- Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Shin
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger K Pitman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Green MR, McCormick CM. Sex and stress steroids in adolescence: Gonadal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 234:110-6. [PMID: 26851306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stressors. HPA function is influenced by both organizational (programming) and activational effects of gonadal hormones. Typically, in adult rats, estradiol increases and androgens decrease the HPA response to stressors, thereby contributing to sex differences in HPA function, and sensitivity of the HPA axis to gonadal steroids is in part determined by exposure to these hormones in early development. Although developmental differences in HPA function are well characterized, the extent to which gonadal steroids contribute to age differences in HPA function is not well understood. Deficits in the understanding of the relationships between the HPA and HPG axes are greatest for the adolescent period of development. The critical outstanding questions are, when do gonadal hormones begin to regulate HPA function in adolescence, and what mechanisms precipitate change in sensitivity of the HPA axis to the HPG axis at this stage of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Green
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Cheryl M McCormick
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Association of the glucocorticoid receptor D641V variant with steroid-resistant asthma: a case-control study. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2016; 25:289-95. [PMID: 25815773 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several mutations of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene cause malfunction of the protein, resulting in steroid resistance. In diseases other than asthma, the GR variants I559N, D641V, and V729I have been linked to steroid resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the link of these GR variants in steroid-resistant (SR) asthma in the Chinese Han population. METHODS GR polymorphisms were determined in 64 SR asthma patients, 217 steroid-sensitive (SS) asthma patients and 221 healthy control (CTR) individuals. The analysis of the GR variants was performed using PCR-sequence specific primers according to the European Molecular Biology Laboratory database (NC_000005.8). In addition, ligand binding and serum cortisol levels were determined. RESULTS Compared with SS asthma patients and CTRs, a significant lower frequency of the GR D641V variant AA genotype (P=0.003, 0.014, respectively) and the A allele (P=0.001, 0.009, respectively) was found in SR asthma patients. Furthermore, the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of GR ligand binding in SR asthma patients with the GR D641V variant AA genotype was significantly lower compared with the AT or the TT genotype carriers (P=0.006, 0.016, respectively). There was no significant difference between the I559N and V729I GR variants on comparing SR asthma patients with SS asthma patients or CTRs. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the D641V variant of the GR is probably associated with SR asthma in the Chinese Han population.
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Atucha E, Zalachoras I, van den Heuvel JK, van Weert LTCM, Melchers D, Mol IM, Belanoff JK, Houtman R, Hunt H, Roozendaal B, Meijer OC. A Mixed Glucocorticoid/Mineralocorticoid Selective Modulator With Dominant Antagonism in the Male Rat Brain. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4105-14. [PMID: 26305887 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal glucocorticoid hormones are potent modulators of brain function in the context of acute and chronic stress. Both mineralocorticoid (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) can mediate these effects. We studied the brain effects of a novel ligand, C118335, with high affinity for GRs and modest affinity for MRs. In vitro profiling of receptor-coregulator interactions suggested that the compound is a "selective modulator" type compound for GRs that can have both agonistic and antagonistic effects. Its molecular profile for MRs was highly similar to those of the full antagonists spironolactone and eplerenone. C118335 showed predominantly antagonistic effects on hippocampal mRNA regulation of known glucocorticoid target genes. Likewise, systemic administration of C118335 blocked the GR-mediated posttraining corticosterone-induced enhancement of memory consolidation in an inhibitory avoidance task. Posttraining administration of C118335, however, gave a strong and dose-dependent impairment of memory consolidation that, surprisingly, reflected involvement of MRs and not GRs. Finally, C118335 treatment acutely suppressed the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis as measured by plasma corticosterone levels. Mixed GR/MR ligands, such as C118335, can be used to unravel the mechanisms of glucocorticoid signaling. The compound is also a prototype of mixed GR/MR ligands that might alleviate the harmful effects of chronic overexposure to endogenous glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Atucha
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Ioannis Zalachoras
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - José K van den Heuvel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Lisa T C M van Weert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Diana Melchers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Joseph K Belanoff
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - René Houtman
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Hazel Hunt
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience (E.A., L.T.C.M.v.W., B.R.) Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (I.Z., J.K.v.d.H., L.T.C.M.v.W., I.M.M., O.C.M.), Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; PamGene International (D.M., R.H.), 2511 HH Den Bosch, The Netherlands; and Corcept Therapeutics (J.K.B., H.H.), Menlo Park, California 94025
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Lagraauw HM, Kuiper J, Bot I. Acute and chronic psychological stress as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Insights gained from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:18-30. [PMID: 26256574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death worldwide and identification and therapeutic modulation of all its risk factors is necessary to ensure a lower burden on the patient and on society. The physiological response to acute and chronic stress exposure has long been recognized as a potent modulator of immune, endocrine and metabolic pathways, however its direct implications for cardiovascular disease development, progression and as a therapeutic target are not completely understood. More and more attention is given to the bidirectional interaction between psychological and physical health in relation to cardiovascular disease. With atherosclerosis being a chronic disease starting already at an early age the contribution of adverse early life events in affecting adult health risk behavior, health status and disease development is receiving increased attention. In addition, experimental research into the biological pathways involved in stress-induced cardiovascular complications show important roles for metabolic and immunologic maladaptation, resulting in increased disease development and progression. Here we provide a concise overview of human and experimental animal data linking chronic and acute stress to CVD risk and increased progression of the underlying disease atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maxime Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Gerber AN. Glucocorticoids and the Lung. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26215999 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lung is a major clinical target of glucocorticoid-based therapeutics, and GR signaling has broad effects on respiratory physiology and inflammation. During lung development, expression of GR in the mesenchyme is required for normal terminal alveolar epithelial differentiation. Prenatal administration of exogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, however, promotes alveolar maturation and accelerates surfactant expression in a manner consistent with direct effects on the developing alveolar epithelium. Likewise, cell autonomous effects of GCs in regulating gene expression and phenotype of the airway epithelium and airway smooth muscle have been demonstrated to control important therapeutic effects of GCs in treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Here, mechanisms and consequences of GR signaling in the developing lung and in treating obstructive lung disease are reviewed, with a focus on direct effects of GR signaling on alveolar differentiation, surfactant expression, and airway epithelial and smooth muscle pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Gerber
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado, Denver, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K621b, Denver, CO, 80206, USA,
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Hodges TE, McCormick CM. Adolescent and adult male rats habituate to repeated isolation, but only adolescents sensitize to partner unfamiliarity. Horm Behav 2015; 69:16-30. [PMID: 25510393 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether adolescent male rats show less habituation of corticosterone release than adult male rats to acute vs repeated (16) daily one hour episodes of isolation stress, as well as the role of partner familiarity during recovery on social behavior, plasma corticosterone, and Zif268 expression in brain regions. Adolescents spent more time in social contact than did adults during the initial days of the repeated stress procedures, but both adolescents and adults that returned to an unfamiliar peer after isolation had higher social activity than rats returned to a familiar peer (p=0.002) or undisturbed control rats (p<0.001). Both ages showed evidence of habituation, with reduced corticosterone response to repeated than acute isolation (p=0.01). Adolescents, however, showed sensitized corticosterone release to repeated compared with an acute pairing with an unfamiliar peer during recovery (p=0.03), a difference not found in adults. Consistent with habituation of corticosterone release, the repeated isolation groups had lower Zif268 immunoreactive cell counts in the paraventricular nucleus (p<0.001) and in the arcuate nucleus (p=0.002) than did the acute groups, and adolescents had higher Zif268 immunoreactive cell counts in the paraventricular nucleus than did adults during the recovery period (p<0.001), irrespective of stress history and partner familiarity. Partner familiarity had only modest effects on Zif268 immunoreactivity, and experimental effects on plasma testosterone concentrations were only in adults. The results highlight social and endocrine factors that may underlie the greater vulnerability of the adolescent period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheryl M McCormick
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, Canada; Department of Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, Canada.
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HONG HUA, JANG BYEONGCHURL. Prednisone inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of COX-2 in HEI-OC1 murine auditory cells through the inhibition of ERK-1/2, JNK-1 and AP-1 activity. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1640-6. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Govender Y, Avenant C, Verhoog NJD, Ray RM, Grantham NJ, Africander D, Hapgood JP. The injectable-only contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate, unlike norethisterone acetate and progesterone, regulates inflammatory genes in endocervical cells via the glucocorticoid receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96497. [PMID: 24840644 PMCID: PMC4026143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that the injectable contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) increases susceptibility to infections such as HIV-1, unlike the injectable contraceptive norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN). We investigated the differential effects, molecular mechanism of action and steroid receptor involvement in gene expression by MPA as compared to NET and progesterone (P4) in the End1/E6E7 cell line model for the endocervical epithelium, a key point of entry for pathogens in the female genital mucosa. MPA, unlike NET-acetate (NET-A) and P4, increases mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory GILZ and IκBα genes. Similarly, MPA unlike NET-A, decreases mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES genes, and IL-6 and IL-8 protein levels. The predominant steroid receptor expressed in the End1/E6E7 and primary endocervical epithelial cells is the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and GR knockdown experiments show that the anti-inflammatory effects of MPA are mediated by the GR. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation results suggest that MPA, unlike NET-A and P4, represses pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in cervical epithelial cells via a mechanism involving recruitment of the GR to cytokine gene promoters, like the GR agonist dexamethasone. This is at least in part consistent with direct effects on transcription, without a requirement for new protein synthesis. Dose response analysis shows that MPA has a potency of ∼24 nM for transactivation of the anti-inflammatory GILZ gene and ∼4–20 nM for repression of the pro-inflammatory genes, suggesting that these effects are likely to be relevant at injectable contraceptive doses of MPA. These findings suggest that in the context of the genital mucosa, these GR-mediated glucocorticoid-like effects of MPA in cervical epithelial cells are likely to play a critical role in discriminating between the effects on inflammation caused by different progestins and P4 and hence susceptibility to genital infections, given the predominant expression of the GR in primary endocervical epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashini Govender
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Chanel Avenant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Nicolette J. D. Verhoog
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Roslyn M. Ray
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Nicholas J. Grantham
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Donita Africander
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Province, South Africa
| | - Janet P. Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Province, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Scientific Validation of Gentiana kurroo Royle for Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Potential. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2014; 2014:701765. [PMID: 24707440 PMCID: PMC3953469 DOI: 10.1155/2014/701765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gentiana kurroo Royle is a critically endangered medicinal plant species endemic to the northwestern Himalayas. This plant was studied for the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential. Carrageenan paw edema model was used to study the potential of the drug in inflammation in Wistar rats. SRBC specific haemagglutination titre and DTH assays were carried out in Balb/C mice for observing the effect of test drugs on immune system. The plant extracts were found to be active against inflammation. The methanolic fraction was observed to be the most effective in inhibition of paw edema with the inhibitory potential of 47.62%. In immunomodulation studies the plant extracts showed the immunosuppressant activity. Methanolic fraction was observed to have maximum potential for the suppression of both humoral (57.57% and 54.05%) and cell mediated immunity (65.27% and 75%). From these studies, it can be concluded that the extracts of plant are having anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant activity. Since in chronic inflammation like arthritis there is the involvement of immune system, this plant may serve as an alternative for the treatment of autoimmune diseases like arthritis.
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Hapgood JP, Ray RM, Govender Y, Avenant C, Tomasicchio M. Differential glucocorticoid receptor-mediated effects on immunomodulatory gene expression by progestin contraceptives: implications for HIV-1 pathogenesis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:505-12. [PMID: 24547700 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether hormonal contraceptives increase HIV-1 acquisition, transmission and disease progression are critical questions. Clinical research has been hampered by a lack of understanding that different progestins used in contraception exhibit differential off-target effects via steroid receptors other than the progesterone receptor. Of particular, relevance is the relative effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN), widely used as injectable contraceptives in sub-Saharan Africa. While most high-quality clinical studies find no increased risk for HIV-1 acquisition with oral contraception or injectable NET-EN, most do find an increase with MPA, particularly in young women. Furthermore, mounting evidence from animal, ex vivo and biochemical studies are consistent with MPA acting to increase HIV-1 acquisition and pathogenesis, via mechanisms involving glucocorticoid-like effects on gene expression, in particular genes involved in immune function. We report that MPA, unlike NET and progesterone, represses inflammatory genes in human PBMCs in a dose-dependent manner, via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), at concentrations within the physiologically relevant range. These and published results collectively suggest that the differential GR activity of MPA versus NET may be a mechanism whereby MPA, unlike NET or progesterone, differentially modulates HIV-1 acquisition and pathogenesis in target cells where the GR is the predominant steroid receptor expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet P Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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Altonsy MO, Sasse SK, Phang TL, Gerber AN. Context-dependent cooperation between nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and the glucocorticoid receptor at a TNFAIP3 intronic enhancer: a mechanism to maintain negative feedback control of inflammation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8231-9. [PMID: 24500711 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.545178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF expression is elevated in asthma and other inflammatory airway diseases that are commonly treated with glucocorticoid-based therapies, but the impact of glucocorticoids on negative feedback control of TNF is not well understood. We analyzed the effect of dexamethasone, a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, on TNF-regulated gene expression in cultured airway epithelial cells. Although dexamethasone-mediated activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) potently repressed expression of IL1β, IL8, and several other pro-inflammatory TNF targets, the expression of anti-inflammatory TNF targets such as TNFAIP3 (A20) and NFKBIA was selectively spared or augmented by dexamethasone treatment. Despite divergent effects on gene expression, GR and NF-κB occupancy at the TNFAIP3 locus and GR-repressed targets was similar. A co-occupied intronic TNFAIP3 regulatory element mediated cooperative enhancement of transcription by GR and NF-κB that required the presence of a functional GR binding site (GBS). GBS exchanges between reporters for TNFAIP3 and FKBP5, a canonical GR-induced target, revealed substantial latitude in the GBS sequence requirements for GR/NF-κB cooperation, suggesting that the TNFAIP3 GBS acts primarily as a docking site in this context. Supporting this notion, a selective GR ligand with only weak agonist activity for induction of FKBP5 enabled robust GR/NF-κB cooperative induction of a mutant TNFAIP3 reporter harboring the FKBP5 GBS. Taken together, our data support a model in which the expression of anti-inflammatory targets of TNF is maintained during treatment with glucocorticoids through context-dependent cooperation between GR and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O Altonsy
- From the Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206
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Aprile-Garcia F, Antunica-Noguerol M, Budziñski ML, Liberman AC, Arzt E. Novel insights into the neuroendocrine control of inflammation: the role of GR and PARP1. Endocr Connect 2014; 3:R1-R12. [PMID: 24243533 PMCID: PMC3869961 DOI: 10.1530/ec-13-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are elicited after injury, involving release of inflammatory mediators that ultimately lead, at the molecular level, to the activation of specific transcription factors (TFs; mainly activator protein 1 and nuclear factor-κB). These TFs propagate inflammation by inducing the expression of cytokines and chemokines. The neuroendocrine system has a determinant role in the maintenance of homeostasis, to avoid exacerbated inflammatory responses. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the key neuroendocrine regulators of the inflammatory response. In this study, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in the interplay between inflammatory cytokines, the neuroendocrine axis and GCs necessary for the control of inflammation. Targeting and modulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and its activity is a common therapeutic strategy to reduce pathological signaling. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of PAR on target proteins, a post-translational modification termed PARylation. PARP1 has a central role in transcriptional regulation of inflammatory mediators, both in neuroendocrine tumors and in CNS cells. It is also involved in modulation of several nuclear receptors. Therefore, PARP1 and GR share common inflammatory pathways with antagonic roles in the control of inflammatory processes, which are crucial for the effective maintenance of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aprile-Garcia
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - María Antunica-Noguerol
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Maia Ludmila Budziñski
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Ana C Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Partner Institute of the Max Planck SocietyBuenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
- Correspondence should be addressed to E Arzt
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Wieck A, Grassi-Oliveira R, Hartmann do Prado C, Teixeira AL, Bauer ME. Neuroimmunoendocrine interactions in post-traumatic stress disorder: focus on long-term implications of childhood maltreatment. Neuroimmunomodulation 2014; 21:145-51. [PMID: 24557048 DOI: 10.1159/000356552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment has been linked to enhanced vulnerability to psychiatric pathologies in adult life, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous works have reported cogent neuroendocrine and immune changes related to adult traumatic events (war survivors, refugees, etc.), but little information is known regarding the impact of early-life stress (ELS) in adult physiology. Here, we review the neuroendocrine and immunological changes commonly observed in PTSD, focusing on the long-term implications of ELS. Childhood maltreatment may lead to altered glucocorticoid (GC) secretion, resulting in hypo- or hypercortisolemia, and reciprocal changes in peripheral leukocyte sensitivity to GC. It is believed that these neuroendocrine changes are correlated with the immune imbalance phenomenon (low-grade inflammation), characterized by increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and C-reactive protein. Changes in peripheral lymphocyte subsets are also documented, such as a reduction in regulatory T cells and an expansion of activated T cells. The excess of circulating cytokines may thus interfere with key brain neurotransmitter pathways involved in depression and enhanced risk to cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recent gene-environment and epigenetic findings have indicated potential molecular mechanisms linking ELS, neuroendocrine and immunity in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Wieck
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Substituted phenyl as a steroid A-ring mimetic: Providing agonist activity to a class of arylsulfonamide nonsteroidal glucocorticoid ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6645-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Glucocorticoid receptor dimerization is required for proper recovery of LPS-induced inflammation, sickness behavior and metabolism in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1006-17. [PMID: 23089634 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous glucocorticoids are essential for mobilizing energy resources, restraining inflammatory responses and coordinating behavior to an immune challenge. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function has been associated with impaired metabolic processes, enhanced inflammation and exaggerated sickness and depressive-like behaviors. To discern the molecular mechanisms underlying GR regulation of physiologic and behavioral responses to a systemic immune challenge, GR(dim) mice, in which absent GR dimerization leads to impaired GR-DNA-binding-dependent mechanisms but intact GR protein-protein interactions, were administered low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS). GR(dim)-LPS mice exhibited elevated and prolonged levels of plasma corticosterone (CORT), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 (but not plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)), enhanced early expression of brain TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels, and impaired later central TNFα mRNA expression. Exaggerated sickness behavior (lethargy, piloerection, ptosis) in the GR(dim)-LPS mice was associated with increased early brain proinflammatory cytokine expression and late plasma CORT levels, but decreased late brain TNFα expression. GR(dim)-LPS mice also exhibited sustained locomotor impairment in the open field, body weight loss and metabolic alterations measured by indirect calorimetry, as well as impaired thermoregulation. Taken together, these data indicate that GR dimerization-dependent DNA-binding mechanisms differentially regulate systemic and central cytokine expression in a cytokine- and time-specific manner, and are essential for the proper regulation and recovery of multiple physiologic responses to low-dose endotoxin. Moreover, these results support the concept that GR protein-protein interactions are not sufficient for glucocorticoids to exert their full anti-inflammatory effects and suggest that glucocorticoid responses limited to GR monomer-mediated transcriptional effects could predispose individuals to prolonged behavioral and metabolic sequelae of an enhanced inflammatory state.
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Caldwell KK, Goggin SL, Tyler CR, Allan AM. Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with altered subcellular distribution of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the adolescent mouse hippocampal formation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:392-400. [PMID: 23992407 PMCID: PMC3864567 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence indicates that several of the long-term consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) are the result of changes in the development and function of cortico-limbic structures, including the hippocampal formation. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) are key regulators of hippocampal formation development, structure, and functioning and, thus, are potential mediators of PAE’s effects on this brain region. In the present studies, we assessed the impact of PAE on components of corticosteroid signaling pathways in the mouse hippocampal formation. Methods Throughout pregnancy, mouse dams were offered either 10% (w/v) ethanol sweetened with 0.066% (w/v) saccharin (SAC) or 0.066% (w/v) SAC alone using a limited (4-hour) access, drinking-in-the-dark paradigm. The hippocampal formation was isolated from naïve postnatal day 40 to 50 offspring, and subcellular fractions were prepared. Using immunoblotting techniques, we measured the levels of GR, MR, 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1), and the FK506-binding proteins 51 (FKBP51, FKBP5) and 52 (FKBP52, FKBP4). Finally, we determined the effect of PAE on context discrimination, a hippocampal-dependent learning/memory task. Results PAE was associated with reduced MR and elevated GR nuclear localization in the hippocampal formation, whereas cytosolic levels of both receptors were not significantly altered. FKBP51 levels were reduced, while FKBP52 levels were unaltered, and 11β-HSD1 levels were increased in postnuclear fractions isolated from PAE mouse hippocampal formation. These neurochemical alterations were associated with reduced context discrimination. Conclusions The data support a model in which PAE leads to increased nuclear localization of GRs secondary to reductions in FKBP51 and increases in 11β-HSD1 levels in the adolescent mouse hippocampal formation. Persistent dysregulation of GR subcellular distribution is predicted to damage the hippocampal formation and may underlie many of the effects of PAE on hippocampal-dependent functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Caldwell
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Predicting PTSD: pre-existing vulnerabilities in glucocorticoid-signaling and implications for preventive interventions. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 30:12-21. [PMID: 22981834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that may develop in response to a traumatic event. Approximately 10% of trauma-exposed individuals subsequently develop PTSD. It is hypothesized that the development of PTSD is associated with biological vulnerability factors, which are already present prior to the onset of symptoms. In this review we present an overview of currently identified vulnerability factors in the glucocorticoid (GC) signaling pathway for the development of PTSD. In addition, the implications of the identified vulnerability factors for potential preventive intervention strategies, including glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists and oxytocin, are discussed. Summarized, the findings of these studies indicate that individuals vulnerable for development of PTSD have dysregulations on various levels of the GC-signaling cascade: i.e. low levels of circulating levels of cortisol shortly after trauma, high GR number in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), high GILZ mRNA expression and low FKBP5 expression in PBMCs prior to trauma, and high sensitivity of T-cells for regulation by GCs prior to trauma. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GR and FKBP5 genes have been found to be associated with increased risk for PTSD. Collectively, the identified vulnerability factors tentatively suggest that the development of PTSD may be preceded by a high sensitivity of various cells for regulation by GCs. The identification of these vulnerability factors may ultimately aid selective targeting of preventive interventions towards individuals at risk for PTSD. In addition, the identification of these vulnerability factors may eventually result in new preventive pharmacological strategies for PTSD.
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Polman JAE, de Kloet ER, Datson NA. Two populations of glucocorticoid receptor-binding sites in the male rat hippocampal genome. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1832-44. [PMID: 23525215 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, genomic binding sites of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) were identified in vivo in the rat hippocampus applying chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing. We identified 2470 significant GR-binding sites (GBS) and were able to confirm GR binding to a random selection of these GBS covering a wide range of P values. Analysis of the genomic distribution of the significant GBS revealed a high prevalence of intragenic GBS. Gene ontology clusters involved in neuronal plasticity and other essential neuronal processes were overrepresented among the genes harboring a GBS or located in the vicinity of a GBS. Male adrenalectomized rats were challenged with increasing doses of the GR agonist corticosterone (CORT) ranging from 3 to 3000 μg/kg, resulting in clear differences in the GR-binding profile to individual GBS. Two groups of GBS could be distinguished: a low-CORT group that displayed GR binding across the full range of CORT concentrations, and a second high-CORT group that displayed significant GR binding only after administering the highest concentration of CORT. All validated GBS, in both the low-CORT and high-CORT groups, displayed mineralocorticoid receptor binding, which remained relatively constant from 30 μg/kg CORT upward. Motif analysis revealed that almost all GBS contained a glucocorticoid response element resembling the consensus motif in literature. In addition, motifs corresponding with new potential GR-interacting proteins were identified, such as zinc finger and BTB domain containing 3 (Zbtb3) and CUP (CG11181 gene product from transcript CG11181-RB), which may be involved in GR-dependent transactivation and transrepression, respectively. In conclusion, our results highlight the existence of 2 populations of GBS in the rat hippocampal genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Annelies E Polman
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zalachoras I, Houtman R, Meijer OC. Understanding stress-effects in the brain via transcriptional signal transduction pathways. Neuroscience 2013; 242:97-109. [PMID: 23545270 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones exert crucial effects on the brain in relation to physiology, endocrine regulation, mood and cognition. Their two receptor types, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR and MR), are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and act in large measure as transcription factors. The outcome of MR/GR action on the genome depends on interaction with members from different protein families, which are of crucial importance for cross-talk with other neuronal and hormonal signals that impinge on the glucocorticoid sensitive circuitry. Relevant interacting proteins include other transcription factors that may either tether the receptor to the DNA, or that bind in the vicinity of GR and MR to tune the transcriptional response. In addition, transcriptional coregulator proteins constitute the actual signal transduction pathway to the transcription machinery. We review the current evidence for involvement of individual coregulators in GR-dependent effects on stress responses, and learning and memory. We discuss the use of in vitro and in silico tools to predict those coregulators that are of importance for particular brain processes. Finally, we discuss the potential of selective receptor modulators that may only allow a subset of all interactions, thus allowing more selective targeting of glucocorticoid-dependent processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zalachoras
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Robertson S, Hapgood JP, Louw A. Glucocorticoid receptor concentration and the ability to dimerize influence nuclear translocation and distribution. Steroids 2013. [PMID: 23178279 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) concentrations and the ability of the GR to dimerize are factors which influence sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Upon glucocorticoid binding, the GR is actively transported into the nucleus, a crucial step in determining GR function. We examined the effects of GR concentration and the ability to dimerize on GR nuclear import, export and nuclear distribution using both live cell microscopy of GFP-tagged GR and immunofluorescence of untagged GR, with both wild type GR (GRwt) and dimerization deficient GR (GRdim). We found that the observed rate of GR nuclear import increases significantly at higher GR concentrations, at saturating concentrations of dexamethasone (10(-6) M) using GFP-tagged GR, while with untagged GR it is only discernable at sub-saturating ligand concentrations (10(-10)-10(-9) M). Loss of dimerization results in a slower observed rate of nuclear import (2.5- to 3.3-fold decrease for GFP-GRdim) as well as a decreased extent of GR nuclear localization (18-27% decrease for untagged GRdim). These results were linked to an increased rate of GR export at low GR concentrations (1.4- to 1.6-fold increase for untagged GR) and where GR dimerization is abrogated (1.5- to 1.7-fold increase for GFP-GRdim). Furthermore, GR dimerization was shown to be required for the appearance of discrete GC-dependent GR nuclear foci, the loss of which may explain the increased rate of GR export for the GRdim. The reduction in the observed rate of nuclear import and increased rate of nuclear export displayed at low GR concentrations and by the GRdim could explain the lowered glucocorticoid response under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Glucocorticoid sensitivity of leukocytes predicts PTSD, depressive and fatigue symptoms after military deployment: A prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1822-36. [PMID: 22503138 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and severe fatigue may develop in response to severe stress and trauma. These conditions have all been shown to be associated with altered sensitivity of leukocytes for regulation by glucocorticoids (GCs). However, it remains unknown whether sensitivity of leukocytes for GCs is a pre-existing vulnerability factor, or whether GC-sensitivity of leukocytes alters as a consequence of stress and stress-related conditions. Our aim was to investigate whether sensitivity of T-cells and monocytes for regulation by GCs (i.e. dexamethasone: DEX) assessed before military deployment predicts high levels of PTSD, depressive, and/or fatigue symptoms 6 months after return from deployment. METHODS We included 526 male military personnel before deployment to Afghanistan. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict fatigue, depressive, and PTSD symptoms 6 months after deployment based on sensitivity of LPS-induced TNF-α production and PHA-induced T-cell proliferation to DEX-inhibition before deployment. RESULTS Severe fatigue 6 months after deployment was independently associated with low DEX-sensitivity of monocyte TNF-α production before deployment. A high level of depressive symptoms after deployment was independently associated with a low DEX-sensitivity of T-cell proliferation. In contrast, a high level of PTSD symptoms after deployment was independently associated with a high DEX-sensitivity of T-cell proliferation before deployment, but only in individuals who reported PTSD symptoms without depressive symptoms. The predictive value of DEX-sensitivity was independent of childhood trauma and GR number, GR subtype and GR target gene mRNA expression in leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS We present here for the first time that the sensitivity of leukocytes for GCs prior to deployment is a predictive factor for the development of PTSD, depressive and fatigue symptomatology in response to deployment. Notably, PTSD, depressive and fatigue symptoms were differentially associated with GC-sensitivity of monocytes and T-cells and therefore may have different biological underpinnings.
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Polman JAE, Welten JE, Bosch DS, de Jonge RT, Balog J, van der Maarel SM, de Kloet ER, Datson NA. A genome-wide signature of glucocorticoid receptor binding in neuronal PC12 cells. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:118. [PMID: 23031785 PMCID: PMC3519639 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoids, secreted by the adrenals in response to stress, profoundly affect structure and plasticity of neurons. Glucocorticoid action in neurons is mediated by glucocorticoid receptors (GR) that operate as transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression and either bind directly to genomic glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) or indirectly to the genome via interactions with bound transcription factors. These two modes of action, respectively called transactivation and transrepression, result in the regulation of a wide variety of genes important for neuronal function. The objective of the present study was to identify genome-wide glucocorticoid receptor binding sites in neuronal PC12 cells using Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation combined with next generation sequencing (ChIP-Seq). Results In total we identified 1183 genomic binding sites of GR, the majority of which were novel and not identified in other ChIP-Seq studies on GR binding. More than half (58%) of the binding sites contained a GRE. The remaining 42% of the GBS did not harbour a GRE and therefore likely bind GR via an intermediate transcription factor tethering GR to the DNA. While the GRE-containing binding sites were more often located nearby genes involved in general cell functions and processes such as apoptosis, cell motion, protein dimerization activity and vasculature development, the binding sites without a GRE were located nearby genes with a clear role in neuronal processes such as neuron projection morphogenesis, neuron projection regeneration, synaptic transmission and catecholamine biosynthetic process. A closer look at the sequence of the GR binding sites revealed the presence of several motifs for transcription factors that are highly divergent from those previously linked to GR-signaling, including Gabpa, Prrx2, Zfp281, Gata1 and Zbtb3. These transcription factors may represent novel crosstalk partners of GR in a neuronal context. Conclusions Here we present the first genome-wide inventory of GR-binding sites in a neuronal context. These results provide an exciting first global view into neuronal GR targets and the neuron-specific modes of GR action and potentially contributes to our understanding of glucocorticoid action in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Annelies E Polman
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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Silverman MN, Sternberg EM. Glucocorticoid regulation of inflammation and its functional correlates: from HPA axis to glucocorticoid receptor dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1261:55-63. [PMID: 22823394 PMCID: PMC3572859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced susceptibility to inflammatory and autoimmune disease can be related to impairments in HPA axis activity and associated hypocortisolism, or to glucocorticoid resistance resulting from impairments in local factors affecting glucocorticoid availability and function, including the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The enhanced inflammation and hypercortisolism that typically characterize stress-related illnesses, such as depression, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, or osteoporosis, may also be related to increased glucocorticoid resistance. This review focuses on impaired GR function as a molecular mechanism of glucocorticoid resistance. Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to impaired GR function. The evidence that glucocorticoid resistance can be environmentally induced has important implications for management of stress-related inflammatory illnesses and underscores the importance of prevention and management of chronic stress. The simultaneous assessment of neural, endocrine, and immune biomarkers through various noninvasive methods will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni N Silverman
- Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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47
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Ritter HD, Antonova L, Mueller CR. The unliganded glucocorticoid receptor positively regulates the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 through GABP beta. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:558-69. [PMID: 22328717 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0423-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss of BRCA1 tumor suppressor function is a critical event in breast tumorigenesis. We have previously identified the stress hormone hydrocortisone as a negative regulator of BRCA1 expression in nonmalignant mammary cells. Here, we have identified a direct role for the unliganded glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in BRCA1 upregulation in the absence of hydrocortisone. The positive regulatory effect of GR is lost upon the addition of hydrocortisone. We have shown that GR interacts with the BRCA1 promoter only in the absence of hydrocortisone, and that this interaction is mediated through the β-subunit of the ets transcription factor GA-binding protein (GABP) at the RIBS promoter element. GR and GABPβ interact in both coimmunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid assays, and this interaction involves the N-terminal to central regions of both proteins. This work presents the first evidence of a ligand-independent role for GR as a positive regulator of gene expression, and loss of GR from the BRCA1 promoter in response to stress hormones leads to decreased BRCA1 expression. Because low levels of BRCA1 have been implicated in the development of sporadic breast cancer, this may represent a novel mechanism through which prolonged stress signaling increases breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Ritter
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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48
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Winkler R, Benz V, Clemenz M, Bloch M, Foryst-Ludwig A, Wardat S, Witte N, Trappiel M, Namsolleck P, Mai K, Spranger J, Matthias G, Roloff T, Truee O, Kappert K, Schupp M, Matthias P, Kintscher U. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an essential modifier of glucocorticoid-induced hepatic gluconeogenesis. Diabetes 2012; 61:513-23. [PMID: 22210316 PMCID: PMC3266407 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated the importance of histone deacetylase (HDAC)6 for glucocorticoid receptor-mediated effects on glucose metabolism and its potential as a therapeutic target for the prevention of glucocorticoid-induced diabetes. Dexamethasone-induced hepatic glucose output and glucocorticoid receptor translocation were analyzed in wild-type (wt) and HDAC6-deficient (HDAC6KO) mice. The effect of the specific HDAC6 inhibitor tubacin was analyzed in vitro. wt and HDAC6KO mice were subjected to 3 weeks' dexamethasone treatment before analysis of glucose and insulin tolerance. HDAC6KO mice showed impaired dexamethasone-induced hepatic glucocorticoid receptor translocation. Accordingly, dexamethasone-induced expression of a large number of hepatic genes was significantly attenuated in mice lacking HDAC6 and by tubacin in vitro. Glucose output of primary hepatocytes from HDAC6KO mice was diminished. A significant improvement of dexamethasone-induced whole-body glucose intolerance as well as insulin resistance in HDAC6KO mice compared with wt littermates was observed. This study demonstrates that HDAC6 is an essential regulator of hepatic glucocorticoid-stimulated gluconeogenesis and impairment of whole-body glucose metabolism through modification of glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation. Selective pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 may provide a future therapeutic option against the prodiabetogenic actions of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Winkler
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Benz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Clemenz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mandy Bloch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Foryst-Ludwig
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sami Wardat
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Witte
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Trappiel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Namsolleck
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Mai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Matthias
- Friedrich-Miescher-Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tim Roloff
- Friedrich-Miescher-Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Truee
- Friedrich-Miescher-Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kai Kappert
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Matthias
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- Institute of Pharmacology, Charité Medical University, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author: Ulrich Kintscher,
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49
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Montesinos MM, Alamino VA, Mascanfroni ID, Susperreguy S, Gigena N, Masini-Repiso AM, Rabinovich GA, Pellizas CG. Dexamethasone counteracts the immunostimulatory effects of triiodothyronine (T3) on dendritic cells. Steroids 2012; 77:67-76. [PMID: 22056479 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. Several studies have indicated the important role of dendritic cells (DCs), highly specialized antigen-presenting and immunomodulatory cells, in GC-mediated suppression of adaptive immune responses. Recently, we demonstrated that triiodothyronine (T3) has potent immunostimulatory effects on bone marrow-derived mouse DCs through a mechanism involving T3 binding to cytosolic thyroid hormone receptor (TR) β1, rapid and sustained Akt activation and IL-12 production. Here we explored the impact of GCs on T3-mediated DC maturation and function and the intracellular events underlying these effects. Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic GC, potently inhibited T3-induced stimulation of DCs by preventing the augmented expression of maturation markers and the enhanced IL-12 secretion through mechanisms involving the GC receptor. These effects were accompanied by increased IL-10 levels following exposure of T3-conditioned DCs to Dex. Accordingly, Dex inhibited the immunostimulatory capacity of T3-matured DCs on naive T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production while increased IL-10 synthesis by allogeneic T cell cultures. A mechanistic analysis revealed the ability of Dex to dampen T3 responses through modulation of Akt phosphorylation and cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In addition, Dex decreased TRβ1 expression in both immature and T3-maturated DCs through mechanisms involving the GC receptor. Thus GCs, which are increased during the resolution of inflammatory responses, counteract the immunostimulatory effects of T3 on DCs and their ability to polarize adaptive immune responses toward a T helper (Th)-1-type through mechanisms involving, at least in part, NF-κB- and TRβ1-dependent pathways. Our data provide an alternative mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects of GCs with critical implications in immunopathology at the cross-roads of the immune-endocrine circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Montesinos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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50
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Betageri R, Gilmore T, Kuzmich D, Kirrane TM, Bentzien J, Wiedenmayer D, Bekkali Y, Regan J, Berry A, Latli B, Kukulka AJ, Fadra TN, Nelson RM, Goldrick S, Zuvela-Jelaska L, Souza D, Pelletier J, Dinallo R, Panzenbeck M, Torcellini C, Lee H, Pack E, Harcken C, Nabozny G, Thomson DS. Non-steroidal dissociated glucocorticoid agonists: indoles as A-ring mimetics and function-regulating pharmacophores. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6842-51. [PMID: 21963986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a SAR of non-steroidal glucocorticoid mimetics that utilize indoles as A-ring mimetics. Detailed SAR is discussed with a focus on improving PR and MR selectivity, GR agonism, and in vitro dissociation profile. SAR analysis led to compound (R)-33 which showed high PR and MR selectivity, potent agonist activity, and reduced transactivation activity in the MMTV and aromatase assays. The compound is equipotent to prednisolone in the LPS-TNF model of inflammation. In mouse CIA, at 30 mg/kg compound (R)-33 inhibited disease progression with an efficacy similar to the 3 mg/kg dose of prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Betageri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
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