Resveratrol attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of JAK1-STAT3 in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J autistic mice

Amygdalin ameliorates alopecia areata on C3H/HeJ mice by inhibiting inflammation through JAK2/STAT3 pathway

BACKGROUND

Evidence has demonstrated that Chinese medicine formula Xuefu Zhuyu decoction can markedly promote the formation of new hair in patients and mice with alopecia areata (AA). Amygdalin is one of the active components of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction, but its therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms on AA remains largely unrevealed.

PURPOSE

Therefore, this study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects and to probe its molecular mechanisms of inflammation and immune regulation on AA model of C3H/HeJ mice.

STUDY DESIGN

The C3H/HeJ female mice were divided into control, AA, rusolitinib (60 mg/kg), and amygdalin groups (60, 90, and 120 mg/kg, 0.2 ml/10 g, i.g.).

METHODS

The optical microscope was used to observe the feature of the local skin, and the number of lanugo and terminal hair. H&E staining was performed to determine the degree of pathological damage to the skin. ELISA was performed to detect levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in mice serum. Flow cytometry was carried out to analyze the CD4+CD25+FOXP3+, CD4+ and CD8+ of skin tissue. And the levels of CD4+ and CD8+, p-JAK/JAK2, p-STAT3/STAT, and SOCS3 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Western blot and qRT-PCR were employed to examine the expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, JAK2, p-JAK, STAT, p-STAT3 and SOCS3 proteins and genes in skin tissues.

RESULTS

Compared with AA group, amygdalin immensely increased the number of vellus hairs and decreased the number of terminal hairs determined by skin microscopy and H&E staining. ELISA, Western blot and qRT-PCR data showed that the levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in serum and skin tissues of AA mice were significantly increased, while amygdalin administration dramatically restrained the contents of the three pro-inflammatory factors. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry hinted that amygdalin observably enhanced the number of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ and CD4+ cells, while inhibited the number of CD8+ positive cells in mice with AA. Moreover, amygdalin signally reduced JAK2/STAT3 pathway-related protein and gene levels in AA mice.

CONCLUSION

Amygdalin could inhibit inflammatory response and improve immune function in the treatment of AA. The underlying molecular mechanism may be related to inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Effects of association between resveratrol and ketamine on behavioral and biochemical analysis in mice

Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a phenol commonly found in grapes and wine, has been associated as protective in experimental models involving alterations in different neurotransmitter systems. However, studies are reporting that resveratrol could have adverse effects. This study evaluated if the association of a low dose of ketamine and resveratrol could induce behavioral manifestations associated with biochemical alterations. Moreover, the effects of treatment with resveratrol and/or ketamine on monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, oxidative stress markers, and IL-6 levels in the brain were also investigated. Male Swiss mice received a low dose of ketamine (20 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days, and resveratrol (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg) from day 8 up to day 14 of the experimental period, intraperitoneally. Locomotor, stereotyped behavior, Y-maze, novel recognition object test (NORT), and social interaction were quantified as well as ex vivo analysis of MAO activity, IL-6 levels, and oxidative stress markers (TBARS and total thiol levels) in brain tissues. Ketamine per se reduced the number of bouts of stereotyped behavior on day 8 of the experimental period. Resveratrol per se reduced the locomotor and exploratory activity in the open field, the time of exploration of new objects in the NORT, MAO-A activity in the striatum and increased the IL-6 levels in the cortex. These effects were attenuated when the mice were co-treated with ketamine and resveratrol. There was a decrease in MAO-A activity in the cortex of mice treated with ketamine + resveratrol 100 mg/kg. No significant alterations were found in oxidative stress markers. Resveratrol does not appear to cause summative effects with ketamine on behavioral alterations. However, the effect of resveratrol per se, mainly on locomotor and exploratory activity, should be better investigated.

Resveratrol regulates Thoc5 to improve maternal immune activation-induced autism-like behaviors in adult mouse offspring

Maternal infection during pregnancy is an important cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring, and inflammatory infiltration caused by maternal immune activation (MIA) can cause neurodevelopmental disorders in the fetus. Medicine food homologous (MFH) refers to a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) concept, which effectively combines food functions and medicinal effects. However, no previous study has screened, predicted, and validated the potential targets of MFH herbs for treating ASD. Therefore, in this study, we used comprehensive bioinformatics methods to screen and analyze MFH herbs and drug targets on a large scale, and identified resveratrol and Thoc5 as the best small molecular ingredient and drug target, respectively, for the treatment of MIA-induced ASD. Additionally, the results of in vitro experiments revealed that resveratrol increased the expression of Thoc5 and effectively inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory factor production by BV2 cells. Moreover, in vivo, resveratrol increased the expression of Thoc5 and effectively inhibited placental and fetal brain inflammation in MIA pregnancy mice, and improved ASD-like behaviors in offspring.

Natural polyphenols for the management of autism spectrum disorder: a review of efficacy and molecular mechanisms

Natural polyphenols have been found to have some protective effects against neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, which are attributed to a variety of biological properties, particularly antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. Autism spectrum disorder is a complex neurological and neurodevelopmental disorder with no currently effective clinical treatment for its core symptoms. Regarding the management of autism spectrum disorder core symptoms, a number of experimental and clinical studies have been made using well-known dietary polyphenols with different effects and molecular mechanisms. The aim of this paper is to present the most effective natural polyphenols with the relevant molecular mechanisms in preclinical and clinical autism spectrum disorder studies.

Therapeutic potential of stilbenes in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical evidence

Neuropsychiatric disorders are anticipated to be a leading health concern in the near future, emphasizing an outstanding need for the development of new effective therapeutics to treat them. Stilbenes, with resveratrol attracting the most attention, are an example of multi-target compounds with promising therapeutic potential for a broad array of neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions. This review is a comprehensive summary of the current state of research on stilbenes in several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. We describe and discuss the results of both in vitro and in vivo studies. The majority of studies concentrate on resveratrol, with limited findings exploring other stilbenes such as pterostilbene, piceatannol, polydatin, tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside, or synthetic resveratrol derivatives. Overall, although extensive preclinical studies show the potential benefits of stilbenes in various central nervous system disorders, clinical evidence on their therapeutic efficacy is largely missing.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Polyphenols: A Systematic Review

Polyphenols are natural compounds also contained in daily consumed foods that show their efficacy in different clinical fields. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrated that polyphenols may manage neuroinflammation and oxidative stress processes tightly connected to neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders. Thus, a neuroinflammatory state may influence the neurotransmitters pathways, such as the noradrenergic, glutamatergic, serotoninergic, and, in particular, dopaminergic ones, whose impairment is strongly associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, the aim of the present systematic review is to provide an overview of the clinical outcomes' changes following ADHD treatment with polyphenols alone and in combination with the traditional drugs. This review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and recorded on PROSPERO with the number CRD42023438491; PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used as search-engines to lead our research until June 2023. The inclusion criteria were articles written in English, including clinical, placebo-controlled, and case-control trials. We excluded reviews, metanalyses, background articles, and papers published in other languages. To avoid any bias, Rayyan software (COPYRIGHT © 2022 RAYYAN) was used to organize the work and manage the literature review. After screening, 10 studies were included, with a total of 556 patients that met the established inclusion criteria. The data obtained from these studies showed that polyphenols rebalanced oxidative stress pathways through different mechanisms, are effective for the treatment of ADHD both alone and in combination with traditional drugs, and are able to reduce symptoms as well as the side effects related to the use of conventional therapies. Finally, a positive effect of using polyphenols for ADHD prevention could be hypothesized.

Resveratrol attenuates early life stress induced depression in rats: Behavioural and neurochemical evidence

PURPOSE

Maternal deprivation (MD), a severe naturalistic type of stress in the early postnatal days, is a well-established model of early life stress (ELS) that models juvenile adversity and may result in significant depressive disease in adults. In order to analyze the behavioural, brain monoamine level and HPA axis dysregulations caused by ELS and to determine whether Resveratrol (Res) could counteract these effects, Wistar rat pups were subjected to the MD paradigm, which simulated the consequences of depression.

METHODS

The pups on their postnatal day 1-10 were divided in 5 groups (n = 8); nondeprived (ND), maternally deprived (DC), standard fluoxetine (FLX) (5 mg/kg i.p), Res (20, 40 mg/kg i.p). Excluding the ND group, other pups were separated from dam for 3hr/day from day 1 to 10th day. Treatment was initiated from 50th day and was given for 12 days. The behaviour parameters light/dark test, sucrose preference, and resident intruder test were employed. Serum cortisol levels, brain antioxidant activity, monoamine levels and neuronal morphology in the hippocampus were assessed.

RESULTS

The MD rats showed altered behaviour, including more light-dark transitions, less desire for sucrose, and lower attack latencies. MD influenced the release of serum cortisol and interfered with monoamine, antioxidant levels as well as reduced Nissl bodies in the hippocampus. Treatment with Res led to improved behavioural functions also restored monoamine levels, reduced cortisol release, oxidative stress and prevented histopathological alterations in the rat hippocampus.

CONCLUSION

Res showed neuroprotective effects by improving the brain antioxidants and monoamine levels and HPA axis dysregulation and thus improves MD induced depression like behaviour in Wistar rats.

GABAB1 receptor knockdown in prefrontal cortex induces behavioral aberrations associated with autism spectrum disorder in mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by social interaction deficit, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors. Apart from these core symptoms, a great number of individuals with ASD exhibit higher levels of anxiety and memory deficits. Previous studies demonstrate pronounced decrease of γ-aminobutyric acid B1 receptor (GABAB1R) protein level of frontal lobe in both ASD patients and animal models. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of GABAB1R in ASD-related behavioral aberrations. Herein, the protein and mRNA levels of GABAB1R in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of sodium valproic acid (VPA)-induced mouse ASD model were determined by Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis, respectively. Moreover, the behavioral abnormalities in naive mice with GABAB1R knockdown mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) were assessed in a comprehensive test battery consisted of social interaction, marble burying, self-grooming, open-field, Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. Furthermore, the action potential changes induced by GABAB1R deficiency were examined in neurons within the PFC of mouse. The results show that the mRNA and protein levels of GABAB1R in the PFC of prenatal VPA-induced mouse ASD model were decreased. Concomitantly, naive mice with GABAB1R knockdown exhibited ASD-like behaviors, such as impaired social interaction and communication, elevated stereotypes, anxiety and memory deficits. Patch-clamp recordings also revealed that GABAB1R knockdown provoked enhanced neuronal excitability by increasing action potential discharge frequencies. Overall, these findings support a notion that GABAB1R deficiency might contribute to ASD-like phenotypes, with the pathogenesis most likely resulting from enhanced neuronal excitability. SUBHEADINGS: GABAB1 Knockdown Induces Behavioral Aberrations with ASD.

Resveratrol inhibits AhR/Notch axis and reverses Th17/Treg imbalance in purpura by activating Foxp3

Background

Resveratrol has been reported to reverse the imbalance of T helper 17/regulatory T (Th17/Treg) by inhibiting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway to treat immune thrombocytopenia. However, the regulation mechanism of the Notch signaling pathway by resveratrol has not been reported in purpura. This study is aimed to explore the mechanism of resveratrol ultrafine nanoemulsion (Res-mNE) in immune thrombocytopenia.

Methods

The immune thrombocytopenia mouse model was constructed to explore the effect of RES-mNE on immune thrombocytopenia. Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+) T cells were isolated and treated with different medications. CD4+ T cells were induced to differentiate into Th17 cells and Treg cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of Th17 cells and Treg cells. The secretion was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels.

Results

Th17 cells, IL-17A and IL-22 increased in the immune thrombocytopenia mouse model, and the Treg cells and IL-10 decreased. Res-mNE promoted Treg cell differentiation and IL-10 secretion in CD4+ T cells while inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17A and IL-22 levels. The AhR activator 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) reversed the effect of Res-mNE. Notch inhibitors reduced the ratio of Th17/Treg differentiation. Res-mNE activated the expression of Foxp3 by mediating AhR/Notch signaling to reverse the imbalance of Th17/Treg differentiation in immune thrombocytopenia.

Conclusion

Taken together, our findings demonstrated that RES-mNE inhibited the AhR/Notch axis and reversed Th17/Treg imbalance by activating Foxp3.

Exercise preconditioning attenuates cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis, Th17/Treg imbalance, and inflammation in rats by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway

BACKGROUND

Exercise preconditioning (EP) is essential for preventing ischemic stroke. Recent studies have shown that EP exerts neuroprotective effects in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Nonetheless, there have been few reports on the relationship between EP and the Th17/Treg balance. Moreover, it is unclear whether the JAK2/STAT3 pathway is responsible for the neuroprotective effect of EP. Therefore, we aimed to explore the impact of EP, other than the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic functions, on the Th17/Treg balance via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced model.

RESULTS

Fifty rats were randomly allocated into five groups, including the sham group (n = 10), EP+sham group (n = 10), MCAO group (n = 10), EP+MCAO group (n = 10), and EP+MCAO+JAK2/STAT3 pathway agonist (coumermycin A1, CA1) group (n = 10). The results indicated that EP alleviated neurological deficits, reduced infarct volume, and ameliorated neuronal apoptosis induced by MCAO. Additionally, the MCAO-induced Th17/Treg imbalance could be rectified by EP. The decreased levels of IL-10 and Foxp3 and increased IL-17 and RORα in the MCAO group were reversed by EP treatment. Regarding inflammation, EP reduced the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-17 and elevated those of IL-10 and TGF-β. The neuroprotective effects of EP were accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3. Furthermore, CA1 pretreatment diminished all the beneficial effects of EP partially.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that EP contributes to attenuating neuronal apoptosis, Th17/Treg imbalance, and inflammation induced by MCAO via inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, indicating its therapeutic potential in ischemic stroke.

The pivotal role of JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanistic approaches to polyphenols and alkaloids

BACKGROUND

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunctionality which results in disability and human life-threatening events. In recent decades, NDDs are on the rise. Besides, conventional drugs have not shown potential effectiveness to attenuate the complications of NDDs. So, exploring novel therapeutic agents is an urgent need to combat such disorders. Accordingly, growing evidence indicates that polyphenols and alkaloids are promising natural candidates, possessing several beneficial pharmacological effects against diseases. Considering the complex pathophysiological mechanisms behind NDDs, Janus kinase (JAK), insulin receptor substrate (IRS), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) seem to play critical roles during neurodegeneration/neuroregeneration. In this line, modulation of the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways and their interconnected mediators by polyphenols/alkaloids could play pivotal roles in combating NDDs, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), stroke, aging, multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), depression and other neurological disorders.

PURPOSE

Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective roles of polyphenols/alkaloids as multi-target natural products against NDDs which are critically passing through the modulation of the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A systematic and comprehensive review was performed to highlight the modulatory roles of polyphenols and alkaloids on the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways in NDDs, according to the PRISMA guideline, using scholarly electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and associated reference lists.

RESULTS

In the present study 141 articles were included from a total of 1267 results. The results showed that phenolic compounds such as curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and quercetin, and alkaloids such as berberine could be introduced as new strategies in combating NDDs through JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways. This is the first systematic review that reveals the correlation between the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K axis which is targeted by phytochemicals in NDDs. Hence, this review highlighted promising insights into the neuroprotective potential of polyphenols and alkaloids through the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathway and interconnected mediators toward neuroprotection.

CONCLUSION

Amongst natural products, phenolic compounds and alkaloids are multi-targeting agents with the most antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects possessing the potential of combating NDDs with high efficacy and lower toxicity. However, additional reports are needed to prove the efficacy and possible side effects of natural products.

Icariin alleviates autistic-like behavior, hippocampal inflammation and vGlut1 expression in adult BTBR mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated, heterogeneous disorder characterized by social interaction deficits and repetitive stereotypical behaviors. Neuroinflammation and synaptic protein dysregulation have been implicated in ASD pathogenesis. Icariin (ICA) has proven to exert neuroprotective function through anti-inflammatory function. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the effects of ICA treatment on autism-like behavioral deficits in BTBR mice and whether these changes were related to modifications in the hippocampal inflammation and the balance of excitatory/inhibitory synapses. ICA supplementation (80 mg/kg, once daily for ten days, i.g.) ameliorated social deficits, repetitive stereotypical behaviors, and short-term memory deficit without affecting locomotor activity or anxiety-like behaviors of BTBR mice. Furthermore, ICA treatment inhibited neuroinflammation via decreasing microglia number and the soma size in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, as well as the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of BTBR mice. In addition, ICA treatment also rescued excitatory-inhibitory synaptic protein imbalance by inhibiting the increased vGlut1 level without affecting the vGAT level in the BTBR mouse hippocampus. Collectively, the observed results indicate that ICA treatment alleviates ASD-like features, mitigates disturbed balance of excitatory-inhibitory synaptic protein, and inhibits hippocampal inflammation in BTBR mice, and may represent a novel promising drug for ASD treatment.

Impairments in operant probabilistic reversal learning in BTBR T+tf/J male and female mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents with two core symptoms, impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs). RRBs are commonly linked to a lack of behavioral flexibility, having a significant negative impact on daily functioning for ASD individuals and their caregivers. Commonly utilized tests of behavioral flexibility employ a traditional deterministic reward approach where choices are either correct or incorrect throughout testing. The incorporation of an 80 %/20 % probabilistic reversal learning paradigm allows for the examination of flexible behavior in the face of variable outcomes, a more ecologically relevant approach. In this task, one specific choice is reinforced on 80 % of trials and the opposite or incorrect choice is reinforced on 20% of trials. Upon successful discrimination learning, the reward contingencies are switched so that the correct choice is now reinforced 20% of trials and the incorrect choice reinforced 80 % of trials, making it the new optimal choice. This translational task has been previously validated in ASD individuals and animal models of ASD, including the BTBR T + tf/J strain. Our lab and others have demonstrated that male BTBR T + tf/J mice have higher expression of lower order RRBs and display deficits in spatial probabilistic reversal learning tasks using a T-maze apparatus. Instead, female BTBR mice do not express the same lower order RRBs and results are mixed on whether females demonstrate similar probabilistic reversal learning deficits in a T-maze. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the validity of using operant chambers to examine BTBR mouse performance on an 80 %/20 % probabilistic reversal learning task and to also examine the sex-specific differences in reversal learning performance in both mouse strains. Results show that BTBR mice, irrespective of sex, were impaired on the reversal learning, requiring more days and trials to reach reversal criterion compared to C57BL/6J mice. These results parallel previous strain findings in the spatial dependent T-maze task in male mice. Further error analysis showed that the impaired behavioral flexibility was due to elevated regressive errors and lose-shift probabilities. BTBR mice have more difficulty maintaining new choice patterns compared to C57BL/6J mice, which supports findings utilizing a spatial T-maze task. Together, these findings further support the use of the BTBR mouse as preclinical models of ASD due to their validity as an ASD model.

Therapeutic modulation of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPAR-γ signaling in neurological dysfunctions

The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) cascade is a pleiotropic pathway that involves receptor subunit multimerization. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that perceives and integrates a variety of intracellular and environmental stimuli to regulate essential activities such as cell development and metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a prototypical metabolic nuclear receptor involved in neural differentiation and axon polarity. The JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling pathways serve as a highly conserved signaling hub that coordinates neuronal activity and brain development. Additionally, overactivation of JAK/STAT, mTOR, and inhibition of PPARγ signaling have been linked to various neurocomplications, including neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Emerging research suggests that even minor disruptions in these cellular and molecular processes can have significant consequences manifested as neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Of interest, target modulators have been proven to alleviate neuronal complications associated with acute and chronic neurological deficits. This research-based review explores the therapeutic role of JAK-STAT, mTOR, and PPARγ signaling modulators in preventing neuronal dysfunctions in preclinical and clinical investigations.

Systemic maternal inflammation promotes ASD via IL-6 and IFN-γ

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder that manifests during early development, impacting individuals through their ways of communicating, social behaviors, and their ability to perform day-to-day activities. There have been different proposed mechanisms on how ASD precipitates within a patient, one of which being the impact cytokines have on fetal development once a mother's immune system has been activated (referred to as maternal immune activation, MIA). The occurrence of ASD has long been associated with elevated levels of several cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). These proinflammatory cytokines can achieve high systemic levels in response to immune activating pathogens from various extrinsic sources. Transfer of cytokines such as IL-6 across the placental barrier allows accumulation in the fetus, potentially inducing neuroinflammation and consequently altering neurodevelopmental processes. Individuals who have been later diagnosed with ASD have been observed to have elevated levels of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines during gestation. Moreover, the outcome of MIA has been associated with neurological effects such as impaired social interaction and an increase in repetitive behavior in animal models, supporting a mechanistic link between gestational inflammation and development of ASD-like characteristics. The present review attempts to provide a concise overview of the available preclinical and clinical data that suggest cross-talk between IL-6 and IFN-γ through both extrinsic and intrinsic factors as a central mechanism of MIA that may promote the development of ASD.

Combining network pharmacology, RNA-seq, and metabolomics strategies to reveal the mechanism of Cimicifugae Rhizoma - Smilax glabra Roxb herb pair for the treatment of psoriasis

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition marked by immune cell infiltration and keratinocyte abnormal proliferation. Cimicifugae Rhizoma - Smilax glabra Roxb (CS) herb pair, the main component of Shengma Detoxification Decoction, has been proven effective for the treatment of psoriasis. However, the mechanism is yet to be deciphered.

PURPOSE

To explore the mechanism of CS for the treatment of psoriasis.

METHODS

The imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like lesion mouse model was used to identify the targets and the molecular mechanisms of CS. Network pharmacology combined with RNA-seq strategy was employed to predict the targets and mechanisms of CS for psoriasis. Metabolomics approaches were used to demonstrate the complexity of CS for the treatment of psoriasis. Finally, a compound-response-enzyme-gene network was constructed based on the multi-omics results to elucidate potential connections.

RESULTS

The CS herb pair could significantly improve psoriatic lesions and reduce the inflammatory cell infiltration and proliferation of keratinocytes in skin lesions. Network pharmacology predicted that TNF, JNK, IL-6, and IL-1β could be potential targets. RNA-seq data revealed that CS could significantly regulate genes and signaling pathways associated with Th17 responses, such as IL-36, IL-1β, CCl2, CXCL16, keratin 14, keratin 5, and antimicrobial peptides S100A8 and S100A9 well as MAPK, mTOR, and other signaling pathways. Further experimental data validated that CS treatment remarkably reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines and factors, such as CCL2, CCL7, IL1F6, IL-17, IL-23, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2. This indicated that CS exerts its therapeutic effect by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, metabolomic analyses demonstrated that CS treatment improved seven metabolic pathways, these included phenylalanine, tyrosine, pyruvate metabolism, carnitine metabolism, etc. Four key metabolites (L-Arginine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Carnitine, O-Acetylcarnitine) and nine differential genes (CMA1, PCBD2, TPSAB1, TPSB2, etc.) were identified that affected amino acid metabolism, carnitine metabolism, and other pathways contributing to the infiltration of Th17 cells in psoriatic lesions.

CONCLUSION

CS could alleviate IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis by reducing the expression of cytokines and chemokines mediated by the MAPK pathway, and improved amino acid and carnitine metabolism in vivo. Our study is the first to demonstrate the complex mechanism of CS for the treatment of psoriasis and provides a new paradigm to elucidate the pharmacological effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) drugs for psoriasis from multiple perspectives.

Chemical Modulators for Targeting Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Bench to Clinic

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by diverse behavioral symptoms such as repetitive behaviors, social deficits, anxiety, hyperactivity, and irritability. Despite their increasing incidence, the specific pathological mechanisms of ASD are still unknown, and the degree and types of symptoms that vary from patient to patient make it difficult to develop drugs that target the core symptoms of ASD. Although various atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants have been applied to regulate ASD symptoms, these drugs can only alleviate the symptoms and do not target the major causes. Therefore, development of novel drugs targeting factors directly related to the onset of ASD is required. Among the various factors related to the onset of ASD, several chemical modulators to treat ASD, focused on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and glutamate receptors, microbial metabolites, and inflammatory cytokines, are explored in this study. In particular, we focus on the chemical drugs that have improved various aspects of ASD symptoms in animal models and in clinical trials for various ages of patients with ASD.

Sprouty1 exerts a preventive effect on the initiation of psoriasis by inhibiting innate immune antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin and immunocytes

Objectives

Psoriasis is an immune‐mediated skin disease dominated by the cutaneous immune system. Keratinocytes have been considered important triggers that initiate psoriasis. The key molecules and events of keratinocytes that link the innate immune system in psoriasis must be investigated in more detail. Human psoriasis skin and primary human keratinocyte were detected in vitro. Epidermis specific transgenic mouse strain (Krt14‐Sprouty1 tg) was used to further investigate psoriasis‐like skin inflammation in vivo.

Materials and Methods

Bulk RNA sequencing of primary human keratinocyte screened differentially expressed genes, which was confirmed by quantitative real time PCR and Western Blot (WB). Moreover, we concomitantly reviewed open‐accessed published RNAseq datasets of human psoriatic skin from GEO database. Immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence were used to detect Sprouty1 (SPRY1) expression in human psoriatic skin with and without anti‐psoriasis treatments. Krt14‐Sprouty1 tg was used to further investigate psoriasis‐like skin inflammation, and followed by Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) Staining, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western Blot and flow cytometry.

Results

Our data showed that Sprouty1 was decreased in psoriatic skin and keratinocytes. In imiquimod‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation, the production of cathelicidin (camp/LL37) was inhibited by suppressing signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (Stat3) activation when Sprouty1 overexpressed in mouse epidermal keratinocytes. Moreover, CD11b+CCR2+ dendritic cells, IL‐17A+ γδT cells, and Ly6C+ CD11c+ monocyte‐derived dendritic cells were decreased in Krt14‐Sprouty1 tg (STG) imiquimod‐induced cutaneous inflammation.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that Sprouty1 expressed in keratinocytes has a suppressive role in imiquimod‐induced skin inflammation mediated by inhibiting the production of cathelicidin. Collectively, Sprouty1 plays a preventive role in psoriatic skin. Our data provide new evidence for the pathogenesis of psoriatic keratinocytes, and the link cutaneous innate immunity, that indicated Sprouty1 is a potential novel therapeutic target.

mTOR Signaling Pathway Regulates the Release of Proinflammatory Molecule CCL5 Implicated in the Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder and neuroinflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of ASD. However, the exact mechanisms of abnormal release of proinflammatory mediators in ASD remain poorly understood. This study reports elevated plasma levels of the proinflammatory chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) in children with ASD, suggesting an aberrant inflammatory response appearing in the development of ASD. Mining of the expression data of brain or blood tissue from individuals with ASD reveals that mTOR signaling is aberrantly activated in ASD patients. Our in vitro study shows that suppression of mTOR reduces the gene expression and release of CCL5 from human microglia, supporting that CCL5 expression is regulated by mTOR activity. Furthermore, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced CCL5 expression can be counteracted by siRNA against NF-κB, suggests a determining role of NF-κB in upregulating CCL5 expression. However, a direct regulatory relationship between the NF-κB element and the mTOR signaling pathway was not observed in rapamycin-treated cells. Our results show that the phosphorylated CREB can be induced to suppress CCL5 expression by outcompeting NF-κB in binding to CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) once the mTOR signaling pathway is inhibited. We propose that the activation of mTOR signaling in ASD may induce the suppression of phosphorylation of CREB, which in turn results in the increased binding of CREBBP to NF-κB, a competitor of phosphorylated CREB to drive expression of CCL5. Our study sheds new light on the inflammatory mechanisms of ASD and paves the way for the development of therapeutic strategy for ASD.

Role of JAK-STAT and PPAR-Gamma Signalling Modulators in the Prevention of Autism and Neurological Dysfunctions

The Janus-kinase (JAK) and signal transducer activator of transcription (STAT) signalling pathways regulate gene expression and control various factors involved in normal physiological functions such as cell proliferation, neuronal development, and cell survival. JAK activation phosphorylates STAT3 in astrocytes and microglia, and this phosphorylation has been linked to mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, neuroinflammation, reactive astrogliosis, and genetic mutations. As a regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), in relation to JAK-STAT signalling, prevents this phosphorylation and aids in the treatment of the above-mentioned neurocomplications. Changes in cellular signalling may also contribute to the onset and progression of autism. Thus, PPAR-gamma agonist upregulation may be associated with JAK-STAT signal transduction downregulation. It may also be responsible for attenuating neuropathological changes by stimulating SOCS3 or involving RXR or SMRT, thereby reducing transcription of the various cytokine proteins and genes involved in neuronal damage. Along with JAK-STAT inhibitors, PPAR-gamma agonists could be used as target therapeutic interventions for autism. This research-based review explores the potential involvement and mutual regulation of JAK-STAT and PPAR-gamma signalling in controlling multiple pathological factors associated with autism.

The Cerebellar Involvement in Autism Spectrum Disorders: From the Social Brain to Mouse Models

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders that include a variety of forms and clinical phenotypes. This heterogeneity complicates the clinical and experimental approaches to ASD etiology and pathophysiology. To date, a unifying theory of these diseases is still missing. Nevertheless, the intense work of researchers and clinicians in the last decades has identified some ASD hallmarks and the primary brain areas involved. Not surprisingly, the areas that are part of the so-called “social brain”, and those strictly connected to them, were found to be crucial, such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic system, and dopaminergic pathways. With the recent acknowledgment of the cerebellar contribution to cognitive functions and the social brain, its involvement in ASD has become unmistakable, though its extent is still to be elucidated. In most cases, significant advances were made possible by recent technological developments in structural/functional assessment of the human brain and by using mouse models of ASD. Mouse models are an invaluable tool to get insights into the molecular and cellular counterparts of the disease, acting on the specific genetic background generating ASD-like phenotype. Given the multifaceted nature of ASD and related studies, it is often difficult to navigate the literature and limit the huge content to specific questions. This review fulfills the need for an organized, clear, and state-of-the-art perspective on cerebellar involvement in ASD, from its connections to the social brain areas (which are the primary sites of ASD impairments) to the use of monogenic mouse models.

Altered Cytokine and BDNF Levels in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Previous studies have shown that immunological factors are involved in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The present study examined whether immunological abnormalities are associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits in children with ASD and whether children with ASD show different immunological biomarkers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF levels than typically developing (TD) children. Sixteen children with TD and 18 children with ASD, aged 6–18 years, voluntarily participated in the study. Participants’ executive functions were measured using neuropsychological tests, and behavioral measures were measured using parent ratings. Immunological measures were assessed by measuring the participants’ blood serum levels of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5). Children with ASD showed greater deficits in cognitive functions as well as altered levels of immunological measures when compared to TD children, and their cognitive functions and behavioral deficits were significantly associated with increased CCL5 levels and decreased BDNF levels. These results provide evidence to support the notion that altered immune functions and neurotrophin deficiency are involved in the pathogenesis of ASD.

Effect of Metformin in Autistic BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J Mice Administered a High-Fat Diet

The biological mechanisms linking diet-related obesity and autism-related behaviors remain unclear. We aimed to characterize these interactions, focusing on gut microbiota, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels, and autistic behaviors in an animal model for autism; a high-fat diet (HFD) BTBR T+Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse. In this model, we also examined the medication effects of metformin (Met) which is known to ameliorate several symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Therefore, we hypothesized that HFD exacerbates BTBR autistic symptoms, which can be alleviated by Met, and the effects are associated with serotonin and the microbiota. As expected, compared with mice fed a normal diet, ten-week HFD-fed mice showed increased body weight, adiposity, and glucose levels. HFD consumption markedly aggravated repetitive behaviors in the self-grooming test. Met reduced HFD-induced hyperactivity. Notably, HFD intervention rescued sociability in the three-chamber sociability test. Furthermore, HFD stimulated tryptophan production, which was inhibited by Met. In contrast, 5-HT levels were lower in the gut and higher in the cortex in the HFD group. Moreover, Met suppressed inflammation in the hippocampus of HFD-fed mice by significantly downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB, IL-17A, and IL-6). HFD increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and Met supplementation decreased richness while increasing bacterial diversity. We found that the abundance of gut microbiota (Lachnoclostridium, Anaerotruncus, Mucispirillum, and Lactococcus) was correlated with behavior scores and 5-HT levels. Overall, HFD consumption improved sociality in BTBR mice, which was related to the modulation of 5-HT levels and the composition of the microbiota. Met did not show any significant positive effects on the autism phenotype associated with HFD.

MicroRNA-Messenger RNA Regulatory Network Mediates Disrupted TH17 Cell Differentiation in Depression

Accumulating evidence indicates an important role for microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA) regulatory networks in human depression. However, the mechanisms by which these networks act are complex and remain poorly understood. We used data mining to identify differentially expressed miRNAs from GSE81152 and GSE152267 datasets, and differentially expressed mRNAs were identified from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, the GlaxoSmithKline-High-Throughput Disease-specific target Identification Program, and the Janssen-Brain Resource Company study. We constructed a miRNA-mRNA regulatory network based on differentially expressed mRNAs that intersected with target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs, and then performed bioinformatics analysis of the network. The key candidate genes were assessed in the prefrontal cortex of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) depression mice by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Three differentially expressed miRNAs were commonly identified across the two datasets, and 119 intersecting differentially expressed mRNAs were identified. A miRNA-mRNA regulatory network including these three key differentially expressed miRNAs and 119 intersecting differentially expressed mRNAs was constructed. Functional analysis of the intersecting differentially expressed mRNAs revealed that an abnormal inflammatory response characterized by disturbed T-helper cell 17 (Th17) differentiation was the primary altered biological function. qRT-PCR validated the decreased expression of Th17 cell differentiation-related genes, including interleukin (IL)17A, IL21, IL22, and IL1β, and the increased expression of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma-t (RORγt) in CSDS mice, which showed significant depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. This study indicates that an abnormal inflammatory response characterized by disturbed Th17 cell differentiation is the primary altered biological process in major depressive disorder. Our findings indicate possible biomarkers and treatment targets and provide novel clues to understand the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder.

Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder-Current Progress of Mechanisms and Biomarkers

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a type of neurodevelopmental disorder that has been diagnosed in an increasing number of children around the world. Existing data suggest that early diagnosis and intervention can improve ASD outcomes. However, the causes of ASD remain complex and unclear, and there are currently no clinical biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder. More mechanisms and biomarkers of autism have been found with the development of advanced technology such as mass spectrometry. Many recent studies have found a link between ASD and elevated oxidative stress, which may play a role in its development. ASD is caused by oxidative stress in several ways, including protein post-translational changes (e.g., carbonylation), abnormal metabolism (e.g., lipid peroxidation), and toxic buildup [e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. To detect elevated oxidative stress in ASD, various biomarkers have been developed and employed. This article summarizes recent studies about the mechanisms and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Potential biomarkers identified in this study could be used for early diagnosis and evaluation of ASD intervention, as well as to inform and target ASD pharmacological or nutritional treatment interventions.

Pharmacological Effects of Polyphenol Phytochemicals on the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a common pathway of many cytokine signal transductions, closely related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and inflammatory response. It is essential for inhibiting the inflammatory response, initiating innate immunity, and coordinating adaptive immune mechanisms. Owing to the nature of this pathway and its potential cross-epitopes with multiple alternative pathways, the long-term efficacy of monotherapy-based adaptive targeting therapy is limited, and the majority of drugs targeting STATs are still in the preclinical phase. Meanwhile, curcumin, quercetin, and several kinds of plant polyphenol chemicals play roles in multiple sites of the JAK-STAT pathway to suppress abnormal activation. Polyphenol compounds have shown remarkable effects by acting on the JAK-STAT pathway in anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and cardiovascular disease control. This review summarizes the pharmacological effects of more than 20 kinds of phytochemicals on JAK-STAT signaling pathway according to the chemical structure of polyphenolic phytochemicals.

Transcription factors in neurodevelopmental and associated psychiatric disorders: A potential convergence for genetic and environmental risk factors

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous and highly prevalent group of psychiatric conditions marked by impairments in the nervous system. Their onset occurs during gestation, and the alterations are observed throughout the postnatal life. Although many genetic and environmental risk factors have been described in this context, the interactions between them challenge the understanding of the pathways associated with NDDs. Transcription factors (TFs)-a group of over 1,600 proteins that can interact with DNA, regulating gene expression through modulation of RNA synthesis-represent a point of convergence for different risk factors. In addition, TFs organize critical processes like angiogenesis, blood-brain barrier formation, myelination, neuronal migration, immune activation, and many others in a time and location-dependent way. In this review, we summarize important TF alterations in NDD and associated disorders, along with specific impairments observed in animal models, and, finally, establish hypotheses to explain how these proteins may be critical mediators in the context of genome-environment interactions.

Resveratrol prevents brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, and altered aquaporin profile in autism animal model

Autism spectrum disorder can present a plethora of clinical conditions associated with the disorder, such as greater brain volume in the first years of life in a significant percentage of patients. We aimed to evaluate the brain water content, the blood-brain barrier permeability, and the expression of aquaporin 1 and 4, and GFAP in a valproic acid-animal model, assessing the effect of resveratrol. On postnatal day 30, Wistar rats of the valproic acid group showed greater permeability of the blood-brain barrier to the Evans blue dye and a higher proportion of brain water volume, prevented both by resveratrol. Prenatal exposition to valproic acid diminished aquaporin 1 in the choroid plexus, in the primary somatosensory area, in the amygdala region, and in the medial prefrontal cortex, reduced aquaporin 4 in medial prefrontal cortex and increased aquaporin 4 levels in primary somatosensory area (with resveratrol prevention). Valproic acid exposition also increased the number of astrocytes and GFAP fluorescence in both primary somatosensory area and medial prefrontal cortex. In medial prefrontal cortex, resveratrol prevented the increased fluorescence. Finally, there was an effect of resveratrol per se on the number of astrocytes and GFAP fluorescence in the amygdala region and in the hippocampus. Thus, this work demonstrates significant changes in blood-brain barrier permeability, edema formation, distribution of aquaporin 1 and 4, in addition to astrocytes profile in the animal model of autism, as well as the use of resveratrol as a tool to investigate the mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder.

Towards resolving the enigma of the dichotomy of resveratrol: cis- and trans-resveratrol have opposite effects on TyrRS-regulated PARP1 activation

Unlike widely perceived, resveratrol (RSV) decreased the average lifespan and extended only the replicative lifespan in yeast. Similarly, although not widely discussed, RSV is also known to evoke neurite degeneration, kidney toxicity, atherosclerosis, premature senescence, and genotoxicity through yet unknown mechanisms. Nevertheless, in vivo animal models of diseases and human clinical trials demonstrate inconsistent protective and beneficial effects. Therefore, the mechanism of action of RSV that elicits beneficial effects remains an enigma. In a previously published work, we demonstrated structural similarities between RSV and tyrosine amino acid. RSV acts as a tyrosine antagonist and competes with it to bind to human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS). Interestingly, although both isomers of RSV bind to TyrRS, only the cis-isomer evokes a unique structural change at the active site to promote its interaction with poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1), a major determinant of cellular NAD+-dependent stress response. However, retention of trans-RSV in the active site of TyrRS mimics its tyrosine-bound conformation that inhibits the auto-poly-ADP-ribos(PAR)ylation of PARP1. Therefore, we proposed that cis-RSV-induced TyrRS-regulated auto-PARylation of PARP1 would contribute, at least in part, to the reported health benefits of RSV through the induction of protective stress response. This observation suggested that trans-RSV would inhibit TyrRS/PARP1-mediated protective stress response and would instead elicit an opposite effect compared to cis-RSV. Interestingly, most recent studies also confirmed the conversion of trans-RSV and its metabolites to cis-RSV in the physiological context. Therefore, the finding that cis-RSV and trans-RSV induce two distinct conformations of TyrRS with opposite effects on the auto-PARylation of PARP1 provides a potential molecular basis for the observed dichotomic effects of RSV under different experimental paradigms. However, the fact that natural RSV exists as a diastereomeric mixture of its cis and trans isomers and cis-RSV is also a physiologically relevant isoform has not yet gained much scientific attention.

Sirtuins as pharmacological targets in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that regulate several processes, such as transcription, cell proliferation, differentiation and development. HDACs are classified as either Zn²⁺ -dependent or NAD⁺ -dependent enzymes. Over the years, experimental and clinical evidence has demonstrated that HDAC modulation is a critical process in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, most of the studies have focused on the role of Zn²⁺ -dependent HDACs in the development of these diseases, although there is growing evidence showing that the NAD⁺ -dependent HDACs, known as sirtuins, are also very promising targets. This possibility has been strengthened by reports of decreased levels of NAD⁺ in CNS disorders, which can lead to alterations in sirtuin activation and therefore result in increased pathology. In this review, we discuss the role of sirtuins in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders as well the possible rationale for them to be considered as pharmacological targets in future therapeutic interventions.

Impacts of DigestaWell NRG Supplementation on Post Exercise Muscle Soreness in Unconditioned Horses, a Pilot Study

Exercising horses are commonly plagued by muscle fatigue and soreness, which can result in reduced performance ability. In the present study, ten unconditioned horses were fed 200g per day DigestaWell NRG, a commercial dietary supplement containing Yucca schidigera and Trigonella foenum-graecum, two herbs shown in other species to reduce post-exercise muscle pain and soreness. A control, unsupplemented group contained ten horses of similar age, breed, and gender. Horses completed a 50 minutes, ridden standardized exercise test of moderate intensity immediately prior to (Period1) and after 28 days of supplementation (Period2). Muscle soreness and tightness were evaluated 24 hours prior to and after each exercise test and used to determine the percent increase in post-exercise muscle soreness and tightness. Blood samples were collected before, and at 10 and 30 minutes, and 1, 4, and 24 hours post exercise. Plasma was analyzed for glucose, lactate, non-esterified fatty acid, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β concentrations. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA using SAS Enterprise Guide v. 7.1. No changes in plasma parameters were indicated between periods for unsupplemented horses (P > 0.1) during Period2, excepting glucose, which was greater during Period2 (P = 0.018). Supplemented horses had lesser concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (P = 0.016) and lactate (P = 0.058) during Period2 than during Period1. During Period2, supplemented horses experienced a smaller percent increase in post exercise muscle soreness (P = 0.031). DigestaWell NRG supplementation may benefit unconditioned horses undergoing moderate intensity exercise through reducing lactate production and inflammation.

Role of carnitine in regulation of blood pressure (MAP/SBP) and gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers (α/β-MHC) during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia: Role of oxidative stress

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Hyperglycaemia and iatrogenic hypoglycaemia exacerbate several pathogenic mechanisms underlying hypertension and heart diseases. Carnitine is a potent endogenous antioxidant and cellular fatty acid transporter for antioxidative stress and energy production in the cardiovascular system. The current study aimed to find the role of carnitine in the regulation of hypoglycaemia-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Male rats received insulin glargine (InG) to induce hypoglycaemia followed by D-carnitine or acetyl-L-carnitine for carnitine depletion or carnitine supplementation, respectively. The obtained results showed that carnitine deficiency provoked hypoglycaemia-induced hypertension. Mean arterial pressure was elevated from 78.16 ± 11.4 to 100 ± 5.11 mm Hg in InG treated group, and from 78.2 ± 8.5 to 123.4 ± 28.2 mm Hg in InG + D-carnitine treated group. Acetyl-L-carnitine resisted the elevation in blood pressure in all hypoglycaemic animals and kept it within the normal values (68.33 ± 6.7 mm Hg). Acetyl-L-carnitine increased myocardial carnitine content leading to the attenuation of hypoglycaemia-induced oxidative stress, which was evaluated through measurement of the oxidative stress biomarkers such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase-1, heme oxygenase-I, and glutathione S-transferase. Moreover, acetyl-L-carnitine prevented induction of gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers during hypoglycaemic conditions, which was assessed via the evaluation of mRNA expression of α-myosin heavy chain and β-myosin heavy chain. These findings demonstrate that carnitine might play an essential role in prevention of hypoglycaemia-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy through providing energy and antioxidants to the cardiovascular system.

The Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Focus on the Metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a spectrum of disorders that are characterized by problems in social interaction and repetitive behavior. The disease is thought to develop from changes in brain development at an early age, although the exact mechanisms are not known yet. In addition, a significant number of people with ASD develop problems in the intestinal tract. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases (ADAMs) include a group of enzymes that are able to cleave membrane-bound proteins. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are two members of this family that are able to cleave protein substrates involved in ASD pathogenesis, such as specific proteins important for synapse formation, axon signaling and neuroinflammation. All these pathological mechanisms are involved in ASD. Besides the brain, ADAM10 and ADAM17 are also highly expressed in the intestines. ADAM10 and ADAM17 have implications in pathways that regulate gut permeability, homeostasis and inflammation. These metalloproteases might be involved in microbiota-gut-brain axis interactions in ASD through the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses in the intestinal tract. In this review, the potential roles of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the pathology of ASD and as targets for new therapies will be discussed, with a focus on the gut-brain axis.

Molecular and biological functions of resveratrol in psychiatric disorders: a review of recent evidence

Mental disorders including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar and etc. have a considerable proportion of global disorder burden. Many nutritional psychiatry investigations have been conducted to evaluate the relationship between several individual nutrients such as herbal compounds with mental health. Resveratrol, a famous polyphenol compound, is known as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective agent regulating the function of brain and improves the behavioral factors associated with learning, anxiety, depression, and memory. In addition, this natural compound can cross the blood–brain barrier representing neurological influences. The pharmacological interest of utilizing resveratrol in mental disorders is due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant features. The aim of this paper was to review the studies evaluated the potential effects of resveratrol on mental disorders.

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Signaling Pathways and Prospective Therapeutic Targets

The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) consists of a prevalent and heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental diseases representing a severe burden to affected individuals and their caretakers. Despite substantial improvement towards understanding of ASD etiology and pathogenesis, as well as increased social awareness and more intensive research, no effective drugs have been successfully developed to resolve the main and most cumbersome ASD symptoms. Hence, finding better treatments, which may act as "disease-modifying" agents, and novel biomarkers for earlier ASD diagnosis and disease stage determination are needed. Diverse mutations of core components and consequent malfunctions of several cell signaling pathways have already been found in ASD by a series of experimental platforms, including genetic associations analyses and studies utilizing pre-clinical animal models and patient samples. These signaling cascades govern a broad range of neurological features such as neuronal development, neurotransmission, metabolism, and homeostasis, as well as immune regulation and inflammation. Here, we review the current knowledge on signaling pathways which are commonly disrupted in ASD and autism-related conditions. As such, we further propose ways to translate these findings into the development of genetic and biochemical clinical tests for early autism detection. Moreover, we highlight some putative druggable targets along these pathways, which, upon further research efforts, may evolve into novel therapeutic interventions for certain ASD conditions. Lastly, we also refer to the crosstalk among these major signaling cascades as well as their putative implications in therapeutics. Based on this collective information, we believe that a timely and accurate modulation of these prominent pathways may shape the neurodevelopment and neuro-immune regulation of homeostatic patterns and, hopefully, rescue some (if not all) ASD phenotypes.

Resveratrol Exerts Anti-Osteoarthritic Effect by Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway via the TLR4/Akt/FoxO1 Axis in IL-1β-Stimulated SW1353 Cells

Purpose

Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Resveratrol exerts protective effects on OA through its anti-inflammatory property; however, the mechanism of resveratrol on anti-inflammatory signaling pathways has not been fully elucidated yet. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether resveratrol-mediated PI3K/Akt expression is linked to TLR4/NF-κB pathway and the role of TLR4/Akt/FoxO1 axis in the anti-osteoarthritic effect of resveratrol.

Methods

SW1353 cells stimulated by IL-1β (10 ng/mL) were cultured in the presence or absence of resveratrol (50 μM) and then treated with TLR4 siRNA, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 or FoxO1 siRNA, respectively. The associated proteins of TLR4 signaling pathways and TLR4/Akt/FoxO1 axis were evaluated by Western blot. The level of IL-6 in the supernatant was detected by ELISA.

Results

IL-1β treatment increased the expression of TLR4/NF-κB and phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt and FoxO1, while additional resveratrol further upregulated the expression of PI3K/Akt and FoxO1 phosphorylation but downregulated TLR4 signals in SW1353 cells. Further analyses by the inhibition of TLR4, PI3K/Akt and FoxO1 signaling pathways, respectively, showed that the activation of TLR4 can induce PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, which increases the phosphorylation of FoxO1 and inactivates it. Next, inactivated-FoxO1 can reduce the expression of TLR4, which forms a self-limiting mechanism of inflammation. Resveratrol treatment can upregulate PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and inactivate FoxO1, thereby reducing TLR4 and inflammation.

Conclusion

This study reveals that TLR4/Akt/FoxO1 inflammatory self-limiting mechanism may exist in IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 cells. This study reveals a novel cross-talk mechanism which is between integrated PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling network and TLR4-driven innate responses in IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 cells. Resveratrol may exert anti-OA effect by enhancing the self-limiting mechanism of inflammation through TLR4/Akt/FoxO1 axis.

Trans-4,4'-dihydroxystilbene ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease via inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease resulted from airflow obstructions, and there is a driving requirement for novel and effective preventive and therapeutic agents of COPD. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been regarded to be a promising therapeutic target for COPD. Resveratrol is a natural Nrf2 activator with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, however, its application is limited by its relative low efficiency and poor bioavailability. Herein, based on the skeleton of resveratrol, trans-4,4'-dihydroxystilbene (DHS) has been firstly identified to be an Nrf2 activator, which is more potent than the well-known sulforaphane (SF) and resveratrol. Our results indicate that DHS blocks Nrf2 ubiquitylation through specifically reacting with Cys151 cysteine in Keap1 protein to activate Nrf2-regulated defensive response, and thus enhances intracellular antioxidant capability. Furthermore, DHS relieves lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response via inhibition of NF-κB. Importantly, DHS significantly ameliorates pathological alterations (e.g. infiltration of leukocytes and fibrosis), downregulates the levels of oxidant biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosin (8-oxo-dG), and inhibits the overproductions of inflammatory mediators [e.g. tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)] in a cigarette smoke (CS)-induced pulmonary impairment mice model. Taken together, this study demonstrates that DHS attenuates the CS-induced pulmonary impairments through inhibitions of oxidative stress and inflammatory response targeting Nrf2 and NF-κB in vitro and in vivo, and could be developed into a preventive agent against pulmonary impairments induced by CS.

Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin mediated by JAK/STAT signaling pathway: A review

Curcumin is a naturally occurring nutraceutical compound with a number of therapeutic and biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumor, and cardioprotective. This plant-derived chemical has demonstrated great potential in targeting various signaling pathways to exert its protective effects. Signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT) is one of the molecular pathways involved in a variety of biological processes such as cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. Accumulating data demonstrates that the STAT pathway is an important target in treatment of a number of disorders, particularly cancer. Curcumin is capable of affecting STAT signaling pathway in induction of its therapeutic impacts. Curcumin is able to enhance the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines and improve inflammatory disorders such as colitis by targeting STAT signaling pathway. Furthermore, studies show that inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway by curcumin is involved in reduced migration and invasion of cancer cells. Curcumin normalizes the expression of JAK/STAT signaling pathway to exert anti-diabetic, renoprotective, and neuroprotective impacts. At the present review, we provide a comprehensive discussion about the effect of curcumin on JAK/STAT signaling pathway to direct further studies in this field.

Preventive Role of Resveratrol Against Inflammatory Cytokines and Related Diseases

BACKGROUND

Immunity is the ultimate barrier between foreign stimuli and a host cell. Unwanted immune responses can threaten the host cells and may eventually damage a vital organ. Overproduction of inflammatory cytokines may also lead to autoimmune diseases. Inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines can eventually progress to renal, cardiac, brain, hepatic, pancreatic and ocular inflammation that can result in severe damage in the long run. Evidence also suggests that inflammation may lead to atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's, hypertension, stroke, cysts and cancers.

METHODS

This study was designed to correlate the possible molecular mechanisms for inflammatory diseases and prevent biochemical changes owing to inflammatory cytokines by using Resveratrol. Therefore, we searched and accumulated very recent literature on inflammatory disorders and Resveratrol. We scoured PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, PLoS One and Google Scholar to gather papers and related information.

RESULTS

Reports show that inflammatory diseases are very complex, as multiple cascade systems are involved; therefore, they are quite difficult to cure. However, our literature search also correlates some possible molecular interactions by which inflammation can be prevented. We noticed that Resveratrol is a potent lead component and has multiple activities against harmful inflammatory cytokines and related microRNA. Our study also suggests that the anti-inflammatory properties of Resveratrol have been highly studied on animal models, cell lines and human subjects and proven to be very effective in reducing inflammatory cell production and pro-inflammatory cytokine accumulation. Our tables and figures also demonstrate recent findings and possible preventive activities to minimize inflammatory diseases.

CONCLUSION

This study would outline the role of harmful inflammatory cytokines as well as how they accelerate pathophysiology and progress to an inflammatory disorder. Therefore, this study might show a potential therapeutic value of using Resveratrol by health professionals in preventing inflammatory disorders.

Resveratrol in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Behavioral and Molecular Effects

Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic stillbenoid with significant anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties recently tested in animal models of several neurological diseases. Altered immune alteration and oxidative stress have also been found in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and these alterations could add to the pathophysiology associated with ASD. We reviewed the current evidence about the effects of RSV administration in animal models and in patients with ASD. RSV administration improves the core-symptoms (social impairment and stereotyped activity) in animal models and it also displays beneficial effects in other behavioral abnormalities such as hyperactivity, anxiety and cognitive function. The molecular mechanisms by which RSV restores or improves behavioral abnormalities in animal models encompass both normalization of central and peripheral immune alteration and oxidative stress markers and new molecular mechanisms such as expression of cortical gamma-amino butyric acid neurons, certain type of miRNAs that regulate spine growth. One randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (RCT) suggested that RSV add-on risperidone therapy improves comorbid hyperactivity/non-compliance, whereas no effects where seen in core symptoms of ASD No RCTs about the effect of RSV as monotherapy have been performed and the results from preclinical studies encourage its feasibility. Further clinical trials should also identify those ASD patients with immune alterations and/or with increased oxidative stress markers that would likely benefit from RSV administration.

Resveratrol attenuates IL‑33‑induced mast cell inflammation associated with inhibition of NF‑κB activation and the P38 signaling pathway

Resveratrol (RSV), a natural polyphenol found in grapes and other herbal plants, has been reported to possess anti‑inflammatory, anti‑oxidative and anti‑proliferative activities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of RSV on interleukin (IL)‑33‑induced inflammatory responses in mast cells and identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL‑2H3) cells were stimulated with IL‑33 in the presence or absence of RSV. MTT, ELISA, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were then performed in order to assess cytotoxicity, inflammatory cytokine production, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 receptor expression, protein expression involved in mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB signaling, respectively. Finally, rats were used to determine the biological effect of RSV in vivo. The results revealed that RSV inhibited cell viability and increased cytotoxicity in a dose‑dependent manner. Medium concentration of RSV (10 µM) treatment attenuated inflammatory cytokine production, such as IL‑6, IL‑13, tumor necrosis factor‑α and monocyte chemotactic protein‑1, and curbed IL‑33‑induced enhancement of immunoglobulin E‑mediated responses in RBL‑2H3 cells, which were associated with the suppression of NF‑κB‑mediated transcription and inhibition of P38 phosphorylation in response to IL‑33 stimulation, but not extracellular signal regulated kinase or JNK. Notably, RSV application also decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in rats induced by IL‑33 injection, which was similar to the anti‑inflammatory effect in vitro. The data from the present study demonstrated that RSV played a regulatory role in antagonizing the effects of IL‑33 on mast cells both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it has therapeutic potential in IL‑33‑mediated inflammatory diseases that are associated with mast cells.

Nrf2 Activators as Dietary Phytochemicals Against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder with limited available treatments and diverse causes. In ASD patients, numerous researches demonstrated various alterations in inflammation/immune, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and these alterations could be regulated by Nrf2. Hence, we aimed to systematically review the current evidence about the effects of Nrf2 activator supplementation on ASD objects from in vitro studies, animal studies, and clinical studies. Relevant articles were retrieved through searching for the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Scope, Embase, and CNKI databases (through September 23, 2020). Ultimately, we identified 22 preclinical studies, one cell culture study, and seven clinical studies, covering a total of five Nrf2 activators. For each Nrf2 activator, we focused on its definition, potential therapeutic mechanisms, latest research progress, research limitations, and future development directions. Our systematic review provided suggestive evidence that Nrf2 activators have a potentially beneficial role in improving autism-like behaviors and abnormal molecular alterations through oxidant stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These dietary phytochemicals are considered to be relatively safer and effective for ASD treatment. However, there are few clinical studies to support the Nrf2 activators as dietary phytochemicals in ASD, even though several preclinical studies. Therefore, caution should be warranted in attempting to extrapolate their effects in human studies, and better design and more rigorous research are required before they can be determined as a therapeutic option.

Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders with poorly understood etiology that are defined exclusively on the basis of behavioral observations. This disorder has been linked to increased levels of oxidative stress and lower antioxidant capacity. Oxidative stress in autism has been studied at the membrane level and also by measuring products of lipid peroxidation, detoxifying agents (such as glutathione), and antioxidants involved in the defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several studies have suggested alterations in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in autism. Additionally, altered glutathione levels and homocysteine/methionine metabolism, increased inflammation, excitotoxicity, as well as mitochondrial and immune dysfunction have been suggested in autism. Moreover, environmental and genetic risk factors may intensify vulnerability to oxidative stress in autism. Collectively, these studies suggest increased oxidative stress in autism that may contribute to the development of this disease both in terms of pathogenesis and clinical symptoms. Antioxidant supplementation, or ways to improve the altered metabolite levels in the interconnected transmethylation and transsulfuration pathways, has been associated with decreased autistic behaviors and severity. This chapter provides a conceptual framework on oxidative stress and antioxidants utility. These types of interventions should be further studied in order to determine their effectiveness at improving metabolic imbalances.

Polyphenols as food bioactive compounds in the context of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A critical mini-review

Dietary polyphenols are bioactive compounds with potential in preventing and treating several chronic disorders, mainly due to their ability to modulate key pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant signalling pathways. Although some studies have expressed concern about their efficacy in vivo, accumulating evidence has suggested that these compounds may achieve large concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract, which may be important in the context of intestinal and of neurological disorders, via modulation of the "gut-brain axis". Autism Spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders in which many patients suffer from gastrointestinal impairments. Thus, in the scope of these disorders, a growing number of studies have been focused on the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In this mini-review, we present gathered data on gut-to-brain communication in the scope of ASD and we address the advantages of polyphenols in the treatment of these disorders, presenting the more recent preclinical and clinical data on this issue. According to most studies, dietary polyphenols can be a promising strategy for the alleviation of ASD symptoms.

Effects of Resveratrol on Inflammatory Biomarkers in Glaucomatous Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells

Purpose: Resveratrol (RSV), an antioxidant polyphenol, has demonstrated beneficial effects in various ocular diseases including glaucoma. Our study was designed to evaluate the effects of RSV on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 α), in human glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. Methods: Western blot was utilized to determine endothelial and inducible NOS (eNOS, iNOS) expression. The concentration-related effects of RSV on IL-1 α and NO levels were assessed using the respective ELISA kits. Results: Densitometry data showed concentration-related increases in eNOS, and reduction in iNOS expression at high RSV concentrations. RSV treatment (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 µM) resulted in increased NO levels (6 ± 0.7, 7 ± 0.8, 7.3 ± 0.7 and 9.5 ± 1 nM/mg protein, respectively). The average value obtained for control was 4.8 ± 0.6 nM/mg protein. Significant increases in IL-1α levels were observed with lower concentrations of RSV. However, at higher RSV concentrations (10–100 μM), IL-1 levels decreased. Conclusions: Resveratrol increased NO in glaucomatous TM cells, possibly by increasing eNOS expression. Thus, RSV-induced NO production supports the beneficial effects of this antioxidant in glaucoma. Furthermore, our results showing a reduction in iNOS, a contributor to oxidative stress expression, further support RSV’s antioxidant capabilities in vision.

Nuclear Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) as Therapeutic Targets of Resveratrol for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by defective social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive behavior with a complex, multifactorial etiology. Despite an increasing worldwide prevalence of ASD, there is currently no pharmacological cure to treat core symptoms of ASD. Clinical evidence and molecular data support the role of impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in ASD. The recognition of defects in energy metabolism in ASD may be important for better understanding ASD and developing therapeutic intervention. The nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) α, δ, and γ are ligand-activated receptors with distinct physiological functions in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as inflammatory response. PPAR activation allows a coordinated up-regulation of numerous FAO enzymes, resulting in significant PPAR-driven increases in mitochondrial FAO flux. Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic compound which exhibits metabolic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, pointing to possible applications in ASD therapeutics. In this study, we review the evidence for the existing links between ASD and impaired mitochondrial FAO and review the potential implications for regulation of mitochondrial FAO in ASD by PPAR activators, including RSV.

Palmitoylethanolamide counteracts autistic-like behaviours in BTBR T+tf/J mice: Contribution of central and peripheral mechanisms

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impaired social interaction, and repetitive stereotyped behaviours. Interestingly, functional and inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases are often reported as a comorbidity in ASDs, indicating gut-brain axis as a novel emerging approach. Recently, a central role for peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α has been addressed in neurological functions, associated with the behaviour. Among endogenous lipids, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a PPAR-α agonist, has been extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory effects both at central and peripheral level. Based on this background, the aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological effects of PEA on autistic-like behaviour of BTBR T+tf/J mice and to shed light on the contributing mechanisms. Our results showed that PEA reverted the altered behavioural phenotype of BTBR mice, and this effect was contingent to PPAR-α activation. Moreover, PEA was able to restore hippocampal BDNF signalling pathway, and improve mitochondrial dysfunction, both pathological aspects, known to be consistently associated with ASDs. Furthermore, PEA reduced the overall inflammatory state of BTBR mice, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines at hippocampal, serum, and colonic level. The analysis of gut permeability and the expression of colonic tight junctions showed a reduction of leaky gut in PEA-treated BTBR mice. This finding together with PEA effect on gut microbiota composition suggests an involvement of microbiota-gut-brain axis. In conclusion, our results demonstrated a therapeutic potential of PEA in limiting ASD symptoms, through its pleiotropic mechanism of action, supporting neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, and the modulation of gut-brain axis.