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Beard JM, Collom C, Liu JY, Obiako P, Strongin RM, Zavala J, Sayes CM. In vitro toxicity and chemical analysis of e-cigarette aerosol produced amid dry hitting. Toxicology 2024; 506:153865. [PMID: 38876198 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Dry hitting, a phenomenon produced by e-cigarettes with refillable cartridges when the liquid in the coil is low, is a common occurrence among regular vapers despite being an unintended consequence of the device. This phenomenon's hazard to public health is still unknown and needs further investigation. Lung cells cultured at the air-liquid interface were exposed to vaped aerosol consisting of 3 % w/v ethyl maltol in propylene glycol for three-second puffs every 30 seconds for 80 total puffs with either dry hit or saturated conditions. Cytotoxicity was measured colorimetrically. The thermal degradation of the heating coils and wicks was visualized using scanning electron microscopy. The chemical byproducts in the aerosol were analyzed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results revealed a highly significant increase in cytotoxicity from dry hit treatments. Imaging showed thermal decomposition of the cotton wick after dry hitting, which was confirmed by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy with less oxygen in the dry hit cotton. Chemical byproducts were found via unique peaks in the dry hit condensate in the aromatic and alkene regions. Saturated condensate showed higher concentrations of detected metal species than dry-hit condensate. E-cigarette users should avoid dry hitting by refilling tanks or cartridges preemptively or by using disposable coils to avoid increased toxicity during vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Beard
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Clancy Collom
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - James Y Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Precious Obiako
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Robert M Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | | | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA.
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2
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Quinones Tavarez Z, Croft DP, Li D, Gill SR, Wojtovich AP, Rahman I, Ossip DJ. Fruit flavors in electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are associated with nocturnal dry cough: A population longitudinal analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306467. [PMID: 38941336 PMCID: PMC11213341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence from in vitro and animal models has identified the pulmonary toxicity of flavors in electronic cigarettes (ECIGs); however, less is known from epidemiological studies about the effects of flavors in the respiratory health. This study examined the longitudinal association between exposure to ECIGs flavors and nocturnal dry cough among ECIGs users. A secondary analysis of data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2014-2019) was conducted. The study population included adults who provided information (n = 18,925) for a total of 38,638 observations. Weighted-incidence estimates and weighted- generalized estimating equation models were performed to assess unadjusted and adjusted associations. The weighted incidence proportion (WIP) of nocturnal dry cough was significantly higher among current (WIP:16.6%; 95%CI 10.5, 21.2) and former fruit flavored ECIGs users (WIP:16.6%; 95%CI 11.3, 21.9) as compared to non-ECIGs users (WIP:11.1%; 95%CI 10.6, 11.6). Current ECIGs users of fruit flavors showed 40% higher risk of reporting cough than non-ECIGs users (aRR:1.40, 95%CI 1.01, 1.94). Former ECIGs users of multiple flavors and other flavors had 300% and 66% higher risk to develop cough, respectively (aRR:3.33, 95%CI 1.51, 7.34 and aRR:1.66, 95%CI 1.0.9, 2.51), relative to non-ECIGs users. We observed a significantly higher risk of developing nocturnal dry cough in the past 12 months in current and former ECIGs users of fruit flavors and in former ECIGs users of multiple flavors. To the extent that cough may serve as an early indicator of respiratory inflammation and potential disease risk, the association between ECIGs use and cough raises potential concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahira Quinones Tavarez
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Croft
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Dongmei Li
- Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven R. Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Wojtovich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Deborah J. Ossip
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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3
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Deng H, Tang S, Yang F, Chen D, Bian Z, Wang Y, Tang G, Lee HK. Recent advances in the analysis of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols: Sample preparation and chromatographic characterization. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464495. [PMID: 37952386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) usage has risen dramatically worldwide in recent years. It has been publicized as a safer alternative to the conventional combustible cigarette. This, however, has not yet been supported by robust toxicological research evidence. Analysis of the chemical compositions of e-liquids and generated aerosols is an important step in evaluating the toxicity effects of e-cigarettes. Currently, a broad spectrum of analytical methods have been employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical compositions of e-cigarette liquids and aerosols. The aim of this article is to review the advances in the chromatographic characterization of chemical composition of the latter in the recent five years. In addition, sample preparation methods for e-liquids and aerosols are surveyed and discussed. A study of the relevant literature indicates that, expectedly, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography with a variety of detection systems, particularly mass spectrometry, have been the main analytical techniques used in this field. Sample preparation procedures primarily include headspace sampling, dilute-and-shoot approach, liquid-liquid extraction and sorbent-based extraction for e-liquids and for aerosols (the latter usually with laboratory-built collection devices). Some challenges of current e-cigarette analytical research, and an overview on prospective work are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Deng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212003, China
| | - Fei Yang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Yunnan Institute of Tobacco Quality Inspection & Supervision, Kunming 650106, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaoyang Bian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, High and New Technology Industries Development Zone, No.6 Cuizhu Street, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province 212003, China; Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Wong M, Martinez T, Tran M, Zuvia C, Gadkari A, Omaiye EE, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Sha J, Kassem A, Wohlschlegel J, Talbot P. A synthetic coolant (WS-23) in disposable electronic cigarettes impairs cytoskeletal function in EpiAirway microtissues exposed at the air liquid interface. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16906. [PMID: 37805554 PMCID: PMC10560211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43948-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of popular disposable electronic cigarettes (ECs) was analyzed, and the concentrations of WS-23, a synthetic coolant, in EC fluids were determined for 22 devices from 4 different brands. All products contained WS-23 in concentrations that ranged from 1.0 to 40.1 mg/mL (mean = 21.4 ± 9.2 mg/mL). To determine the effects of WS-23 on human bronchial epithelium in isolation of other chemicals, we exposed EpiAirway 3-D microtissues to WS-23 at the air liquid interface (ALI) using a cloud chamber that generated aerosols without heating. Proteomics analysis of exposed tissues revealed that the cytoskeleton was a major target of WS-23. BEAS-2B cells were exposed to WS-23 in submerged culture to validate the main results from proteomics. F-actin, which was visualized with phalloidin, decreased concentration dependently in WS-23 treated BEAS-2B cells, and cells became immotile in concentrations above 1.5 mg/mL. Gap closure, which depends on both cell proliferation and migration, was inhibited by 0.45 mg/mL of WS-23. These data show that WS-23 is being added to popular EC fluids at concentrations that can impair processes dependent on the actin cytoskeleton and disturb homeostasis of the bronchial epithelium. The unregulated use of WS-23 in EC products may harm human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wong
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Teresa Martinez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mona Tran
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Cori Zuvia
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Alisa Gadkari
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Esther E Omaiye
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97207, USA
| | - Kevin J McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97207, USA
| | - Jihui Sha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ahmad Kassem
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Lee J, Orzabal MR, Naik VD, Ramadoss J. Impact of e-cigarette vaping aerosol exposure in pregnancy on mTOR signaling in rat fetal hippocampus. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1217127. [PMID: 37449268 PMCID: PMC10337480 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1217127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use during pregnancy has become a major health concern in recent years and many view them as less harmful and may help quit or reduce combustible cigarettes. Implementing a state-of-the-art engineered vaping system, comprising an atomizer similar to those sold in vape shops, we aimed to utilize a translational e-cig inhalation delivery method to provide crucial information on the impact of prenatal e-cig aerosols on the developing brain hippocampal mTOR system in a rat model system. Gestational e-cig vaping significantly increased P-mTOR levels (p < 0.05) in the rat fetal hippocampi in the nicotine group (comprising of VG/PG + nicotine) compared to the control and the juice (comprising of VG/PG) groups. Total mTOR expression was not different among groups. Immunofluorescence imaging demonstrated P-mTOR was detected exclusively in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus of the fetal hippocampus. E-cig did not alter DEPTOR, but RAPTOR and RICTOR were higher (p < 0.05) in the Nicotine group. Gestational e-cig vaping with nicotine increased (p < 0.05) the activity and expression of 4EBP1, p70S6K, but decreased (p < 0.05) P-PKCα in the fetal hippocampi. In summary, dysregulation of mTORC1 and the related mTORC2, their activity, and downstream proteins together may play a critical role in e-cig-vaping-induced neurobiological phenotypes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehoon Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Marcus R. Orzabal
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Vishal D. Naik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jayanth Ramadoss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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6
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Maan M, Abuzayeda M, Kaklamanos EG, Jamal M, Dutta M, Moharamzadeh K. Molecular insights into the role of electronic cigarettes in oral carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:1-14. [PMID: 37051806 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (EC) usage or vaping has seen a significant rise in recent years across various parts of the world. They have been publicized as a safe alternative to smoking; however, this is not supported strongly by robust research evidence. Toxicological analysis of EC liquid and aerosol has revealed presence of several toxicants with known carcinogenicity. Oral cavity is the primary site of exposure of both cigarette smoke and EC aerosol. Role of EC in oral cancer is not as well-researched as that of traditional smoking. However, several recent studies have shown that it can lead to a wide range of potentially carcinogenic molecular events in oral cells. This review delineates the oral carcinogenesis potential of ECs at the molecular level, providing a summary of the effects of EC usage on cancer therapy resistance, cancer stem cells (CSCs), immune evasion, and microbiome dysbiosis, all of which may lead to increased tumor malignancy and poorer patient prognosis. This review of literature indicates that ECs may not be as safe as they are perceived to be, however further research is needed to definitively determine their oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Maan
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Moosa Abuzayeda
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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7
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Soo J, Easwaran M, Erickson‐DiRenzo E. Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: A Comprehensive Review for Otolaryngology Providers. OTO Open 2023; 7:e25. [PMID: 36998560 PMCID: PMC10046796 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The use and effects of electronic (e)-cigarettes (e-cigs) are particularly relevant for otolaryngology providers as tobacco plays a major role in benign and malignant diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract. This review aims to (1) summarize the recent policies regarding e-cigs and important patterns of use and (2) serve as a comprehensive resource for clinical providers on the known biologic and clinical effects of e-cigs on the upper aerodigestive tract. Data Sources PubMed/MEDLINE. Review Methods We conducted a narrative review on (1) general information on e-cig use and informative findings in the lower respiratory system and a comprehensive review on (2) the effects of e-cigs on cell and animal models and the clinical implications of these products on human health as is relevant to otolaryngology. Conclusions Although e-cigs are likely less harmful than conventional cigarettes, preliminary research on e-cigs suggest several deleterious effects including in the upper aerodigestive tract. Due to this, there has been increased interest in restricting e-cig usage, particularly among the adolescent population, and caution in recommending e-cigs to current smokers. Implications for Practice Chronic e-cig use is likely to have clinical implications. It is critical for otolaryngology providers to be aware of the rapidly changing regulations and use patterns regarding e-cigs and how e-cigs influence human health, particularly with regards to the upper aerodigestive tract, to accurately council patients regarding potential risks and benefits of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Soo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Meena Easwaran
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson‐DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
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8
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Kerber PJ, Duell AK, Powers M, Strongin RM, Peyton DH. Effects of Common e-Liquid Flavorants and Added Nicotine on Toxicant Formation during Vaping Analyzed by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1267-1276. [PMID: 35735356 PMCID: PMC10861143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A broad variety of e-liquids are used by e-cigarette consumers. Additives to the e-liquid carrier solvents, propylene glycol and glycerol, often include flavorants and nicotine at various concentrations. Flavorants in general have been reported to increase toxicant formation in e-cigarette aerosols, yet there is still much that remains unknown about the effects of flavorants, nicotine, and flavorants + nicotine on harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) when aerosolizing e-liquids. Common flavorants benzaldehyde, vanillin, benzyl alcohol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde have been identified as some of the most concentrated flavorants in some commercial e-liquids, yet there is limited information on their effects on HPHC formation. E-liquids containing flavorants + nicotine are also common, but the specific effects of flavorants + nicotine on toxicant formation remain understudied. We used 1H NMR spectroscopy to evaluate HPHCs and herein report that benzaldehyde, vanillin, benzyl alcohol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and mixtures of these flavorants significantly increased toxicant formation produced during e-liquid aerosolization compared to unflavored e-liquids. However, e-liquids aerosolized with flavorants + nicotine decreased the HPHCs for benzaldehyde, vanillin, benzyl alcohol, and a "flavorant mixture" but increased the HPHCs for e-liquids containing trans-cinnamaldehyde compared to e-liquids with flavorants and no nicotine. We determined how nicotine affects the production of HPHCs from e-liquids with flavorant + nicotine versus flavorant, herein referred to as the "nicotine degradation factor". Benzaldehyde, vanillin, benzyl alcohol, and a "flavorant mixture" with nicotine showed lower HPHC levels, having nicotine degradation factors <1 for acetaldehyde, acrolein, and total formaldehyde. HPHC formation was most inhibited in e-liquids containing vanillin + nicotine, with a degradation factor of ∼0.5, while trans-cinnamaldehyde gave more HPHC formation when nicotine was present, with a degradation factor of ∼2.5 under the conditions studied. Thus, the effects of flavorant molecules and nicotine are complex and warrant further studies on their impacts in other e-liquid formulations as well as with more devices and heating element types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kerber
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Anna K Duell
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Marley Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Robert M Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - David H Peyton
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
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9
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Son Y, Khlystov A. An Automated Aerosol Collection and Extraction System to Characterize Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. Front Chem 2021; 9:764730. [PMID: 34805094 PMCID: PMC8600130 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.764730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) market increased by 122% during 2014–2020 and is expected to continue growing rapidly. Despite their popularity, e-cigarettes are known to emit dangerous levels of toxic compounds (e.g., carbonyls), but a lack of accurate and efficient testing methods is hindering the characterization of e-cigarette aerosols emitted by a wide variety of e-cigarette devices, e-liquids, and use patterns. The aim of this study is to fill this gap by developing an automated E-cigarette Aerosol Collection and Extraction System (E-ACES) consisting of a vaping machine and a collection/extraction system. The puffing system was designed to mimic e-cigarette use patterns (i.e., power output and puff topography) by means of a variable power-supply and a flow control system. The sampling system collects e-cigarette aerosols using a combination of glass wool and a continuously wetted denuder. After the collection stage, the system is automatically washed with absorbing and extracting liquids (e.g., methanol, an acetaldehyde-DNPH solution). The entire system is controlled by a computer. E-ACES performance was evaluated against conventional methods during measurements of nicotine and carbonyl emissions from a tank type e-cigarette. Nicotine levels measured using glass fiber filters and E-ACES were not significantly different: 201.2 ± 6.2 and 212.5 ± 17 μg/puff (p = 0.377), respectively. Differences in formaldehyde and acetaldehyde levels between filter-DNPH cartridges and the E-ACES were 14% (p = 0.057) and 13% (p = 0.380), respectively. The E-ACES showed reproducible nicotine and carbonyl testing results for the selected e-cigarette vaping conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkwon Son
- Organic Analytical Laboratory, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Organic Analytical Laboratory, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
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10
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Moser D, Leitner P, Filipek PA, Hussain S, Rainer M, Jakschitz T, Rode BM, Bonn GK. Quantification and cytotoxicity of degradation products (chloropropanols) in sucralose containing e-liquids with propylene glycol and glycerol as base. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 430:115727. [PMID: 34543670 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained increasing popularity in recent years, mostly because they are supposed to be less harmful than regular cigarettes. Therefore, it is highly imperative to investigate possible noxious effects to protect the consumers. E-liquids consist of propylene glycol, glycerol, aroma compounds and sweeteners. One of these sweeteners is a chlorinated version of sucrose, namely sucralose. The aim of this work was to investigate degradation products of sucralose in the presence of propylene glycol and glycerol at different temperatures of commercially available e-cigarettes. Chemical analysis and biological tests were simultaneously performed on e-liquid aerosol condensates. The results of the chemical analysis, which was executed by employing GC-MS/GC-FID, demonstrated high amounts of various chloropropanols. The most abundant one is extremely toxic, namely 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol, which can be detected at concentrations ranging up to 10,000 mg/kg. Furthermore, a cytotoxicity investigation of the condensates was performed on HUVEC/Tert2 cells in which metabolic activity was determined by means of resazurin assay. The cellular metabolic activity significantly decreased by treatment with e-liquid aerosol condensate. Due to the results of this study, we advise against the use of sucralose as sweetener in e-liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moser
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Centre for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Leitner
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Przemyslaw A Filipek
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Shah Hussain
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Rainer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Centre for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Thomas Jakschitz
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernd M Rode
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Centre for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günther K Bonn
- ADSI-Austrian Drug Screening Institute GmbH, Innrain 66a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Centre for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Salam S, Saliba NA, Shihadeh A, Eissenberg T, El-Hellani A. Flavor-Toxicant Correlation in E-cigarettes: A Meta-Analysis. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2932-2938. [PMID: 33185445 PMCID: PMC7759004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flavors in electronic cigarette (ECIG) liquids may increase ECIG aerosol toxicity via intact distillation or chemical transformation. For this report, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature to categorize the compounds found in flavored ECIG liquids into a few chemical classes and to predict their possible chemical transformations upon ECIG liquid aerosolization. This analysis allowed us to propose specific correlations between flavoring chemicals and aerosol toxicants. A literature search was conducted in November 2019 using PubMed. Keywords included terms related to ECIGs and flavors. Studies were included if they reported chemical ingredients of flavored liquids and clearly stated the commercial names of these liquids. The obtained data were visualized on a network diagram to show the common chemical compounds identified in flavored ECIG liquids and categorize them into different chemical classes. The systematic literature review included a total of 11 articles. Analysis of the data reported gave a total of 189 flavored liquids and 173 distinct chemical compounds that were categorized into 22 chemical classes according to their functional groups. The subsequent prediction of chemical transformations of these functional groups highlighted the possible correlation of flavor compounds to aerosol toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Salam
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Najat Aoun Saliba
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and
Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department
of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center
for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia
Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
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12
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Fischman JS, Sista S, Lee D, Cuadra GA, Palazzolo DL. Flavorless vs. Flavored Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and E-Liquid on the Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci. Front Physiol 2020; 11:585416. [PMID: 33329035 PMCID: PMC7732452 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.585416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use or vaping has become popular globally. While the question “Is vaping safer than smoking?” continues, it is becoming clearer that one of the most dangerous components of E-liquids are the flavorings. Since the oral cavity is the first anatomical site to be assaulted by ECIG aerosol, the aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that flavored ECIG aerosols or E-liquids pose a more detrimental effect on the growth of commensal oral streptococcal bacteria compared to flavorless aerosols or E-liquids. Methods Kirby Bauer assays and 24-h planktonic growth curves were used to compare the effects of flavorless vs. flavored (tobacco, menthol, cinnamon, strawberry and blueberry) ECIG-generated aerosols and E-liquids on the growth of four common strains of oral commensal bacteria (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis). Results Kirby Bauer assays revealed inhibition of growth for all bacteria tested when exposed to 100% menthol, cinnamon or strawberry flavors. In contrast, 5% flavor in E-liquid had no effect. When exposed to 100 puffs of ECIG-generated aerosol ± flavors (≈ 0.05% flavor in brain heart infusion media) or an equivalent amount of E-liquid ± flavors, twenty-four hour planktonic growth curves indicated no effect on growth for all streptococci tested. Subsequent twenty-four hour planktonic growth curves testing the effects of E-liquid ± flavors (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.3125, 0.625, and 1.25% flavor in brain heart infusion media) revealed dose-dependent inhibition of growth, particularly for menthol, cinnamon and strawberry), for all bacteria tested. Conclusion These results support the hypothesis that flavored E-liquids are more detrimental to the growth of oral commensal bacteria than unflavored E-liquids. The streptococci tested in this study are early colonizers and part of the foundation of oral biofilms and dental plaque. Disturbances in the composition and growth of these primary colonizers is crucial to the development of a healthy dental plaque and host-bacteria interactions. E-liquids and their aerosols containing flavoring agents alter the growth of these bacteria. Such perturbations of pioneering oral communities pose a potential risk to the health of the oral cavity and, ultimately, health in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Fischman
- Department of Biology, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, United States
| | - Swapna Sista
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
| | - DongKeun Lee
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
| | | | - Dominic L Palazzolo
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
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13
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Dinu V, Kilic A, Wang Q, Ayed C, Fadel A, Harding SE, Yakubov GE, Fisk ID. Policy, toxicology and physicochemical considerations on the inhalation of high concentrations of food flavour. NPJ Sci Food 2020; 4:15. [PMID: 33083547 PMCID: PMC7541606 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-020-00075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Food flavour ingredients are required by law to obtain prior approval from regulatory bodies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in terms of toxicological data and intended use levels. However, there are no regulations for labelling the type and concentration of flavour additives on the product, primarily due to their low concentration in food and generally recognised as safe (GRAS) status determined by the flavour and extract manufacturers' association (FEMA). Their status for use in e-cigarettes and other vaping products challenges these fundamental assumptions, because their concentration can be over ten-thousand times higher than in food, and the method of administration is through inhalation, which is currently not evaluated by the FEMA expert panel. This work provides a review of some common flavour ingredients used in food and vaping products, their product concentrations, inhalation toxicity and aroma interactions reported with different biological substrates. We have identified several studies, which suggest that the high concentrations of flavour through inhalation may pose a serious health threat, especially in terms of their cytotoxicity. As a result of the wide range of possible protein-aroma interactions reported in our diet and metabolism, including links to several non-communicable diseases, we suggest that it is instrumental to update current flavour- labelling regulations, and support new strategies of understanding the effects of flavour uptake on the digestive and respiratory systems, in order to prevent the onset of future non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Dinu
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK.,Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Azad Kilic
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK.,Centre for Plant Integrative Biology (CPIB), School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Qingqi Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Charfedinne Ayed
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Abdulmannan Fadel
- Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen E Harding
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Ian D Fisk
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
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14
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Son Y, Weisel C, Wackowski O, Schwander S, Delnevo C, Meng Q. The Impact of Device Settings, Use Patterns, and Flavorings on Carbonyl Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5650. [PMID: 32764435 PMCID: PMC7460324 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Health impacts of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping are associated with the harmful chemicals emitted from e-cigarettes such as carbonyls. However, the levels of various carbonyl compounds under real-world vaping conditions have been understudied. This study evaluated the levels of carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, and diacetyl, etc.) under various device settings (i.e., power output), vaping topographies, and e-liquid compositions (i.e., base liquid, flavor types). The results showed that e-vapor carbonyl levels were the highest under higher power outputs. The propylene glycol (PG)-based e-liquids generated higher formaldehyde and acetaldehyde than vegetable glycerin (VG)-based e-liquids. In addition, fruit flavored e-liquids (i.e., strawberry and dragon fruit) generated higher formaldehyde emissions than mint/menthol and creamy/sweet flavored e-liquids. While single-top coils formed 3.5-fold more formaldehyde per puff than conventional cigarette smoking, bottom coils generated 10-10,000 times less formaldehyde per puff. In general, increases in puff volume and longer puff durations generated significantly higher amounts of formaldehyde. While e-cigarettes emitted much lower levels of carbonyl compounds compared to conventional cigarettes, the presence of several toxic carbonyl compounds in e-cigarette vapor may still pose potential health risks for users without smoking history, including youth. Therefore, the public health administrations need to consider the vaping conditions which generated higher carbonyls, such as higher power output with PG e-liquid, when developing e-cigarette product standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkwon Son
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.W.); (S.S.); (Q.M.)
| | - Clifford Weisel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.W.); (S.S.); (Q.M.)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Olivia Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (O.W.); (C.D.)
- Cancer Prevention & Control Research Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.W.); (S.S.); (Q.M.)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (O.W.); (C.D.)
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Cristine Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (O.W.); (C.D.)
- Cancer Prevention & Control Research Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (C.W.); (S.S.); (Q.M.)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (O.W.); (C.D.)
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15
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McAlinden KD, Eapen MS, Lu W, Sharma P, Sohal SS. The rise of electronic nicotine delivery systems and the emergence of electronic-cigarette-driven disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L585-L595. [PMID: 32726146 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00160.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the United States experienced the emergence of the vaping-associated lung injury (VALI) epidemic. Vaping is now known to result in the development and progression of severe lung disease in the young and healthy. Lack of regulation on electronic cigarettes in the United States has resulted in over 2,000 patients and 68 deaths. We examine the clinical representation of VALI and the delve into the scientific evidence of how deadly exposure to electronic cigarettes can be. E-cigarette vapor is shown to affect numerous cellular processes, cellular metabolism, and cause DNA damage (which has implications for cancer). E-cigarette use is associated with a higher risk of developing crippling lung conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which would develop several years from now, increasing the already existent smoking-related burden. The role of vaping and virus susceptibility is yet to be determined; however, vaping can increase the virulence and inflammatory potential of several lung pathogens and is also linked to an increased risk of pneumonia. As it has emerged for cigarette smoking, great caution should also be given to vaping in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the COVID-19 pandemic. Sadly, e-cigarettes are continually promoted and perceived as a safer alternative to cigarette smoking. E-cigarettes and their modifiable nature are harmful, as the lungs are not designed for the chronic inhalation of e-cigarette vapor. It is of interest that e-cigarettes have been shown to be of no help with smoking cessation. A true danger lies in vaping, which, if ignored, will lead to disastrous future costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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16
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Reilly SM, Cheng T, DuMond J. Method Validation Approaches for Analysis of Constituents in ENDS. TOB REGUL SCI 2020; 6:242-265. [PMID: 32789155 PMCID: PMC7416875 DOI: 10.18001/trs.6.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed how many peer-reviewed publications reporting chemical quantities and/or yields from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have included adequate method validation characteristics in the publication for appropriate interpretation of data quality for informing tobacco regulatory science. METHODS We searched 5 databases (Web of Knowledge, PubMed, SciFinder, Embase, EBSCOhost) for ENDS publications between January 2007 and September 2018. Of the 283 publications screened, 173 publications were relevant for analysis. We identified the publications that report a certain degree of control in data quality, ie, the publications that report marginally validated methods (MVMs). MVMs refer to the methods that: (1) report 3 or more International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) method validation characteristics, (2) state the method was validated, (3) cite their own previous publication(s) that report MVMs, or (4) use a method within the accreditation scope of an accredited laboratory. RESULTS Overall, 97 publications (56%) report MVMs in their studies. This percentage also reflects the publication distribution for the majority of the 28 chemicals measured by MVMs. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for reporting sufficient validation characteristics following appropriate guidance to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the published analytical data for proper data interpretations that may support policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Reilly
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Tianrong Cheng
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Jenna DuMond
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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17
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Electronic nicotine delivery system design and aerosol toxicants: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234189. [PMID: 32497139 PMCID: PMC7272070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; e-cigarettes), consisting of a battery, heating element and e-liquid, have evolved significantly with wide variation in design, components, operating powers, and chemical constituents. Generated aerosols have been reported to contain potentially toxic substances. We conducted a systematic review to assess what is known about the presence of toxicants in ENDS aerosols in order to inform how system design could mitigate risk. METHODS Articles reporting on or evaluating design characteristics of ENDS and aerosol constituents were included and summarized. RESULTS The search identified 2,305 articles, of which 92 were included after full-text review. Findings were grouped into 6 major categories of potentially harmful chemicals: carbonyls, volatile organic chemicals, trace elements, reactive oxygen species and free radicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. In general, higher concentrations of aerosol toxicants are associated with increased power or voltage. Aerosol toxicants are also associated with e-liquid flavoring agents existing as primary ingredients or as products of thermal degradation. CONCLUSIONS Improved ENDS design can reduce toxicant levels. Additional research is needed to develop a framework for optimizing system characteristics to minimize exposure, especially with respect to heating power and e-liquids. Both manufacturers and regulatory agencies have roles in reducing toxicants and potential health risks from ENDS.
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18
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Ebersole J, Samburova V, Son Y, Cappelli D, Demopoulos C, Capurro A, Pinto A, Chrzan B, Kingsley K, Howard K, Clark N, Khlystov A. Harmful chemicals emitted from electronic cigarettes and potential deleterious effects in the oral cavity. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:41. [PMID: 32435175 PMCID: PMC7233525 DOI: 10.18332/tid/116988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), is increasing across the US population and is particularly troubling due to their adoption by adolescents, teens, and young adults. The industry’s marketing approach for these instruments of addiction has been to promote them as a safer alternative to tobacco, a behavioral choice supporting smoking cessation, and as the ‘cool’ appearance of vaping with flavored products (e.g. tutti frutti, bubble gum, and buttered popcorn etc.). Thus, there is a clear need to better document the health outcomes of e-cig use in the oral cavity of the addicted chronic user. There appears to be an array of environmental toxins in the vapors, including reactive aldehydes and carbonyls resulting from the heating elements action on fluid components, as well as from the composition of chemical flavoring agents. The chemistry of these systems shows that the released vapors from the e-cigs frequently contain levels of environmental toxins that considerably exceed federal occupational exposure limits. Additionally, the toxicants in the vapors appear to be retained in the host fluids/tissues at levels often approximating 90% of the levels in the e-cig vapors. These water-soluble reactive toxins can challenge the oral cavity constituents, potentially contributing to alterations in the autochthonous microbiome and host cells critical for maintaining oral homeostasis. This review updates the existing chemistry/environmental aspects of e-cigs, as well as providing an overview of the somewhat limited data on potential oral health effects that could occur across the lifetime of daily e-cig users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Vera Samburova
- Organic Analytical Laboratory, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, United States
| | - Yeongkwon Son
- Organic Analytical Laboratory, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, United States
| | - David Cappelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Christina Demopoulos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Antonina Capurro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Andres Pinto
- Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Brian Chrzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Katherine Howard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Nathaniel Clark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
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19
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Son Y, Bhattarai C, Samburova V, Khlystov A. Carbonyls and Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Electronic Cigarettes Affected by Device Type and Use Patterns. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2767. [PMID: 32316435 PMCID: PMC7215697 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dangerous levels of harmful chemicals in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosols were reported by several studies, but variability in e-cigarette design and use patterns, and a rapid development of new devices, such as JUUL, hamper efforts to develop standardized testing protocols and understand health risks associated with e-cigarette use. In this study, we investigated the relative importance of e-cigarette design, power output, liquid composition, puff topography on e-cigarette emissions of carbonyl compounds, carbon monoxide (CO), and nicotine. Four popular e-cigarette devices representing the most common e-cigarette types (e.g., cig-a-like, top-coil, 'mod', and 'pod') were tested. Under the tested vaping conditions, a top-coil device generated the highest amounts of formaldehyde and CO. A 'pod' type device (i.e., JUUL) emitted the highest amounts of nicotine, while generating the lowest levels of carbonyl and CO as compared to other tested e-cigarettes. Emissions increased nearly linearly with puff duration, while puff flow had a relatively small effect. Flavored e-liquids generated more carbonyls and CO than unflavored liquids. Carbonyl concentrations and CO in e-cigarette aerosols were found to be well correlated. While e-cigarettes emitted generally less CO and carbonyls than conventional cigarettes, daily carbonyl exposures from e-cigarette use could still exceed acute exposure limits, with the top-coil device potentially posing more harm than conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrey Khlystov
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA; (Y.S.); (C.B.); (V.S.)
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Abstract
With the rapid increase in electronic cigarette (e-cig) users worldwide, secondhand exposure to e-cig aerosols has become a serious public health concern. We summarize the evidence on the effects of e-cigs on indoor air quality, chemical compositions of mainstream and secondhand e-cig aerosols, and associated respiratory and cardiovascular effects. The use of e-cigs in indoor environments leads to high levels of fine and ultrafine particles similar to tobacco cigarettes (t-cigs). Concentrations of chemical compounds in e-cig aerosols are generally lower than those in t-cig smoke, but a substantial amount of vaporized propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and toxic substances, such as aldehydes and heavy metals, has been reported. Exposures to mainstream e-cig aerosols have biologic effects but only limited evidence shows adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects in humans. Long-term studies are needed to better understand the dosimetry and health effects of exposures to secondhand e-cig aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, USA;
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Nicol J, Fraser R, Walker L, Liu C, Murphy J, Proctor CJ. Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of the Aerosol Emissions of a Vaping Product Based on a New Technology. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:789-799. [PMID: 32122129 PMCID: PMC7308067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Around 10 million people in the United
States and 3 million people
in the United Kingdom are estimated to use vaping category products.
There are some estimates that there will be 75–80 million vapers
worldwide by 2020. Most of these products are based on coil-and-wick
technology. Because the heating and aerosol formation are separate
processes, the system can lead to dry-wicking and elevated emission
of carbonyls if designed and/or manufactured poorly. Low-nicotine
and low-power coil-and-wick devices have also been linked to increased
exposure to formaldehyde due to compensatory behavior by users. We
characterized the emissions of a vaping product which uses a fabric-free
stainless-steel mesh distiller plate technology that heats and aerosolizes
the e-liquid in a single process. The plate has a microporous structure
for capillary-induced liquid transformation (wicking) and aerosolization
that is optimized to avoid fluid starvation and overheating and improved
control. Compared with emissions previously reported for a coil-and-wick
nicotine vaping product (e-cigarette), most classes of harmful and
potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) from this vaping product
were below the level of detection or quantification. For those that
were quantifiable, this vaping product generally had lower levels
of emissions than the e-cigarette, including carbonyls. Formaldehyde
and methyl glyoxal levels did not differ significantly between vaping
products. In this system, the single mode of liquid transfer and vapor
formation permits high aerosol mass delivery but further reduces emissions
of HPHCs that may be present in conventional e-cigarette aerosol,
by lessening the risk of thermal breakdown of the aerosol-generating
solvent mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nicol
- JTN Consulting Limited, 272 Bath Street, Glasgow, Scotland G2 4JR
| | - Rory Fraser
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Reagents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Walker
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Reagents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - Chuan Liu
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Reagents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Reagents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, United Kingdom
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Bozier J, Chivers EK, Chapman DG, Larcombe AN, Bastian NA, Masso-Silva JA, Byun MK, McDonald CF, Crotty Alexander LE, Ween MP. The Evolving Landscape of e-Cigarettes: A Systematic Review of Recent Evidence. Chest 2020; 157:1362-1390. [PMID: 32006591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking continues to be a burden to economies and health-care systems across the world. One proposed solution to the problem has been e-cigarettes; however, because they are a relatively new product in the market, little is known about their potential health impacts. Furthermore, e-cigarettes continue to evolve at a rapid rate, making it necessary to regularly review and summarize available studies. Although e-cigarettes are marketed as a smoking cessation tool by some manufacturers, the reality is that many nonsmokers, including youth, are using them. This review focuses on two major demographic groups (smokers and nonsmokers) and evaluates the most recent data (early 2017 to mid 2019) regarding the potential health effects of e-cigarettes. We assessed peer-reviewed studies on the health impacts of e-cigarettes, with a particular focus on common questions asked by policy makers, clinicians, and scientists: (1) What are the effects of e-cigarettes compared with air/not smoking?; (2) Is there any direct evidence of harm or benefit to humans?; (3) Is there a risk from secondhand exposure?; (4) What are the risks and/or benefits of e-cigarettes compared with tobacco cigarette use?; (5) Are there risks or benefits to specific populations (eg, people with COPD or asthma, pregnant women [and their offspring])?; (6) What are the effects of flavoring chemicals?; (7) What are the effects of including nicotine in e-liquids?; (8) How often is nicotine concentration labeling incorrect?; and (9) What are the risks when e-cigarettes explode?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Bozier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - David G Chapman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole A Bastian
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jorge A Masso-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Min Kwang Byun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Christine F McDonald
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Critical Care & Sleep, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Miranda P Ween
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Lee JH, Patra JK, Shin HS. Analytical methods for determination of carbonyl compounds and nicotine in electronic No-Smoking aid refill solutions. Anal Biochem 2020; 588:113470. [PMID: 31605695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation aimed to develop analytical methods to determine carbonyl compounds and nicotine and to assess the carbonyl compounds and nicotine concentrations in commercial refill solutions for electronic no-smoking aids (ENSAs). The analytical methods for carbonyl compounds and nicotine in refill solutions for ENSAs were developed and analyzed from 30 popular branded products by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. They were then validated in terms of linearity of the calibration curve, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy (%), and precision (%). Further, the existence of carbonyl compounds and nicotine in the refill solutions for ENSAs was also evaluated. None of the samples contained nicotine, but carbonyl compounds were sensed in a concentration range from 0.9 to 11.65 μg/mL. Manufacturers of ENSA refill solutions have advertised no-smoking aids as less harmful than tobacco cigarettes and as free from harmful substances. However, carbonyl compounds were detected in all 30 samples. The investigation of ENSA refill solutions needs to be broadened to gain a better accepting of the existence of harmful materials in ENSA refill solutions and prevent unsuspected ill-health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food and Bio Safety Research Center, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology & Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food and Bio Safety Research Center, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Belushkin M, Tafin Djoko D, Esposito M, Korneliou A, Jeannet C, Lazzerini M, Jaccard G. Selected Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents Levels in Commercial e-Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:657-668. [PMID: 31859484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A broad range of commercially available electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) systems were tested for levels of emissions of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHC), with a particular focus on the carbonyls: acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. The tobacco-specific nitrosamines N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-bipyridyl)-1-butanone; the elements arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel; benzene; 1,3-butadiene; and benzo(a)pyrene were also quantified. The results show that except for the levels of carbonyls, all types of e-cigarettes performed in a similar manner, and emission levels for HPHCs were generally not quantifiable. However, levels of carbonyls, especially formaldehyde, were highly variable. Overall, the lowest levels of formaldehyde were observed in cartridge systems, which generally achieved substantial reductions in yields in comparison with cigarette smoke. Formaldehyde levels in open tank systems were variable; however, the median formaldehyde levels across different brands were substantially lower than the formaldehyde levels in cigarette smoke. The results for variable-power devices operated at the highest voltage confirmed existing literature data regardless of orientation and differences in puffing regimes. Furthermore, our results show that many products deliver consistent HPHC yields over a broad range of testing conditions (with minimal variability from one device to another, under a range of puffing conditions). However, some products exhibit high variability in emissions of HPHCs. The use of air blanks is further highlighted to assess nonproduct-related contributions to HPHC levels to avoid misrepresentation of the data. Overall, our results highlight that some but not all electronic cigarettes deliver low levels of carbonyls consistently across the full e-liquid depletion cycle under different test conditions. The need for further research and standardization work on assessment of variable-voltage electronic cigarettes is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Donatien Tafin Djoko
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Korneliou
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Cyril Jeannet
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Massimo Lazzerini
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
| | - Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland
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25
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Bonilla A, Blair AJ, Alamro SM, Ward RA, Feldman MB, Dutko RA, Karagounis TK, Johnson AL, Folch EE, Vyas JM. Recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces and vaping in an 18-year-old man: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2019; 13:283. [PMID: 31495337 PMCID: PMC6732835 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-019-2215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is a common disorder occurring in young adults without underlying lung disease. Although tobacco smoking is a well-documented risk factor for spontaneous pneumothorax, an association between electronic cigarette use (that is, vaping) and spontaneous pneumothorax has not been noted. We report a case of spontaneous pneumothoraces correlated with vaping. Case presentation An 18-year-old Caucasian man presented twice with recurrent right-sided spontaneous pneumothoraces within 2 weeks. He reported a history of vaping just prior to both episodes. Diagnostic testing was notable for a right-sided spontaneous pneumothorax on chest X-ray and computed tomography scan. His symptoms improved following insertion of a chest tube and drainage of air on each occasion. In the 2-week follow-up visit for the recurrent episode, he was asymptomatic and reported that he was no longer using electronic cigarettes. Conclusions Providers and patients should be aware of the potential risk of spontaneous pneumothorax associated with electronic cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bonilla
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexander J Blair
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Suliman M Alamro
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ward
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michael B Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Richard A Dutko
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Theodora K Karagounis
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Adam L Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Erik E Folch
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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26
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Eddingsaas NC, Hensel EC, O'Dea S, Kunselman P, DiFrancesco AG, Robinson RJ. Effect of user puffing topography on total particulate matter, nicotine and volatile carbonyl emissions from narghile waterpipes. Tob Control 2019; 29:s117-s122. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesPuffing topographies of waterpipe users vary widely as does the puff-to-puff topography of an individual user. The aim of this study was to determine if puff duration and flow rate have an effect on the characteristics of the mainstream emission from waterpipes, including total particulate matter (TPM), mass ratio of nicotine and mass concentration of volatile carbonyls.MethodsPuffing parameters were chosen to encompass a significant portion of the perimeter space observed from a natural environment study. Tested conditions were 150, 200 and 250 mL sec-1; each run at 2, 3.5 and 5 s durations; 25 s interpuff duration and ~100 puffs per session. Each session was run in quadruplicate using the Programmable Emissions System-2 (PES-2) emissions capture system under identical conditions. Particulate matter, for quantification of TPM and nicotine, was collected on filter pads every ~5 L of aerosol resulting in 6 to 25 samples per session. Volatile carbonyls were sampled using 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated silica.ResultsMass concentration of TPM linearly decreased with increased flow rate, with no dependency on puff duration. Nicotine mass ratio was independent of topography, with average mass ratio of nicotine to TPM of 0.0027±0.0002 (mg/mg). The main carbonyls observed were acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. Puff duration increased emissions of some carbonyls (eg, formaldehyde) but not others (eg, acetaldehyde).ConclusionsThe results presented here highlight that topographies influence the emissions generated from waterpipes including TPM, total nicotine and volatile carbonyls. For laboratory studies to be representative of user exposure, a range of topographies must be studied. Using a range of topographies within a controlled laboratory environment will better inform regulatory policy.
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27
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[Exposure of vapers to formaldehyde and acrolein: A systematic review]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:752-800. [PMID: 31285084 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although recognized as less dangerous than conventional cigarettes, the toxicity of the electronic cigarette vapor's toxicity remains to be fully assessed. This review explores vapers' exposition to formaldehyde and acrolein. METHOD Systematic PubMed search for reports regarding formaldehyde or acrolein or their metabolites in electronic cigarette vapor, in vapers, or in ambient air. RESULTS Fifty-two publications were selected. Found in almost all studies on vaper, formaldehyde is 8 times out of 11 - and acrolein constantly - in lower amounts than those found in conventional cigarettes. Acrolein's metabolite is found in all studies in vapers. The concentrations of formaldehyde and/or acrolein generated during vapor production may be affected by the characteristics of the E-liquid, voltage, vaping topography, and by the flavor additives. CONCLUSION In the current state of knowledge, we must continue to support and help smokers to quit smoking, and for those who are engaged in a harm reduction approach, to minimize the duration of their electronic cigarette use.
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28
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Strongin RM. E-Cigarette Chemistry and Analytical Detection. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:23-39. [PMID: 30848928 PMCID: PMC6565477 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of e-cigarette aerosol properties can inform public health while longer-term epidemiological investigations are ongoing. The determination of aerosol levels of known toxins, as well as of molecules with unknown inhalation toxicity profiles, affords specific information for estimating the risks of e-cigarettes and for uncovering areas that should be prioritized for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA;
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29
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Vogel EA, Prochaska JJ, Ramo DE, Andres J, Rubinstein ML. Adolescents' E-Cigarette Use: Increases in Frequency, Dependence, and Nicotine Exposure Over 12 Months. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:770-775. [PMID: 31122507 PMCID: PMC6538303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined changes in e-cigarette and dual-use frequency, levels of nicotine exposure and e-cigarette dependence, and device and e-liquid preferences over 12 months. METHODS Adolescents (N = 173, aged 13-18 years) who reported past-month e-cigarette use and at least 10 lifetime uses were recruited from the San Francisco Bay Area. The sample was 75.1% male, 54.9% non-Hispanic White, mean age 16.6 years (standard deviation = 1.2); 26.6% reported past-month cigarette smoking at baseline (i.e., dual use). At baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up, participants provided saliva samples for cotinine testing and self-reported e-cigarette use frequency, dependence, past-month smoking, product preference, and flavor preference. RESULTS Most (80.3%) were still using e-cigarettes at 12 months, and daily use increased from 14.5% to 29.8%. Model testing indicated an overall increase from baseline to 12 months in frequency of e-cigarette use (F(2, 166) = 5.69, p = .004), dependence (F(2, 164) = 5.49, p = .005), and cotinine levels (F(2, 103) = 4.40, p = .038). Among those reporting only e-cigarette use at baseline, 28.8% reported combustible cigarette use during follow-up. Among those reporting dual use at baseline, 57.1% were still dual using at 12 months, 31.4% reported e-cigarette use only, and none abstained from both products. Higher nicotine delivering e-cigarette devices (i.e., Juul, mods) became more popular over time, whereas flavor preferences (i.e., fruit, mint/menthol, and candy) remained stable. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents' e-cigarette use persisted over a 12-month period with significant increases in frequency of use, nicotine exposure, and e-cigarette dependence. Transitions from single to dual and dual to single nicotine product use were observed in approximately one in three users over the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Judith J Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Danielle E Ramo
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jerome Andres
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Mark L Rubinstein
- Division of Adolescent & Young Adult Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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30
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Vogel EA, Prochaska JJ, Rubinstein ML. Measuring e-cigarette addiction among adolescents. Tob Control 2019; 29:258-262. [PMID: 31079033 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES With high rates of use and uncertain consequences, valid electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use frequency and addiction measures for adolescents are needed. This cross-sectional study examined correlations for multiple measures of adolescent e-cigarette use with nicotine exposure quantified with salivary cotinine levels. METHODS Adolescents (N=173, age 13-18) who reported past-month e-cigarette use were recruited from the San Francisco Bay Area. Participants self-reported: (1) days of e-cigarette use in a typical month, (2) number of e-cigarette sessions in a typical day (sessions per day; SPD) and the (3) E-Cigarette Addiction Severity Index (EASI). Participants also completed the 10-item Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (ECDI), which we examined in full and as a 2-item Heaviness of Vaping Index (HVI; the sum of the ECDI items on use frequency and time to first vaping on wakening). Sessions per month (SPM) were calculated using days per month and SPD. Cotinine levels, SPD and SPM were log-transformed. RESULTS Among frequency measures, SPM correlated most strongly with cotinine (r=0.59), followed closely by days per month (r=0.58) and SPD (r=0.57), p<0.001. Among dependence measures, the EASI correlated most strongly with cotinine (r=0.51), closely followed by the ECDI and HVI (r's=0.50), all p's<0.001. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents' reports of frequency of e-cigarette use and degree of addiction correlated significantly with cotinine as a biomarker of nicotine exposure. We recommend the EASI and days per month as brief general measures. SPM and the ECDI are more extensive measures that may yield a more nuanced understanding of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judith J Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark L Rubinstein
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Reilly SM, Bhangu G, Trushin N, Foulds J, Muscat J, Richie JP. Emissions of Free Radicals, Carbonyls, and Nicotine from the NIDA Standardized Research Electronic Cigarette and Comparison to Similar Commercial Devices. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 32:130-138. [PMID: 30525517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes (e-cigs) are a diverse and continuously evolving group of products with four generations currently in the market. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) standardized research e-cigarette (SREC) is intended to provide researchers with a consistent e-cig device with known characteristics. Thus, we conducted laboratory-based characterizations of oxidants and nicotine in aerosols produced from SREC and other closed-system, breath-activated, commercially available e-cigs (Blu and Vuse). We hypothesized that oxidant and nicotine production will be significantly affected in all devices by changes in puffing parameters. All e-cigs were machine vaped and the aerosols generated were examined for nicotine, carbonyls, and free-radicals while varying the puff-volumes and puff-durations to reflect typical human usage. The data were normalized on a per puff, per gram aerosol, and per milligram nicotine basis. We found that aerosol production generally increased with increasing puff-duration and puff-volume in all e-cigs tested. Increased puff-duration and puff-volume increased nicotine delivery for Blu and Vuse but not the SREC. We report, for the first time, reactive free-radicals in aerosols from all closed-system e-cigs tested, albeit at levels lower than cigarette smoke. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and propionaldehyde were detected in the aerosols of all tested e-cigs. Carbonyl and free radical production is affected by puff-duration and puff volume. Overall, SREC was more efficient at aerosol and nicotine production than both Blu and Vuse. In terms of carbonyl and free radical levels, SREC delivered lower or similar levels to both other devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Food Science , Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Gurkirat Bhangu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Food Science , Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Food Science , Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science (TCORS) , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
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32
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Measuring aldehyde emissions in e-cigarettes and the contribution of flavors: A response to Khlystov and Samburova. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:726-728. [PMID: 30114446 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Khlystov A, Samburova V. Comment on "Do flavouring compounds contribute to aldehyde emissions in e-cigarettes?" by Farsalinos and Voudris. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:724-725. [PMID: 30102927 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This letter is in response to a paper "Do flavouring compounds contribute to aldehyde emissions in e-cigarettes?" authored by Farsalinos and Voudris in the May 2018 edition of FCT. Our purpose is to point out and/or correct inconsistencies and inaccuracies in that paper. Using evidence from several independent studies, we demonstrate that experimental methods used by Farsalinos and Voudris do not fully account for neither particle nor gas-phase aldehydes in e-cigarette aerosols, leading to significant underestimation of aldehyde emissions and risks associated with e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Khlystov
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV, 89441, USA.
| | - Vera Samburova
- Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV, 89441, USA
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