Effect of food azo dyes tartrazine and carmoisine on biochemical parameters related to renal, hepatic function and oxidative stress biomarkers in young male rats

Role of gallic acid against hepatic functional and histological deteriorations in tartrazine-intoxicated rats

Tartrazine (Tz) is one of the most commonly used artificial food colorants in the food industry, found in a wide array of products. This study investigates the protective role of gallic acid (GA), a powerful antioxidant, against the adverse effects of Tz on the liver. Over a 30-day period, 40 rats were divided into two groups: Group 1 (control group, 10 rats) received a daily administration of a vehicle, while Group 2 (30 rats) received Tz (30 mg/kg body weight). Group 2 was further subdivided into three subgroups of 10 rats each: Subgroup 1 served as a positive control for Tz; Subgroup 2 received GA (200 mg/kg body weight); and Subgroup 3 was left untreated for an additional 30 days as a recovery group (TR). Our study revealed that GA normalized liver functions markers (ALT, AST, and bilirubin), regulated lipids (cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and TG), and ameliorated the redox potentials activity of liver tissue (Catalase, GSH, SOD, LPO, Total peroxide, and Carbonyl protein), revealing its potential in mitigating the negative impact of Tz administration. Moreover, histopathological examinations, including the TUNEL assay, and histological and histochemical studies, demonstrated that GA effectively prevented the histological damage caused by Tz administration.

Dose-Dependent Hepatorenal Damage Induced by Erythrosine: A Study of Biochemical, Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Histopathological Effects in Wistar Rats

This study aimed to provide insights into the hepatorenal toxicity induced by erythrosine, a synthetic red dye commonly used in food and pharmaceuticals, which has raised concerns over its potential health risks. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6). The first group was the control group and the other group received one of three doses of erythrosine based on acceptable daily intake (¼ ADI, ½ ADI, and ADI, 0.1 mg/kg body weight). This study examined biological activity via biochemical enzyme analysis, oxidative stress indices, DNA damage, and histopathology. Compared with the control group, erythrosine administration increased the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, total protein, urea, creatinine, and uric acid at the highest erythrosine dose. The catalase and the superoxide dismutase activity decreased in both tissues at the highest dose. The glutathione-S-transferase activity increased at the ¼ ADI dose and decreased at higher doses in both tissues. In contrast, acetylcholinesterase activity was greater in erythrosine-treated rats than in control rats. Oxidative stress indices indicated increased lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide content, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. The comet assay was used to assess DNA damage, revealing significant damage in the erythrosine-treated groups. Histopathological examination revealed necrotic and degenerative changes in the liver and kidney tissues. The findings underscore dose-dependent hepatorenal toxicity and highlight the novelty of demonstrating a comprehensive link between erythrosine exposure, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. These results emphasize the need for cautious evaluation of synthetic dye consumption due to potential health risks.

Evaluation of bone development and organs in rat fetuses exposed to tartrazine

Tartrazine finds widespread application in the realms of alimentation, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic formulations, and textile manufacturing. Tartrazine has a negative effect on human health such as hyperactivity, allergies and asthma in children. Substances such as tartrazine might effect the embryo in a kind of aspects, containing physical or mental disorders, and a decrease in the child's intellectual memory. In this study, Sprague dawley female rats, 70-100 days old, weighing 250-300 g, with confirmed pregnancy, were divided into two groups of 5: control and tartrazine group. Rats were sacrificed on the 20th day and heart, lung, kidney and liver tissues were removed from the fetuses. The effect of tartrazine on fetal bone development was assessed by double skeletal staining, histological analysis on organs, and IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TRPM2 gene levels. It has been observed that tartrazine, which is frequently used as a food dye, damages important fetal tissues such as liver, kidney, lung and heart. A statistically meaningful reduce was observed in the total length, total area, bone length and bone area values of the limb bones in the tartrazine group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). It was observed that the mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and TRPM2 genes in the livers of the fetuses changed compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In this study on the use of tartrazine during pregnancy, it was observed that both organs and bone development were damaged. More studies are needed on the effects of tartrazine.

The food dye Tartrazine disrupts vascular formation both in zebrafish larvae and in human primary endothelial cells

Tartrazine (E102) is a controversial coloring agent whose potential impacts on human health are not fully understood. Our study reveals the vascular disrupting effects of tartrazine (TTZ) on developing zebrafish embryos in vivo and on human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. The dye was shown to cause dose-dependent hemorrhages in zebrafish embryos. Analyzing transgenic zebrafish harboring fluorescent endothelial cells revealed that TTZ treatment disrupted cell organization into vessels in both the sub-intestinal vein and the brain area. Assays on human umbilical vein endothelial cells demonstrated that TTZ inhibited endothelial proliferation, tube formation, and migration in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, our results indicate for the first time that TTZ can affect endothelial cell properties, possibly by disrupting Rho family GTPase pathways which control the cytoskeleton. Our finding provides a credible explanation for many reported human health impacts and offers prospective applications for biomedicine.

Health effects of synthetic additives and the substitution potential of plant-based additives

The growth of the world population and the rapid industrialization of food have led to food producers' increased reliance on food additives. While food additives offer numerous conveniences and advantages in food applications, the potential risks associated with synthetic additives remain a significant concern. This report examines the current status of safety assessment and toxicity studies of common synthetic additives, including flavorings (sweeteners and flavor enhancers), colorants, preservatives (antimicrobials and antioxidants), and emulsifiers. The report also examines recent advances in promising plant-based alternative additives in terms of active ingredients, sensory properties, potential health benefits, food application challenges, and their related technologies (edible coatings/films and nanoencapsulation technologies), providing valuable references and insights for the sustainable development of food additives.

Gastrointestinal toxicity following sub-acute exposure of erythrosine in rats: biochemical, oxidative stress, DNA damage and histopathological studies

Erythrosine, a synthetic food dye, has been controversial due to its potential health risks. This study examines the effect of erythrosine on activity of antioxidative enzymes, oxidative stress indices, DNA damage through comet assay, and histopathological changes on stomach, intestine, and colon over a period of 28 days in rats. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6). The first is the control group and then one each for three doses of erythrosine based on acceptable daily intake (¼ ADI, ½ ADI, and ADI, 0.1 mg/kg body weight). The results revealed that with increasing dosages the activity of catalase decreased in stomach and intestine but in colon, the catalase activity increased. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase activity decreased in dose-dependent manner in all three tissues. While, in stomach and intestine, the acetylcholinesterase activity showed increment in ¼ ADI dose group and then declined in ½ ADI and ADI dose-administered rats. The oxidative stress indicators showed elevated levels of lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity suggesting heightened free radical activity and potential oxidative damage. The comet test was used to evaluate DNA damage, revealing substantial damage in the erythrosine administered groups. Histopathological examination showed inflammatory infiltration and other degenerative changes in gastrointestinal tract, highlighting the dye's adverse effects. The research underscores the need for a comprehensive reevaluation of the safety and toxicity of food dyes like erythrosine, especially considering the inconsistencies in existing studies regarding the dye's safety.

Spindle shaped Fe-Ni metal organic frameworks wrapped with f-MWCNTs for the efficacious sensing of tartrazine

A facile hydrothermal route was employed for the synthesis of iron-nickel bimetal organic frameworks (Fe-Ni bi-MOFs) and composite with an acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Fe-Ni MOF/f-MWCNTs) for electrochemical detection of tartrazine. The as-prepared Fe-Ni MOF/f-MWCNTs was confirmed by the several physicochemical studies. A micro spindle shaped, highly porous, and crystalline Fe-Ni MOF/f-MWCNTs was noticed. The high sensitivity and stability of Fe-Ni MOF/f-MWCNTs/GCE modified electrode was analyzed. Due to its high porosity nature, the analyte molecule effectively gets adsorbed on the modified electrode and undergo electrochemical oxidation effectively. The modified electrode exhibits low limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) as 0.04 × 10-6 mol/L and 0.13 × 10-6 mol/L towards tartrazine. These results reveal the potential applications of Fe-Ni MOF/f-MWCNTs/GCE as modified electrode material for sensitive detection of tartrazine along with its robust reproducibility, stability, and effective sensing properties.

Removal of food dyes using biological materials via adsorption: A review

It is alarming that synthetic food dyes (FD) are widely used in various industries and that these facilities discharge their wastewater into the environment without treating it. FDs mixed into industrial wastewater pose a threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, removing FDs from wastewater is very important. This review explores the burgeoning field of FD removal from wastewater through adsorption using biological materials (BMs). By synthesizing a wealth of research findings, this comprehensive review elucidates the diverse array of BMs employed, ranging from algae and fungi to agricultural residues and microbial biomass. Furthermore, this review investigates challenges in practical applications, such as process optimization and scalability, offering insights into bridging the gap between laboratory successes and real-world implementations. Harnessing the remarkable adsorptive potential of BMs, this review presents a roadmap toward transformative solutions for FD removal, promising cleaner and safer production practices in the food and beverage industry.

Food Safety and Health Concerns of Synthetic Food Colors: An Update

The toxicity of food additives is widely studied and concerns many consumers worldwide. Synthetic food colors are often considered an unnecessary risk to consumer health. Since the European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA) re-evaluation between 2009 and 2014, the body of scientific literature on food colors has grown, and new evaluations are being published by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Therefore, this narrative review aims to review the toxicological data that have become available since 2014. The reviewed colors are Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow, Azorubine, Amaranth, Ponceau 4R, Erythrosine, Allura Red, Patent Blue, Indigo Carmine, Brilliant Blue FCF, Green S, Brilliant Black, Brown HT, and Lithol Rubine BK. Tartrazine was not included in this paper; the overwhelming amount of recent data on Tartrazine toxicity requires more space than this review can provide. The issues regarding the toxicity of synthetic food colors and real population exposures are being regularly examined and reviewed by relevant authorities, such as the EFSA and JECFA. The current ADI limits set by the authorities are mostly in agreement, and they seem safe. However, the EFSA and JECFA assessments of some of the colors are more than a decade old, and new evidence will soon be required.

Determination of the effects of sunset yellow on mouse liver and pancreas using histological methods

Background

Sunset Yellow (SY) is an azo synthetic food dye. Although the amount of SY consumed varies in different periods of life, it increases especially in children and adolescents. It may cause pathologic effects in organs at early ages. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of SY on the liver and pancreas of mice of different age groups using histological methods.

Methods

The study included Swiss albino mice that were divided into three treatment groups and three control groups based on age (4, 8, and 10 weeks old), with six mice in each group (n = 6/group). SY was administered at 30 mg/kg/bw/week orally for 28 days to treatment groups. The liver and pancreas tissues were kept in 10% formaldehyde, then passed through alcohol and xylene series and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin.

Results

They were evaluated using light and electron microscopy. In SY groups, the mean body weight (p: 0.026) and the mean liver weight (p: 0.013) of the mice increased, and their mean pancreas weight decreased (p: 0.045).The numbers of degenerative cells in the liver tissues of the mice in the SY groups were high. Severe dilation in the sinusoids and haemorrhages focused around the Vena Cava were detected. In the pancreatic tissues of the SY groups, increases in fibroblasts and lymphocytic infiltration were observed.

Conclusions

Pathologies interpreted as chronic pancreatitis were more intense in the weaning group (4 weeks old). SY may be more harmful at an early age, and it may be beneficial to limit its use during this period.

Synthetic Colors in Food: A Warning for Children's Health

This study addressed the harmful effects of artificial colors in pediatric populations, including children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as well as those without behavioral disorders. There is a consensus that synthetic food colorings have several impacts on consumers, especially pediatrics, due to their influence on sensory appeal, which can encourage preference for certain foods. The results revealed that these color additives are directly linked to a series of health problems, with a greater impact on children, including a predisposition to pathological conditions such as carcinogenic, allergenic, mutagenic, cytotoxic, and clastogenic activities, as well as gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, in addition to behavioral changes in children with and without diagnosed disorders. The harms of synthetic dyes in children with or without comorbidities are worrying and require a careful and proactive approach from parents, caregivers and public authorities.

Biochemical and molecular evaluation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in fruit fly exposed to carmoisine

BACKGROUND

In today's world, appearance is an important factor in almost all areas of our lives. Therefore, it has become common to use dyes to color foods to make them look appetizing and visually appealing. However, food additives have negative effects on biochemical processes in cells at both high and low doses.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study investigated the effect of carmoisine, a commonly used food coloring, on oxidative stress and damage parameters in Drosophila melanogaster in terms of both enzymatic and gene expression. The change in mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN), a marker of oxidative stress, was also examined. When the data obtained were analyzed, it was observed that carmoisine caused a significant decrease in GSH levels depending on the increase in dose. SOD, CAT, GPx, and AChE enzyme activities and gene expression levels were also found to be significantly decreased. All groups also showed a significant decrease in mtDNA-CN. The effect of carmoisine on Drosophila melanogaster morphology was also investigated in our study. However, no significant change was observed in terms of morphological development in any group.

CONCLUSIONS

When all the findings were evaluated together, it was observed that carmoisin triggered oxidative stress and these effects became more risky at high doses. Therefore, we believe that the consumer should be made more aware of the side effects of azo dyes in food and that the type and concentration of each substance added to food should be specified.

Synthesis of Bio-Base Fluorescence Carbon Dots for Selective Detection of Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow in Food Samples

A green, economical and simple method for the preparation of water-soluble, high-fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) has been developed via hydrothermal process using pomelo peels as carbon source. The synthesized CQDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV - vis absorption spectra and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results reveal that the as-prepared C-dots were spherical shape with an average diameter of 2.64 nm and emit bright blue photoluminescence (PL) with a quantum yield of approximately 3.63%. The surface of the C-dots was rich in hydroxyl groups and presented various merits including excellent photostability, low toxicity, and satisfactory solubility. Additionally, we found that two widely used synthetic food colorants, tartrazine and sunset yellow, could result in a strong fluorescence quenching of the C-dots, The possible mechanisms are caused by different ratios of inner filter and static quenching effects. According to this property, This study attempts to establish an analytical method for the determination of tartrazine and sunset yellow using carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probe. A linear relationship was found in the range of 0-100 µM tartrazine and sunset yellow with the detection limit(3σ/k) of 0.65 nM and 1.7 nM. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.5% (tartrazine) and 3.0% (sunset yellow).This observation was further successfully applied for the determination of tartrazine and sunset yellow in food samples collected from local markets, and the recovery rates of the two ranges from 79% to 117.8 and 81 -103.5%, respectively. suggesting its great potential toward food routine analysis.

Emerging organic contaminants in drinking water systems: Human intake, emerging health risks, and future research directions

Few earlier reviews on emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in drinking water systems (DWS) focused on their detection, behaviour, removal and fate. Reviews on multiple exposure pathways, human intake estimates, and health risks including toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics of EOCs in DWS are scarce. This review presents recent advances in human intake and health risks of EOCs in DWS. First, an overview of the evidence showing that DWS harbours a wide range of EOCs is presented. Multiple human exposure to EOCs occurs via ingestion of drinking water and beverages, inhalation and dermal pathways are discussed. A potential novel exposure may occur via the intravenous route in dialysis fluids. Analysis of global data on pharmaceutical pollution in rivers showed that the cumulative concentrations (μg L-1) of pharmaceuticals (mean ± standard error of the mean) were statistically more than two times significantly higher (p = 0.011) in South America (11.68 ± 5.29), Asia (9.97 ± 3.33), Africa (9.48 ± 2.81) and East Europe (8.09 ± 4.35) than in high-income regions (2.58 ± 0.48). Maximum cumulative concentrations of pharmaceuticals (μg L-1) decreased in the order; Asia (70.7) had the highest value followed by South America (68.8), Africa (51.3), East Europe (32.0) and high-income regions (17.1) had the least concentration. The corresponding human intake via ingestion of untreated river water was also significantly higher in low- and middle-income regions than in their high-income counterparts. For each region, the daily intake of pharmaceuticals was highest in infants, followed by children and then adults. A critique of the human health hazards, including toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of EOCs is presented. Emerging health hazards of EOCs in DWS include; (1) long-term latent and intergenerational effects, (2) the interactive health effects of EOC mixtures, (3) the challenges of multifinality and equifinality, and (4) the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. Finally, research needs on human health hazards of EOCs in DWS are presented.

Sunset Yellow induced biochemical and histopathological alterations in rat brain sub-regions

Sunset Yellow, a synthetic orange azo food dye was examined in this study for its impact on the Wistar rat brain sub-regions. The dye was administered orally to weanling rats at the Acceptable Daily Intake level (4 mg/kg/bw) for 40 days, and brain sub-regions viz., frontal cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus were examined for biochemical and histopathological changes. The results showed a significant decrease in tissue protein levels, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity, as well as a significant increase in lipid peroxide levels in all brain sub-regions. Glutathione-S-transferase and Glutathione Reductase activities decreased, while Glutathione peroxidase activity increased. The biogenic amine levels and Acetylcholinesterase activity were also altered, with the frontal cortex and hippocampus being the most affected. Additionally, the dye caused histopathological damage in all brain sub-regions examined. This study indicates that the ADI level of Sunset Yellow may adversely affect brain tissue by causing oxidative damage.

Ginkgo biloba extract protects against tartrazine-induced testicular toxicity in rats: involvement of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms

The use of additives, especially colorants, in food and pharmaceutical industry is increasing dramatically. Currently, additives are classified as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Concerns have been raised about the potential hazards of food additives to reproductive organs and fertility. The present study investigates the reproductive toxicity of tartrazine (TRZ), a synthetic colorant, in male rats and aims to explore the curative effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) against TRZ-induced testicular toxicity. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: the control (0.5 ml distilled water), the EGb group (100 mg/kg EGb alone), the TRZ group (7.5 mg/kg TRZ alone), and the TRZ-EGb group (7.5 mg/kg TRZ plus 100 mg/kg EGb). The doses were administered orally in distilled water once daily for 28 days. Toxicity studies of TRZ investigated testicular redox state, serum gonadotropins, and testosterone levels, testicular 17 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, sperm count and quality, levels of inflammatory cytokines, and caspase-3 expression as an apoptotic marker. Also, histopathological alterations of the testes were examined. TRZ significantly affected the testicular redox status as indicated by the increase in malondialdehyde and the decrease in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. It also disrupted serum gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) and testosterone levels and the activity of testicular 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Additionally, TRZ adversely affected sperm count, motility, viability, and abnormality. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and expression of caspase-3 were increased in the testes. Histopathological examination of the testes supported the alterations mentioned above. Administration of EGb significantly ameliorated TRZ-induced testicular toxicity in rats. In conclusion, EGb protected against TRZ-induced testicular toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.

A comprehensive exploration of tartrazine detection in food products: Leveraging fluorescence nanomaterials and electrochemical sensors: Recent progress and future trends

Azo dyes are widely used as food coloring agents because of their affordability and stability. Examples include brilliant blue, carmoisine, sunset yellow, allura red, and tartrazine (Tar), etc. Notably, Tar is often utilized in hazardous food goods. They are frequently flavoured and combined with food items, raising the likelihood and danger of exposure. Therefore, detecting Tar in food is crucial to prevent health risks. Fluorescence nanomaterials and electrochemical sensors, known for their high sensitivity, affordability, simplicity, and speed, have been widely adopted by researchers for Tar detection. This comprehensive paper delves into the detection of Tar in food products. It extensively covers the utilization of advanced carbon-based nanomaterials, including CDs, doped CDs, and functionalized CDs, for sensitive Tar detection. Additionally, the paper explores the application of electrochemical sensors. The paper concludes by addressing current challenges and prospects, emphasizing efforts to enhance sensitivity, and selectivity for improved food safety.

Comparison of in vitro Toxicities of 8-Prenylnaringenin, Tartrazine and 17β-Estradiol, Representatives of Natural and Synthetic Estrogens, in Rat and Human Hepatoma Cell Lines

BACKGROUND

Phytoestrogens have been praised for their beneficial health effects, whereas synthetic xenoestrogens have been connected to ailments.

AIMS

To ascertain whether the toxicities of natural and synthetic estrogens differ, we examined the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), the common synthetic xenoestrogen tartrazine, and the physiological estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2).

METHODS

These three compounds were tested for cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and genotoxicity in human HepG2 and rat H4IIE hepatoma cells.

RESULTS

All three estrogens elicited cytotoxicity at high concentrations in both cell lines. They also inhibited cell proliferation, with E2 being the most effective. They all tended to increase micronuclei formation.

CONCLUSION

Natural estrogens were no less toxic than a synthetic one.

Individual and Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Allura Red and Acid Blue 9 in Food Samples Using a Novel La2YCrO6 Double Perovskite Decorated on HLNTs as an Electrocatalyst

The present study involved the synthesis of La2YCrO6 double perovskites using a sol-gel approach. Additionally, a sonication method was implemented to prepare La2YCrO6 double perovskites decorated on halloysites (La2YCrO6/HLNTs). The La2YCrO6/HLNTs exhibited remarkable conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, and rapid electron transfer. It is imperative to possess these characteristics when overseeing the concurrent identification of Allura red (AR) and acid blue 9 (AB) in food samples. The development of the La2YCrO6/HLNTs was verified through the utilization of diverse approaches for structural and morphological characterization. The electrochemical techniques were employed to evaluate the analytical techniques of La2YCrO6/HLNTs. Impressively, the La2YCrO6/HLNTs demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, yielding the lowest detection limit for AR at 8.99 nM and AB at 5.14 nM. Additionally, the linear concentration range was 10-120 nM (AR and AB). The sensor that was developed exhibited remarkable selectivity, and the feasibility of AR and AB in the food sample was effectively monitored, resulting in satisfactory recoveries.

A fluorescent sensor based on sulfur nanodots encapsulated into zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 for ultrasensitive detection of tartrazine

A new composite material (SDs@ZIF-8) was synthesized by integrating sulfur nanodots (SDs) into metal-organic frameworks (ZIF-8) through a facile one-step self-assembly strategy. The obtained SDs@ZIF-8 has not only the high adsorption performance of ZIF-8 but also the superior fluorescence characteristics of SDs. The composite featured good dispersibility, stable structure as well as excellent fluorescence in water solution, and can be used as an ideal fluorescent sensor for tartrazine detection. Due to the high specific surface area and adsorption performance of ZIF-8, the prepared composite material can significantly enrich tartrazine, further enhancing the sensitivity of analysis. The fluorescence of SDs @ZIF-8 composite can be effectively quenched by tartrazine through the inner filter effect. The sensing technique exhibited exceptional sensitivity, as evidenced by its impressive detection limit of 6.5 nM across a broad linear range spanning from 0.02 to 90 μM. In addition to its high sensitivity, the technique displayed rapid response times and excellent selectivity. Moreover, the fluorescent sensing technology we developed has been employed successfully for the detection of tartrazine in real samples, which is expected to promote the development of the food safety industry.

Preparation, analysis and toxicity characterisation of the redox metabolites of the azo food dye tartrazine

Tartrazine (E102, FD&C Yellow 5) is a vibrant yellow azo dye added to many processed foods. The safety of this ubiquitous chemical has not been fully elucidated, and it has been linked to allergic reactions and ADHD in some individuals. In our study, bacterial species isolated from human stool decolourised tartrazine and, upon exposure to air, a purple compound formed. Tartrazine is known to undergo reduction in the gut to sulfanilic acid and 4-amino-3-carboxy-5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfophenyl)pyrazole (SCAP). These metabolites and their derivatives are relevant to the toxicology of tartrazine. The toxicity of sulfanilic acid has been studied before, but the oxidative instability of SCAP has previously prevented full characterisation. We have verified the chemical identity of SCAP and confirmed that the purple-coloured oxidation derivative is 4-(3-carboxy-5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)imino-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (purpurazoic acid, PPA), as proposed by Westöö in 1965. A yellow derivative of SCAP is proposed to be the hydrolysed oxidation product, 4,5-dioxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid. SCAP and PPA are moderately toxic to human cells (IC50 89 and 78 μM against HEK-293, respectively), but had no apparent effect on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. These results prompt further analyses of the toxicology of tartrazine and its derivatives.

Phytoremediative adsorption methodologies to decontaminate water from dyes and organic pollutants

Persistent organic pollutants and dyes cause major problems during ecofriendly wastewater treatment. To overcome this huge problem, several techniques have been considered and in practice for the safe disposal of organic pollutants in recent years; some of them are discussed and compared herein. This review focuses on new trends for wastewater treatment and compares them with certain other techniques alongside their pros and cons; adsorption is considered the safest among them. Adsorbents derived from agri-wastes have good capacity for the removal of these contaminants owing to their great sorption capacity, high reusability, easy operation, etc. Sometimes they need some modifications for the removal of dyes, which are also discussed in this review. This capacity of adsorbents to chelate dye molecules can be affected by factors, such as pH, the concentration of dyes and adsorbents, and temperature of the system. pH has direct influence on the ionization potential and charge on the outer surface of adsorbents. The findings on isotherms, kinetics, and desorption of plant waste-based biomaterials that are safe for the ecosystem and user friendly and are used for hazardous contaminant removal from water are summarized in this review. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are presented, and some other materials, such as CNTs and MOFs, are also discussed as efficient adsorbents for eliminating dyes from wastewater. Finally, it is predicted that the adsorption of dyes is a more feasible solution for this dye pollution problem.

Consumption of commonly used artificial food dyes increases activity and oxidative stress in the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans

In recent decades, the consumption of artificial colorants in foods and beverages has increased despite of concerns in the general population raised by studies that have shown possible injurious effects. In this study, tartrazine, sunset yellow, quinoline yellow, ponceau 4R, carmoisine and allura red were employed as pure compounds to explore their effects in vivo in the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. The exposition of C. elegans to these artificial dyes produced damage related with aging such as oxidative stress and lipofuscin accumulation, as well as a heavy shortening of lifespan, alterations in movement patterns and alterations in the production of dopamine receptors. Besides, microarray analysis performed with worms treated with tartrazine and ponceau 4R showed how the consumption of synthetic colorants is able to alter the expression of genes involved in resistance to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration.

Tartrazine Modifies the Activity of DNMT and HDAC Genes-Is This a Link between Cancer and Neurological Disorders?

In recent years, artificial additives, especially synthetic food colorants, were found to demonstrate wider properties compared to their natural equivalents; however, their health impact is still not totally mapped. Our study aimed to determine the long-term (30 and 90 days) exposure effect of one of the commonly used artificial food colorants, tartrazine, on NMRI mice. The applied dose of tartrazine referred to the human equivalent dose for acceptable daily intake (ADI). Further, we evaluated its impact on the transcription of a range of epigenetic effectors, members of the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) as well as histone deacetylase (HDAC) families. Following the exposure, organ biopsies were collected from the lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen, and the gene expression levels were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Our results demonstrated significant upregulation of genes in the tested organs in various patterns followed by the intake of tartrazine on ADI. Since DNMT and HDAC genes are involved in different steps of carcinogenesis, have roles in the development of neurological disorders and the effect of dose of everyday exposure is rarely studied, further investigation is warranted to study these possible associations.

Effect of monosodium glutamate on fetal development and progesterone level in pregnant Wistar Albino rats

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widespread flavor enhancer and stabilizer in manufactured or packaged foods that possess myriad adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of MSG on placental progesterone receptors and fetal development. Thirty pregnant Wistar Albino rats were divided into three groups (ten/each). The control group (G1) gavaged distilled water only, low-dose treated group (G2) gavaged 3 g/kg MSG, and high-dose treated group (G3) gavaged 6 g/kg MSG from 1st to 18th days of gestation, and all pregnant rats were sacrificed on the 19th day of gestation. The effect of MSG on fetal weights, crown vertebral length (CVL), placental weight, placental ghrelin expression, and fetal skeleton examination were estimated. MSG induced a significant decrease in fetal weights, CVL lengths, placental weight, and ghrelin expression in both treatment groups compared to the control group. Several parts of the fetal skeleton showed incomplete ossification and delayed chondrification in which high-dose maternally treated fetuses were more affected. Many degenerative changes were detected in both maternal and fetal liver and kidney tissues in MSG-treated groups. Moreover, MSG caused a significant increase in serum ALT, ALP, and creatinine levels in pregnant rats' blood. Serum progesterone was only elevated in G3 on the 19th day of gestation. This study showed that the administration of MSG during pregnancy adversely influences fetal growth and skeletal development and caused several biochemical and histological changes in the maternal and fetal liver and kidney tissues which assure the toxic and teratogenic effects of MSG.

Electrochemical aptasensor based on carboxylated graphene oxide modified carbon paste electrode for strontium ultrasensitive detection

Determination of strontium ions (Sr²⁺) is crucial with regard to human health and environmental protection. In this work, an electrochemical aptasensor was designed using carboxylated graphene oxide (CGO)-modified carbon paste electrode (CGO/CPE) for ultrasensitive determination of Sr²⁺ ions. The electrochemical determination was accomplished with employing the constructed G-quadruplex (G4) aptamer at the surface of aptasensor in presence of carmoisine (CA) as an electrochemical label. Moreover, NH₂-functionalized aptamer was immobilized onto CGO/CPE via carboxylic group. Hence, differential pulse voltammetry was applied for detection of any possible signal changes of CA on the aptasensor surface. The reduction peak currents of CA in the absence and presence of Sr²⁺ in solution were different and this difference was linearly dependent to the concentration of Sr²⁺ in solution. The analytical results revealed that our novel aptasensor showed two appropriate linear ranges (0.1-8.0 pM and 3.0-20.0 nM) versus to Sr²⁺ ion concentrations with the limit of detection of 0.06 pM (S/N = 3). Excellent stability, selectivity and reproducibility were achieved with this new electrochemical aptasensor. Additionally, the aptasensor showed good achievements in analysis of Sr²⁺ in aqueous and urine real samples, which making this proposed method a promising candidate for electrochemical detection of Sr²⁺ in real samples.

Rambutan seed waste-derived nitrogen-doped carbon dots with l-aspartic acid for the sensing of Congo red dye

In this study, new nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were prepared by utilizing rambutan seed waste and l-aspartic acid as dual precursors (carbon and nitrogen sources) through a hydrothermal treatment method. The N-CDs showed blue emission in solution under UV light irradiation. Their optical and physicochemical properties were examined via UV-vis, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, DSC, DTA, TGA, XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and zeta potential analyses. They showed a strong emission peak at 435 nm and excitation-dependent emission behavior with strong electronic transitions of C[double bond, length as m-dash]C/C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds. The N-CDs exhibited high water dispersibility and great optical properties in response to some environmental conditions such as heating temperature, light irradiation, ionic strength, and storage time. They have an average size of 3.07 nm and good thermal stability. Owing to their great properties, they have been used as a fluorescent sensor for Congo red dye. The N-CDs selectively and sensitively detected Congo red dye with a detection limit of 0.035 μM. Moreover, the N-CDs were utilized to detect Congo red in tap and lake water samples. Thus, rambutan seed waste was successfully converted into N-CDs and these functional nanomaterials are promising for use in important applications.

Sensing of azo toxic dyes using nanomaterials and its health effects - A review

Development of science has taken over our lives and made it mandatory to live with science. Synthetic technology takes more than it has given for our welfare. In the process of meeting the demand of the consumers, industries supported synthetic products to meet the same. One such sector that employs synthetic azo dyes for food coloring is the food industry. The result of the process is the production of a variety of colored foods which looks more appealing and palatable. The process not only meets the consumer's demand it also has an impact on customers' health because the consumption of azo-toxic dye-treated foods regularly or in direct contact with synthetic azo dyes can also cause severe human health consequences. Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving branch of research in which nanosensors are being developed for a variety of applications, including sensing various azo-toxic dyes in food products, which provides a wider scope in the future, with the innovation in designing different nanosensors. The current review focuses on the different types of nanosensors, their key role in sensing, and the sensing of azo toxic dyes using nanosensors, their advantages over other sensors, applications of nanomaterials, and the health impacts of azo dyes on humans, appropriate parameters for maximum permissible limits, and an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of azo toxic dye to be followed. The regulations followed on the application of colorants to the food are also elaborated. The review also focuses on the application of enzyme-based biosensors in detecting azo dyes in food products.

Analysis of Melatonin-Modulating Effects Against Tartrazine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Rats: Biochemical, Pathological and Immunohistochemical Markers

Tartrazine (E-102) is one of the most widely used artificial food azo-colors that can be metabolized to highly sensitizing aromatic amines such as sulphanilic acid. These metabolites are oxidized to N-hydroxy derivatives that cause neurotoxicity. Melatonin is a neurohormone. That possesses a free-radical scavenging effect. The present work was mainly designed to evaluate the possible ameliorative role of melatonin against tartrazine induced neurotoxicity in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of male rats. Adult male rats were administered orally with tartrazine (7.5 mg/kg) with or without melatonin (10 mg/kg) daily for four weeks. The data revealed that tartrazine induced redox disruptions as measured by significant (p < 0.05) increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level and inhibition of (GSH) concentration and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) antioxidant enzyme activities. Besides, brain acetyl cholin (Ach) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were elevated while, dopamine (DA) was depleted in trtrazine -treated rats. Moreover, tartrazine caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the brain interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1 β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). At the tissue level, tartrazine caused severe histopathological changes in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex of rats. The immunohistochemical results elucidated strong positive expression for Caspase-3 and GFAP and weak immune reaction for BcL2 and synaptophysin in tatrazine- treated rats. The administration of melatonin to tartrazine -administered rats remarkably alleviated all the aforementioned tartrzine-induced effects. It could be concluded that, melatonin has a potent ameliorative effect against tartrazine induced neurotoxicity via the attenuation of oxidative/antioxidative responses.

Food Color Additives in Hazardous Consequences of Human Health: An Overview

Food color additives are used to make food more appetizing. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permitted nine artificial colorings in foods, drugs, and cosmetics, whereas the European Union (EU) approved five artificial colors (E-104, 122, 124, 131, and 142) for food. However, these synthetic coloring materials raise various health hazards. The present review aimed to summarize the toxic effects of these coloring food additives on the brain, liver, kidney, lungs, urinary bladder, and thyroid gland. In this respect, we aimed to highlight the scientific evidence and the crucial need to assess potential health hazards of all colors used in food on human and nonhuman biota for better scrutiny. Blue 1 causes kidney tumor in mice, and there is evidence of death due to ingestion through a feeding tube. Blue 2 and Citrus Red 2 cause brain and urinary bladder tumors, respectively, whereas other coloring additives may cause different types of cancers and numerous adverse health effects. In light of this, this review focuses on the different possible adverse health effects caused by these food coloring additives, and possible ways to mitigate or avoid the damage they may cause. We hope that the data collected from in vitro or in vivo studies and from clinical investigations related to the possible health hazards of food color additives will be helpful to both researchers and the food industry in the future.

Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the food additive tartrazine on eukaryotic cells

BACKGROUND

Among the food additives used in the food industry, food dyes are considered the most toxic. For instance, tartrazine (TRZ) is a food colorant commercially available with conflicting data regarding its cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of TRZ using different eukaryotic cells (in vitro).

METHODS

This study employed 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), brine shrimp lethality, Allium cepa and Saccharomyces cerevisiae tests. Different concentrations of TRZ and different exposure times were used in this study.

RESULTS

The results demonstrate that TRZ induced a concentration-dependent toxic effect on the test systems. It also exerted cytotoxicity in fibroblasts and human gastric cells. In addition, TRZ showed mutagenic effects on the A. cepa test system. However, its toxicogenic effects may not relate to the oxidizing activity, which was confirmed by the S. cerevisiae test model.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, TRZ exerted toxicogenic effects on the test systems. Therefore, it may be harmful to health, especially its prolonged use may trigger carcinogenesis.

A comparison on the biochemical activities of Fluorescein disodium, Rose Bengal and Rhodamine 101 in the light of DNA binding, antimicrobial and cytotoxic study

Biochemical activities of Fluorescein, Rose Bengal and Rhodamine 101 were studied by DNA binding, antibacterial and cytotoxic studies. DNA binding studies were done using spectroscopic, thermodynamic and molecular modeling techniques. Antibacterial activities were investigated against a gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and a gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Cytotoxic activities were studied against Wi-38 cell line. We observed these dyes bound to minor groove of DNA and structural diversity of dyes affect the phenomenon. No significant antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of these dyes were found in our observations.

M. SK, Baek KH. Assessing the Food Quality Using Carbon Nanomaterial Based Electrodes by Voltammetric Techniques

The world is facing a global financial loss and health effects due to food quality adulteration and contamination, which are seriously affecting human health. Synthetic colors, flavors, and preservatives are added to make food more attractive to consumers. Therefore, food safety has become one of the fundamental needs of mankind. Due to the importance of food safety, the world is in great need of developing desirable and accurate methods for determining the quality of food. In recent years, the electrochemical methods have become more popular, due to their simplicity, ease in handling, economics, and specificity in determining food safety. Common food contaminants, such as pesticides, additives, and animal drug residues, cause foods that are most vulnerable to contamination to undergo evaluation frequently. The present review article discusses the electrochemical detection of the above food contaminants using different carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC), carbon dots, boron doped diamond (BDD), and fullerenes. The voltammetric methods, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), have been proven to be potential methods for determining food contaminants. The use of carbon-based electrodes has the added advantage of electrochemically sensing the food contaminants due to their excellent sensitivity, specificity, large surface area, high porosity, antifouling, and biocompatibility.

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effect of 4,4'-Dihydroxy-azobenzene against Clinically Resistant Staphylococci

The spread of antibiotic resistance among human and animal pathogens is one of the more significant public health concerns. Moreover, the restrictions on the use of particular antibiotics can limit the options for the treatment of infections in veterinary clinical practice. In this context, searching for alternative antimicrobial substances is crucial nowadays. In this study, 4,4'-dihydroxy-azobenzene (DHAB) was tested for its potential in vitro as an antimicrobial agent against two relevant human and animal pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. The values of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were 64 and 32 mg/L respectively, and they comparable to other azo compounds of probed antimicrobial activity. In addition, the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MCB) were 256 and 64 mg/L. The mechanism by which DHAB produces toxicity in staphylococci has been investigated. DHAB caused membrane damage as revealed by the increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) such as malondialdehyde. Furthermore, differential induction of the enzymes peroxidases and superoxide dismutase in S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius suggested their prevalent role in ROS-scavenging due to the oxidative burst induced by this compound in either species. In addition, this substance was able to inhibit the formation of biofilms by both bacteria as observed by colorimetric tests and scanning electron microscopy. In order to assess the relevance of DHAB against clinical strains of MRSA, 10 clinical isolates resistant to either methicillin or daptomycin were assayed; 80% of them gave values of CMI and CMB similar to those of the control S. aureus strain. Finally, cutaneous plasters containing a composite formed by an agar base supplemented with DHAB were designed. These plasters were able to inhibit in vitro the growth of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, particularly the later, and this suggests that this substance could be a promising candidate as an alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of animal skin infections, as it has been proven that the toxicity of this substance is very low particularly at a dermal level.

Evaluation of eventual toxicities of treated textile wastewater using anoxic-aerobic algal-bacterial photobioreactor

Water pollution is one of the major challenges and is of serious concern in the world. Toxicities generated by industrial activities severely deteriorate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems during their uncontrolled discharge and accentuate water scarcity problems. An adequate treatment of released effluents seems to be mandatory. This study investigated the effect of synthetic textile wastewater (STWW) before and after an innovative algal-bacterial treatment occurred under anoxic-aerobic conditions on growth and mineral contents of radish plants. The health risk assessment was performed after the consumption of irrigated plants by rats. Results revealed a significant reduction in heavy metals content in plants irrigated with treated STWW, and rats fed with these plants showed normal health status. Rats fed with plants irrigated with raw STWW showed a disturbance of their homeostasis. The innovative treatment using algal-bacteria under anoxic-aerobic conditions succeeds to reduce the toxicity of raw STWW and provide an alternative water resource able to tackle water shortage.

Sodium benzoate induced toxicities in albino male rats: mitigating effects of Ficus carica and Cymbopogon citratus leave extract

Herbal products have become widely used in managing and treating a wide range of illnesses. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and protective effects of Cymbopogon citratus ethyl acetate and Ficus carica hexane leave extract (200 mg/kg b.w for both) on sodium benzoate (SB) (200 mg/kg b.w) toxicity in rats. For 6 weeks, four groups of five rats each (control, SB, F. carica + SB, and C. citrates + SB). Blood sample (liver, kidney) tissue and histological examination were used at the end of the experiment. According to the findings, the extracts have significant concentrations of total flavonoids, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity. Oxidative stress caused by SB exposure induced an increase in ALT, AST, ALP, glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, TG, TC, LDL, and MDA, while insulin and SOD were decreased. Furthermore, the biochemical alterations generated by SB in the blood serum, homogenate, liver, and kidney tissue were significantly reduced by C. citratus ethyl acetate and F. carica hexane leave extracts (P < 0.05). The leaf extracts of the examined plants had significant curative and preventive effects in SB-induced liver and kidney damage, resulting in diminished liver and kidney biomarker enzymes, an improved antioxidant defense system, and lipid peroxidation inhibition.

Riboflavin attenuates tartrazine toxicity in the cerebellar cortex of adult albino rat

Tartrazine is a synthetic yellowish dye considered one of the most common food colorants. Extensive usage of tartrazine in humans led to harmful health impacts. To investigate the impact of tartrazine administration on the cerebellum and to assess the potential role of riboflavin co-administration in the adult male albino rat. Four groups of adult albino rats were included in this study. Group I was supplied with distilled water. Group II was supplied tartrazine orally at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg BW dissolved in distilled water. Group III was supplied with tartrazine at the same previously mentioned dose and riboflavin orally at a dose of 25 mg/kg BW dissolved in distilled water. Group IV was supplied with riboflavin at the same previously mentioned dose. The study was conducted for 30 days then rats were sacrificed, weighted and the cerebella extracted and handled for light, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evaluation. It was found with tartrazine treatment focal areas of Purkinje cell loss leaving empty spaces, a broad spread of neuronal affection to the degree of the disappearance of some of the granular cells, reduced the thickness of the molecular and granular layers, and strong positive GFAP immunoreactions. With riboflavin coadministration restored continuous Purkinje layer with normal appeared Purkinje cells, but some cells were still shrunken and vacuolated as well as the molecular and granular cell layers appeared normal. Tartrazine had deleterious effects on the cerebellar cytoarchitecture, and riboflavin co-administration alleviated these neurotoxic effects.

Cytogenotoxicity assessment in Allium cepa roots exposed to methyl orange treated with Oedogonium subplagiostomum AP1

The present study is an attempt to assess the cytogenotoxic effect of untreated and methyl orange treated with Oedogonium subplagiostomum AP1 on Allium cepa roots. On the fifth day, root growth, root length, mitotic index, mitotic inhibition/depression, and chromosomal abnormalities were measured in root cells of Allium cepa subjected to untreated and treated methyl orange dye solutions. Roots exposed to treated dye solution exhibited maximum root growth, root length and mitotic index, whereas roots exposed to untreated dye solution had the most mitotic inhibition and chromosomal abnormalities. Allium cepa exposed to untreated dye solution revealed chromosomal aberrations such as disoriented and abnormal chromosome grouping, vagrant and laggard chromosomes, chromosomal loss, sticky chain and disturbed metaphase, pulverised and disturbed anaphase, chromosomal displacement in anaphase, abnormal telophase, and chromosomal bridge at telophase, spindle disturbances and binucleate cells. The comet test was used to quantify DNA damage in the root cells of A. cepa subjected to untreated and treated methyl orange solutions in terms of tail DNA (percent) and tail length. The results concluded that A. cepa exposed to methyl orange induced DNA damage whereas meager damage was noted in the treated dye solution. As a result, the research can be used as a biomarker to detect the genotoxic effects of textile dyes on biota.

Carbon-paste electrode modified by β-cyclodextrin as sensor for voltammetric determination of Tartrazine and Carmoisine from one drop

For food quality control methods, low cost, speed, and simplicity are essential. Electrochemical methods can satisfy all of these requirements. In this paper, we propose a fast and simple voltammetric method using a carbon-paste electrode modified with β-cyclodestrin for the determination of two common food azo dyes: Tartrazine and Carmoisine. To reduce the amount of sample required for analysis, in this work, we explored the prospect of another methodology similar to adsorption stripping voltammetry. The redox behavior of dyes, the influence of pH and scan rate on oxidation currents were investigated. Based on the results the scheme of oxidation of azo dyes was proposed. The use of the proposed approach in combination with the developed sensor makes it possible to determine Tartrazine and Carmoisine within their concentrations of 314-5024 ng/mL and 167-5340 ng/mL with calculation LOD 101 ng/mL and 60 ng/mL respectively. The proposed sensor was tested during analysis of model solutions and soft drinks and showed good results with high reproducibility.

Synergistic action of laccase treatment and membrane filtration during removal of azo dyes in an enzymatic membrane reactor upgraded with electrospun fibers

Nowadays, the increasing amounts of dyes present in wastewaters and even water bodies is an emerging global problem. In this work we decided to fabricate new biosystems made of nanofiltration or ultrafiltration membranes combined with laccase entrapped between polystyrene electrospun fibers and apply them for decolorization of aqueous solutions of three azo dyes, C.I. Acid Yellow 23 (AY23), C.I. Direct Blue 71 (DB71) and C.I. Reactive Black 5 (RB5). Besides effective decolorization of the permeate stream, the biosystems also allowed removal of dyes from the retentate stream as a result of enzymatic action. The effect of pH and applied pressure on decolorization efficiencies was investigated, and pH 5 and pressure of 2 bar gave the highest removal efficiencies of 97% for AY23 and 100% for both DB71 and RB5 from permeate solutions while decolorization of retentate for RB5 reached 65% under these conditions. Almost 100% decolorization of all dyes was achieved after three consecutive enzyme membrane cycles. Decolorization was shown to be due to the synergistic action of membrane separation and bioconversion. The biocatalytic action also enabled significant reduction of permeate and retentate toxicity, which is one of the biggest environmental health issues for these types of streams.

Toxicity effect of the edible pigment carmoisine on Polyrhachis vicina Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Carmoisine belongs to a water-soluble synthetic dye and is often used as a food additive. Previous research has shown that carmoisine is toxic to rats and zebrafish, but there have been few reports on the effect of carmoisine on soil-dwelling social insects. The present study evaluated carmoisine toxicity in Polyrhachis vicina Roger. We found that the effects of different concentrations of carmoisine on the mortality of workers were dose-dependent. The 10% lethal dose (LD₁₀), 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀) and 90% lethal dose (LD₉₀) of carmoisine to workers at 96 h was calculated to be 0.504, 5.491 and 10.478 g/L, respectivily. LD₁₀ of workers were selected to treat the fourth instar larvae, pupae and adults for 10 days. The results showed that the survival rate of all ants, except for females, was significantly reduced, especially larvae and workers. The body weight of larvae, pupae and males decreased significantly, while weight gain was observed in the females and workers. The appearance of larvae, pupae and workers changed after carmoisine treatment, such as body darkening and epidermis shrinking of larvae and pupae, as well as body segment expansion of workers. Furthermore, carmoisine altered the expression of the estrogen-related receptor, tailless and homothorax of P. vicina (Pv-ERR, Pv-tll and Pv-hth) to varying degrees in larvae and adults. We believe that variations in body weight can lead to a decrease in survival rate and appearance changes in the ants, which may be related to abnormal gene expressions caused by carmoisine treatment. Therefore, we confirm that carmoisine has negative effects on the growth and development of P. vicina.

Toxicological and Teratogenic Effect of Various Food Additives: An Updated Review

Scientific evidence is mounting that synthetic chemicals used as food additives may have harmful impacts on health. Food additives are chemicals that are added to food to keep it from spoiling, as well as to improve its colour and taste. Some are linked to negative health impacts, while others are healthy and can be ingested with little danger. According to several studies, health issues such as asthma, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), heart difficulties, cancer, obesity, and others are caused by harmful additives and preservatives. Some food additives may interfere with hormones and influences growth and development. It is one of the reasons why so many children are overweight. Children are more likely than adults to be exposed to these types of dietary intakes. Several food additives are used by women during pregnancy and breast feeding that are not fully safe. We must take specific precaution to avoid consuming dangerous compounds before they begin to wreak havoc on our health. This study is intended to understand how the preservatives induce different health problem in the body once it is consumed. This review focuses on some specific food additives such as sodium benzoate, aspartame, tartrazine, carrageenan, and potassium benzoate, as well as vitamin A. Long-term use of food treated with the above-mentioned food preservatives resulted in teratogenicity and other allergens, according to the study. Other health issues can be avoided in the future by using natural food additives derived from plants and other natural sources.

Evaluation of Nano-curcumin effects against Tartrazine-induced abnormalities in liver and kidney histology and other biochemical parameters

In the current study, 40 albino male rats were investigated to evaluate the impact of Nano-curcumin (Nano-CUR) administration against Tartrazine (TZ)-induced variations in kidney and liver histology and their related functions. The liver function biomarkers are (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transaminase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (T. BiLL)), whereas the kidney biomarkers are (creatinine, uric acid, urea, globulin, total protein (TP)), as well as blood parameters of (serum glucose (sGlu), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), protein Kinase-C (PKC)) and lipid profiles that include (total lipids (TL), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density L-C (HDL-C), and very-low-density L-C (VLDL-C)). The collected rats were randomly separated into four different groups (G1, G2, G3, and G4) of 10 rats each, where G1 stands for control, G2 for TZ-ingestion, G3 for Nano-CUR-ingestion, and G4 for (TZ + Nano-CUR mix.) ingestion. TZ-ingestion significantly (p < .05) increases the liver function enzymes' activity, total bilirubin and kidney biomarkers (creatinine, urea, uric acid, total protein (TP), globulin (Glu)). Also, TZ-ingestion significantly increased sGlu, PKC, AFP, as well as lipid profiles, while there were significant (p < .05) decreases in HDL-C and albumin (Alb) concentrations compared to control. Histopathological changes in liver, such as dilatation of blood sinusoids and central vein with hemorrhage and necrosis, were observed due to TZ-ingestion. Similarly, TZ-ingestion influenced kidney tissues in terms of tubular dilatation with tubular degeneration, thickened basement membrane, and dilatation of the glomerular capillaries. Markedly, the administration of Nano-CUR significantly decreased liver and kidney function enzymes as well as sGlu, AFP, and PKC, whereas it significantly increased serum Alb and HDL-C levels compared to control and TZ-ingested rats. All values arranged around normal control values. Also, the liver tissue of Nano-CUR-ingested rats showed a normal arrangement of normal blood sinusoids(s), hepatic cords, and hepatocytes as compared to controls. The same results were also found in the section of rat kidney ingested with 2.00 g of Nano-CUR/(kg B.W.) showing near-normal architecture as compared to control rats. The liver tissue of rats ingested by a mixture of (7.5 mg of TZ + 2.0 g of Nano-CUR/kg B.W.) showed little necrosis. Similarly, a section of rat kidney ingested a mixture of (7.5 mg of TZ + 2.00 g of Nano-CUR/kg B.W.) which revealed mild tubular degeneration and dilatation of the glomerular capillaries. These results support the protective and therapeutic effects of Nano-CUR on the histology of liver and kidneys and their related function biomarkers. Also, Nano-CUR corrects the imbalance in serum glucose (sGlu), AFP, PKC, and lipid profiles in TZ-ingested rats compared to control.

Advancement in electrochemical strategies for quantification of Brown HT and Carmoisine (Acid Red 14) Drom Azo Dyestuff class

Brown HT and carmoisine, which are the most used dyestuffs in pharmaceuticals, textiles, cosmetics and foods, are important components of the Azo family. Although the Azo group is not toxic or carcinogenic under normal conditions, these dyestuffs require great care due to the reduction of the Azo functional group to amines. In particular, fast, reliable, easy, on-site and precise determinations of these substances are extremely necessary and important. In this review, the properties, applications, and electrochemical determinations of brown HT and carmoisine, which are used as synthetic food colorants, are discussed in detail. Up to now, sensor types, detection limits (LOD and LOQ), and analytical applications in the developed electrochemical strategies for both substances were compared. In addition, the validation parameters such as the variety of the sensors, sensitivity, selectivity and electrochemical technique in these studies were clarified one by one. While the electrochemical techniques recommended for brown HT were mostly used for the removal of dyestuff, for carmoisine they included fully quantitative centered studies. The percentiles of voltammetric techniques, which are the most widely used among these electroanalytical methods, were determined. The benefits of a robust electrochemical strategy for the determination of both food colors are summed up in this review. Finally, the brown HT and carmoisine suggestions for future perspectives in electrochemical strategy are given according to all their applications.

Application electrochemical sensor based on nanosheets G-C3N4/CPE by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetric for measure amounts of toxic tartrazine color residual in different drink and foodstuffs

The present work describes a method (SWASV) techniques for measure of tartrazine color a harmful compound present in real samples, and the extremely harmful to humans and animals even at low concentrations using G-C₃N₄ nanosheets sensor. Here, we report the use of an electrochemical approach for analytical determination of toxic tartrazine that takes 150 s. The calibration curve was linear in range of the (0.02-18.0 µmol L^-1). The current response was linearly proportional to the tartrazine concentration with a R²∼ 0.999. We demonstrated a sensitivity a limit of detection of (0.022 µmol L^-1). Finally, sensor nanosheets G-C₃N₄/CPE introduced to measure toxic tartrazine in different drink and foodstuff samples was used and the chemical nanosheets G-C₃N₄/CPE sensor made it possible as an excellent sensor with reproducibility for determination other samples.