Plant flavonoids: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and antioxidant activity

Polyphenols in different parts of Moringa oleifera Lam.: Composition, antioxidant and neuroprotective potential

Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera L.), a widely distributed tropical tree, is well-known for its rich polyphenolic content, which underlies its diverse biological activities. This study employed Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS and Triple Quadrupole UPLC-MS to systematically analyze the phenolic composition in four parts of M. oleifera L.: leaves, flowers, seeds, and stems. Various polar fractions were obtained using solid-phase extraction, and their antioxidant activities were assessed using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Additionally, the neuroprotective potential was evaluated in vitro using a hydrogen peroxide-induced PC-12 cell model. In total, 105 phenolic compounds and 61 other compounds were identified, with 59 compounds being characterized for the first time in M. oleifera L.. The phenolic composition of the leaves, flowers, and stems was primarily composed of flavonols and phenolic acids, while the seeds were predominantly composed of phenolic acids. Polyphenol content was highest in the leaves and stems, and lowest in the seeds. All extracts and fractions demonstrated significant antioxidant and neuroprotective activities, with the strongest effects observed in the leaves and in the ethyl ether and ethyl acetate-eluting fractions from all plant parts. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenolic profile of different parts of M. oleifera L., highlight novel polyphenolic compounds, and offer insights into their potential therapeutic applications.

Spatial metabolomics and feature-based molecular networking to unveiling in-situ quality markers landscape and reflecting geographic origins of pomegranate seeds

Pomegranate seeds, a by-product of pomegranate processing, are gaining attention in food industries due to their high antioxidant activity. However, the lack of quality markers reflecting activity and spatial characteristics limits their utilization and product stability. In this research, a selective and sensitive method integrating ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with feature-based molecular networking, and desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging developed to identify components and locate in-situ images of quality markers via spatial metabolomics analysis. Additionally, molecular docking analyses and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assays validated the antioxidant quality markers and elucidated correlations between these markers, regions, and activity. A total of 227 components were identified, and six were selected as quality markers for pomegranate seeds, reflecting their antioxidant activity and spatial characteristics. Consequently, this research provides an efficient method for screening food quality markers based on activity and spatial characteristics, providing insights into food quality evaluation.

Therapeutic potential of flavonoids in gastrointestinal cancer: Focus on signaling pathways and improvement strategies (Review)

Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds distributed in vegetables, fruits and other plants, which have considerable antioxidant, anti‑tumor and anti‑inflammatory activities. Several types of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer are the most common malignant tumors in the world. A large number of studies have shown that flavonoids have inhibitory effects on cancer, and they are recognized as a class of potential anti‑tumor drugs. Therefore, the present review investigated the molecular mechanisms of flavonoids in the treatment of different types of GI cancer and summarized the drug delivery systems commonly used to improve their bioavailability. First, the classification of flavonoids and the therapeutic effects of various flavonoids on human diseases were briefly introduced. Then, to clarify the mechanism of action of flavonoids on different types of GI cancer in the human body, the metabolic process of flavonoids in the human body and the associated signaling pathways causing five common types of GI cancer were discussed, as well as the corresponding therapeutic targets of flavonoids. Finally, in clinical settings, flavonoids have poor water solubility, low permeability and inferior stability, which lead to low absorption efficiency in vivo. Therefore, the three most widely used drug delivery systems were summarized. Suggestions for improving the bioavailability of flavonoids and the focus of the next stage of research were also put forward.

Molecular dynamics, molecular docking, DFT, and ADMET investigations of the Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) chelating on the antioxidant activity and SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibition of quercetin

The natural flavonol quercetin (Q) is found in many vegetables, fruits, and beverages, and it is known as a strong antioxidant. Its metal ion chelation may increase its antioxidant activity. The present study aims to explore the Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) chelating on the antioxidant effectiveness and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) main protease (Mpro) inhibitory of quercetin using Density-functional theory (DFT), molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations (MD). DFT calculations at the B3LYP/LanL2DZ reveal that the high antioxidant activity of the metal-chelated quercetin complexes is mainly returned to their lower ionization potentials (IPs) compared with the one of the free quercetin. Molecular docking of quercetin and its Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) chelates into the active binding sites of peroxiredoxin 5 and SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) were performed using Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm method. The docked quercetin and its metal chelates fit well into the binding site of the target proteins, and their binding affinity is strongly influenced by the type of the chelated metals Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), and molar ratio metal: ligand, i.e. 1:2 and 2:1. Further, the binding stability of QZn2 and QCu2 in peroxiredoxin 5 and SARS-CoV-2 main protease targets is evaluated using MD simulation conducted for 100 ns simulations at natural room temperature conditions, and the obtained results showed that all chelates remain bound to the ligand binding groove of protein except for 1HD2_QZn2 complex. Finally, the adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) and drug-likeness properties of quercetin and cobalt(II)-quercetin (QCo2(II)) were investigated.

Identification and quality control of isomers in Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi Mixture using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inductive effects analysis

Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi Mixture is a renowned traditional Chinese medicine formula used to treat ailments associated with dampness pathogens. This study employed ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to perform a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of the chemical compounds in Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi Mixture. A total of 155 compounds were identified, including 61 flavonoids and their glycosides, 36 phenylethanoid glycosides, 23 saponins, 14 coumarins, 9 organic acids, 1 amino acid, 2 nucleosides and purines, and 9 additional compounds. For the first time, a practical method based on inductive effects and hydrogen bonding was developed to determine the elution order of PhGs isomers. The relative quantification of 9 isomers and the absolute quantification of 10 compounds in Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi Mixture were determined, primarily derived from tangerine peel, licorice and Magnolia officinalis. Notably, 18 β - glycyrrhetinic acid and 9 Phenylethanoid glycosides isomers were quantified for the first time in the Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi prescription. These findings were compared with corresponding values in Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi oral liquid. The research revealed relatively low levels of 18 β - glycyrrhetinic acid in the mixture and significant differences in the content of four key compounds: magnolol, honokiol, glycyrrhizic acid and hesperidin. This study offers valuable insights into the chemical composition of Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi Mixture and provides a foundation for optimizing preparation processes, improving therapeutic efficacy, and establishing quality standards.

Unraveling the impact of PFOA toxicity on Zostera marina using a multi-omics approach: Insights from growth, physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic signatures

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an anthropogenic organic pollutant known for its persistence, resistance to degradation, and toxicity, has raised significant concerns about its potential ecological impacts. Zostera marina, a common submerged seagrass species in temperate offshore areas, is highly vulnerable to pollutant stressors. However, the impact of PFOA on Z. marina remains unclear. In this study, Z. marina was exposed to different concentrations of PFOA (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20 μg/L) for 14 days. We subsequently assessed survival rates, growth patterns, physiological indices, transcriptomic profiles, and metabolomic characteristics. The results revealed dose-dependent PFOA accumulation in Z. marina tissues and significant growth inhibition. Furthermore, exposure to PFOA resulted in a significant reduction in photosynthetic pigment content (IBRv2 indices: 2.78-10.29) and elevated enzyme activity (IBRv2 indices: 2.90-8.96). Transcriptomic analysis identified 1511 differentially expressed genes associated with 11 KEGG pathways predominantly affected by PFOA exposure. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis highlighted the crucial role of the hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase (hppr) gene in antioxidant defense mechanisms and detoxification processes against PFOA-induced stress. Metabolomics identified 412 differentially expressed metabolites, mainly consisting of flavonoids, organic acids, and lipids. In summary, PFOA exposure resulted in the down-regulation of gene expression related to photosynthesis and energy metabolism while also affecting metabolite synthesis. The response of Z. marina to PFOA stress involves modulation of the cytoskeletal dynamics and signal transduction pathways, as well as activation of a suite of genes and metabolites to initiate defense mechanisms.

Comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities provides insights into metabolic profiling of different organs of Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai

Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai is a perennial plant that has been widely used as a traditional medicine. However, the comprehensive analysis of primary and secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities in different organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and roots) has not been extensively studied. A comprehensive analysis using GC-qMS, GC-TOFMS, and HPLC metabolomic analyses identified 66 known metabolites in different organs of P. brachycarpa. The heat map showed that most metabolites were high in flowers and leaves. KEGG enrichment analysis based on plant metabolic pathways showed that six pathways were significantly impacted based on -log p-value and pathway impact scores. The in vitro antioxidant activities, such as DPPH, ABTS, and SOD-like, reducing power activities, IC50 values for DPPH, ABTS, and SOD were highest in flower and leaf extracts. This study elucidated the metabolites and medicinal and edible value of different P. brachycarpa organs, promoting the effective utilisation of different P. brachycarpa organs.

A step forward to revolutionize the eimeriosis controlling strategies in cattle by using traditional medication

More than 10 species of Eimeria is found in cattle but Eimeria zuernii is one of the most pathogenic protozoan parasites affecting the global livestock industry. At the herd level, E. zuernii can cause illness in 10-80% of animals and reduce gross margins by 8-9%, leading to estimated annual losses of $731 million. This review highlights the economic impact, prevalence, and current control methods for E. zuernii infections, as well as the challenges associated with treatment and the development of alternative control methods. In the past two decades, 22 studies have examined synthetic drugs for managing eimeriosis in cattle. Various anticoccidial drugs (AcDs; Amprolium, decoquinate, ionophores, monensin, lasalocid, toltrazuril etc) have been used, but the efficacy of these drugs is no more consistent. Because of this, E. zuernii develops resistance to some of these anticoccidials. This trend highlights the urgent need for alternative treatments. The medicinal plants being enriched with various phytochemicals like flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes etc have been reported as potential anticoccidial, anthelmintic and antimicrobial efficacy against the different parasites including Eimeria species in chicken, pig and rabbits. However, this review suggests the research community to treat the E. zuernii with a plant based medication (oils and extracts). This review critically emphasizes the need to acknowledge the significant role of medicinal plants in controlling eimeriosis and also the large-scale trials or standardization of plant-based therapies is required. By incorporating plant-based remedies into integrated treatment strategies alongside synthetic drugs and improved sanitation practices, we can effectively minimize financial losses and safeguard livestock health.

Harnessing plant growth-promoting bacteria (Herbaspirillum seropedicae) from an optimal mineral nitrogen supply: A study on improving nitrogen use efficiency in marandu palisadegrass

Increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) remains a crucial topic in contemporary agriculture. Inoculation with endophytic diazotrophic bacteria offers a potential solution, but the results vary with the N-fertilization regime. Here, we examined the efficacy of inoculation with Herbaspirillum seropedicae strain HRC54 in enhancing NUE and promoting the growth of Marandu palisadegrass with varying levels of N-urea (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg N kg soil⁻1). We evaluated NUE indicators and conducted complementary analyses covering biochemical, physiological, nutritional and growth-related parameters after cultivating the plants within a greenhouse environment and maintaining controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Growth promotion was evident in inoculated plants receiving up to 50 mg N kg soil-1, with enhanced root growth orchestrating the improvement in NUE. Inoculation also improved the nutritional status of the plants (increased N and P accumulation and N balance index) and increased photosynthesis-related parameters, resulting in increased biomass yield. Insufficient N supply led to oxidative stress (overproduction of H₂O₂ and MDA), which was associated with a reduction in photosystem II efficiency, chlorophyll concentration, and soluble proteins, but only in plants that did not receive microbial inoculation. Conversely, a high N supply (100 mg N kg soil-1) combined with H. seropedicae had no synergistic effect, as NUE and the associated benefits did not improve. Therefore, inoculation with H. seropedicae is effective at increasing NUE when combined with moderate N rates. These findings support a more rational use of N fertilizers to optimize inoculation benefits and enhance NUE in tropical forage crops.

Comparison of Mid-Infrared and Ultraviolet Lasers Coupled to the MALDESI Source for the Detection of Secondary Metabolites and Structural Lipids in Arabidopsis thaliana

Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (MALDESI) conventionally utilizes a mid-infrared (IR) laser for the desorption of neutrals, allowing for detection of hundreds to thousands of analytes simultaneously. This platform enables mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) capabilities to not only detect specific molecules but also reveal the distribution and localization of a wide range of biomolecules across an organism. However, an IR laser comes with its disadvantages when imaging plants. At a mid-IR wavelength (2970 nm), the compartmentalized endogenous water within the leaf structure acts as an internal matrix, causing rapid heating, and, in turn, degrades the spatial resolution and signal quality. An ultraviolet (UV) laser operates at wavelengths that overlap with the absorption bands of secondary metabolites allowing them to serve as sacrificial matrix molecules. With the integration and optimization of a 355 nm UV laser into the MALDESI-MSI NextGen source for the analysis of plants, we were able to detect diverse molecular classes including flavonoids, fatty acid derivatives, galactolipids, and glucosinolates, at higher ion abundances when compared to the mid-IR laser. These results show that re-visiting UV-MALDESI-MSI, without the need for an exogenous matrix, provides a promising approach for the detection and imaging of important analytes in plants.

Phytochemicals from fractioned dark tea water extract enhance the digestive enzyme inhibition, antioxidant capacities and glucose-lipid balance

Dark tea has long been recognized for its health-promoting benefits, attributed to its complex phytochemical composition. However, the specific bioactive compounds responsible for these beneficial effects remain inadequately characterized. This study aimed to explore the impact of dark tea water extract (DTE) on digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and glucose-lipid balance. DTE was fractioned into four fractions using gel separation, followed by analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography and quasi-targeted metabolomics. The 30 % ethanol elution (EEA) and 50 % ethanol elution (EEB) fractions showed stronger antioxidant and enzyme inhibition effects compared to the whole DTE. The EEA fraction was rich in 5 catechins and 26 additional phytochemicals, while the EEB fraction contained high levels of caffeine, ECG, and 29 other phytochemicals. Notably, significant correlations were observed between quercetin-3,4'-O-di-β-glucopyranoside and 3-(2-Naphthyl)-L-alanine with digestive enzyme inhibition. Cellular studies revealed the ability of EEA and EEB to reduce lipid accumulation, improve glycolipid metabolism, and alleviate oxidative stress by increasing SOD, CAT, and GSH levels while decreasing MDA and ROS in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, 34 flavonoids, 2 alkaloids, 2 terpenes, 2 alcohols and polyols, 2 phenylpropanoids and polyketides, 1 organoheterocyclic compound were directly linked to the antioxidant activity and the modulation of glucose and lipid levels. These findings offer valuable insights into the phytochemical profiles of dark tea and its potential health benefits.

Bioactive flavonoids from Leucosceptrum canum with nematicidal efficacy and mechanistic insights through acetylcholinesterase inhibition and docking study

Leucosceptrum canum, a rare Himalayan plant, shows significant bioactive properties, with its nematicidal potential investigated here for the first time. This study isolated and characterized flavonoids from L. canum, assessing their efficacy against the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Bioassay-guided fractionation identified three active flavonoids: Pectolinarigenin, 5,6,7-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone and Acacetin, structurally elucidated using spectroscopic techniques and literature comparisons. The flavonoids exhibited dose-dependent nematicidal activity, with percent mortalities after 96 h of 100 %, 92 %, and 59 %, respectively. LC₅₀ values of Pectolinarigenin (11.79 μg/mL), 5,6,7-Trihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (230.54 μg/mL), and Acacetin (679.67 μg/mL) were recorded, comparable to the standard nematicide Nimitz (LC₅₀: 0.01 μg/mL). These flavonoids also showed strong to moderate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values of 17.09, 86.72, and 142.2 μg/mL, respectively, nearing the efficacy of standard, physostigmine (IC₅₀: 19.37 μg/mL), suggesting a neuromuscular mechanism of action. The enzyme kinetics analysis of pectolinarigenin revealed it to be a reversible inhibitor of AChE exhibiting mixed-type inhibition, with inhibition constant of 15.94 μg/mL. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities (-7.8 to -7.2 kcal/mol) at the AChE active site, highlighting key hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. ADMET analysis confirmed favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, underscoring the potential of these flavonoids as eco-friendly nematicidal alternatives. This study establishes L. canum as a valuable source of flavonoids with dual nematicidal and AChE inhibitory properties, supported by integrated in vitro and in silico studies. It underscores the untapped phytochemical wealth of Himalayan flora for sustainable nematode management.

Preparation, antioxidant, antibacterial, and in vivo evaluation of pomegranate flower extract nanofibers based on thiolated chitosan and thiolated gelatin for treating aphthous stomatitis

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common condition that manifests as ulcerative lesions in the oral mucosa. In this study, bilayer, mucoadhesive nanofibers loaded with pomegranate flower extract (PFE) were prepared using thiolated gelatin (TGel) and thiolated chitosan (TCS) as the active layer and drug-free polycaprolactone (PCL) as the backing layer. Gelatin (Gel) and chitosan (CS) were successfully thiolated (proven by Ellman's assay, solubility, 1H NMR, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD) and electrospun into active nanofibrous layers with a diameter of 356.9 nm. The in vitro release assay showed extended release of PFE, reaching about 57 % drug release in 48 h, fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics. FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD also showed the characteristic peaks of the nanofibers and their components. The nanofibers also exhibited significant hydrophilicity (contact angle of 47-49°), mucoadhesion (432.7 Pa), antioxidant capabilities (93.3 ± 0.2 %), and antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, PFE-loaded thiolated nanofibers significantly accelerated wound healing and epithelial tissue regeneration in vivo, reducing the ulcer area from 187 ± 19 mm on the 1st day to 68 ± 6 on the 7th day. Overall, bilayer PFE-loaded nanofibers based on TCS and TGel showed promising potential for treating RAS.

ACC treatment induced alterations in flavonoid accumulation in Toxicodendron vernicifluum

Lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum) is an important economic crop and is rich in flavonoids. ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) is the precursor to ethylene. ACC treatment can induce physiological and biochemical responses in plants. In this study, flavonoids in the leaves of Toxicodendron vernicifluum, treated with ACC at different time points, were identified and analyzed. A total of 83 flavonoids were identified, including 38 flavonoids and 45 flavonoid glycosides. Among these, 48 flavonoids were first reported in T. vernicifluum. The total flavonoid content significantly increased following ACC treatment, although the accumulation patterns of individual flavonoids varied. Flavonoids with similar structure or glycosylation/acetylation modifications exhibited a positive correlation in their content changes in T. vernicifluum leaves under ACC treatment. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted on control and 3-days ACC-treated leaves, revealing an upregulation in the expression of genes related to flavonoids biosynthesis, such as PAL, CCR, CHS, MYB and ERF encoding genes. We hypothesized that ACC regulated flavonoids biosynthesis by activating ERF and MYB transcription factors in the ethylene signaling pathway. This study provided evidence for the regulation of flavonoids biosynthesis in lacquer trees through ACC treatment.

Flavonoids Mitigate Nanoplastic Stress in Ginkgo biloba

Microplastics/nanoplastics are a top global environmental concern and have stimulated surging research into plant-nanoplastic interactions. Previous studies have examined the responses of plants to nanoplastic stress at various levels. Plant-specialized (secondary) metabolites play crucial roles in plant responses to environmental stress, whereas their roles in response to nanoplastic stress remain unknown. Here, we systematically examined the physiological and biochemical responses of Ginkgo biloba, a species with robust metabolite-driven defenses, to polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs). PSNPs negatively affected seedling growth and induced phytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and nuclear damage. Notably, PSNPs caused significant flavonoid accumulation, which enhances plant tolerance and detoxification against PSNP stress. To determine whether this finding is universal in plants, we subjected Arabidopsis, poplar, and tomato to PSNP stress and verified the common response of enhanced flavonoids across these species. To further confirm the role of flavonoids, we employed genetic transformation and staining techniques, validating the importance of flavonoids in mitigating excessive oxidative stress induced by NPs. Matrix analysis of transgenic plants with enhanced flavonoids further demonstrated altered downstream pathways, allocating more energy towards resilience against nanoplastic stress. Collectively, our results reveal the flavonoid multifaceted roles in enhancing plant resilience to nanoplastic stress, providing new knowledge about plant responses to nanoplastic contamination.

Protective effect of flavonoids on oxidative stress injury in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, which is mainly caused by the damage of the structure and function of the central nervous system. At present, there are many adverse reactions in market-available drugs, which can't significantly inhibit the occurrence of AD. Therefore, the current focus of research is to find safe and effective therapeutic drugs to improve the clinical treatment of AD. Oxidative stress bridges different mechanism hypotheses of AD and plays a key role in AD. Numerous studies have shown that natural flavonoids have good antioxidant effects. They can directly or indirectly resist -oxidative stress, inhibit Aβ aggregation and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation by activating Nrf2 and other oxidation-antioxidation-related signals, regulating synaptic function-related pathways, promoting mitochondrial autophagy, etc., and play a neuroprotective role in AD. In this review, we summarised the mechanism of flavonoids inhibiting oxidative stress injury in AD in recent years. Moreover, because of the shortcomings of poor biofilm permeability and low bioavailability of flavonoids, the advantages and recent research progress of nano-drug delivery systems such as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles were highlighted. We hope this review provides a useful way to explore safe and effective AD treatments.

Effects of different drying methods on the chemical components and activities of Taihang chrysanthemum (Opisthopappus taihangensis)

Although the health benefits of chrysanthemums have been widely studied, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding Taihang chrysanthemum (Opisthopappus taihangensis). This study compared indoor shade drying, heat drying and freeze drying on the chemical profile and health-related activities of O. taihangensis. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and other assays were used to evaluate changes in composition and antioxidant, antibacterial and enzyme inhibitory activities. Different drying methods significantly affected compositions and bioactivities of O. taihangensis. Lipids, phenylpropanoids and polyketides were the most abundant. Freeze-drying maintained bioactive compounbds like phenylpropanoids and superior antioxidant activities. Freeze-dried O. taihangensis also displayed robust antibacterial activity against Streptococcus hemolyticus-β and effective inhiition of pancreatic lipase. These results suggest O. taihangensis is a useful source of functional compounds.

Multilayered visual metabolomics analysis framework for enhanced exploration of functional components in wolfberry

Wolfberry, regarded as a nutritious fruit, has garnered significant attention in the food industry due to potential health benefits. However, the tissue-specific distribution and dynamic accumulation patterns of nutritional metabolites such as flavonoids are still unclear. In this study, a novel spatial metabolomics framework was developed, incorporating instrumental optimization, metabolite identification, molecular network analysis, metabolic pathway mapping, and machine learning-based imaging. Using DESI-MSI, this approach enabled rapid, non-destructive, in situ analysis of wolfberry metabolites with enhanced sensitivity and spatial resolution. Detailed insights into chemical and spatial changes during ripening were obtained, with a focus on flavonoids. The visualization of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway highlighted the impact of C-3 hydroxylation on flavonoid redistribution. Furthermore, a classification model achieved a prediction accuracy exceeding 99 %, consistent with metabolic network analyses. This framework provides a powerful tool for plant metabolomics, facilitating the exploration of functional components and metabolic pathways.

The LncNAT11-MYB11-F3'H/FLS module mediates flavonol biosynthesis to regulate salt stress tolerance in Ginkgo biloba

Flavonols are important secondary metabolites that enable plants to resist environmental stresses. Although MYB regulation of flavonol biosynthesis has been well studied, the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-MYB networks involved in regulating flavonol biosynthesis remain unknown. Ginkgo biloba is rich in flavonols, which are the most important medicinal components. Based on multi-omics data and phylogenetic trees, we identified GbMYB11 as a potential key transcription factor regulating flavonol biosynthesis. Overexpression and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments confirmed that GbMYB11 acts as a pivotal positive regulator in flavonol biosynthesis. In the transcriptome of calli overexpressing GbMYB11, we identified significant up-regulation of GbF3'H and GbFLS in the flavonol biosynthetic pathway. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that GbMYB11 enhances the expression of GbF3'H and GbFLS by binding to their promoters. Interestingly, we identified LncNAT11, an antisense lncRNA complement to GbMYB11, which negatively regulates flavonol biosynthesis by repressing the expression of GbMYB11. Consequently, we established the LncNAT11-GbMYB11-GbF3'H/GbFLS module as a critical regulator of flavonol biosynthesis in G. biloba, and further elucidated that this module can mitigate the accumulation of reactive oxygen species by modulating flavonol biosynthesis during salt stress. These findings unveil a novel mechanism underlying flavonol biosynthesis and an lncRNA-MYB-mediated salt stress tolerance strategy in plants.

Multi-omics analysis of the accumulation mechanism of flavonoids in rice caryopsis under blue light

KEY MESSAGE

Blue light influences the MYB gene family, resulting in varying accumulations of different flavonoids in rice caryopsis at distinct developmental stages, with a higher concentration observed in the initial stage. The regulatory effect of blue light on plant flavonoids has been extensively documented; however, its influence on the development of rice caryopsis morphology remains unreported. Through the analysis of transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolites, combined with Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), the accumulation of flavonoids in rice caryopsis under blue light at various developmental stages was thoroughly examined. Furthermore, four MYB family transcription factors (TFs) that significantly influence the structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were identified. The results indicate that the accumulation of flavonoids primarily occurs during the early stages of caryopsis development. Key structural genes, including PAL, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, and FLS, are upregulated in both gene and protein expression when exposed to blue light. Moreover, the WGCNA analysis identified several TFs that may influence these genes, including Os08t0144000-01 and Os01t0695900-01, as well as the proteins Q7F3D6, Q2QM89, A0A0P0W9C3, and Q6ZDM0, all of which belong to the MYB family. The research has enhanced our understanding of flavonoid accumulation in rice caryopsis when exposed to blue light. It also establishes a framework for the synthesis of secondary metabolites induced by blue light, thereby creating more opportunities to enhance the quality of horticultural plants.

Novel enzymatic synthesis of 3-Hydroxybutyryl Naringin and its molecular identification and bioactive characterization

In this study, we synthesized 6''-O-((±)-3-hydroxybutyryl)naringin (3HBN) for the first time through enzymatic esterification of naringin with 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB), achieving a high conversion of 80.19 % under optimized conditions within 8 h. Structural analysis via FT-IR and 1H NMR confirmed esterification at the C-6'' hydroxyl position on the glucose moiety of naringin. Although the antioxidant capacity of 3HBN was slightly reduced compared to naringin, its enhanced lipophilicity (log P = -0.05) indicates improved bioavailability and potential for cellular absorption. Bioactivity evaluations confirmed that 3HBN exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory effects than naringin by reducing TNF-α and increasing IL-10 in LPS-stimulated immune cells. These findings suggest that 3HBN is a promising bioactive compound with potential applications across the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, offering both enhanced stability and effective bioactivity for targeted health benefits.

GHCYP706A7 governs anthocyanin biosynthesis to mitigate ROS under alkali stress in cotton

KEY MESSAGE

Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase synthesis gene-GHCYP706A7, enhanced cotton resistance to alkali stress by scavenging ROS to regulate anthocyanin synthesis. Anthocyanins are a class of flavonoids that play a significant role in mediating plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), a member of the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) family, is a pivotal enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. The present study identified 398 CYPs in the Gossypium hirsutum genome, of which GHCYP706A7 was responsible for F3'H synthesis and its ability to respond to alkaline stress. GHCYP706A7 suppression through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) diminished tolerance to alkali stress in cotton, evidenced by significantly reduced anthocyanin synthesis, markedly decreased antioxidant capacity, notable increases in reactive oxygen species, severe cellular damage, and observably decreased stomatal opening. The cumulative effects of these physiological disruptions ultimately manifest in cotton wilting and fresh weight decline. These findings lay a foundation for further investigations into the role of CYPs in regulating anthocyanin synthesis and responding to alkali stress.

Quinoa bran polyphenol extract attenuates high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice

Quinoa bran is a by-product of quinoa processing and is rich in polyphenolic bioactives. Previous studies have shown that polyphenol compounds can help alleviate metabolic diseases, but studies on quinoa bran polyphenols intervening in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have not yet been reported. In this study, a C57BL/6J mouse NAFLD model was established using a high-fat diet (HFD) to explore the interventional effects of quinoa bran polyphenol extract (QBP) on NAFLD in mice. The results showed that QBP was effective in attenuating abnormal lipid metabolism and hepatic fat accumulation and reducing inflammation in NAFLD mice. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that QBP regulated the composition of the gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria Clostridium_innocuum_group, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_13, Ruminococcus_gnavus_group, Coriobacteriaceae_UCG_002 and UBA1819. Untargeted metabolomics identified 51 differential metabolites due to QBP supplementation. Functional predictions indicated that starch and sucrose metabolism and pentose and gluconate interconversion are key metabolic pathways for QBP to attenuate NAFLD, which may be influenced by the gut microbiota. These results demonstrated the potential application of QBP interventions for NAFLD.

Enhanced cadmium tolerance in perennial ryegrass via exogenous application of Enterobacter hormaechei strain X20

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soils poses a critical environmental challenge, jeopardizing both agricultural productivity and food safety. The utilization of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) emerges as a promising strategy for mitigating the adverse effects of heavy metal stress on plant health and development. This study investigates the effectiveness of Enterobacter hormaechei X20 in enhancing Cd tolerance in perennial ryegrass, a species renowned for its phytoremediation potential. Strain X20 demonstrated multiple PGPR traits, including phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, and siderophore secretion. Under Cd stress, X20 significantly stimulated plant growth, elevated canopy height, and preserved leaf water content. Additionally, X20 inoculation enhanced Cd uptake and reestablished ion homeostasis by augmenting Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ levels. It also improved photosynthetic efficiency, particularly by optimizing PSII activity, and strengthened antioxidant defense, alleviating oxidative stress. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant modulations in amino acid and sugar metabolism, marked by increased in serine and glycine levels under Cd stress. Furthermore, fructose and glucose levels rose, while sucrose levels declined, reflecting metabolic reprogramming that facilitates stress adaptation. These findings suggest that Enterobacter hormaechei X20 holds great promise as a bioinoculant for enhancing phytoremediation efficiency and plant resilience in Cd-contaminated soils, providing a sustainable strategy for managing heavy metal pollution in agriculture.

Modulating NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Comprehensive Review on Flavonoid-Based Interventions

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a severe, rapidly advancing disease that drastically diminishes life expectancy. Without treatment, it can progress to lung cancer. The precise etiology of IPF remains unknown, but inflammation and damage to the alveolar epithelium are widely thought to be pivotal in its development. Research has indicated that activating the NLRP3 inflammasome is a crucial mechanism in IPF pathogenesis, as it triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-18, and TGF-β. These cytokines contribute to the myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. Currently, treatment options for IPF are limited. Only two FDA-approved medications, pirfenidone and nintedanib, are available. While these drugs can decelerate disease progression, they come with a range of side effects and do not cure the disease. Additional treatment strategies primarily involve supportive care and therapy. Emerging research has highlighted that numerous flavonoids derived from traditional medicines can inhibit the critical regulators responsible for activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. These flavonoids show promise as potential therapeutic agents for managing IPF, offering a new avenue for treatment that targets the core inflammatory processes of this debilitating condition.

Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Diversity of Defense Metabolites in Nine Cereal Crops

Cereal crops are important staple foods, and their defense metabolites hold significant research importance. In this study, we employed LC-MS-based untargeted and widely-targeted metabolomics to profile the leaf metabolome of nine cereal species, including rice, wheat, maize, barley, sorghum, common oat, foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and adlay. A total of 9869 features were detected, among them, 1131 were annotated, encompassing 18 classes such as flavonoids, lipids, and alkaloids. Results revealed that 531 metabolites were detected in all species, while each cereal crop possessed 4 to 12 unique metabolites. Focusing on defense metabolites, we identified eight benzoxazinoids uniquely present in maize, wheat, and adlay. Hierarchical clustering based on metabolite abundance divided all metabolites into nine clusters, and subsequent pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the stress-related flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was enriched in multiple clusters. Further analysis showed that four downstream compounds of HBOA (2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one) in the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway were enriched in maize. Wheat uniquely accumulated the 4'-methylated product of tricin, trimethoxytricetin, whereas adlay accumulated the tricin precursor tricetin in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. In summary, this study elucidates the metabolic diversity in defense metabolites among various cereal crops, providing valuable background information for the improvement of stress resistance in cereal crops.

Dietary intakes of flavonoids in relation to cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults: results from the Chinese Square Dance Cohort

Objective: The study aims to explore the association between intake of dietary flavonoids and global cognition, domain-specific cognition and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in middle-aged and older adults in China. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This study used baseline data collected during 2021-2023 from the Chinese Square Dance Cohort. Dietary information was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and flavonoid intakes were calculated. Cognitive function was evaluated using a battery of neuropsychological tests, and global cognition was assessed using the composite z-score. Participants with MCI were diagnosed by Petersen's criteria. The relationship between flavonoid intake and cognitive score was determined using multiple linear regression and presented as β values with 95%CIs. The association of flavonoid intake with MCI was evaluated using logistic regression models and presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95%CIs. Results: Among 3990 middle-aged and older participants, the median (P25-P75) age was 63 (59-67) years, and 85.05% were females. After adjusting for various covariates, compared to the lowest quartile (Q1), the highest intakes (Q4) of total flavonoids, anthocyanidins and flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, procyanidins, and isoflavones were associated with higher composite z-scores, with β values (95%CIs) of 0.12 (0.06, 0.17), 0.15 (0.10, 0.21), 0.09 (0.04, 0.15), 0.11 (0.06, 0.17), 0.08 (0.02, 0.13), 0.09 (0.03, 0.14), and 0.09 (0.04, 0.15), respectively. In addition, higher dietary intakes of anthocyanidins and isoflavones were associated with lower odds of MCI, where the corresponding ORs (95%CIs) for Q4 were 0.69 (0.51, 0.94) and 0.72 (0.54, 0.97), respectively. Conclusion: Higher flavonoid intakes were related to better cognitive function. These findings suggest a beneficial effect of flavonoid intake on the cognitive aging process.

Preparation and characterization of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/Ginkgo biloba leaf extract composite film and its effect on chilled beef preservation

Bioactive composite films containing varying concentrations (0 %, 2 %, 6 %, and 10 %) of the Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBLE) were prepared using chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as substrates and applied to preserve chilled beef. The thickness, density, mechanical properties, barrier properties, antioxidant activity, and thermal stability of the developed composite films significantly increased as the GBLE concentration increased (P < 0.05). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction confirmed that GBLE was primarily integrated into the film matrix through hydrogen bonding and exhibited good compatibility. Compared with control films, the active composite films significantly inhibited color deterioration and microbial growth in chilled beef during storage, delayed fat and protein oxidation, improved chilled beef quality, and extended shelf life to 12 days. These findings suggest that GBLE/CS/PVA composite films hold great potential as active packaging materials for food preservation.

Utilizing alternative in vivo animal models for food safety and toxicity: A focus on thermal process contaminant acrylamide

Rodent models have traditionally been used to assess the toxicity of food chemicals, but this approach is costly, time-consuming, and raises ethical concerns. Alternatively, non-mammalian models such as Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio, and Caenorhabditis elegans have been shown to be suitable for studying the toxicity of food hazards. Their advantages include low cost, short life cycles, adaptability to high-throughput screening, and adherence to the 3R principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement. These models have been extensively studied in the context of acrylamide toxicity, a common food contaminant. This article comprehensively reviews the biological characteristics of non-mammalian models, recent advances and challenges in acrylamide toxicity research using these models, and explores the potential of natural plant compounds in ameliorating acrylamide toxicity. The review aims to guide research using non-mammalian models for food safety assessment.

Relationship between antioxidant activity and ESIPT process based on flavonoid derivatives: A comprehensive analysis

Antioxidant activity, as a topic of current interest, is discussed together with the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process for three flavonoid derivatives, based on density functional theory (DFT)and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) methods, as well as DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The potential energy curves and transition states demonstrate that the three molecules can undergo only single proton transfer in the excited state, and all of them are ultrafast ESIPT processes. The absorption spectra of all the molecules show effective protection against UV radiation with low fluorescence intensity, especially Baicalein (Bai), which demonstrates their great potential for sunscreen applications. The density of states, HOMO energy values, global and local indices reveal that the antioxidant activity of the molecules after ESIPT process is enhanced, with Bai having the highest antioxidant activity, which is significantly attributed to the number and position of phenolic hydroxyl groups. Moreover, by comparing the DPPH free radical scavenging activity under the dark and UV radiation conditions, the radical scavenging activity (RSA) value in the UV radiation is remarkably higher than that in the dark condition, in which Bai achieves RSA value of 93.4%. Overall, the antioxidant activity of all three ESIPT-based flavonoid derivatives, especially Bai, is significantly elevated in the keto* form, which reinforces the significant relationship between antioxidant activity and ESIPT process, and provides new application prospects for molecules with ESIPT properties.

Multi-Effects of Natural Plant Bioactive Components on Intestinal Health in Pigs: Promising Feed-Antibiotic Alternatives?

The poor intestinal health induced by management, stress, or infection remains a substantial challenge restricting the rapid development of the pig industry. Some natural plant bioactive components (NPBCs) have garnered considerable interest owing to their multifarious benefits, including enhancing intestinal morphology, digestion and absorption, barrier function, immune function, and regulating the gut microbiota. However, there are critical factors, such as the lack of standardized production technologies, lower stability and bioavailability, and unclear mechanisms of NPBCs, severely limiting their feeding efficacy and their application in animal production. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of the recent advances regarding the impacts of NPBCs on pig gut health. Additionally, we highlighted the key areas that warrant further in-depth investigation. Taken together, NPBCs could be green, safe, and effective feed additives by constructively overcoming their limitations, and they are expected to have broader applications in animal husbandry.

Hepatoprotective Activity of Nature-Derived Polyphenols Studied by Mass Spectrometry Based Multi-OMICS Approach

The aim of this study was to examine the hepatoprotective activity of multicomponent mixtures of natural origin in the BALB/C mouse model, with subacute liver failure (SALF) induced by the administration of toxin carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The hepatoprotective activity of activated hydrolytic lignin (BP-Cx-1), humic acid peloids (HA), and isoflavones from kudzu Pueraria lobata roots (IFL) was evaluated using mass spectrometry (MS)-based omics technologies. Our MS-based approach revealed new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the hepatoprotective activity of multicomponent mixtures of natural origin. Significant differences were observed in the proteome and metabolome profiles of the urine and liver of BALB/c mice with SALF between a control group with CCl4 administration, intact controls, and groups receiving potential hepatoprotectors of natural origin (BP-Cx-1, HA, IFL). Proteomic and metabolomics analyses demonstrated that among the hepatoprotectors, IFL possessed the highest hepatoprotective potential, which correlated well with the relative effectiveness of the drugs recorded during in vitro studies. These results correlate with the relative effectiveness of the drugs recorded in previous in vitro and in vivo studies. The leading IFL activity may be attributed to a higher content of active polyphenolic components compared to heterogeneous HA and BP-Cx-1. Enrichment with active components by fractionation is a direction that can be explored for developing hepatoprotective agents based on natural complex polyphenols.

Optimizing Ethanol-Water Cosolvent Systems for Green Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Muscadine Grape Pomace Polyphenols

This study evaluated the ethanol-water modified (50%, v/v) supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) for the extraction of polyphenols from muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michgx.) pomace and compared with conventional solvent extractions (ethanol-water and HCl-methanol). The process was optimized with a central composite response surface design consisting of three levels of three independent variables: pressure (20-40 MPa), temperature (40-60 °C), and cosolvent concentration (5-15%) to maximize three responses: total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and resveratrol yields. The optimal conditions were determined as 20 MPa, 60 °C, and 15% cosolvent concentration with TPC, TFC, and resveratrol yields of 2491 mg/100 g, 674 mg/100 g, and 1.07 mg/100 g, respectively. The surface plots indicated that a 15% cosolvent concentration maximized extraction efficiency, producing red-brown colored extracts. In contrast, a 5% cosolvent resulted in poor extractions, yielding yellow-green extracts under all conditions. The yields increased with higher temperatures (i.e., 60 °C) and lower pressures (i.e., 20 MPa). TPC and TFC obtained through cosolvent-modified SC-CO2 were similar to those obtained through conventional extractions. Moreover, the resveratrol yield was lower than the HCl-methanol extraction, even though it was not different from any ethanol-water extractions at any solvent-to-solute ratios. The analysis of antioxidants indicated that the ABTS values of the cosolvent-modified SC-CO2 extract were lower than those of the HCl-methanol extract. However, there were no significant differences in the DPPH values between the two extracts. Thus, this study optimized the sustainable technology of SC-CO2 extraction by employing only food-grade cosolvents-ethanol and water-as a more environmentally friendly method for isolating polyphenols from the underutilized waste product of muscadine grape pomace utilizing statistical methodologies in the extraction process.

Antimicrobial Potential of Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action and Microbial Responses-A Narrative Review

Polyphenols (PPs) are recognized as bioactive compounds and antimicrobial agents, playing a critical role in enhancing food safety, preservation, and extending shelf life. The antimicrobial effectiveness of PPs has different molecular and biological reasons, predominantly linked to their hydroxyl groups and electron delocalization, which interact with microbial cell membranes, proteins, and organelles. These interactions may reduce the efficiency of metabolic pathways, cause destructive damage to the cell membrane, or they may harm the proteins and nucleic acids of the foodborne bacteria. Moreover, PPs exhibit a distinctive ability to form complexes with metal ions, further amplifying their antimicrobial activity. This narrative review explores the complex and multifaceted interactions between PPs and foodborne pathogens, underlying the correlation of their chemical structures and mechanisms of action. Such insights shed light on the potential of PPs as innovative natural preservatives within food systems, presenting an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to synthetic additives.

Combined transcriptional and metabolomic analysis of flavonoids in the regulation of female flower bud differentiation in Juglans sigillata Dode

Juglans sigillata Dode is rich in flavonoids, but the low ratio of female to male flower buds limits the development of the J. sigillata industry. While the abundance of flavonoids in J. sigillata is known, whether flavonoids influence female flower bud differentiation has not been reported. In this study, we explored the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression and metabolite accumulation during female flower bud differentiation through integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Our findings revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis is a key pathway influencing female flower bud differentiation, with metabolites primarily shifting towards the isoflavonoid, flavone, and flavonol branches. Structural genes such as chalcone synthase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, flavonol synthase, and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase were identified as playing crucial regulatory roles. The expression of these genes promoted the accumulation of flavonoids, which in turn influenced female flower bud differentiation by modulating key regulatory genes including Suppressor of Overexpression of Constans1, Constans, Flowering Locus T, and APETALA1. Furthermore, transcription factors (TFs) highly expressed during the physiological differentiation of female flower buds, particularly M-type MADS, WRKY, and MYB, were positively correlated with flavonoid biosynthesis genes, indicating their significant role in the regulation of flavonoid production. These results offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of female flower bud differentiation in J. sigillata and highlight the regulatory role of flavonoids in plant bud differentiation.

Effect of dietary anthocyanins on the risk factors related to metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis aims to systematically investigate whether dietary anthocyanin supplementation can reduce metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related risk factors: abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia (low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and hypertriglyceridemia), hypertension, and hyperglycemia by conducting a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

METHODS

A systematic search of 5 electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase) was conducted from inception until April 25, 2024. A total of 1213 studies were identified, of which randomized controlled trials involving subjects with MetS-related factors, comparing dietary anthocyanin supplementation with placebo, and reporting results on anthropometric, physiological, and metabolic markers relevant to this study were selected. Depending on the heterogeneity of the included studies, a fixed-effect model was applied for low heterogeneity (I2 < 50%), whereas a random-effects model was employed when substantial heterogeneity was present (I2 ≥ 50%). The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.

RESULTS

This meta-analysis included 29 randomized controlled trials with 2006 participants. The results showed that dietary anthocyanins significantly improved various lipid and glycemic markers: HDL-C: increased by 0.05 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.10, p = 0.026), LDL-C: decreased by 0.18 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.28 to -0.08, p = 0.000), Triglycerides (TGs): reduced by 0.11 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.20 to -0.02, p = 0.021), Total cholesterol (TC): lowered by 0.34 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.49 to -0.18, p = 0.000), Fasting blood glucose (FBG): reduced by 0.29 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.46 to -0.12, p = 0.001), Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c): decreased by 0.43% (95% CI: -0.74 to -0.13, p = 0.005). Weight: (WMD: -0.12 kg, 95% CI: -0.45 to 0.21, p = 0.473), Body mass index (BMI): (WMD: -0.12 kg/m2, 95% CI: -0.26 to 0.03, p = 0.12), Overall WC: (WMD: 0.18 cm, 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.87, p = 0.613), Systolic blood pressure (SBP): (WMD: -0.12 mmHg, 95% CI: -1.06 to 0.82, p = 0.801), Diastolic blood pressure (DBP): (WMD: 0.61 mmHg, 95% CI: -0.03 to 1.25, p = 0.061), Insulin levels: (WMD: -0.02 mU/L, 95% CI: -0.44 to 0.40, p = 0.932), HOMA-IR: (WMD: -0.11, 95% CI: -0.51 to 0.28, p = 0.573). Additionally, a 100 mg/day dosage of anthocyanins significantly reduced: Waist circumference (WC): by 0.55 cm (95% CI: -1.09 to -0.01, p = 0.047). Subgroup analyses based on intervention duration, anthocyanin dosage, health status, formulation, dosage frequency, physical activity levels, and baseline levels of corresponding markers revealed varying significances, particularly in relation to blood pressure.

CONCLUSION

Dietary anthocyanins effectively improve low HDL cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia, making them a promising adjunct for managing MetS. However, it is important to note that dietary anthocyanin interventions may raise systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) depending on intervention dose, duration, participant health status, and formulation. Clinicians should fully consider these effects when recommending anthocyanin supplementation. Further long-term, well-designed, large-scale clinical trials are needed to draw definitive conclusions.

Nanoparticle-based flavonoid therapeutics: Pioneering biomedical applications in antioxidants, cancer treatment, cardiovascular health, neuroprotection, and cosmeceuticals

Flavonoids, a type of natural polyphenolic molecule, have garnered significant research interest due to their ubiquitous nature and diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects, making them appealing to various scientific disciplines. In this regard, the use of a flavonoid nanoparticle delivery system is to overcome low bioavailability, bioactivity, poor aqueous solubility, systemic absorption, and intensive metabolism. Therefore, this review summarizes the classification of nanoparticles (liposomes, polymeric, and solid lipid nanoparticles) and the advantages of using nanoparticle-flavonoid formulations to boost flavonoid bioavailability. Moreover, this review illustrated the pioneering biomedical applications of nanoparticle-based flavonoid therapeutics, as well as safety and toxicity considerations of using a flavonoid nanoparticle delivery system.

Alleviation effect of taxifolin on diquat-induced damage to porcine intestinal epithelial cells

Oxidative stress is considered to be a major cause of numerous intestinal diseases, and taxifolin (TA) possesses a variety of pharmacological properties that promote health and prevent disease. This study intends to determine the ability of TA to alleviate oxidative stress induced by diquat (DIQ) in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells). After being pretreated with 150 μM TA for 24 h, IPEC-J2 cells were treated with 0.5 mM DIQ for 6 h to cause oxidative stress. The results demonstrated that TA pretreatment increased cell viability and proliferation, significantly inhibited the DIQ-induced reductions in cell proliferation and cell viability, and ameliorated the intestinal barrier by up-regulating the expression levels of Claudin1 and Occludin. Furthermore, TA pretreatment weakened the DIQ-induced inflammatory response through reducing the gene expression of proinflammatory factors (IL-6 and IL-8) and increasing the antioxidant gene expression level, possibly through activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that TA is a potent antioxidant that attenuates cytotoxicity and inflammation, protects cellular barrier integrity, and improves antioxidant function in DIQ-stimulated IPEC-J2 cells. This research explores the role of TA in mitigating intestinal oxidative stress damage and its potential as an eco-friendly feed additive in pig farming.

Flavonoids and Flavonoid-Based Nanopharmaceuticals as Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer-An Updated Literature Review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most serious health issues and the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. However, the treatment options for CRC are associated with adverse reactions, and in some cases, resistance can develop. Flavonoids have emerged as promising alternatives for CRC prevention and therapy due to their multitude of biological properties and ability to target distinct processes involved in CRC pathogenesis. Their innate disadvantageous properties (e.g., low solubility and stability, reduced bioavailability, and lack of tumor specificity) have delayed the potential inclusion of flavonoids in CRC treatment regimens but have hastened the design of nanopharmaceuticals comprising a flavonoid agent entrapped in a nanosized delivery platform that not only counteract these inconveniences but also provide an augmented therapeutic effect and an elevated safety profile by conferring a targeted action. Starting with a brief presentation of the pathological features of CRC and an overview of flavonoid classes, the present study comprehensively reviews the anti-CRC activity of different flavonoids from a mechanistic perspective while also portraying the latest discoveries made in the area of flavonoid-containing nanocarriers that have proved efficient in CRC management. This review concludes by showcasing future perspectives for the advancement of flavonoids and flavonoid-based nanopharmaceuticals in CRC research.

Polyphenol oxidase gene editing changed the flavonoid composition and browning process of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) callus

Postharvest pericarp browning, caused primarily by the enzymatic oxidation of phenols, reduces the shelf life and market value of litchi fruit and is considered a major limitation for the development of the litchi industry. Previous studies have shown that polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a key enzyme and that flavonoids are important substrates for enzymatic browning; however, direct evidence is still lacking. This study investigated the differences in the browning process among the wild type (WT) and four PPO gene-edited litchi calli to verify the function of PPO in the browning of litchi tissues. Compared to the WT callus, the proliferation rate, relative expression of litchi PPO gene (LcPPO), PPO activity and color changes significantly decreased or slowed down in all gene-edited calli, indicating that the latter exhibited a slower browning process. Using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry approach (LC-MS/MS), 83 metabolites of flavonoids were identified, of which 58 were differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Venn analysis revealed 12 common DAMs across different genotypic contrasts that were mostly enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. It was presumed that the decrease of LcPPO expression in gene-edited calli led to the reduced PPO activity, then reduced the (-)-epicatechin oxidation. The accumulation of (-)-epicatechin caused the common upregulation of procyanidin B2 and upstream substances such as dihydrokaempferol, taxifolin, naringenin chalcone, 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, and rutin in their biosynthesis pathways. The results provide novel evidence that (-)-epicatechin acts as the primary direct substrate in the enzymatic browning reaction mediated by PPO.

Inverse association between dietary flavonoid intake and nocturia in middle-aged and older adults from NHANES 2007-2010

Nocturia is an increasingly prevalent chronic disease that affects the quality of an individual's life. The prevalence of nocturia exceeds 50% among older adults in the U.S. Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered potential factors affecting nocturia, according to prior research. Flavonoids have attracted considerable interest due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties. The association between flavonoid consumption and nocturia has been rarely investigated. For this cross-sectional study, we selected 5926 middle-aged and older adults over 40 from the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Daily dietary flavonoid consumption was assessed through two 24-hour dietary recall interviews and the principal outcome was assessed based on a standardized questionnaire administered by trained interviewers. Weighted multivariate logistic regression and stratified analysis were employed to evaluate the impact of dietary total flavonoid consumption on nocturia. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was utilized to explore whether there is a non-linear association between total flavonoid intake and nocturia. In addition, we performed weighted logistic regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression by six flavonoid species (isoflavones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavonoids and flavonols) to estimate a combined mixture sum effect as well as the contribution of each mixture component. Subgroup analysis help us identify heterogeneity in these relationships and enhances the applicability of the research findings across different groups. After fully adjusting for confounders, weighted logistic regression models indicated that dietary flavonoid intake was significantly associated with a decreased prevalence of nocturia (OR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88-1.00, P-value = 0.036). This trend remained significant in the analysis stratified by quartile level of flavonoid intake. RCS analysis demonstrated an inverse linear correlation between total flavonoid consumption and nocturia. Analysis conducted through quartile stratification of six flavonoid species and WQS regressions showed that anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols were crucial elements. Within these subclasses, Peonidin in anthocyanins, Catechin and Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate in flavan-3-ols, and Isorhamnetin, Kaempferol, and Quercetin in flavonols were also investigated and may have contributed significantly. Our study revealed an inverse association between dietary flavonoid intake and nocturia in middle-aged and older adults, and anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols and flavonols were protectively associated with nocturia.

Study on the mechanism of plant metabolites to intervene oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is the main microvascular complication of diabetes and the first blinding eye disease in the working-age population. Oxidative stress is an important pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Plant metabolites can be divided into two types: primary metabolites and secondary metabolites, secondary metabolites are the main active components and important sources for developing new drugs. It has unique effect in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. However, the research on the intervention mechanism of plant metabolites in diabetic retinopathy are still relatively shallow, which limit the application of plant metabolites. With the deepening of research, more and more plant metabolites have been reported to play a role in treating diabetic retinopathy through anti-oxidative stress, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, saponins, alkaloids, etc. Therefore, this article reviewed the potential of plant metabolites in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy in the last 10 years and elucidated their mechanism of action. We hope to provide some references for the application of plant metabolites and provide valuable resources for the research and development of new drugs for diabetic retinopathy.

Normal butanol fraction of Polygonum hydropiper L. flavonoids reduces inflammation caused by PCV2 infections in cell and mouse models

Introduction

The normal butanol fraction of Polygonum hydropiper L. flavonoids (FNB) exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigated FNB's impact on inflammatory responses induced by Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in cell and mouse models.

Methods

An inflammatory model was established in RAW264.7 cells infected with varying PCV2 concentrations. And assigning both RAW264.7 cells and 108 SPF-grade KM mice to Control, PCV2, Rutin, and various dosages of FNB groups. Inflammatory factors such as Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), and Nitric Oxide (NO) were quantified using ELISA, RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Results showed that a PCV2 titer of 104.5 TCID50/0.1 mL when applied to RAW264.7 cells effectively established an in vitro inflammatory model at 12 and 24 h post-infection. Following PCV2 infection, all the inflammatory factors displayed a significant increased both in culture supernatant and intracellular mRNA expression levels (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), but these levels were reduced by FNB treatment (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). In mouse sera post-PCV2 infection also showed elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 IL-10, TNF-α, and MCP-1 (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Additionally, mRNA and protein levels for TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10, IL-6, and iNOS rose significantly in lung tissues (p < 0.01) but decreased with FNB treatment (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01).

Discussion

These findings suggest that FNB reduces inflammatory factor production and modulates the inflammatory response triggered by PCV2 infection, potentially enhancing host resistance against it.

How Universal Adhesive Systems With Nanoencapsulated Flavonoids Improve Long-Term Bonding to Caries-Affected Dentin

OBJECTIVES

To determine the presence of nano-encapsulated flavonoids and their effect in universal adhesives on resin-dentin bond-strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) on artificial caries-affected dentin (CAD) after 24-h and 6 months of water storage (WS).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Artificial CAD was created on the occlusal dentin surfaces of 60 human third molars by a microbiological assay. Nanoencapsulated quercetin (Q) and naringin (N) were incorporated into Prime&Bond Universal (PBU; Dentsply-Sirona) and Single Bond Universal (SBU, 3M ESPE). The adhesive systems with and without (control) flavonoids were applied to the CAD surface, and a 4-mm resin composite block (TPH Spectrum, Dentsply Sirona) was built up and light-cured. Specimens were sectioned into resin-dentin beams (0.8 mm2). The hybrid layer (HL) was subjected to micro-Raman analysis to detect N and Q. The specimens were tested in tension in a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min. μTBS and NL tests were performed after 24-h and WS. μTBS and NL data were analyzed using a nonparametric three-way ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni's test (α = 5%).

RESULTS

Q and N were detected within the HL. N and Q nanocapsules increased μTBS and reduced NL values after WS. At 24 h, the PBU group showed higher NL values than the SBU group, and the values decreased after WS.

CONCLUSIONS

Incorporating nanoencapsulated flavonoids may improve the longevity of universal bonding systems applied to CAD.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Adhesive restorations incorporating nanoencapsulated quercetin or naringin might be a promising alternative for achieving long-term bonding stability.

Critical review on the intervention effects of flavonoids from cereal grains and food legumes on lipid metabolism

Obesity, often caused by disorders of lipid metabolism, is a global health concern. Flavonoids from staple grains and legumes are expected as a safer and more cost-effective alternative for the future development of dietary flavonoid-based anti-obesity dietary supplements or drugs. This review systematically summarized their content variation, metabolism in the human body, effects and molecular mechanisms on lipid metabolism. These flavonoids intervene in lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipogenesis, promoting lipolysis, enhancing energy metabolism, reducing appetite, suppressing inflammation, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and improving the composition of the gut microbial. Fermentation and sprouting techniques enhance flavonoid content and these beneficial effects. The multidirectional intervention of lipid metabolism is mainly through regulating AMPK signaling pathway. This study provides potential improvement for challenges of application, including addressing high extraction costs and improving bioavailability, ensuring safety, filling clinical study gaps, and investigating potential synergistic effects between flavonoids in grains and legumes, and other components.

Plant Defense Responses to Insect Herbivores Through Molecular Signaling, Secondary Metabolites, and Associated Epigenetic Regulation

Over millions of years of interactions, plants have developed complex defense mechanisms to counteract diverse insect herbivory strategies. These defenses encompass morphological, biochemical, and molecular adaptations that mitigate the impacts of herbivore attacks. Physical barriers, such as spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers, deter herbivores, while biochemical defenses include the production of secondary metabolites and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The initial step in the plant's defense involves sensing mechanical damage and chemical cues, including herbivore oral secretions and herbivore-induced VOCs. This triggers changes in plasma membrane potential driven by ion fluxes across plant cell membranes, activating complex signal transduction pathways. Key hormonal mediators, such as jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene, orchestrate downstream defense responses, including VOC release and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of plant responses to herbivory, emphasizing early and late defense mechanisms, encompassing physical barriers, signal transduction cascades, secondary metabolites synthesis, phytohormone signaling, and epigenetic regulation.

Biofortification of flavonoids in nuts along the agro-food chain for improved nutritional and health benefits, a comprehensive review and future prespectives

Flavonoids are found ubiquitous in dietary sources with potential antioxidant properties, and have received widespread attention for their health benefits. Nuts, rich in flavonoids, are popular among consumers for their crunchy flavor and nutritious content. The review summarizes studies pertaining to the diverse types and distribution of flavonoids in nuts, their potential health benefits, as well as management strategies for flavonoids accumulation and enhancement across the whole agro-food chain, including the selection of nut varieties, the suitable growing conditions, the optimal harvesting period of nuts, and appropriate post-harvest measures, such as chemical conditioning, ideal storage conditions, and post-harvest processing methods. Furthermore, associated metabolic pathways, and applied metabolic engineering to improve flavonoids´ levels in nuts are described. This review examines the application of flavonoids biofortification in nuts across the agro-food chain, exploring its potential for sustainable development in the nut flavonoids industry, and emphasizing its importance for people's diet and health.

American ginseng fruit: Antioxidant capacity, bioactive components, and biosynthesis mechanism during development

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is considered as a functional food and a medicinal plant, with its fruit containing valuable bioactive ingredients. However, limited knowledge is available regarding its antioxidant capacity, variation in bioactive components, and biosynthetic pathways at various growth stages. The present study examined the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the American ginseng fruit from Wendeng, Shandong at various growth stages, and conducted metabolomic as well as transcriptomic analyses to elucidate the accumulation patterns and biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. The results showed that antioxidant capacity, total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) in fruits at early, middle, and late developmental stages were significantly higher than those in 4-year-old ginseng roots. Notably, fruits at the early developmental stage exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, which initially declined and subsequently increased as the fruits continued to grow and develop. TFC and TPC were closely correlated with antioxidant capacity in fruits. Widely targeted metabolomics identified 1,094 metabolites with significant changes throughout fruit development, including 223 terpenoids, 164 phenolic acids, and 149 flavonoids. A total of 139 metabolites were closely associated with antioxidant activity in the American ginseng fruits. Furthermore, several genes, such as DFR, LDOX, F3H, CHI, DDS, CYP, UGT, BAHD, as well as MYB, bHLH, and NAC transcription factors (TFs) were identified to be potentially associated with the fruit flavonoids and ginsenosides biosynthesis and their corresponding regulatory networks. The findings provid valuable insights for enhancing the development and utilization of American ginseng fruits as functional foods as well as advancing their quality and breeding practices.

Integrative molecular and physiological insights into the phytotoxic impact of liquid crystal monomer exposure and the protective strategy in plants

Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs), the integral components in the manufacture of digital displays, have engendered environmental concerns due to extensive utilization and intensive emission. Despite their prevalence and ecotoxicity, the LCM impacts on plant growth and agricultural yield remain inadequately understood. In this study, we investigated the specific response mechanisms of tobacco, a pivotal agricultural crop and model plant, to four representative LCMs (2OdF3B, 5CB, 4PiMeOP, 2BzoCP) through integrative molecular and physiological approaches. The findings reveal specific impacts, with 4PiMeOP exerting the most pronounced effects, followed by 2BzoCP, 5CB, and 2OdF3B. LCM exposure disrupts the photosynthetic apparatus, exacerbating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in leaves, which in turn triggers the upregulation of antioxidative enzymes and the synthesis of antioxidant substances. Additionally, LCMs strongly stimulate the expression of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signalling pathways. The AI-assisted meta-analysis implicates ABA as a critical regulator in the tobacco response to LCMs. Notably, exogenous application of ABA alleviates LCM-induced toxicities, highlighting the pivotal role of ABA in stress amelioration. Our study provides novel insights into the toxicity and tolerance mechanisms of LCMs in plants, shedding light on both their harmful effects on the ecosystems and potential adaptation responses. This is crucial to develop sustainable agricultural systems by reducing the negative environmental impacts caused by emerging organic pollutants.