Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: upregulation of antioxidant genes by training

Beneficial Effects of Exercise in Neuropathic Pain: An Overview of the Mechanisms Involved

Neuropathic pain is a prevalent issue that often arises following injuries to the peripheral or central nervous system. Unfortunately, there is currently no definitive and flawless treatment available to alleviate this type of pain. However, exercise has emerged as a promising nonpharmacological and adjunctive approach, demonstrating a significant impact in reducing pain intensity. This is why physical therapy is considered a beneficial approach for diminishing pain and promoting functional recovery following nerve injuries. Regular physical activity exerts its hypoalgesic effects through a diverse array of mechanisms. These include inhibiting oxidative stress, suppressing inflammation, and modulating neurotransmitter levels, among others. It is possible that multiple activated mechanisms may coexist within an individual. However, the priming mechanism does not need to be the same across all subjects. Each person's response to physical activity and pain modulation may vary depending on their unique physiological and genetic factors. In this review, we aimed to provide a concise overview of the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of regular exercise on neuropathic pain. We have discussed several key mechanisms that contribute to the improvement of neuropathic pain through exercise. However, it is important to note that this is not an exhaustive analysis, and there may be other mechanisms at play. Our goal was to provide a brief yet informative exploration of the topic.

Exerkines: Potential regulators of ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death, and its mechanism involves multiple metabolic pathways, such as iron and lipid metabolism, and redox homeostasis. Exerkines are important mediators that optimize cellular homeostasis and maintain physiological health during exercise stimulation. This article comprehensively examines the mechanisms and regulatory networks for governing ferroptosis and summarizes the impact of exercise and exerkines on ferroptosis under varying load intensities and disease contexts. Notably, despite its significant efficacy and minimal side effects, the therapeutic and prognostic potential of exercise in ferroptosis-related diseases remains largely unexplored. This article, by summarizing recent progresses in the regulation of exerkines-mediated ferroptosis, could further uncover the preventive or alleviative mechanisms of some diseases upon exercise interventions, which will be beneficial to design exercise interventional strategies for alleviating disease progression through the regulation of ferroptosis.

Enhancing Groundstrokes Velocity and Accuracy in Post-pubertal and Adult Tennis Players: A Systematic Review of Interventions

This study aimed to gather a compilation of intervention studies that address whether there are ways to get post-pubertal and adult tennis players of intermediate or higher level to enhance the velocity and accuracy of their groundstrokes. After searching Web of Science, Scopus, and SportDiscus, 10 articles were analyzed. Findings from training protocol studies revealed that strength endurance sessions or medicine ball throws do not significantly affect the speed or accuracy of serves, forehands, and backhands. Similarly, wristbands with small weights used during on-court training also did not impact performance, without compromising technical tennis skills. However, a 6-week strength training program involving medicine ball throws or heavier rackets improved forehand stroke speed but reduced hitting accuracy. Additionally, vision training improved accuracy and speed in forehands, accuracy in backhands, and both accuracy and speed in serves. High-intensity interval training that included hitting drills did not improve stroke accuracy and temporarily reduced stroke speed and efficiency during sessions, although it increased maximal aerobic power. Notably, the use of motor imagery during recovery periods in high-intensity-interval-training helped maintain on-court performance. Proper training periodization leads to better adaptations and improvements. The studies also identified that grunting was found to improve stroke speed during forehand and backhand strokes without affecting perceived exertion, oxygen consumption, or fatigue. Regarding supplementation, a 10-week creatine regimen did not significantly affect serve speed, forehand speed, or backhand speed. These findings aim to optimize tennis players' performance by identifying effective training strategies.

Adherence to combined healthy lifestyle and odds of metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults: the PERSIAN Dena cohort study

The relationship between lifestyle choices and health outcomes has received significant scholarly attention. Research indicates that factors such as obesity, insufficient physical activity, tobacco use, and poor dietary habits may elevate the odds of developing metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the association between the combined healthy lifestyle score (HLS) and the odds of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated components in a population of apparently healthy adults. This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Dena PERSIAN cohort, which comprised 2,971 healthy adults. Participants' combined HLS were evaluated using validated questionnaires that assessed body mass index (BMI), physical activity level (PAL), smoking status, and dietary quality. The evaluation of dietary nutritional quality was conducted using the most recent version of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), known as HEI-2020. The combined HLS was measured on a scale ranging from zero, indicating an unhealthy lifestyle, to four, representing the healthiest lifestyle. Individuals with the highest combined HLS score had 81% lower odds of having MetS compared to those with the lowest score (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.11-0.33). Higher combined HLS scores were significantly associated with decreased odds of abdominal adiposity (OR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.07-0.18), abnormal glucose homeostasis (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.35-0.86), elevated serum triglycerides (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26-0.67), and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.24-0.65) after adjusting for sex, age, education level, and marital status (P < 0.05). The findings indicated a significant association between adherence to a combined HLS and a decreased odds of developing MetS and its associated components among Iranian adults.

Dietary Inflammatory Score (DIS)'s and Lifestyle Inflammatory Score (LIS)'s Impact on Multiple Sclerosis Severity

Background/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with variable degrees of inflammation and gliosis. Diet and lifestyle factors could influence MS development and also contribute to inflammation. The current study aims to evaluate the relationship between dietary and lifestyle inflammatory potential and multiple sclerosis severity. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Data collection included demographic, neurological, and nutritional information. The Dietary Inflammatory Score (DIS) and Lifestyle Inflammatory Score (LIS) were calculated based on the reference protocol. Results: One hundred and seven participants (69.2% female; mean age, 50.6 ± 11.6 years) completed the study. The anti-inflammatory LIS group had significantly higher proportions of normal-weight (p = 0.000) and physically active (p = 0.022) participants. A greater proportion of women exhibited an anti-inflammatory lifestyle compared to men (80% vs. 20%; p = 0.023). No relation was retrieved between the DIS, LIS, and MS Severity Score (MSSS). When analyzing the single DIS components, leafy greens were associated with MS severity (OR 1.67; 95% CI, 1.50-18.74; p = 0.009). Among the LIS components, "high physical activity" (OR 5.51; 95% CI, 1.66-18.30; p = 0.005) and "heavy drinking" (OR 5.61; 95% CI, 1.19-26.47; p = 0.029) were related to lower MS severity. Conclusions: Although no differences were found in the total Dietary and Lifestyle Inflammatory Scores, some of their components might be connected with MS severity. Further intervention studies are needed to validate these findings.

Metabolic interplays between the tumour and the host shape the tumour macroenvironment

Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment are pivotal characteristics of cancers, and studying these processes offer insights and avenues for cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Recent advancements have underscored the impact of host systemic features, termed macroenvironment, on facilitating cancer progression. During tumorigenesis, these inherent features of the host, such as germline genetics, immune profile and the metabolic status, influence how the body responds to cancer. In parallel, as cancer grows, it induces systemic effects beyond the primary tumour site and affects the macroenvironment, for example, through inflammation, the metabolic end-stage syndrome of cachexia, and metabolic dysregulation. Therefore, understanding the intricate metabolic interplay between the tumour and the host is a growing frontier in advancing cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this Review, we explore the specific contribution of the metabolic fitness of the host to cancer initiation, progression and response to therapy. We then delineate the complex metabolic crosstalk between the tumour, the microenvironment and the host, which promotes disease progression to metastasis and cachexia. The metabolic relationships among the host, cancer pathogenesis and the consequent responsive systemic manifestations during cancer progression provide new perspectives for mechanistic cancer therapy and improved management of patients with cancer.

Effect of Physical Exercise on Telomere Length: Umbrella Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Telomere length (TL) is a marker of cellular health and aging. Physical exercise has been associated with longer telomeres and, therefore, healthier aging. However, results supporting such effects vary across studies. Our aim was to synthesize existing evidence on the effect of different modalities and durations of physical exercise on TL.

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the needs and expectations of individuals with physical disabilities and their interventionists for the use of a virtual reality physical activity platform in a community organization.

Methods

We performed an umbrella review and meta-analysis. Data sources included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. We selected systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized and nonrandomized controlled clinical trials evaluating the effect of physical exercise on TL.

Results

Our literature search retrieved 12 eligible systematic reviews, 5 of which included meta-analyses. We identified 22 distinct primary studies to estimate the overall effect size of physical exercise on TL. The overall effect size was 0.28 (95% CI 0.118-0.439), with a heterogeneity test value Q of 43.08 (P=.003) and I² coefficient of 51%. The number of weeks of intervention explained part of this heterogeneity (Q_B=8.25; P=.004), with higher effect sizes found in studies with an intervention of less than 30 weeks. Exercise modality explained additional heterogeneity within this subgroup (Q_B=10.28, P=.02). The effect sizes were small for aerobic exercise and endurance training, and moderate for high-intensity interval training.

Conclusions

Our umbrella review and meta-analysis detected a small-moderate positive effect of physical exercise on TL, which seems to be influenced by the duration and type of physical exercise. High quality studies looking into the impact of standardized, evidence-based physical exercise programs on TL are still warranted.

The effect of exercise on depression and gut microbiota: Possible mechanisms

Exercise can effectively prevent and treat depression and anxiety, with gut microbiota playing a crucial role in this process. Studies have shown that exercise can influence the diversity and composition of gut microbiota, which in turn affects depression through immune, endocrine, and neural pathways in the gut-brain axis. The effectiveness of exercise varies based on its type, intensity, and duration, largely due to the different changes in gut microbiota. This article summarizes the possible mechanisms by which exercise affects gut microbiota and how gut microbiota influences depression. Additionally, we reviewed literature on the effects of exercise on depression at different intensities, types, and durations to provide a reference for future exercise-based therapies for depression.

The Influence of Berry-Derived Polyphenol Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Health in Physically Active Individuals

Numerous studies have documented that high-intensity or prolonged exercise is associated with increased oxidative stress and modification of antioxidant status. Polyphenol-rich dietary supplements seem to be the compounds that can upregulate the endogenous antioxidant defense system and consequently prevent muscle damage, support recovery. As berry fruits are at the top of the list of the richest polyphenol food sources, supplements containing berries have become the subject of interest in the context of counteracting exercise-induced oxidative stress and the development of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the effects of berry-derived polyphenol supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress and cardiovascular health in physically active individuals. Based on the available literature, blackcurrant supplementation, with its richest version being New Zealand blackcurrant extract, is the most commonly explored berry fruit, followed by chokeberries and blueberries. Although several studies have documented the significant and beneficial influence of berry-derived supplements on redox status and cardiovascular response, some inconsistencies remain. The presented findings should be interpreted with caution due the limited number of available studies, particularly with the participation of physically active individuals. Further research is needed to reveal more comprehensive and accurate data concerning the impact of berry-derived supplements on exercise-induced outcomes taking into account the type of supplement, time of administration, and dosage.

Metabolic effects of physical exercise on zebrafish (Danio rerio) fed a high-fat diet

The present study aimed to establish zebrafish as an experimental model for investigations into obesity and physical exercise, as well as to assess the effects of these factors on metabolism. The experiment spanned twelve weeks, comprising a feeding trial during which the last four weeks incorporated a physical exercise protocol. This protocol involved placing fifteen animals in a five-liter aquarium, where they were subjected to swimming at an approximate speed of 0.08 m/s for 30 min daily. Throughout the experiment, histological analyses of visceral, subcutaneous, and hepatic adipose tissues were conducted, along with biochemical analyses of total cholesterol and its fractions, triglycerides, glucose, lactate, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase activity and the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, were investigated. The results revealed that the group fed a high-fat diet exhibited an increase in ROS production and SOD activity. In contrast, the group administered the high-fat diet and subjected to physical exercise demonstrated a notable reduction in visceral adipocyte area, hepatic steatosis levels, ALT levels, and SOD activity. These findings indicate that physical exercise has a positive effect on obesity and oxidative stress in zebrafish, providing promising evidence for future investigations in this field.

Serum total antioxidant status in dogs: Reference intervals and influence of multiple biological and analytical factors

BACKGROUND

Total antioxidant status (TAS) is one of the most widely used oxidative stress biomarkers, but the lack of canine RI and the influence of analytical factors hinder its application in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVES

The aims of this study were to establish canine assay-specific RI for TAS and evaluate the sources of biological variation and the association between TAS and multiple hematologic and biochemical variables.

METHODS

Blood samples from 190 clinically healthy dogs were collected, encompassing pet dogs (82), police dogs (56), and shelter dogs (52). After hematologic and biochemical analysis, serum TAS was determined by means of a commercial 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) test. The American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines were followed to establish the RI, employing nonparametric methods. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were conducted to assess the influence of biological and analytical variables, yielding a final regression model.

RESULTS

The final reference population comprised 143 dogs, for which the RI was established (1.41-2.27 mmol/L). Partitioning was applied to the three study groups. The regression model revealed that police dogs had significantly higher TAS values than pet dogs. Furthermore, significant associations between four biochemical variables (albumin, globulins, cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase) and serum TAS were found.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study to establish RI for serum TAS in a large and heterogeneous canine population and provide data on its relationship with analytical variables. These findings could potentially improve the interpretation of TAS in clinical environments.

The repeated bout effect evokes the training-induced skeletal muscle cellular memory

Physical exercise is well-established as beneficial for health. With the 20th-century epidemiological transition, promoting healthy habits like exercise has become crucial for preventing chronic diseases. Stress can yield adaptive long-term benefits, potentially transmitted trans-generationally. Physical training exposes individuals to metabolic, thermal, mechanical, and oxidative stressors, activating cell signaling pathways that regulate gene expression and adaptive responses, thereby enhancing stress tolerance - a phenomenon known as hormesis. Muscle memory is the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond differently to environmental stimuli in an adaptive (positive) or maladaptive (negative) manner if the stimuli have been encountered previously. The Repeated Bout Effect encompasses our skeletal muscle capacity to activate an intrinsic protective mechanism that reacts to eccentric exercise-induced damage by activating an adaptive response that resists subsequent damage stimuli. Deciphering the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon would allow the incorporation of muscle memory in training programs for professional athletes, active individuals looking for the health benefits of exercise training, and patients with "exercise intolerance." Moreover, enhancing the adaptive response of muscle memory could promote healing in individuals who traditionally do not recover after immobilization. The improvement could be part of an exercise program but could also be targeted pharmacologically. This review explores Repeated Bout Effect mechanisms: neural adaptations, tendon and muscle fiber property changes, extracellular matrix remodeling, and improved inflammatory responses.

Towards Precision Sports Nutrition for Endurance Athletes: A Scoping Review of Application of Omics and Wearables Technologies

BACKGROUND

Endurance athletes require tailored nutrition strategies to optimize performance, recovery, and training adaptations. While traditional sports nutrition guidelines provide a foundational framework, individual variability in metabolic responses underscores the need for precision nutrition, informed by genetic, biological, and environmental factors. This scoping review evaluates the application of systems biology-driven sports nutrition for endurance athletes, focusing on 'omics' and wearable technologies.

METHODS

A scoping review of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Research questions, search strategies, and eligibility criteria were guided by the Population-Concept-Context framework with the following inclusion criteria: original research in English, involving endurance athletes, systems biology approaches, and nutritional interventions or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

RESULTS

Fifty-two studies were included, with distance runners as the most studied cohort. Eleven studies used metagenomics, eleven CGM, ten nutrigenetics, ten metabolomics, seven multi-omics, one proteomics, one epigenomics, and one lipidomics. Over half (n = 31; 60%) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with generally high methodological quality.

CONCLUSIONS

Most studies were proof-of-concept investigations aimed at assessing biomarkers; however, the evidence linking these biomarkers to performance, recovery, and long-term health outcomes in endurance athletes remains insufficient. Future research should focus on well-powered replicated crossover RCTs, multivariate N-of-1 clinical trials, 360-degree systems-wide approaches, and the validation of genetic impacts on nutritional interventions to refine dietary guidelines.

The effect of long term astaxanthin supplementation on the antioxidant status of racing Arabian horses - preliminary study

Astaxanthin due to its strong antioxidant activity is believed to reduce oxidative stress and therefore is considered as feed additive in pathological conditions and also for the athletes. It is promoted by several equine web portals, however, data supporting that concept in horses is limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin supplementation on the parameters of oxidative status in 3 years old, racing Arabian horses during long term observation and the changes related to a single training session of high intensity. Six horses were supplemented with astaxanthin at a dose of 0.52-0.58 mg/kg BW and 7 received no supplementation. Astaxanthin supplementation resulted in the increase in total antioxidant status by 31.5%, accompanied by decreases in the amount of total thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances -TBARS and glutathione reductases - GR values by 34.5% and 45.4%, respectively, after 1 month and this effect persisted until the end of the observation. After individual training session the activities of glutathione peroxidases and GR were lower by 69% and 46%, respectively, and TBARS lower by 38% in supplemented horses. These results directly confirmed the beneficial effects of astaxanthin supplementation on the antioxidant status of race horses. Astaxanthin partially counterbalance the training-related oxidative stress, save the horse natural antioxidant defense, and shift the redox status towards a more reducing environment. At the same time, exercise-induced reactive oxygen species production at certain level was maintained and so that contributed to training progress.

Ginsenoside-Enriched Extract from Black Ginseng Anti-Fatigue Effects by Improving Antioxidant Capacity and Mitochondrial Function

In this study, we investigated the anti-fatigue effects of black ginseng ginsenosides using exercise performance tests, serum analyses, and gene expression profiling. No significant differences in dietary intake or body weight were observed between groups. The low-dose black ginseng (LBG) group showed no significant improvements in swimming and rotating rod tests. In contrast, the medium (MBG)- and high-dose (HBG) groups showed notable increases in swimming time and significant improvements in the rotating rod test. All treatment groups exhibited longer running times, particularly the HBG group. Serum analysis revealed increased muscle and hepatic glycogen, catalase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels in the MBG and HBG groups, whereas lactate, lipid peroxide, and superoxide dismutase levels were decreased. Additionally, gene expression analysis showed significant upregulation of key antioxidant and mitochondrial function genes, including those encoding cationic amino acid transporter 2, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-2, nuclear respiratory factor 1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, mitochondrial transcription factor A, cytochrome c oxidase II, and NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1, particularly in the HBG group, indicating enhanced antioxidant capacity and improved mitochondrial function. These findings suggested that black ginseng ginsenosides effectively mitigated fatigue.

The Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on Soccer Performance and Recovery: A Critical Review of the Available Evidence

Background Soccer is linked to an acute inflammatory response and the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant supplements have shown promising effects in reducing muscle damage and oxidative stress and enhancing the recovery process after eccentric exercise. This critical review highlights the influence of antioxidant supplements on performance and recovery following soccer-related activity, training, or competition. Methods: English-language publications from the main databases that examine how antioxidant-based nutrition and supplements affect the recovery process before, during, and after soccer practice or competition were used. Results:Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), astaxanthin (Asx), red orange juice (ROJS), L-carnitine (LC), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), beetroot (BET), turmeric root, and tangeretin reduce muscle damage (creatine kinase, myoglobin, cortisol, lactate dehudrogenase, muscle soreness). Tangeretin, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), turmeric root, and aronia melanocarpa restrict inflammation (leukocytes, prostalagdin E2, C-reactive protein, IL-6 and 10). Q10, DHA, Asx, tangeretin, lippia citriodora, quercetin, allopurinol, turmeric root, ROJS, aronia melanocarpa, vitamins C-E, green tea (GTE), and sour tea (STE) reduce oxidative stress (malondialdehude, glutathione, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutases, protein carbonyls, ascorbate, glutathione peroxidase, and paraoxonase 1). BET and NAC reinforce performance (endurance, jump, speed, strength). Conclusions: Further research is needed to determine the main mechanism and the acute and long-term impacts of antioxidant supplements in soccer.

Unlocking peak performance: The role of Nrf2 in enhancing exercise outcomes and training adaptation in humans

Since the discovery of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor thirty years ago, it has been shown that it regulates more than 250 genes involved in a multitude of biological processes, including redox balance, mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolism, detoxification, cytoprotection, inflammation, immunity, autophagy, cell differentiation, and xenobiotic metabolism. In skeletal muscle, Nrf2 signalling is primarily activated in response to perturbation of redox balance by reactive oxygen species or electrophiles. Initial investigations into human skeletal muscle Nrf2 responses to exercise, dating back roughly a decade, have consistently indicated that exercise-induced ROS production stimulates Nrf2 signalling. Notably, recent studies employing Nrf2 knockout mice have revealed impaired skeletal muscle contractile function characterised by reduced force output and increased fatigue susceptibility compared to wild-type counterparts. These deficiencies partially stem from diminished basal mitochondrial respiratory capacity and an impaired capacity to upregulate specific mitochondrial proteins in response to training, findings corroborated by inducible muscle-specific Nrf2 knockout models. In humans, baseline Nrf2 expression in skeletal muscle correlates with maximal oxygen uptake and high-intensity exercise performance. This manuscript delves into the mechanisms underpinning Nrf2 signalling in response to acute exercise in human skeletal muscle, highlighting the involvement of ROS, antioxidants and Keap1/Nrf2 signalling in exercise performance. Furthermore, it explores Nrf2's role in mediating adaptations to chronic exercise and its impact on overall exercise performance. Additionally, the influence of diet and certain supplements on basal Nrf2 expression and its role in modulating acute and chronic exercise responses are briefly addressed.

Acute supplementation with a curcuminoid-based formulation fails to enhance resting or exercise-induced NRF2 activity in males and females

Purpose: Exercise and (poly)phenols may activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a transcription factor that coordinates antioxidant synthesis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether curcuminoid supplementation augments resting and exercise-induced NRF2 activity. Methods: In a double-blinded, randomised, between-subjects design, 14 males and 12 females performed plyometric exercise (100 drop jumps, 50 squat jumps) following 4 d supplementation with a curcuminoid-based formulation (CUR + EX; n = 13; ∼200 mg d-1 curcuminoids) or a placebo (PLA + EX; n = 13). NRF2/DNA binding in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and plasma cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6], tumour necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]) were measured pre-, post-, 1, 2 h post-exercise. Curcuminoid metabolites were measured 0, 1, 2 h post-administration of a single bolus. Results: Total area under the curve for total curcuminoid metabolites was greater in CUR + EX (p < 0.01), with bioavailability peaking at 2 h post administration (CUR + EX: [0 h] 80.9 ± 117 nM [1 h] 76.6 ± 178.5 nM [2 h] 301.1 ± 584.7 nM; PLA + EX: [0 h] 10.4 ± 1.6 [1 h] 8.5 ± 2.6 [2 h] 10.6 ± 2.1). NRF2 activity did not increase in PLA + EX (p = 0.78) or CUR + EX (p = 0.76); however, curcuminoid metabolite concentrations did positively predict NRF2/DNA binding (R2 = 0.39; p = 0.02). Exercise increased IL-6 (p = 0.03) but TNF-α was unresponsive (p = 0.97) and lower across PLA + EX (p = 0.03). GPX activity was higher in CUR + EX (p < 0.01) but not in PLA + EX (p = 0.94). Conclusion: Supplementation with a curcuminoid-based formulation failed to augment resting or exercise-induced NRF2/DNA binding; however, higher concentrations of curcuminoid metabolites predicted NRF2/DNA binding response, suggesting effects may be dependent on bioavailability.

Two faces of one coin: Beneficial and deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species during short-term acclimation to hypo-osmotic stress in a decapod crab

Exposure to environmental changes often results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which, if uncontrolled, leads to loss of cellular homeostasis and oxidative distress. However, at physiological levels these same ROS are known to be key players in cellular signaling and the regulation of key biological activities (oxidative eustress). While ROS are known to mediate salinity tolerance in plants, little is known for the animal kingdom. In this study, we use the Mediterranean crab Carcinus aestuarii, highly tolerant to salinity changes in its environment, as a model to test the healthy or pathological role of ROS due to exposure to diluted seawater (dSW). Crabs were injected either with an antioxidant [N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 150 mg·kg-1] or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). One hour after the first injection, animals were either maintained in seawater (SW) or transferred to dSW and injections were carried out at 12-h intervals. After ≈48 h of salinity change, all animals were sacrificed and gills dissected for analysis. NAC injections successfully inhibited ROS formation occurring due to dSW transfer. However, this induced 55% crab mortality, as well as an inhibition of the enhanced catalase defenses and mitochondrial biogenesis that occur with decreased salinity. Crab osmoregulatory capacity under dSW condition was not affected by NAC, although it induced in anterior (non-osmoregulatory) gills a 146-fold increase in Na+/K+/2Cl- expression levels, reaching values typically observed in osmoregulatory tissues. We discuss how ROS influences the physiology of anterior and posterior gills, which have two different physiological functions and strategies during hyper-osmoregulation in dSW.

Relationships between physical fitness, health behaviors, and occupational outcomes in students, faculty, and staff of an American university

OBJECTIVE

This study examined relationships between physical fitness, health behaviors, and occupational outcomes of university affiliates.

PARTICIPANTS

166 university affiliates of an American university (including students, faculty, and staff) participated between October 2018 and March 2020.

METHODS

Participants completed fitness measurements, wore a device to measure physical activity (PA) and sleep for one week, and completed a survey evaluating happiness and job satisfaction. Multiple regression models evaluated associations between physical fitness, health behaviors, and occupational outcomes.

RESULTS

45% of participants had "poor" cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and unhealthy % fat. CRF, body composition, and muscular endurance were related to PA while body composition was related to sleep duration. Muscular endurance was related to GPA and job satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest 45% of university affiliates had deficient physical fitness and may benefit from increasing PA and sleep. Universities should evaluate fitness within holistic programs to improve affiliates' health and, ultimately, occupational success.

Inflammaging and Brain Aging

Progress made by the medical community in increasing lifespans comes with the costs of increasing the incidence and prevalence of age-related diseases, neurodegenerative ones included. Aging is associated with a series of morphological changes at the tissue and cellular levels in the brain, as well as impairments in signaling pathways and gene transcription, which lead to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline. Although we are not able to pinpoint the exact differences between healthy aging and neurodegeneration, research increasingly highlights the involvement of neuroinflammation and chronic systemic inflammation (inflammaging) in the development of age-associated impairments via a series of pathogenic cascades, triggered by dysfunctions of the circadian clock, gut dysbiosis, immunosenescence, or impaired cholinergic signaling. In addition, gender differences in the susceptibility and course of neurodegeneration that appear to be mediated by glial cells emphasize the need for future research in this area and an individualized therapeutic approach. Although rejuvenation research is still in its very early infancy, accumulated knowledge on the various signaling pathways involved in promoting cellular senescence opens the perspective of interfering with these pathways and preventing or delaying senescence.

Embracing complexity of (brain) aging

Aging is a multifactorial process occurring in a pathophysiological continuum which leads to organ and system functional loss. While aging is not a disease, its pathophysiological continuum predisposes to illness and multimorbidity clusters which share common biomolecular mechanisms-the pillars of aging. Brain aging and neurodegeneration share many hallmarks with other age-related diseases. The central nervous system is often the weakest link susceptible to the aging process and its deterioration, resulting in cognitive impairment and other symptoms; the aging process is associated with proteostasis collapse, stem cell exhaustion, repair mechanisms, altered brain nutrient sensing, endothelial changes, inflammation, oxidative distress, and energy unbalance, as well as other disturbances. These mechanisms are highly interwoven, and considerable research is aimed at their disentanglement and detection of their clinically relevant impact, particularly in order to identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Oxidative stress and food as medicine

There has been a sea of change in our understanding of the contribution of food to both our well-being and disease states. When one addresses "food as medicine," the concept of oxidative stress needs to be included. This review interconnects the basic science findings of oxidative stress and redox balance with the medicinal use of food, emphasizing optimization of the redox balance. To better illustrate the impacts of oxidative stress, the concept of the "triple oxidant sink" is introduced as a theoretical gauge of redox balance. Utilizing the concept, the true importance of dietary and lifestyle factors can be emphasized, including the limitations of supplements or a handful of "superfoods," if the remainder of the factors are pro-oxidant. The effects of a whole plant food diet compared with those of dietary supplements, processed foods, animal based nutrients, or additional lifestyle factors can be visually demonstrated with this concept. This paper provides an overview of the process, acknowledging that food is not the only mechanism for balancing the redox status, but one that can be strategically used to dramatically improve the oxidative state, and thus should be used as medicine.

Influence of Long-Term Soccer Training on the Fatty Acid Profile of the Platelet Membrane and Intra-Platelet Antioxidant Vitamins

This research aimed to study the long-term effects of soccer training on platelet membrane fatty acid levels and antioxidant vitamins. Forty-four subjects divided into soccer players (SP; n = 22; 20.86 ± 0.36 years) and a control group (CG; n = 22; 21.23 ± 0.49 years) participated in the study. The fatty acids of the platelet membrane, the rates of desaturation, lipid peroxidation indexes and intra-platelet levels of vitamins C and E were assessed. SP obtained lower values in polyunsaturated fatty acids 18:3:3 (alpha-linolenic acid), 20:5:3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) and 22:6:3 (docosahexaenoic acid) (p < 0.05). The desaturation index ∆5 was higher in SP (p < 0.05), and they had a higher lipid peroxidation index 20:4:6 (arachidonic acid)/16:0 (palmitic acid) (p < 0.05). Vitamin E and C platelet values were also higher in SP (p < 0.01). There were positive correlations in the ω6/ω3 index (p < 0.05), desaturation index ∆5 (p < 0.05), lipid peroxidation index 20:4:6/16:0 and intra-platelet vitamins E and C (p < 0.01) with the level of physical activity. In addition, there were inverse correlations in fatty acids 24:0 (lignoceric acid), 16:1 (palmitoleic acid), 20:3:6 (eicosadienoic acid) and 18:3:3 (alpha-linolenic acid) (p < 0.05) depending on the degree of physical activity. Regular long-term soccer training could modify the concentration of fatty acids such as 24:0, 16:1, 18:6, 20:3:6, 18:3:3:3, 20:5:3, 26:6:3 and ω3 PUFAs in the platelet membrane.

Effects of heavy-load strength training during (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy on muscle strength, muscle fiber size, myonuclei, and satellite cells in women with breast cancer

To investigate the effects of heavy-load strength training during (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer on muscle strength, body composition, muscle fiber size, satellite cells, and myonuclei. Women with stage I-III breast cancer were randomly assigned to a strength training group (ST, n = 23) performing supervised heavy-load strength training twice a week during chemotherapy, or a usual care control group (CON, n = 17). Muscle strength and body composition were measured and biopsies from m. vastus lateralis collected before the first cycle of chemotherapy (T0) and after chemotherapy and training (T1). Muscle strength increased significantly more in ST than in CON in chest-press (ST: +10 ± 8%, p < .001, CON: -3 ± 5%, p = .023) and leg-press (ST: +11 ± 8%, p < .001, CON: +3 ± 6%, p = .137). Both groups reduced fat-free mass (ST: -4.9 ± 4.0%, p < .001, CON: -5.2 ± 4.9%, p = .004), and increased fat mass (ST: +15.3 ± 16.5%, p < .001, CON: +16.3 ± 19.8%, p = .015) with no significant differences between groups. No significant changes from T0 to T1 and no significant differences between groups were observed in muscle fiber size. For myonuclei per fiber a non-statistically significant increase in CON and a non-statistically significant decrease in ST in type I fibers tended (p = .053) to be different between groups. Satellite cells tended to decrease in ST (type I: -14 ± 36%, p = .097, type II: -9 ± 55%, p = .084), with no changes in CON and no differences between groups. Strength training during chemotherapy improved muscle strength but did not significantly affect body composition, muscle fiber size, numbers of satellite cells, and myonuclei compared to usual care.

Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile in Erythrocytes in High-Level Endurance Runners during a Sports Season

Fatty acids (FAs) are an essential component of the erythrocyte membrane, and nutrition and physical exercise are two variables that affect their structure and function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the erythrocyte profile in a group of high-level endurance runners, as well as the changes in different FAs, throughout a sports season in relation to the training performed. A total of 21 high-level male endurance runners (23 ± 4 years; height: 1.76 ± 0.05) were evaluated at four different times throughout a sports season. The athletes had at least 5 years of previous experience and participated in national and international competitions. The determination of the different FAs was carried out by gas chromatography. The runners exhibited low concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and omega-3 index (IND ω-3), as well as high values of stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA), and arachidonic acid (AA), compared to the values of reference throughout the study. In conclusion, training modifies the erythrocyte FA profile in high-level endurance runners, reducing the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as DHA and AA and increasing the concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) such as SA and the PA. High-level endurance runners should pay special attention to the intake of PUFAs ω-3 in their diet or consider supplementation during training periods to avoid deficiency.

Current advances and future trends of hormesis in disease

Hormesis, an adaptive response, occurs when exposure to low doses of a stressor potentially induces a stimulatory effect, while higher doses may inhibit it. This phenomenon is widely observed across various organisms and stressors, significantly advancing our understanding and inspiring further exploration of the beneficial effects of toxins at doses both below and beyond traditional thresholds. This has profound implications for promoting biological regulation at the cellular level and enhancing adaptability throughout the biosphere. Therefore, conducting bibliometric analysis in this field is crucial for accurately analyzing and summarizing its current research status. The results of the bibliometric analysis reveal a steady increase in the number of publications in this field over the years. The United States emerges as the leading country in both publication and citation numbers, with the journal Dose-Response publishing the highest number of papers in this area. Calabrese E.J. is a prominent person with significant contributions and influence among authors. Through keyword co-occurrence and trend analysis, current hotspots in this field are identified, primarily focusing on the relationship between hormesis, oxidative stress, and aging. Analysis of highly cited references predicts that future research trends may center around the relationship between hormesis and stress at different doses, as well as exploring the mechanisms and applications of hormesis. In conclusion, this review aims to visually represent hormesis-related research through bibliometric methods, uncovering emerging patterns and areas of focus within the field. It provides a summary of the current research status and forecasts trends in hormesis-related research.

Effects of Hardaliye, a Fermented Grape Drink, on Oxidative Stress, Lipid Profile, and Blood Pressure in Young Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE

Hardaliye, a traditional fermented grape juice, can prevent imbalances in the antioxidant defense systems of soccer players. Hardaliye is mainly produced through the fermentation of grapes, sour cherry leaves, and mustard seeds and is consumed as a drink. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of hardaliye consumption on oxidative stress parameters, lipid profile, and blood pressure in young elite soccer players.

METHODS

In this single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-design study, while the participants in one of the groups consumed 250 mL/d of hardaliye drink (Hardaliye Group), the participants in the other group consumed placebo drink (Placebo Group) for 28 days. Three-day food record and blood samples were taken from the soccer players and their blood pressure was measured.

RESULTS

Nutrient intakes in both groups were similar at the beginning and end of the study (p > 0.05). Dietary carbohydrates and vitamin A, E, and C intakes were below the recommended levels in both groups. Hardaliye consumption significantly increased the serum total antioxidant capacity level but significantly decreased serum total oxidation status, oxidative stress index, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide levels compared to the Placebo Group (p < 0.05). Lipid parameters and diastolic blood pressure levels were not significantly different between the groups (p > 0.05). Hardaliye consumption significantly decreased systolic blood pressure compared to that in the Placebo Group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Hardaliye consumption in young elite soccer players showed antioxidative effects and decreased systolic blood pressure but did not affect their lipid profiles.

Effect of Mat Pilates Training on Blood Pressure, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Profiles in Hypertensive Elderly

To determine the effects of mat Pilates training on blood pressure, inflammatory, and antioxidative markers in hypertensive elderly people, 34 hypertensive subjects aged 60-75 years were randomly divided into a control group (CON; n = 17) and a mat Pilates training group (MP; n = 17). The CON participants conducted normal daily activities and participated in neither organized exercises nor sports training, while those in the MP group received mat Pilates training for 60 min three times/week for 12 weeks. Parameters including blood pressure, cardiovascular function, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malonaldehyde (MDA) were collected at baseline and the end of 12 weeks. The MP group had significantly decreased blood pressure, improved cardiovascular variables, decreased MDA and TNF-α, and increased NO and SOD compared with the CON group and the pre-training period (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the positive effects of 12 weeks of mat Pilates training in terms of reducing blood pressure and increasing blood flow related to improvements in anti-inflammatory and antioxidative markers in hypertensive elderly people. Mat Pilates training might be integrated as an alternative therapeutic exercise modality in clinical practice for hypertensive elderly individuals.

Microbiota-gut-brain axis: the mediator of exercise and brain health

The brain controls the nerve system, allowing complex emotional and cognitive activities. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional neural, hormonal, and immune signaling pathway that could link the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. Over the past few decades, gut microbiota has been demonstrated to be an essential component of the gastrointestinal tract that plays a crucial role in regulating most functions of various body organs. The effects of the microbiota on the brain occur through the production of neurotransmitters, hormones, and metabolites, regulation of host-produced metabolites, or through the synthesis of metabolites by the microbiota themselves. This affects the host's behavior, mood, attention state, and the brain's food reward system. Meanwhile, there is an intimate association between the gut microbiota and exercise. Exercise can change gut microbiota numerically and qualitatively, which may be partially responsible for the widespread benefits of regular physical activity on human health. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive method to show areas of brain activity enabling the delineation of specific brain regions involved in neurocognitive disorders. Through combining exercise tasks and fMRI techniques, researchers can observe the effects of exercise on higher brain functions. However, exercise's effects on brain health via gut microbiota have been little studied. This article reviews and highlights the connections between these three interactions, which will help us to further understand the positive effects of exercise on brain health and provide new strategies and approaches for the prevention and treatment of brain diseases.

Harmony in Motion: Unraveling the Nexus of Sports, Plant-Based Nutrition, and Antioxidants for Peak Performance

The intricate interplay between plant-based nutrition, antioxidants, and their impact on athletic performance forms the cornerstone of this comprehensive review. Emphasizing the pivotal importance of dietary choices in the realm of sports, this paper sets the stage for an in-depth exploration of how stress and physical performance are interconnected through the lens of nutrition. The increasing interest among athletes in plant-based diets presents an opportunity with benefits for health, performance, and recovery. It is essential to investigate the connection between sports, plants, and antioxidants. Highlighting the impact of nutrition on recovery and well-being, this review emphasizes how antioxidants can help mitigate oxidative stress. Furthermore, it discusses the growing popularity of plant-based diets among athletes. It elaborates on the importance of antioxidants in combating radicals addressing stress levels while promoting cellular health. By identifying rich foods, it emphasizes the role of a balanced diet in ensuring sufficient intake of these beneficial compounds. Examining stress within the context of sports activities, this review provides insights into its mechanisms and its impact on athletic performance as well as recovery processes. This study explores the impact of plant-based diets on athletes including their types, potential advantages and challenges. It also addresses the drawbacks of relying on plant-based diets, concerns related to antioxidant supplementation and identifies areas where further research is needed. Furthermore, the review suggests directions for research and potential innovations in sports nutrition. Ultimately it brings together the aspects of sports, plant-based nutrition, and antioxidants to provide a perspective for athletes, researchers and practitioners. By consolidating existing knowledge, it offers insights that can pave the way for advancements in the ever-evolving field of sports nutrition.

The impact of physical activity on promoter-specific methylation of genes involved in the redox-status and disease progression: A longitudinal study on post-surgery female breast cancer patients undergoing medical treatment

Most anticancer treatments act on oxidative-stress pathways by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells, commonly resulting in consequential drug-induced systemic cytotoxicity. Physical activity (PA) has arisen as an integrative cancer therapy, having positive health effects, including in redox-homeostasis. Here, we investigated the impact of an online supervised PA program on promoter-specific DNA methylation, and corresponding gene expression/activity, in 3 antioxidants- (SOD1, SOD2, and CAT) and 3 breast cancer (BC)-related genes (BRCA1, L3MBTL1 and RASSF1A) in a population-based sample of women diagnosed with primary BC, undergoing medical treatment. We further examined mechanisms involved in methylating and demethylating pathways, predicted biological pathways and interactions of exercise-modulated molecules, and the functional relevance of modulated antioxidant markers on parameters related to aerobic capacity/endurance, physical fatigue and quality of life (QoL). PA maintained levels of SOD activity in blood plasma, and at the cellular level significantly increased SOD2 mRNA (≈+77 %), contrary to their depletion due to medical treatment. This change was inversely correlated with DNA methylation in SOD2 promoter (≈-20 %). Similarly, we found a significant effect of PA only on L3MBTL1 promoter methylation (≈-25 %), which was inversely correlated with its mRNA (≈+43 %). Finally, PA increased TET1 mRNA levels (≈+15 %) and decreased expression of DNMT3B mRNA (≈-28 %). Our results suggest that PA-modulated DNA methylation affects several signalling pathways/biological activities involved in the cellular oxidative stress response, chromatin organization/regulation, antioxidant activity and DNA/protein binding. These changes may positively impact clinical outcomes and improve the response to cancer treatment in post-surgery BC patients.

Comparative study of radioprotective effects of endurance training in irradiation-induced nephropathy of rat model

OBJECTIVES

Considering the antioxidant properties of endurance training, this study aimed to investigate the effects of endurance training on serum levels of oxidative stress and structural changes in the kidney tissue of rats exposed to X-ray irradiation.

METHODS

In this experimental study, 24 rats weighing 220±20 g were randomly divided into four groups (healthy control, healthy with moderate-intensity continuous training, X-ray control, and X-ray with moderate-intensity continuous training). The two groups of rats were irradiated with 4 Gy X-rays. The two training groups also performed moderate-intensity continuous training for 10 weeks. Twenty-four hour after the last training session, the blood serum of rats was collected and kidney tissue was isolated for stereological studies.

RESULTS

In this study, X-ray irradiation of the whole body of rats caused a significant increase in kidney volume, cortex volume, interstitial tissue volume, glomerular volume, and serum level of MDA (p≤0.05), but the medulla volume, volume of proximal tubules (total volume, volume of epithelium, and lumen), volume of distal tubules (total volume, volume of epithelium, and lumen), and the length of the proximal and distal tubules had no effect. In addition, TAC and SOD levels were significantly decreased in the radiation control group. Furthermore, performing endurance training in X-ray-irradiated rats significantly reduced kidney volume, cortex volume, glomerular volume, and serum MDA level (p≤0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Moderate-intensity continuous training can improve the rate of destruction of kidney tissue in rats exposed to X-rays by reducing oxidative stress and subsequently increasing antioxidant capacity.

Association of dietary and lifestyle inflammation score with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic risk factors in Iranian adults: Sabzevar Persian Cohort Study

Systemic inflammation may contribute to the initiation and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through diet and lifestyle. We examined the association of dietary inflammation score (DIS), lifestyle inflammation score (LIS) and dietary and lifestyle inflammation score (DLIS) with T2DM and cardiometabolic risk factors among Iranian adults. In this study, we identified and recruited 619 patients with T2DM and 2113 without T2DM from 35 to 75 years old men and women in the baseline phase of the Sabzevar Persian Cohort Study. Using a validated 115-item semi-quantitative FFQ, we calculated a 19-component DIS and a 3-component LIS weighted by circulating inflammation biomarkers. The DIS, LIS and DLIS associations with diabetes were assessed by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The average age of the participants was 48·29 (sd 8·53) (without T2DM: 47·66 (sd 8·42); with T2DM: 50·44 (sd 8·57)). Individuals in the highest compared with the lowest tertiles of DLIS (OR: 3·40; 95 % CI 2·65, 4·35; Ptrend < 0·001), DIS (OR: 3·41; 95 % CI 2·66, 4·38; Ptrend < 0·001) and LIS (OR: 1·15; 95 % CI 0·90, 1·46; Ptrend = 0·521) had an increased risk of T2DM. For those in the highest relative to the lowest joint DIS and LIS tertiles, the results were OR: 3·37; 95 % CI 2·13, 5·32; Pinteraction < 0·001. No significant associations were found between DLIS and cardiometabolic risk factors, including blood pressure, liver enzymes and glycaemic and lipid profiles, except for waist circumference (P < 0·001) and waist-to-hip ratio (P = 0·010). A higher DIS and DLIS score was associated with a higher risk of T2DM, while the LIS score was not associated with T2DM risk.

Treadmill exercise can regulate the redox balance in the livers of APP/PS1 mice and reduce LPS accumulation in their brains through the gut-liver-kupffer cell axis

A growing body of clinical data has shown that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have symptoms such as liver dysfunction and microbial-gut-brain axis dysfunction in addition to brain pathology, presenting a systemic multisystemic pathogenesis. Considering the systemic benefits of exercise, here, we first observed the effects of long-term treadmill exercise on liver injuries in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice and explored the potential mechanisms of the gut-liver-brain axis's role in mediating exercise's ability to reduce bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pathology in the brain. The results showed that the livers of the AD mice were in states of oxidative stress, while the mice after long-term treadmill exercise showed alleviation of their oxidative stress, their intestinal barriers were protected, and the ability of their Kupffer cells to hydrolyze LPS was improved, in addition to the accumulation of LPS in their brains being reduced. Notably, the livers of the AD mice were in immunosuppressed states, with lower pro-oxidative and antioxidative levels than the livers of the wild-type mice, while exercise increased both their oxidative and antioxidative levels. These results suggest that long-term exercise modulates hepatic redox homeostasis in AD mice, attenuates oxidative damage, and reduces the accumulation of LPS in the brain through the combined action of the intestine-liver-Kupffer cells.

Physical exercise in patients with testicular cancer treated with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy: pulmonary and vascular endothelial function-an exploratory analysis

PURPOSE

Bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin combination chemotherapy (BEP) improves the survival of patients with testicular cancer, but is associated with potentially life-threatening toxicities like pneumonitis and thromboembolic events. This study explored the effects of physical exercise in patients with testicular cancer during or after BEP-chemotherapy on pulmonary and vascular endothelial toxicity.

METHODS

In this post hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized clinical trial (NCT01642680), patients with metastatic testicular cancer scheduled to receive BEP-chemotherapy were randomized to a 24-week exercise intervention, initiated during (group A) or after BEP-chemotherapy (group B). Endpoints were pulmonary function (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), lung transfer-coefficient and transfer factor for carbon monoxide (KCO, DLCO) and markers of vascular endothelial dysfunction (von Willebrand factor (vWF) and factor VIII).

RESULTS

Thirty patients were included. Post-chemotherapy, patients declined less in FVC, FEV1 and DLCO in group A compared to group B. Post-chemotherapy, vWF and factor VIII were significantly lower in group A compared to group B. After completion of exercise, started either during BEP-chemotherapy or thereafter, no between-group differences were found. At 1-year post-intervention, significant between-group differences were found in favour of group A in DLCO and KCO.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who exercised during BEP-chemotherapy better preserved FVC, FEV1 and DLCO, measured directly post-chemotherapy and 1-year post-intervention (DLCO, KCO). This coincided with less increase in vWF and factor VIII measured directly post-chemotherapy. These data support a beneficial role of a physical exercise intervention during BEP-chemotherapy on pulmonary and vascular damage in patients with testicular cancer.

TRIAL REGISTRY

Optimal Timing of Physical Activity in Cancer Treatment (ACT) Registry URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01642680 .

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT01642680.

Effect of physical activity on incidence and mortality in patients with gastric cancer: evidence from real-world studies

PURPOSE

Physical activity (PA) has been suggested to reduce the risk of cancer. However, previous studies have been inconsistent regarding the relationship between PA and the risk of developing gastric cancer (GC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of PA on the incidence and mortality risk of GC through a meta-analysis, as well as investigate potential dose-response relationships.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted in 10 electronic databases and 4 registries. The combined relative risks (RRs) were calculated using a random-effects model with 95% confidence interval (CIs) to assess the effect of PA on the risk of GC. Relevant subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS

The results showed that PA correlated with lower incidence of GC (RR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.77-0.90), decreased risk of GC mortality (RR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.66-0.89). The results of the subgroup analysis showed that PA was associated with reduced incidence of GC across gender, different regions, study designs, different sites of GC and different types of PA. A linear relationship was found for frequency of PA.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis found that PA was associated with a reduced risk of GC incidence and mortality. The correlation between PA and GC occurrence was in a dose-response relationship.

Antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2/Keap1 in human skeletal muscle: Influence of age, sex, adiposity and aerobic fitness

Ageing, a sedentary lifestyle, and obesity are associated with increased oxidative stress, while regular exercise is associated with an increased antioxidant capacity in trained skeletal muscles. Whether a higher aerobic fitness is associated with increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and their regulatory factors in skeletal muscle remains unknown. Although oestrogens could promote a higher antioxidant capacity in females, it remains unknown whether a sex dimorphism exists in humans regarding the antioxidant capacity of skeletal muscle. Thus, the aim was to determine the protein expression levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD1, SOD2, catalase and glutathione reductase (GR) and their regulatory factors Nrf2 and Keap1 in 189 volunteers (120 males and 69 females) to establish whether sex differences exist and how age, VO2max and adiposity influence these. For this purpose, vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained in all participants under resting and unstressed conditions. No significant sex differences in Nrf2, Keap1, SOD1, SOD2, catalase and GR protein expression levels were observed after accounting for VO2max, age and adiposity differences. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the VO2max in mL.kg LLM-1.min-1can be predicted from the levels of SOD2, Total Nrf2 and Keap1 (R = 0.58, P < 0.001), with SOD2 being the main predictor explaining 28 % of variance in VO2max, while Nrf2 and Keap1 explained each around 3 % of the variance. SOD1 protein expression increased with ageing in the whole group after accounting for differences in VO2max and body fat percentage. Overweight and obesity were associated with increased pSer40-Nrf2, pSer40-Nrf2/Total Nrf2 ratio and SOD1 protein expression levels after accounting for differences in age and VO2max. Overall, at the population level, higher aerobic fitness is associated with increased basal expression of muscle antioxidant enzymes, which may explain some of the benefits of regular exercise.

Aerobic exercise 3 times per week in adult rats did not influence the progression of periodontal disease

Introduction

Physical exercise has proven efficacy in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, and its anti-inflammatory effect has been evaluated as a potential preventive factor in the progression of periodontal disease, in addition to improving physiological parameters.

Methods

To test this hypothesis regarding its preventive factor, we evaluated the effects of aerobic training on the progression of periodontal disease in 8-month-old Wistar rats (n = 44). The animals underwent a swimming protocol lasting six weeks, with periodontal disease induced by ligature in the fifth week, totaling fourteen days of ligature placement. Anthropometric parameters were measured for subsequent calculations of BMI and Lee's Index. Interleukin-1β testing was performed to measure serum inflammatory parameters, and alveolar bone loss was measured using images to calculate the area of loss.

Results

The trained animals showed no significant differences compared to the non-trained animals in terms of anthropometric measures. Regarding the area of bone loss, although there were significant differences between the groups with and without periodontal disease, exercise did not demonstrate an impact on rats with the disease. IL-1β analysis did not detect any measurable values in the samples in either group.

Discussion

These findings indicate that the applied exercise protocol was not sufficient to attenuate the progression of periodontal disease. This study did not find an effective impact of physical exercise on the analyzed parameters; however, the results are important in highlighting that the experimental animal model for inducing periodontal disease is efficient, which may encourage further investigations to determine factors that can attenuate its progression. Similarly, the application or development of new exercise protocols that can benefit and enrich the discussion on its positive effects in this disease is important, as there is already evidence suggesting an effective relationship between exercise and disease progression.

Synergistic effects of aerobic exercise and transcranial direct current stimulation on executive function and biomarkers in healthy young adults

OBJECTIVE

This research explored the combined effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and aerobic exercise (AE) on executive function and specific serum biomarkers in healthy adults.

METHODS

Sixty healthy young adults were randomly assigned into tDCS+AE, tDCS only, or AE only groups. Interventions were carried out for 20 days. Executive functions were evaluated using tasks such as the 2,3-back task, the spatial working memory task, the Stroop test, T test, and hexagonal obstacle jump task. Serum biomarkers, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutamate, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and iron ion, were analyzed pre- and post-intervention.

RESULTS

The tDCS+AE group showed superior enhancements in executive function, evidenced by improved accuracy rates in 2,3-back tasks, better performance in the staircase task, and reduced reaction times in the incongruent reaction time of the Stroop task compared to other groups. Importantly, we found substantial changes in serum biomarkers: increased levels of BDNF and SOD, and decreased levels of MDA and glutamate in the tDCS+AE group. These changes were significantly different when compared with the tDCS and AE only groups. Notably, these alterations in serum biomarkers were correlated with improvements in executive function tasks, thus offering a potential physiological basis for the cognitive improvements witnessed.

CONCLUSION

The combined tDCS and AE intervention effectively improved executive function in healthy young adults, with the improvements linked to changes in key serum biomarkers. The results emphasize the potential of combined tDCS and AE interventions in engaging multiple physiological pathways to enhance executive function.

The Relationship between Changes in MYBPC3 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism-Associated Metabolites and Elite Athletes' Adaptive Cardiac Function

Athletic performance is a multifactorial trait influenced by a complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors. Over the last decades, understanding and improving elite athletes' endurance and performance has become a real challenge for scientists. Significant tools include but are not limited to the development of molecular methods for talent identification, personalized exercise training, dietary requirements, prevention of exercise-related diseases, as well as the recognition of the structure and function of the genome in elite athletes. Investigating the genetic markers and phenotypes has become critical for elite endurance surveillance. The identification of genetic variants contributing to a predisposition for excellence in certain types of athletic activities has been difficult despite the relatively high genetic inheritance of athlete status. Metabolomics can potentially represent a useful approach for gaining a thorough understanding of various physiological states and for clarifying disorders caused by strength-endurance physical exercise. Based on a previous GWAS study, this manuscript aims to discuss the association of specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the MYBPC3 gene encoding for cardiac MyBP-C protein with endurance athlete status. MYBPC3 is linked to elite athlete heart remodeling during or after exercise, but it could also be linked to the phenotype of cardiac hypertrophy (HCM). To make the distinction between both phenotypes, specific metabolites that are influenced by variants in the MYBPC3 gene are analyzed in relation to elite athletic performance and HCM. These include theophylline, ursodeoxycholate, quinate, and decanoyl-carnitine. According to the analysis of effect size, theophylline, quinate, and decanoyl carnitine increase with endurance while decreasing with cardiovascular disease, whereas ursodeoxycholate increases with cardiovascular disease. In conclusion, and based on our metabolomics data, the specific effects on athletic performance for each MYBPC3 SNP-associated metabolite are discussed.

NOX2 deficiency exacerbates diet-induced obesity and impairs molecular training adaptations in skeletal muscle

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2 has been linked to both insulin resistance and exercise training adaptations in skeletal muscle. This study explores the previously unexamined role of NOX2 in the interplay between diet-induced insulin resistance and exercise training (ET). Using a mouse model that harbors a point mutation in the essential NOX2 regulatory subunit, p47phox (Ncf1*), we investigated the impact of this mutation on various metabolic adaptations. Wild-type (WT) and Ncf1* mice were assigned to three groups: chow diet, 60% energy fat diet (HFD), and HFD with access to running wheels (HFD + E). After a 16-week intervention, a comprehensive phenotypic assessment was performed, including body composition, glucose tolerance, energy intake, muscle insulin signaling, redox-related proteins, and mitochondrial adaptations. The results revealed that NOX2 deficiency exacerbated the impact of HFD on body weight, body composition, and glucose intolerance. Moreover, in Ncf1* mice, ET did not improve glucose tolerance or increase muscle cross-sectional area. ET normalized body fat independently of genotype. The lack of NOX2 activity during ET reduced several metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, including insulin signaling and expression of Hexokinase II and oxidative phosphorylation complexes. In conclusion, these findings suggest that NOX2 mediates key beneficial effects of exercise training in the context of diet-induced obesity.

Mechanisms of exercise in the treatment of lung cancer - a mini-review

Lung cancer constitutes a formidable menace to global health and well-being, as its incidence and mortality rate escalate at an alarming pace. In recent years, research has indicated that exercise has potential roles in both the prevention and treatment of lung cancer. However, the exact mechanism of the coordinating effect of exercise on lung cancer treatment is unclear, limiting the use of exercise in clinical practice. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms through which exercise exerts its anticancer effects against lung cancer. This review will analyze the biological basis of exercise's anticancer effects on lung cancer, with a focus on aspects such as the tumor microenvironment, matrix regulation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Finally, we will discuss future research directions and potential clinical applications.

Tryptophan Modulation in Cancer-Associated Cachexia Mouse Models

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that interferes with treatment and reduces the quality of life and survival of patients. Currently, there is no effective treatment or biomarkers, and pathophysiology is not clear. Our group reported alterations on tryptophan metabolites in cachectic patients, so we aim to investigate the role of tryptophan using two cancer-associated cachexia syngeneic murine models, melanoma B16F10, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma that is KPC-based. Injected mice showed signs of cancer-associated cachexia as reduction in body weight and raised spleen weight, MCP1, and carbonilated proteins in plasma. CRP and Myostatin also increased in B16F10 mice. Skeletal muscle showed a decrease in quadriceps weight and cross-sectional area (especially in B16F10). Higher expression of atrophy genes, mainly Atrogin1, was also observed. Plasmatic tryptophan levels in B16F10 tumor-bearing mice decreased even at early steps of tumorigenesis. In KPC-injected mice, tryptophan fluctuated but were also reduced and in cachectic patients were significantly lower. Treatment with 1-methyl-tryptophan, an inhibitor of tryptophan degradation, in the murine models resulted in the restoration of plasmatic tryptophan levels and an improvement on splenomegaly and carbonilated proteins levels, while changes in plasmatic inflammatory markers were mild. After the treatment, CCR2 expression in monocytes diminished and lymphocytes, Tregs, and CD8+, were activated (seen by increased in CD127 and CD25 expression, respectively). These immune cell changes pointed to an improvement in systemic inflammation. While treatment with 1-MT did not show benefits in terms of muscle wasting and atrophy in our experimental setting, muscle functionality was not affected and central nuclei fibers appeared, being a feature of regeneration. Therefore, tryptophan metabolism pathway is a promising target for inflammation modulation in cancer-associated cachexia.

Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications

Oxidative stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body's antioxidant defence mechanisms leads to cellular damage and dysfunction. In diabetes, chronic hyperglycaemia and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to increased ROS production, further exacerbating oxidative stress. This oxidative burden adversely affects various aspects of diabetes, including impaired beta-cell function and insulin resistance, leading to disrupted glucose regulation. Additionally, oxidative stress-induced damage to blood vessels and impaired endothelial function contribute to the development of diabetic vascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, organs and tissues throughout the body, including the kidneys, nerves, and eyes, are vulnerable to oxidative stress, resulting in diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Strategies to mitigate oxidative stress in diabetes include antioxidant therapy, lifestyle modifications, and effective management of hyperglycaemia. However, further research is necessary to comprehensively understand the underlying mechanisms of oxidative stress in diabetes and to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidant interventions in preventing and treating diabetic complications. By addressing oxidative stress, it might be possible to alleviate the burden of diabetes and improve patient outcomes.

Eight-week supplementation of Aronia berry extract promoted the glutathione defence system against acute aerobic exercise-induced oxidative load immediately and 30 min post-exercise in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Food antioxidants have received prompt attention for controlling oxidative stress encountered in daily life. This study aimed to examine the protective effects of Aronia berry extract (ABE) supplementation on acute aerobic exercise (AAE)-induced oxidative stress in healthy subjects.

METHODS

We assessed a battery of antioxidant defence and oxidative stress parameters at pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise and 30 min post-exercise in healthy middle-aged adults with habitually low intakes of fruit and vegetables in an 8-week, double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial with two arms (n = 70). The AAE challenge model, characterised as a treadmill exercise for 30 min at 60% VO2 maximum, was applied to load oxidative stress at the end of the study. Pearson's correlation analysis assessed the association between the changes in antioxidant defence capacities and oxidative stress levels.

RESULTS

The time-course-dependent oxidative stress was well observed in the placebo group regarding the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and the reduced glutathione (GSH) availability for antioxidant defence and erythrocyte malondialdehyde, interleukin-6 and lactate levels for oxidative damage. Meanwhile, the ABE supplementation effectively strengthened the glutathione defence system by increasing GSH availability and GPx activity immediately post-exercise and 30 min post-exercise. In addition, the scatter plot and linear regression analysis revealed strong negative correlations of GSH availability with oxidised low-density lipoprotein and plasma malonaldehyde levels.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that daily supplementation of 300 mg ABE might help boost GSH levels and an adaptive antioxidant enzyme defence system of erythrocytes in healthy adults with habitually low fruit and vegetable intakes.

Enhancing Supplemental Effects of Acute Natural Antioxidant Derived from Yeast Fermentation and Vitamin C on Sports Performance in Triathlon Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial

This study investigated the acute effects of natural antioxidants, derived from yeast fermentation containing glutathione and dietary vitamin C supplementation, on metabolic function, skeletal muscle oxygenation, cardiac function, and antioxidant function during submaximal exercise in middle-aged triathlon athletes. Twelve participants (aged 49.42 ± 5.9 years) completed 90 min submaximal cycling trials corresponding to 70% maximal oxygen uptake with either vitamin C and glutathione (VitC+Glu), vitamin C (VitC), glutathione (Glu) supplementation, or placebo. Metabolic function (minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output [VCO2], respiratory exchange ratio [RER], oxygen pulse [O2pulse], carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure), skeletal muscle oxygenation (oxidized hemoglobin and myoglobin in skeletal muscle tissue, total hemoglobin and myoglobin in skeletal muscle tissue [tHb]), cardiac function (heart rate [HR], stroke volume [SV], cardiac output, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction), and antioxidant function parameters (blood lactate, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione [GSH], diacron reactive oxygen metabolite [dROM], and biological antioxidant potential [BAP]) were measured during submaximal exercise and recovery. VCO2, RER, HR, blood lactate after exercise, and dROM were significantly lower, and O2pulse, tHb, and BAP were significantly higher for VitC+Glu than for the other trials (p < 0.05). In conclusion, combined vitamin C and glutathione supplementation was more effective in improving metabolic function, skeletal oxygenation, cardiac function, and antioxidant function during prolonged submaximal exercise in middle-aged triathletes.

Effect of Exercise Repetitions on Arylesterase Activity of PON1 in Plasma of Average-Trained Men-The Dissociation between Activity and Concentration

Exercise may increase the antioxidant capacity of plasma by stimulating antioxidant enzymes. The study aimed to measure the effect of three repetitions of acute exercise on arylesterase (ARE) activity of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme. Eleven average-trained men (age 34.0 ± 5.2 years) completed three treadmill runs. ARE activity in plasma was evaluated spectrophotometrically and compared with PON1 concentration (PON1c), paraoxonase (PON) activity, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at rest and after exercise. In all repetitions of the exercise, ARE activity remained stable, and ARE activity standardized for PON1c (ARE/PON1c) was lower post- than pre-exercise. The ARE/PON1c ratio changes returned to baseline levels during rest after each exercise session. Pre-exercise ARE activity correlated negatively with post-exercise C-reactive protein (CRP) (ρ = -0.35, p = 0.049), white blood cell count (WBC) (ρ = -0.35, p = 0.048), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (ρ = -0.37, p = 0.037), and creatine kinase (CK) (ρ = -0.37, p = 0.036). ARE activity may be depleted under conditions of oxidative stress, as increases in PON1c during acute exercise did not result in parallel increases in ARE activity. No adaptation of the response of ARE activity to exercise was detected in subsequent exercise sessions. Individuals with lower pre-exercise ARE activity may develop a higher inflammatory response to strenuous exercise.

Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies

Aging is characterized by systemic chronic inflammation, which is accompanied by cellular senescence, immunosenescence, organ dysfunction, and age-related diseases. Given the multidimensional complexity of aging, there is an urgent need for a systematic organization of inflammaging through dimensionality reduction. Factors secreted by senescent cells, known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), promote chronic inflammation and can induce senescence in normal cells. At the same time, chronic inflammation accelerates the senescence of immune cells, resulting in weakened immune function and an inability to clear senescent cells and inflammatory factors, which creates a vicious cycle of inflammation and senescence. Persistently elevated inflammation levels in organs such as the bone marrow, liver, and lungs cannot be eliminated in time, leading to organ damage and aging-related diseases. Therefore, inflammation has been recognized as an endogenous factor in aging, and the elimination of inflammation could be a potential strategy for anti-aging. Here we discuss inflammaging at the molecular, cellular, organ, and disease levels, and review current aging models, the implications of cutting-edge single cell technologies, as well as anti-aging strategies. Since preventing and alleviating aging-related diseases and improving the overall quality of life are the ultimate goals of aging research, our review highlights the critical features and potential mechanisms of inflammation and aging, along with the latest developments and future directions in aging research, providing a theoretical foundation for novel and practical anti-aging strategies.

Neurotrophic effects of intermittent fasting, calorie restriction and exercise: a review and annotated bibliography

In the last decades, important progress has been achieved in the understanding of the neurotrophic effects of intermittent fasting (IF), calorie restriction (CR) and exercise. Improved neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity and adult neurogenesis (NSPAN) are essential examples of these neurotrophic effects. The importance in this respect of the metabolic switch from glucose to ketone bodies as cellular fuel has been highlighted. More recently, calorie restriction mimetics (CRMs; resveratrol and other polyphenols in particular) have been investigated thoroughly in relation to NSPAN. In the narrative review sections of this manuscript, recent findings on these essential functions are synthesized and the most important molecules involved are presented. The most researched signaling pathways (PI3K, Akt, mTOR, AMPK, GSK3β, ULK, MAPK, PGC-1α, NF-κB, sirtuins, Notch, Sonic hedgehog and Wnt) and processes (e.g., anti-inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis) that support or thwart neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis are then briefly presented. This provides an accessible entry point to the literature. In the annotated bibliography section of this contribution, brief summaries are provided of about 30 literature reviews relating to the neurotrophic effects of interest in relation to IF, CR, CRMs and exercise. Most of the selected reviews address these essential functions from the perspective of healthier aging (sometimes discussing epigenetic factors) and the reduction of the risk for neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease) and depression or the improvement of cognitive function.