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Tamilselvan M, Raja S. Exploring the role and mechanism of potential probiotics in mitigating the shrimp pathogens. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103938. [PMID: 38327656 PMCID: PMC10847377 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Shrimp aquaculture has rapidly developed into a significant industry worldwide, providing not only financial gain and high-quality food but also tens of thousands of trained and competent workers. Frequent diseases are now regarded as a significant risk factor for shrimp aquaculture, as they have the potential to significantly reduce shrimp production and result in economic losses. Over the years various traditional methods including the use of antibiotics have been followed to control diseases yet unsuccessful. Probiotic is considered potential supplements for shrimps during farming, they may also act beneficially as disease control and increased production. Probiotics are described as a live microbial supplement that benefits the host by modifying the microbial population associated with the host and its ambient. The present state of research about probiotics demonstrates notable impacts on the immune defences of the host's gastrointestinal system, which play a crucial role in safeguarding against diseases and managing inflammation inside the digestive tract. In the past ten years, many studies on probiotics have been published. However, there is a lack of information about the processes by which probiotics exert their effects in aquaculture systems, with only limited elucidations being offered. This study explores the variety of procedures behind the positive effects of probiotics in shrimp culture. These mechanisms include the augmentation of the immune system, control of growth, antagonistic action against pathogens, competitive exclusion, and modification of the gut microbiota. Mechanisms involved in the probiotic mode of action are mostly interlinked. This provides a greater understanding of the importance of probiotics in shrimp culture as an environmentally friendly practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishkumar Tamilselvan
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 014, India
| | - Sudhakaran Raja
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632 014, India
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Shahbazi P, Sheikhzadeh N, Siahtan MAN, Ghadimi AK, Soltani M, Nofouzi K, Mousavi S, Khordadmehr M, Marandi A, Firouzamandi M. Efficacy of dietary live or heat-killed Bacillus subtilis in goldfish (Carassius auratus) infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Vet Med Sci 2023. [PMID: 37392468 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beneficial effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth, immune response, and disease resistance against various diseases in different fish species have been proved. However, there are no data concerning this probiotic effect on skin mucosal immunity in fish infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich). Ich has a high mortality rate in both edible and ornamental fish and consequently is concerned with heavy economic losses. OBJECTIVES Thus, we assessed the efficacy of live and heat-killed B. subtilis on skin immunity and histopathology in goldfish (Carassius auratus) infected with Ich. METHODS Goldfish (144 fish, 2.38 g average weight) were stocked in nine glass tanks each in three replicates. Fish were fed 109 CFU g-1 live or heat-killed B. subtilis for 80 days. RESULTS Probiotic administration in both viable and non-viable forms could enhance the growth performance in goldfish. Probiotic therapy also reduced the density of the parasite and histopathological level on skin and gill tissues of the treated fish. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed a higher expression of lysozyme and tumour necrosis factor-α in the treated groups compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated the beneficial effect of B. subtilis as probiotic and paraprobiotic on growth performance and disease resistance to Ich infestation in goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shahbazi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sheikhzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Amin Keshavarz Ghadimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Katayoon Nofouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shalaleh Mousavi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Monireh Khordadmehr
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Marandi
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Firouzamandi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Combined effects of Spirulina platensis and Pediococcus acidilactici on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidative status, and immune genes in zebrafish. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2023-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The combined effects of Spirulina platensis (SP) and Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidative status, and immune genes in zebrafish were investigated in the present study. Four experimental diets were designed: control and three test diets mixed with SP at 2.5%, PA at 107 CFU/g, or a combination of 2.5% SP and 107 CFU/g PA. After 56 days, fish treated with PA and SP mixture had higher final weight, weight gain, SGR, and lower FCR than fish fed the control and SP diets (P<0.05). The results also illustrated that fish fed PA, SP, and their mixture had higher (P<0.05) protease and amylase activities than the control. The lipase activity was significantly higher in fish treated with PA or the mixture of PA and SP than in the control (P<0.05). The alternative complement pathway (ACH50) and lysozyme activity in the mucus samples of fish treated with PA or both PA and SP were significantly higher (P<0.05) than in fish treated with the control and SP diets. The total immunoglobulin level in the skin mucus was significantly higher (P<0.05) in fish fed PA than in control. In the body homogenates samples, the lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin levels were markedly higher (P<0.05) in fish treated with the mixture of PA and SP than in the control. The dietary PA and SP diet mixture improved the glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidative capacity. The expression of IL-1β and IL-8 genes in fish treated with PA or the mixture of PA and SP was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in fish treated with the control or SP diets. Fish treated with PA, SP, or both PA and SP had marked (P<0.05) upregulation of the lysozyme gene expression. In conclusion, the mixture of S. platensis and P. acidilactici is more effective than using each individually for improving the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, and the immune and antioxidative capacity of zebrafish.
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Srivastava A, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Immunoprotective role of aloin and disease resistance in Labeo rohita, infected with bacterial fish pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:30062-30072. [PMID: 36427124 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of aloin on mucosal immune response and disease resistance was elucidated in Labeo rohita infected with the bacterial fish pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. Fishes were divided into four groups: (i) control, (ii) vehicle control, (iii) bacteria infected and (iv) bacteria infected and aloin treated. Fish were intraperitoneally injected with A. hydrophila suspension at the dose of 2 × 106 CFU/fish at 0 day (d). Following bacterial injection at 0 d, fish were treated with aloin at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally at an interval of 24 h for 4 consecutive days. Mucus collected from fish of each group was analyzed at 2 d, 4 d, 6 d, 8 d and 10 d. In bacteria-infected fish, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the activity of certain enzymatic and non-enzymatic immune parameters was observed. The activity of these immune parameters showed a gradual recovery on administration of aloin in bacteria-infected fish. Cumulative mortality was also found to be low in the aloin-treated group as compared to that in the infected group. Thus, aloin could act as an immunostimulant and play a protective role against disease caused by bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, MSM Samta College (BR Ambedkar Bihar University), Jandaha Road, Vaishali, 844505, Bihar, India
| | - Usha Kumari
- Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Mittal
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, 9, Mani Nagar, Kandawa, Near Chitaipur Crossing, Varanasi, 221106, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Houshmand P, Hedayati A. Dietary Effect of Probiotic and Prebiotic on Some Mucus Indices of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Exposed to Silver Nanoparticles. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4828-4836. [PMID: 35013888 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prebiotic and probiotic supplements can directly activate fish primary defense mechanisms by acting on responsible receptors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of using Pediococcus acidilactici and Agaricus bisporus separately and in combination with silver carp's mucosal immune system indices and finally the possibility of reducing the toxicity of silver nanoparticles in silver carp. After calculating LC50, the sub-lethal toxicity test was performed to sub-lethal concentration of silver nanoparticles for 14 days. Fish skin mucus was collected in polyethylene bags containing 10 ml of 50 mM sodium chloride for future analysis. Results of skin mucosal indices activity showed significant changes in treatments fed with additives compared to the control treatment after exposure to silver nanoparticles on days 1, 7, and 14 in including lysozyme enzyme activity, total protein, and skin mucosal protein pattern. The addition of additives will improve the relative mucosal safety indices of silver carp. The results of statistical analysis showed that the addition of combination supplements, Pediococous acidilactici, and Agaricus bisporus powder could affect the skin mucosal safety indices. It is effective and ultimately improves the immune system function of silver carp skin in 14-day exposure to silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria Houshmand
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Hedayati
- Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
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Harikrishnan R, Devi G, Van Doan H, Gatphayak K, Balasundaram C, El-Haroun E, Soltani M. Immunomulation effect of alginic acid and chitooligosaccharides in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:592-603. [PMID: 35977648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Individual and combined efficacy of chitooligosaccharides (COS) and alginic acid (AA) at 1 g, 2 g, and 3 g per kg diet was assessed on growth and disease resistance in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) against Edwardsiella ictaluri. Growth parameters including specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), and feed conversion rate (FCR) were significant in fish fed 2 g and 3 g kg-1 of COS or AA, and fish fed combined COS + AA at 1, 2 and 3 kg-1 diet. In all groups, the survival rate (SR) was recorded 100%, except in group fed 2 g kg-1 AA diet. All the hematological and biochemical profiles significantly increased in groups fed 2 g and 3 g kg-1 of COS, AA, and COS + AA diets. Lipase and amylase enzyme activities and superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased in fish fed 2 g and 3 g kg-1 of COS, AA, and COS + AA diet. Respiratory burst (RB), lysozyme (Lyz), reactive oxygen species (ROS) activities, and immunoglobuline (Ig) level were enhanced significantly in fish fed 2 g kg-1 of COS or COS + AA and all 3 g kg-1 diets, whereas nitric acid (NO) production and serum AP activity were improved in 2 g kg-1 COS + AA and 3 g kg-1 COS or COS + AA diets. Pro-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-8 mRNA transcriptions was significant in 2 g kg-1 COS + AA diet and all 3 g kg-1 diet. The IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA transcriptions were significant in 3 g kg-1 COS or COS + AA diets. This study was confirmed that H. molitrix fed with 3 g kg-1 COS or COS + AA diets were better activity when compared to other diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram, 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunapathy Devi
- Department of Zoology, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, 621 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
| | - Kesinee Gatphayak
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chellam Balasundaram
- Department of Herbal and Environmental Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur, 613 005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ehab El-Haroun
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mehdi Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia
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Ahmadifar E, Eslami M, Kalhor N, Zaretabar A, Mohammadzadeh S, Shahriari Moghadam M, Yousefi M, Ahmadifar M, Hoseinifar SH, Pusadee T, van Doan H. Effect of a diet enriched with sodium propionate on growth performance, antioxidant property, innate-adaptive immune response, and growth-related genes expression in critically endangered beluga sturgeon (Huso huso). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 125:101-108. [PMID: 35472403 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids are active substances required for improving the productivity and wellbeing of aquatic animals. Herein, the study investigated the effects of sodium propionate on growth performance, antioxidative and immune responses, and growth-related genes expression in beluga sturgeon (Huso huso). For eight weeks, fish fed sodium propionate at 0, 1.2, 2.5, and 5 g kg-1. The final weight, weight gain, and SGR were substantially increased while FCR decreased by dietary sodium propionate at 2.5 and 5 g kg-1 (P < 0.05). The expression of Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) was markedly upregulated (P < 0.05) by dietary sodium propionate in the gills and livers of beluga. The highest mRNA level of GH and IGF-1 has been observed in fish fed a 2.5 g sodium propionate/kg diet. The red blood cells count, and hemoglobin level were meaningfully increased (P < 0.05) by 2.5 and 5 g sodium propionate/kg diet compared with 0 and 1.2 g kg-1 levels. Further, the hematocrit level was increased (P < 0.05) by a dietary 5 g sodium propionate/kg diet. The total protein level and lysozyme activity were meaningfully increased (P < 0.05) by 2.5 and 5 g sodium propionate/kg diet compared with 0 and 1.2 g kg-1 levels. The highest superoxide dismutase was observed in fish fed 2.5 g sodium propionate/kg diet. Catalase activity was significantly higher in fish fed 5 g kg-1 than 1.2 g kg-1. The glutathione peroxidase activity was markedly higher in fish fed 2.5, and 5 g kg-1 than fish fed control diet. The lowest malondialdehyde levels were observed in fish fed 1.2, and 2.5 g sodium propionate/kg diets. Moreover, the highest mucosal total protein, total immunoglobulin and lysozyme were recorded in fish fed 2.5, and 5 g sodium propionate/kg diets. The obtained results indicate that dietary sodium propionate is recommended at 2.5-5 g kg-1 to improve beluga sturgeon's growth performance, feed utilization, and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ahmadifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
| | | | - Naser Kalhor
- Department of Mesanchymal Stem Cell, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran
| | - Amine Zaretabar
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Mohammadzadeh
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohsen Shahriari Moghadam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Morteza Yousefi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Mehdi Ahmadifar
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Technology of ACECR, Royan Institute, Cell Science Research Center, Collage of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Tonapha Pusadee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Hien van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Rashidian G, Moosazadeh Moghaddam M, Mirnejad R, Mohammadi Azad Z. Supplementation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) diet using a short antimicrobial peptide: Evaluation of growth performance, immunomodulatory function, antioxidant activity, and disease resistance. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:42-50. [PMID: 34597813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain bioactive peptides are new and promising antimicrobial, immune moderating, and antioxidant agents. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity of CM11, a short antimicrobial peptide (AMP), against Streptococcus iniae and Yersinia ruckeri as fish pathogenic bacteria using standard disk diffusion and microdilution assays. In addition, in vivo effects of CM11 on fish growth, immunity, antioxidant activity, and disease resistance were evaluated using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal model. For in vivo study, based on in vitro susceptibility results, four diets were designed to include zero (as control), 10, 20, and 50 μg of CM11 per g diet referred to as control, P1, P2, and P3 treatments, respectively. After eight weeks of dietary trial, fish were challenged with Streptococcus iniae, and the survival rate was calculated for a period of two weeks. Results showed that CM11 effectively inhibited the growth of S. iniae and Y. ruckeri on agar plates at a concentration of eight μg/ml. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of CM11 were measured at 8 and 32 μg/ml for S. iniae and 16 and 64 μg/ml Y. ruckeri, respectively. In vivo results showed no noticeable effects on fish growth parameters, however, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found lower in P3 and P2 compared to control (P < 0.05). Immunological and antioxidant responses were found strongly affected by CM11 in all treatment groups in which the highest values were found in the P3 treated group. Key immune and antioxidant genes were up-regulated particularly in fish receiving the highest level of CM11 (P3). Fish receiving the CM11 peptide showed better survival when challenged with S. iniae. These findings suggest the potential of CM11 for use in aquaculture as an antibacterial and immunostimulant agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Rashidian
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 64414-356, Noor, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mirnejad
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mohammadi Azad
- Department of Microbiology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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González-Silvera D, Cuesta A, Esteban MÁ. Immune defence mechanisms presented in liver homogenates and bile of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1958-1967. [PMID: 34486119 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because the role of the liver of fishes in providing possible immunity remains largely unknown, the aim of this work was to identify and characterize different humoral defence mechanisms in the liver homogenates and bile of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) for the first time. Total protein levels and several immune parameters (complement activity, lysozyme and immunoglobulin M level) were studied. Furthermore, the activity of some lytic (proteases, antiproteases, esterase, alkaline phosphatase) and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) enzymes was determined. Finally, bacteriostatic activity on three opportunist fish pathogens (Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio angillarum and Photobacterium damselae) was measured. Lysozyme and antiprotease activity were undetected in liver and bile, while natural haemolytic complement activity was only detected in bile, and immunoglobulin M was detected in both samples. The levels of proteases, esterase and antioxidant enzymes were greater in bile than in liver homogenates, while the level of alkaline phosphatase was very low in both samples. In addition, while no bacteriostatic activity was detected on liver homogenates, the bile revealed a very potent bacteriostatic activity against all the tested pathogenic bacteria. These results corroborate that fish liver - especially fish bile - contains many factors involved in innate immunity that could be useful for better understanding the role of the liver as an organ involved in fish immune functions as well as the possible contribution of bile to gut mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Silvera
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Ghafarifarsani H, Hoseinifar SH, Talebi M, Yousefi M, Van Doan H, Rufchaei R, Paolucci M. Combined and Singular Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Persian Shallot ( Allium hirtifolium Boiss) and Synbiotic Biomin ®IMBO on Growth Performance, Serum- and Mucus-Immune Parameters and Antioxidant Defense in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102995. [PMID: 34680014 PMCID: PMC8532822 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study investigated the effect of combined and singular ethanolic extract of Persian shallot and synbiotic Bomin®IMBO in zebrafish. The aim of this study is to measure a range of parameters consisting of growth performance, serum and mucus immune parameters, and antioxidant defense. The results indicated that the measured parameters have a positive effect and hence we can suggest administration of these additives in zebrafish culture. Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate combined and singular effects of ethanolic extract of Persian shallot (Allium hirtifolium Boiss) and synbiotic Biomin®IMBO on growth performance, innate immune responses, and antioxidant defense in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish with initial weight of 151.90 ± 0.31 mg were allocated in 21 10-L glass aquariums. The experimental groups were as follows: T1, control (without any supplementation); T2, 1% synbiotic; T3, 3% synbiotic; T4, 1% Persian shallot (as a medical plant); T5, 3% Persian shallot; T6, 1% Persian shallot and 1% synbiotic; T7, 3% Persian shallot and 3% synbiotic. At the end of the experiment (60 days), all treatments significantly showed higher final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), WG (%), and specific growth rate (SGR) compared with the fish fed on control diet. Furthermore, both synbiotic Biomin®IMBO and Persian shallot significantly improved intestine immune parameters including lysozyme, alternative complement hemolytic activity (ACH50), total immunoglobulin (total Ig), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) of zebrafish compared to fish fed on control diet (p < 0.05). Also, in all experimental groups, hepatic catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities significantly increased compared to the control group. Whereas, the highest MDA level was observed in the control group compared to the treatments (p < 0.05). Moreover, skin mucus immune parameters of zebrafish have been noticeably improved with synbiotic Biomin®IMBO and Persian shallot compared to fish fed on the control diet (p < 0.05). The results indicate that synbiotic or Persian shallot supplemented diet could enhance the general health status of the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ghafarifarsani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran;
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 4918943464, Iran;
| | - Maedeh Talebi
- Fishery Group, Department of Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University (Lahijan Branch), Lahijan 1477893855, Iran;
| | - Morteza Yousefi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Rudabeh Rufchaei
- Inland Water Aquaculture Research Centre, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSIR), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (ARREO), Bandar-e Anzali 4314166976, Iran;
| | - Marina Paolucci
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
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Butt UD, Lin N, Akhter N, Siddiqui T, Li S, Wu B. Overview of the latest developments in the role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in shrimp aquaculture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:263-281. [PMID: 33971259 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the growing world population, the demand for food has increased, leading to excessive and intensive breeding and cultivation of fisheries, simultaneously exacerbating the risk of disease. Recently, shrimp producers have faced major losses of stocks due to the prevalence of periodical diseases and inappropriate use of antibiotics for disease prevention and treatment, leading to bacterial resistance in shrimp, along with imposing health hazards on human consumers. Strict regulations have been placed to ban or reduce the use of prophylactic antibiotics to lessen their detrimental effects on aquatic life. Dietary and water supplements have been used as substitutes, among which probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have been the most beneficial for controlling or treating bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases in shrimp. The present analysis addresses the issues and current progress in the administration of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics as disease controlling agents in the field of shrimp farming. Furthermore, the benefits of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics and their mechanism of action have been identified such as; strengthening of immune responses, growth of antibacterial agents, alteration in gut microflora, competition for nutrients and binding sites, and enzymes related activities. Overall, this study aims to depict the antagonistic action of these supplements against a variety of pathogens and their mode of action to counter diseases and benefit shrimp species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Na Lin
- Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui, 323000, China.
| | - Najeeb Akhter
- Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Tooba Siddiqui
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Sihui Li
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
| | - Bin Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316021, China.
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12
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Mousavi S, Sheikhzadeh N, Hamidian G, Mardani K, Oushani AK, Firouzamandi M, Esteban MÁ, Shohreh P. Changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth and mucosal immune parameters after dietary administration of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:547-563. [PMID: 33543428 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dietary grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract (GSE) on growth performance and mucosal immune parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry was studied. Fish (1.3 g mean weight) were randomly distributed in nine tanks (15 fish per tank) and fed diets containing GSE at 0 (control), 100, and 200 mg kg-1for 60 days. The results showed that growth parameters were enhanced in both treatment groups compared to the control group. Histological examination of fish skin showed higher epidermis thickness, goblet cell density, and volume density in the GSE groups compared to the values of the control group. Furthermore, the villus height, goblet cell density, and intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased in the fish intestine in those fish fed GSE, with respect to control fish. Feeding fish with low dose of GSE (100 mg kg-1) up-regulated the expression of some immune-relevant genes, including complement component 3 (C3), lysozyme (Lys), omDB-3, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in different mucosal tissues. However, feeding fish the high dose of GSE (200 mg kg-1) mostly enhanced expression of these genes in the skin. Besides, skin mucus of fish fed GSE showed bactericidal activity against Yersinia ruckeri. It was concluded that GSE, especially at 100 mg kg-1, modulates the growth performance and mucosal immunity of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaleh Mousavi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Najmeh Sheikhzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Mardani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Khani Oushani
- Department of Fisheries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Firouzamandi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - María Á Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Poulin Shohreh
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
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13
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Extract of grape seed enhances the growth performance, humoral and mucosal immunity, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on the growth performance, immune response, and disease resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish were distributed in four groups and fed diets with varying levels of GSE at 0, 10, 20, and 30 g/kg for 56 days. The final length in fish fed with 20 and 30 g GSE/kg diet significantly increased in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The final weight and weight gain of fish fed with GSE were statistically higher than for the control diet, while the feed conversion ratio was lower in GSE groups than the control. Hematological parameters did not statistically improve with GSE supplemented diets (P>0.05). However, fish fed with 30 g GSE/kg diet displayed a significantly higher WBC count than the other group (P<0.05). The serum total protein and globulin in fish fed with 20 g GSE/kg diet significantly increased compared to the control (P<0.05). A similar pattern was noticed in results for serum and mucus lysozyme activity with a significant increase in fish fed with 20 and 30 g GSE/kg diet compared to the control (P<0.05). Total antibody levels in serum and mucus samples were also increased in fish by dietary GSE with maximum levels by 20 and 30 g GSE/kg diet. Besides, mucus protease activity was higher in fish that received 20 and 30 g GSE/kg diet with maximum level shown in fish fed with 30 g GSE/kg diet compared to the control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, all groups showed higher mucus antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila with the highest activity in 30 g GSE/kg diet in comparison with the control group. The cumulative mortality was 36.67% when fish were fed with 30 g GSE/kg diet and challenged with A. hydrophila. However, the mortality rate was 40% and 53.33% in fish fed 20 and 30 g GSE/kg diet, respectively. This study suggests that supplementation of GSE could significantly enhance the growth performance, immune responses, and disease resistance against A. hydrophila in common carp.
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14
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Dietary Chitosan Nanoparticles: Potential Role in Modulation of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Antibacterial Defense and Intestinal Immunity against Enteric Redmouth Disease. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020072. [PMID: 33572960 PMCID: PMC7911277 DOI: 10.3390/md19020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-nanotechnology employing bio-sourced nanomaterial is an emerging avenue serving the field of fish medicine. Marine-sourced chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) is a well-known antimicrobial and immunomodulatory reagent with low or no harm side effects on fish or their human consumers. In this study, in vitro skin mucus and serum antibacterial activity assays along with intestinal histology, histochemical, and gene expression analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of dietary CSNPs (5 g kg−1 dry feed) on rainbow trout resistance against ‘enteric redmouth’ disease. Two treatment conditions were included; short-term prophylactic-regimen for 21 days before the bacterial challenge, and long-term therapeutic-regimen for 21 days before the challenge and extended for 28 days after the challenge. Our results revealed higher antibacterial defense ability and positive intestinal histochemical and molecular traits of rainbow trout after dietary CSNPs. The prophylactic-regimen improved trout health while the therapeutic regimen improved their disease resistance and lowered their morbidity. Therefore, it is anticipated that CSNPs is an effective antibacterial and immunomodulatory fish feed supplement against the infectious threats. However, the CSNPs seem to be more effective in the therapeutic application rather than being used for short-term prophylactic applications.
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Shiry N, Khoshnoodifar K, Alavinia SJ. Cutaneous mucosal immune-parameters and intestinal immune-relevant genes expression in streptococcal-infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A comparative study with the administration of florfenicol and olive leaf extract. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:403-410. [PMID: 33157200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated changes in cutaneous mucosal immunity (total protein (TP) and immunoglobulin (TIg), lysozyme, protease, esterase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and some immune-related genes expression (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-8, hepcidin-like antimicrobial peptides (HAMP), and immunoglobulin M (IgM)) in the intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) orally-administrated florfenicol (FFC) and/or olive leaf extract (OLE), experimentally infected with Streptococcus iniae. The juvenile fish (55 ± 7.6 g) were divided into different groups according to the use of added OLE (80 g kg-1 food), the presence/absence of FFC (15 mg kg-1 body weight for 10 consecutive days), and the streptococcal infectivity (2.87 × 107 CFU mL-1 as 30% of LD50-96h). The extract's chemical composition was analyzed using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system. The skin mucus and intestine of fish were sampled after a 10-day therapeutic period for all groups, and their noted indices were measured. Our results signified that the oleuropein, quercetin, and trans-ferulic acid were the most obvious active components of OLE which were found by HPLC analysis. The combined use of OLE and FFC could lowered some skin mucus immunological indices (e.g., TP, TIg, and ALP), and the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-1β) of rainbow trout. Moreover, lysozyme and protease activities respectively were invigorated by the FFC and OLE treatment. Also, the use of OLE as a potential medicine induced the gene expression of HAMP. As the prevention approach, it would be recommended to find the best dose of OLE alone or in combination with the drug through therapeutics period before the farm involved in the streptococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Shiry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Khadije Khoshnoodifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalil Alavinia
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; Department of Aquatic Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Assessing the Impact of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) on Growth Performance, Anti-Oxidative, and Immune Activities in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, the basal diet was supplemented with ethanolic extract of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and the possible effects on growth performance, anti-oxidative, and immune activities of grass carp were evaluated. Fish with initial weight 1.23 ± 0.11 g were randomly divided into four groups (triplicates) and fed purslane extract at 0% (T0), 0.5% (T1), 1% (T2), and 1.5% (T3) for 56 days. At the end of the feeding trial, the results showed that growth parameters were enhanced in T1 groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Lipase activity in T1 and T2 groups increased, whereas no significant changes were noticed in cases of amylase and protease activities (P>0.05). Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were enhanced in all groups fed the supplemented diets in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). However, no significant alteration was noticed in the case of glutathione peroxidase activity following the administration of purslane extract (P>0.05). A significant increase in total immunoglobulin level was noted in the T1 group, but lysozyme activity was higher in T1 and T2 groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of grass carp diet with the purslane ethanolic extract, especially at 0.5%, can improve growth performance, lipase activity, the antioxidant enzyme activities as well as the immune response of grass carp fingerlings.
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17
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Wang C, Lu S, Li J, Wang L, Jiang H, Liu Y, Liu H, Han S, Yin J. Effects of dietary myo-inositol on growth, antioxidative capacity, and nonspecific immunity in skin mucus of taimen Hucho taimen fry. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1011-1018. [PMID: 31950318 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of dietary myo-inositol on the skin mucosal immunity and growth of taimen (Hucho taimen) fry were determined. Triplicate groups of 500 fish (initial weight 5.58 ± 0.15 g) were fed different diets containing graded levels of myo-inositol (28.75, 127.83, 343.83, 565.81, and 738.15 mg kg-1) until satiation for 56 days. Thereafter, the nonspecific skin mucus immune parameters, antioxidative capacity, and growth performance were measured. The skin mucus protein and the activities of alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in lysozyme activity among the treatments (P > 0.05). The antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of the skin mucus were increased significantly by myo-inositol supplementation (P < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly elevated in the treatment groups (P < 0.05), whereas the malondialdehyde contents were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Low-level myo-inositol (28.75 mg kg-1) led to a significantly lower weight gain, feed efficiency, condition factor, and survival rate compared with the other treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary myo-inositol deficiency (28.75 mg kg-1) adversely affects the skin mucus immune parameters, antioxidative capacity, and growth performance of Hucho taimen fry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang'an Wang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 43, Songfa Street, Harbin, 150070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxia Lu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 43, Songfa Street, Harbin, 150070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinnan Li
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 43, Songfa Street, Harbin, 150070, People's Republic of China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 43, Songfa Street, Harbin, 150070, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 43, Songfa Street, Harbin, 150070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbai Liu
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 43, Songfa Street, Harbin, 150070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shicheng Han
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 43, Songfa Street, Harbin, 150070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasheng Yin
- Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 43, Songfa Street, Harbin, 150070, People's Republic of China
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18
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Mohammadi G, Rafiee G, Abdelrahman HA. Effects of dietary Lactobacillus plantarum (KC426951) in biofloc and stagnant-renewal culture systems on growth performance, mucosal parameters, and serum innate responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1167-1181. [PMID: 32133574 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00777-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effects of dietary Lactobacillus plantarum (KC426951) on growth and innate responses of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were evaluated in biofloc technology system and stagnant-renewal culture system (SRCS). The 90-day-long experiment contained four treatments: SRCS without probiotic (T1), SRCS with probiotic (T2), biofloc without probiotic (T3), and biofloc with probiotic (T4). The administration dose of probiotic was 2 × 108 CFU kg-1 diet. At the end of experiment, the mean final weights, specific growth rates, feed conversion ratios, and total biomass were significantly (P < 0.05) better in BFT treatments, with no significant effect of probiotic on these parameters in both culture systems. Meanwhile, skin mucosal parameters including total protein (TP), lysozyme (LYZ), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and protease (PRO) activity were significantly enhanced following probiotic supplementation. T4 treatment displayed a significantly higher LYZ and ALP activity in mucus versus other treatments. Also, serum alternative complement activity was significantly heightened in probiotic-supplemented fish. Superoxide dismutase activity in T4 was detected higher than that of SRCS groups. The results of the current study demonstrated the enhancement of some mucosal and serum innate responses of Nile tilapia in both culture systems upon L. plantarum (KC426951) supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Mohammadi
- Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Rafiee
- Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hisham A Abdelrahman
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Mohammadi G, Rashidian G, Hoseinifar SH, Naserabad SS, Doan HV. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract affects growth performance, body composition, haematology, serum and mucosal immune parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:267-273. [PMID: 31981777 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the dietary effects of ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) on common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Three hundred and sixty fish weighing 10.9 ± 0.17 g were randomly divided into four experimental treatments in triplicates. Four experimental diets were designed containing different inclusion levels of ginger extract as 0% (control), 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% named T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, and fish were fed 3% of body weight daily for 60 days. Feed conversion ratio, weight gain, and specific growth rate parameters were measured higher in the groups fed with ginger extract compared to the control, especially in T3 (P < 0.05). Also, fish treated with ginger extract showed lower carcass moisture and lipid, but higher protein contents compared to the control. The results showed significant increase in the number of erythrocytes and leucocytes, as well as the level of hematocrit and hemoglobin in fish fed with supplemented diets. In addition, significant enhancement was observed in cases of serum parameters, including total protein, albumin, globulin, lysozyme, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total immunoglobulins in T3 and T4 compared to the control. The lowest serum cortisol level was noticed in T3. Furthermore, the T3 group showed the highest activities of skin mucus lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and protease (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present results demonstrated that Zingiber officinale extract at a 0.2% level can effectively improve the growth and health status of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Mohammadi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Rashidian
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd,Suthep,Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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20
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Abolfathi M, Akbarzadeh A, Hajimoradloo A, Joshaghani HR. Seasonal changes of hydrolytic enzyme activities in the skin mucus of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss at different body sizes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103499. [PMID: 31560872 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune factors in the skin mucus of fish are affected by the ecological and physiological conditions such as developmental stage and seasonal cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in soluble protein and the hydrolytic enzyme activities of the skin mucus of rainbow trout including lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and proteases at different body sizes. Skin mucus samples were collected over three consecutive season periods including winter, spring and late summer. In each season, sampling was performed separately from three different weight groups including 2-20 g (W1), 100-200 g (W2) and 400-600 g (W3) fish. Our results showed a significant increase of soluble protein in all three weight groups from winter to spring when water temperature elevated from 9 °C to 14 °C. Moreover lysozyme activity was remarkably elevated in W1 fish from winter to late summer. In all three seasons, the activity of lysozyme was significantly decreased along with increasing the fish size. Contrary to lysozyme, the activity of proteases and ALP showed a decreasing trend from winter to late summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the proteases and ALP activity, proposing that both proteases and ALP might have important synergic roles in the mucosal innate immune function of rainbow trout. Moreover, using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of some proteases genes including cathepsin-L and cathepsin-D, we demonstrated that the proteases are transcribed and likely synthesized in epidermal mucus cells of rainbow trout. The present study confirmed seasonal changes of hydrolytic enzyme activities in the skin mucus of rainbow trout across all three weight groups, with the highest variation in juvenile fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Abolfathi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Joshaghani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences School of Paramedicine, Gorgan, Iran
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21
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Omidi F, Jafaryan H, Patimar R, Harsij M, Paknejad H. Biochemical biomarkers of skin mucus in Neogobius melanostomus for assessing lead pollution in the Gulf of Gorgan (Iran). Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:109-117. [PMID: 31921601 PMCID: PMC6950844 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin mucus is a key component of the innate immune system against metals pollution. Lead produced a clear change in the protein profile of mucus in Round Goby. The amount of biochemical parameters of mucus changed upon exposure to lead. The enhancement of band intensity at 25 kDa was proposed as a biomarker. The elevation of lysozyme level was proposed as a biomarker.
The present study was conducted to provide basic information on the physiological damages (mucosal indicators) of Round Goby under laboratory and environmental conditions of lead contamination. The other goal was to find mucosal biomarkers of lead contamination in the Gulf of Gorgan. In the laboratory study, 400 pieces of fish with an average the weight of 35 ± 7.16 g were caught alive and were exposed to lead concentrations of 0, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg / l for 14 days. Once the experiment was completed, the samples of mucus and liver were collected from the fish samples with the samples being surveyed by analyses of SDS-PAGE, mucus safety and toxicology. In the field test, the samples of fish, water, and sediment were prepared from four stations. In addition to measuring the lead in water, sediment and liver tissue, the samples of mucus from the caught fish were similarly analyzed under the laboratory conditions mentioned. According to the results under laboratory conditions, obvious differences were observed between the protein pattern of samples of treatment with the control group. Further, among innate immune parameters of the mucus, only lysozyme showed a significant correlation with the concentrations of lead accumulated in the liver of Round Goby (P < 0.05). Under environmental conditions, obvious differences were also observed between the protein pattern of samples of contaminated stations with the control station. Further, among innate immune parameters of the mucus, lysozyme indicated a positive correlation while alkaline phosphatase showed a negative correlation with lead contamination in the liver of Round Goby (P < 0.05). In total, in the pattern of mucus protein, the intensity of the band within the range of 25 kDa was enhanced in both conditions, suggesting the presence of proteases in this region. Also, among the immune parameters, lysozyme enzyme showed a significant and positive correlation with liver lead contamination in both conditions (P < 0.05). These can be considered as the biomarkers of protein pattern and safety in Round Goby mucus for assessing lead pollution in Gulf of Gorgan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhriyeh Omidi
- Department of Fisheris, Faculty of of Natural Resources, Department of Fisheries, University of Gonbad Kavous, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
| | - Hojatollah Jafaryan
- Department of Fisheris, Faculty of of Natural Resources, Department of Fisheries, University of Gonbad Kavous, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
| | - Rahman Patimar
- Department of Fisheris, Faculty of of Natural Resources, Department of Fisheries, University of Gonbad Kavous, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
| | - Mohammad Harsij
- Department of Fisheris, Faculty of of Natural Resources, Department of Fisheries, University of Gonbad Kavous, Gonbad Kavous, Iran
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheris, Faculty of of Natural Resources, Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Sun Y, Xiang Y, He M, Zhang X, Wang S, Guo W, Liu C, Cao Z, Zhou Y. Evaluation of Lactococcus lactis HNL12 combined with Schizochytrium limacinum algal meal in diets for humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:880-888. [PMID: 31562894 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) is a commercially valuable species of the family Epinephelidae; however, its marketization suffers from slow growth speed, low survival rate, and various pathogenic diseases. Lactococcus lactis and Schizochytrium limacinum are commonly used as immunostimulants due to their health benefits for the aquatic organisms. In the present study, we assessed the effects of dietary supplementation with L. lactis HNL12 combined with S. limacinum algal meal on the growth performances, innate immune response, and disease resistance of C. altivelis against Vibrio harveyi. The results showed that fish fed with a combination diet of L. lactis and S. limacinum exhibited significantly higher final weight, percent weight gain, and specific growth rate compared with groups fed with them alone. A bacterial challenge experiment indicated that the group fed with the L. lactis combined with S. limacinum diet achieved the highest relative percent of survival value (68.63%), suggesting that L. lactis and S. limacinum significantly improved the disease resistance against V. harveyi after a 4-week feeding trial. Moreover, the respiratory burst activity of macrophages of fish fed with a L. lactis combined with S. limacinum diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of feeding. The serum superoxide dismutase of fish fed with a L. lactis combined with S. limacinum diet significantly increased compared to those fed the control diet after 1 and 2 weeks of feeding, while the serum alkaline phosphatase of fish fed with a L. lactis combined with S. limacinum diet after 2 and 4 weeks was significantly increased, compared to the control group. The serum lysozyme activities of fish fed with a L. lactis combined with S. limacinum diet significantly increased compared to the control group after 2 weeks of feeding. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing of the C. altivelis head kidney was conducted to explore the immune-regulating effects of the L. lactis combined with S. limacinum diet on C. altivelis. A total of 86,919 unigenes, annotated by at least one of the reference databases (Nr, Swiss-Prot, GO, COG, and KEGG), were assembly yielded by de novo transcriptome. In addition, 157 putative differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the L. lactis combined with S. limacinum group and the control group. For pathway enrichment, the DEGs were categorized into nine KEGG pathways, which were mainly related to infective diseases, antigen processing and presentation, digestive system, and other immune system responses. The findings of this study suggest that the L. lactis combined with S. limacinum diet can induce positive effects on the growth, immunity, and disease resistance of C. altivelis against V. harveyi. This study expands our understanding of the synergistic combinations of probiotics and prebiotics in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Yajing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Mingwang He
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Weiliang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China.
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China.
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23
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Lallès JP. Biology, environmental and nutritional modulation of skin mucus alkaline phosphatase in fish: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:179-186. [PMID: 30928666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a major, recently recognized component of innate immunity. The intestinal AP (IAP) isoform plays a pivotal role in controlling gastrointestinal and systemic inflammation in terrestrial mammals. This is so essentially through detoxification (by dephosphorylation) of proinflammatory microbial components that can no longer be recognized by so-called toll-like receptors, thus preventing cellular inflammatory cascade activation. A unique feature of fish is the presence of AP in skin and epidermal mucus (skin mucus AP) but its actual functions and underlying mechanisms of action are presently unknown. Here, we gather and analyse knowledge available on skin mucus AP in order to provide a holistic view of this important protective enzyme. Our main conclusions are that skin mucus AP is responsive to biotic and abiotic factors, including nutrients and bioactive feed components, prebiotics and probiotics. Importantly, both skin mucus AP and IAP appear to correlate, thus raising the interesting possibility that skin mucus AP be used as a proxy for IAP in future nutritional studies. Blood serum AP also seems to correlate with skin mucus AP, though biological interpretation for such relationship is presently unknown. Finally, the precise isoform/s of AP present in skin should be identified and underlying molecular mechanisms of skin mucus AP actions deciphered.
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24
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Kuebutornye FKA, Abarike ED, Lu Y. A review on the application of Bacillus as probiotics in aquaculture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:820-828. [PMID: 30779995 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics use in aquaculture has gained attention as microbial candidates to maintain the health and the well-being of many aquaculture animals. Among the many microbial candidates, probiotic Bacillus has sporulation capacity that makes them survive harsh environmental conditions, are non-pathogenic and non-toxic when fed to fish, and can produce antimicrobial substances making them more suitable candidates compared to other probiotics. In this review, we discussed the necessity of using the probiotic Bacillus in sustainable aquaculture as a good alternative to improve feed utilization, stress response, immune response and disease resistance, maintenance of tissue integrity, and as well improvement of water quality for sustainable aquaculture. Therefore the findings of current researches about the effects of Bacillus application to improve the culture of aquatic animals for future research and development of Bacillus application in aquaculture have been summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix K A Kuebutornye
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Emmanuel Delwin Abarike
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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25
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Karimi Pashaki A, Zorriehzahra* SJ, Ghasemi M, Sharif Rohani M, Hosseini S. Effects of dietary Garlic extract on some blood, immunity and growth parameters of Common Carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/ijaah.4.2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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26
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Soltanian S, Hoseinifar SH, Gholamhosseini A. Modulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cutaneous mucosal immune responses following anesthesia: A comparative study on different anesthetic agents. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:319-324. [PMID: 29920385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the possible effects of different anesthetic agents including MS222 (50 ppm), 2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE) (0.2 mL L-1) and clove oil (25 ppm), on cutaneous mucosal immune parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The induction and recovery times for each anesthetic agent were assessed. Also, the immune parameters were measured in skin mucus, 1 and 24 h post anesthesia. No significant difference was observed among treatments at 1 h post-anesthesia except for bactericidal and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities which was significantly enhanced in fish exposed to 2-PE compared to other anesthetics. At 24 h post-anesthesia, most of the skin mucosal immune parameters were increased upon exposure to clove oil but decreased following exposure to 2-PE. However, no significant change was noticed after MS222 exposure. These results demonstrated that the anesthetics type should be considered to avoid possible immunosuppression in farmed fish. Furthermore, the present results could be useful for better understanding of alterations in cutaneous mucosal immunity in response to chemical stressors such as anesthetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyavash Soltanian
- Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Amin Gholamhosseini
- Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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27
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Palstra AP, Kals J, Blanco Garcia A, Dirks RP, Poelman M. Immunomodulatory Effects of Dietary Seaweeds in LPS Challenged Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar as Determined by Deep RNA Sequencing of the Head Kidney Transcriptome. Front Physiol 2018; 9:625. [PMID: 29910738 PMCID: PMC5992350 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds may represent immuno-stimulants that could be used as health-promoting fish feed components. This study was performed to gain insights into the immunomodulatory effects of dietary seaweeds in Atlantic salmon. Specifically tested were 10% inclusion levels of Laminaria digitata (SW1) and a commercial blend of seaweeds (Oceanfeed®) (SW2) against a fishmeal based control diet (FMC). Differences between groups were assessed in growth, feed conversion ratio and blood parameters hematocrit and hemoglobin. After a LPS challenge of fish representing each of the three groups, RNAseq was performed on the head kidney as major immune organ to determine transcriptomic differences in response to the immune activation. Atlantic salmon fed with dietary seaweeds did not show major differences in performance in comparison with fishmeal fed fish. RNAseq resulted in ∼154 million reads which were mapped against a NCBI Salmo salar reference and against a de novo assembled S. salar reference for analyses of expression of immune genes and ontology of immune processes among the 87,600 cDNA contigs. The dietary seaweeds provoked a more efficient immune response which involved more efficient identification of the infection site, and processing and presentation of antigens. More specifically, chemotaxis and the chemokine-mediated signaling were improved and therewith the defense response to Gram-positive bacterium reduced. Specific Laminaria digitata effects included reduction of the interferon-gamma-mediated signaling. Highly upregulated and specific for this diet was the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene protein. The commercial blend of seaweeds caused more differential expression than Laminaria digitata and improved immune processes such as receptor-mediated endocytosis and cell adhesion, and increased the expression of genes involved in response to lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory response. Particularly, expression of many important immune receptors was up-regulated illustrating increased responsiveness. NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha is an important gene that marked the difference between both seaweed diets as Laminaria digitata inhibits the expression for this cytokine while the blend of seaweeds stimulates it. It can be concluded that the inclusion of seaweeds such as Laminaria digitata can have important modulatory effects on the immune capacity of Atlantic salmon resulting in a more efficient immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan P Palstra
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, Netherlands.,Department of Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kals
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, Netherlands.,Department of Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Blanco Garcia
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, Netherlands
| | | | - Marnix Poelman
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, Yerseke, Netherlands
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28
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Gobi N, Vaseeharan B, Chen JC, Rekha R, Vijayakumar S, Anjugam M, Iswarya A. Dietary supplementation of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 improves growth performance, mucus and serum immune parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity as well as resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:501-508. [PMID: 29305993 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the dietary supplementation of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 on the growth performance, immune parameters and antioxidant enzymes activities in serum and mucus as well as resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish (24 ± 2.5 g) were fed separately with three diets, 1) commercial diet (control), 2) diet containing probiotic at 105 cfu g-1 (D1) and 3) diet containing probiotic at 107 cfu g-1 (D2) for 4 weeks. Growth performance in term of final weight (FW) specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), immune parameters of total protein (TP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme (LYZ), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and antioxidant parameters of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in serum and mucus were evaluated after 2nd and 4th weeks. The FW, SGR, and FCR of fish fed with D1 and D2 significantly improved (p < 0.05). The activities of ALP, LYZ and MPO in the mucus were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in fish that fed D1 and D2. The TP, ROS, RNS, SOD and GPx in the serum were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in fish that fed D1 and D2. In addition, the challenge test showed that fish fed D1 and D2 enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) the resistance against A. hydrophila (1 × 107 cells ml-1). In conclusion, probiotic B. licheniformis Dahb1 can be applied in diet at 107 cfu g-1 to improve healthy status and resistance against A. hydrophila in tilapia farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Gobi
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6(th) Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6(th) Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India..
| | - Jiann-Chu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Ravichandran Rekha
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6(th) Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sekar Vijayakumar
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6(th) Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalingam Anjugam
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6(th) Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arokiadhas Iswarya
- Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus 6(th) Floor, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004, Tamil Nadu, India
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29
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Srivastava A, Nigam AK, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Role of aloin in the modulation of certain immune parameters in skin mucus of an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 73:252-261. [PMID: 29242133 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of immune system seems to be the most promising method of preventing fish diseases. Several herbal products have immunostimulant properties, and are environmental friendly, economical and can act against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Present study was designed with an aim to evaluate the role of aloin, extracted from a herb Aloe barbadensis, in the modulation of certain immune parameters in an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Fishes were divided into control, vehicle control and aloin treated groups. Experiments were conducted for 7 days and fishes from the three groups were analyzed at 2d, 4d, 6d and 8d. The results demonstrated that at different intervals, L. rohita administered with aloin showed a significant increase in the activity of enzymes - lysozyme, protease, carboxylesterase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, catalase and peroxidase, and non-enzymatic factors hemagglutinin and alternate complement compared with that of the controls. Thus, it can be concluded that administration of aloin is beneficial in enhancing the immune response and hence it can be used as potent immunostimulant in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Srivastava
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashwini Kumar Nigam
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Mittal
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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30
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Saeidi Asl MR, Adel M, Caipang CMA, Dawood MAO. Immunological responses and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles following dietary administration of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:230-238. [PMID: 29017944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) on growth performance, skin mucus, immune response and disease resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed with diets supplemented with U. dioica at 0, 1, 2 and 3%. After 8 weeks of feeding, the addition of U. dioica at 3% level resulted in improved weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio significantly when compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Hematological responses including: hematocrit (Htc), hemoglobin (Hb), lymphocyte and neutrophil populations enhanced significantly in fish fed 3% of stinging nettle when measured after 4 weeks; while, total red blood cells, white blood, Htc, Hb, lymphocyte and neutrophil populations significantly increased after 8 weeks in the same group (P < 0.05). Total serum protein and glucose contents increased significantly in fish fed stinging nettle at 3% when compared to the other groups after 8 weeks; however, triglycerides decreased significantly in the same group on the 4th and 8th week (P < 0.05). Additionally, several immune parameters, namely, IgM, lysozyme, complement components C3 and C4, and respiratory burst of blood leukocytes significantly increased in the 3% fed group on the 4th week; while, after 8 weeks the immune responses enhanced in fish fed 2 and 3% diets (P < 0.05). At the end of the feeding trial, mucus samples obtained from the fish fed stinging nettle supplementation exhibited improved antagonistic activities against several bacterial pathogens (Streptococcus iniae, Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio anguillarum and Lactococcus garviae), skin mucus enzymes activities (alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, protease and esterase) and protein levels in 2 and 3% groups with the highest being in case of 3% group when compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). The cumulative mortality of rainbow trout subjected to Y. ruckeri infectious exhibited relatively low mortality levels in all supplemented groups with the lowest being in fish fed 3% stinging nettle. The present findings demonstrated that dietary administration of U. dioica enhanced growth and stimulated fish immunity; thus, enabling the fish to be more resistant against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Saeidi Asl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Milad Adel
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
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31
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Guardiola FA, Bahi A, Bakhrouf A, Esteban MA. Effects of dietary supplementation with fenugreek seeds, alone or in combination with probiotics, on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) skin mucosal immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:169-178. [PMID: 28433714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in modulating the immune response of fish, providing a combination of probiotics and herbal immunostimulants in aquafeed has rarely has been studied. The effects on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) of the dietary administration of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds alone (FE), or combined with one of the following probiotic strains: Bacillus licheniformis (FEBL), Lactobacillus plantarum (FELP) or Bacillus subtilis (FEBS) were evaluated. Fish were fed a control or one of the supplemented diets for 3 weeks. After 2 and 3 weeks of the feeding trial, the abundance of terminal carbohydrates, IgM levels, enzymatic activities (proteases, alkaline phosphatase, esterase and ceruloplasmin) and bactericidal activity were determined in skin mucus. Our results demonstrated that the dietary administration of FE in combination with L. plantarum, particularly, increased carbohydrate abundance, the activity of certain enzymes such as ceruloplasmin, and bactericidal activity against the pathogenic bacterium Photobacterium damselae and the non-pathogenic bacterium B. subtilis in skin mucus at the end of the trial. The carbohydrates most affected by the FELP diet were mannose/glucose, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamine. Interestingly, IgM levels were significantly higher in fish fed the FELP and FEBS diets whilst protease activity generally increased in all supplemented diets, which could suggests that the main effect in this activity was to the result of FE supplementation although that fact cannot be confirmed because the effects of probiotics addition alone were not studied. These results suggest that the combined dietary administration of fenugreek and L. plantarum will best enhance the skin mucosal immunity response of gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Guardiola
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Fish Nutrition & Immunobiology Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Bahi
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - A Bakhrouf
- Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - M A Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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32
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Mansouri Taee H, Hajimoradloo A, Hoseinifar SH, Ahmadvand H. Dietary Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) improved non-specific immune parameters and bactericidal activity of skin mucus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:320-324. [PMID: 28330807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of dietary Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) on non-specific immune parameters and bactericidal activity of skin mucus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings. Three hundred and sixty fingerlings (6.50 ± 0.55 g (were distributed in twelve cages (65 × 65 × 65 cm) with a metal framework. The study included four treatments repeated in triplicates. The treatments were feeding trouts with experimental diets containing different levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) of Myrtle powder. The fingerlings were fed on experimental diet for sixty days and then skin mucus non-specific immune parameters as well as bactericidal activity were measured. At the end of the trial, the highest skin mucus soluble protein level was observed in group fed with 1.5% Myrtle (P < 0.05). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was significantly increased in fish groups fed 1 and 1.5% Myrtle compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, evaluation of skin mucus lysozyme activity showed no significant difference between treatments and control group (P > 0.05). Also, no antibacterial activity was detected against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica in all treatments and control group. Whereas skin mucus of rainbow trout showed antimicrobial activity against fish pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila and Yersinia ruckeri) in 1 and 1.5% Myrtle treatments. These results indicated beneficial effects of dietary Myrtle on mucosal immune parameters of fingerling rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Mansouri Taee
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hassan Ahmadvand
- Razi Herbal Researches Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoram Abad, Iran
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Guardiola FA, Cuartero M, Del Mar Collado-González M, Díaz Baños FG, Cuesta A, Moriñigo MÁ, Esteban MÁ. Terminal carbohydrates abundance, immune related enzymes, bactericidal activity and physico-chemical parameters of the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup) skin mucus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:483-491. [PMID: 27836718 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, interest in mucosal surfaces, more specifically fish skin and its secreted mucus, has greatly increased among immunologists. The abundance of terminal carbohydrates, several enzymes (proteases, lysozyme, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, esterases and ceruloplasmin), bactericidal activity against fish pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and several physico-chemical parameters (protein concentration, pH, conductivity, redox potential, osmolarity, density and viscosity) in the skin mucus of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup) have been evaluated. Present results evidence the abundance of N-acetylneuraminic acid, mannose, glucose and N-acetyl-galactosamine in skin mucus. The levels of lysozyme, proteases, esterases and alkaline phosphatase were very similar (from 20 to 30 Units mg-1 protein). However, 93 Units mg-1 protein were detected of ceruloplasmin and only 4'88 Units mg-1 protein of peroxidase. Skin mucus of S. senegalensis showed high bactericidal activity against the tested pathogen bacteria but weak activity against non-pathogenic bacteria. Finally, a clear relationship between mucus density and temperature was detected, while viscosity showed a direct shear- and temperature-dependent behaviour. These results could be useful for better understanding the role of the skin mucus as a key component of the innate immune system, as well as, for elucidating possible relationships between biological and physico-chemical parameters and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Guardiola
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Cuartero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Collado-González
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - F Guillermo Díaz Baños
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Moriñigo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Adel M, Yeganeh S, Dadar M, Sakai M, Dawood MAO. Effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on growth performance, humoral and mucosal immune responses and disease resistance in juvenile great sturgeon (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1754). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:436-444. [PMID: 27506276 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis at different levels (0% control, 2.5%, 5% and 10%) was evaluated to find out the effects on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, humoral and skin innate immune responses and disease resistance in the great sturgeon (Huso huso). After 8 weeks of experimental trial, growth parameters, intestinal lactic acid bacteria count, protease and lipase activities were significantly high in 10% S. platensis fed group (P < 0.05). Similarly, in this group, respiratory burst activity of leucocytes and total protein of serum were also significantly high. Furthermore, supplementation of S. platensis at 5 or 10% exhibited higher serum IgM and lysozyme activity than the other experimental groups (P < 0.05). On the contrary, serum triglycerides and number of blood lymphocytes were lower in experimental groups than that of control group. Total proteins, lysozyme, protease and esterase, as well as in vitro bactericidal activity (against Streptococcus iniae, Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas hydrophila and Lactococcus garviea) were significantly high in skin mucus from fish fed 5% and 10% S. platensis, while, alkaline phosphatase was significantly high in fish fed 10% S. platensis (P < 0.05). Further, fish infected with Streptococcus iniae bacteria increased mortality, but it was alleviated by a diet supplemented with S. platensis. The present results demonstrate that this dietary supplementation with S. platensis (mainly at 10% level) could be useful for maintaining the overall health status of great sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Adel
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sakineh Yeganeh
- Department of Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
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Ghehdarijani MS, Hajimoradloo A, Ghorbani R, Roohi Z. The effects of garlic-supplemented diets on skin mucosal immune responses, stress resistance and growth performance of the Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus) fry. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:79-83. [PMID: 26700174 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of garlic supplementation on some skin mucus immune parameters, mucus antimicrobial activity and growth performance of the Caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) fry. Fish (1 ± 0.07 g) were divided into four groups fed diets containing 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 g kg(-1) garlic for 8 weeks. The results showed that there was a significant increase in weight gain and specific growth rate in those fish fed garlic diets compared with the control (P < 0.05). Condition factor was not significantly affected by garlic dosage. At the end of trial, the epidermal mucus protein level, alkaline phosphatase and antimicrobial activity against 2 g-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens) and gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus faecium and Micrococcus luteus) were measured. Skin mucus alkaline phosphatase, protein levels and antimicrobial activity were increased following garlic administration, and the bacterial growth inhibition zones were significantly elevated in garlic-fed fish (P < 0.05). In salinity stress experiment, no differences were observed for survival rate among the experimental diets. No mortality was recorded during the feeding trial. These results indicated that dietary garlic beneficially affects the skin mucus immune parameters and growth performance of the Caspian roach fry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbubeh Salmanian Ghehdarijani
- Fisheries Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Fisheries Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
| | - Rasol Ghorbani
- Fisheries Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
| | - Zahra Roohi
- Fisheries Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
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36
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Cerezuela R, Guardiola FA, Cuesta A, Esteban MÁ. Enrichment of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) diet with palm fruit extracts and probiotics: Effects on skin mucosal immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:100-109. [PMID: 26712151 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus contains numerous immune substances still poorly studied. To date, there are no studies regarding the possible influence of dietary supplements on such important substances. In the present work, a commercial diet used as control diet was enriched with: 1) probiotic Shewanella putrefaciens (Pdp11 diet, 10(9) cfu g(-1)); 2) probiotic Bacillus sp. (Bacillus diet, 10(9) ufc g(-1)); 3) aqueous date palm fruits extracts (DPE diet, 4%), and 4) a combination of Pdp11 + Bacillus sp + aqueous DPE (Mix diet). After 2 and 4 weeks of the feeding trial, enzymatic activities (proteases, antiproteases and peroxidases), IgM levels and terminal carbohydrates abundance were determined in skin mucus. In addition, the expression of certain immune related genes was evaluated in the skin. Our results demonstrated the significant alteration of the terminal carbohydrate abundance in skin mucus. Carbohydrates more affected by experimental diets were N-acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl-glucosamine, galactose, mannose, glucose and fucose. IgM, peroxidase activity and protease were also significantly higher in fish fed enriched diets. For last, an important up-regulation on the immune related gene studied on the skin was also detected. Present findings provide robust evidence that fish skin mucosal immunity can be improved by the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Cerezuela
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Guardiola FA, de Haro JP, Díaz-Baños FG, Meseguer J, Cuesta A, Esteban MÁ. Terminal carbohydrate composition, IgM level and enzymatic and bacteriostatic activity of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) skin epidermis extracts. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:352-359. [PMID: 26384845 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the skin is one of the main defense barriers of fish to date, very little is known about the immune implications and the properties of the numerous substances present in skin cells. In the present study, terminal carbohydrate composition and some components of the skin immunity (total IgM level, and several enzymatic and bacteriostatic activities) present on aqueous and organic epidermal extracts of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were determined. Most of the parameters measured followed a protein concentration dose-response. Curiously, both skin extracts have similar levels of total IgM. However, aqueous extracts showed higher presence of some terminal carbohydrates, alkaline phosphatase and esterase activities and lower proteases and ceruloplasmin activities than epidermal organic extracts. Regarding the bacteriostatic activity, the growth of all the bacterial strains tested was reduced when cultivated in presence of organic extracts, being the observed reduction correlated to the protein concentration present in the extract sample. On the contrary, skin aqueous extracts have no significant effect on bacterial growth or even allow bacteria to overgrow, suggesting that the bacteria could use the extracts as a nutrient source. The results are discussed and compared with the same activities studied on fish skin mucus in order to understand their possible implications on mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Guardiola
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan P de Haro
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Guillermo Díaz-Baños
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Casadei E, Bird S, Wadsworth S, González Vecino JL, Secombes CJ. The longevity of the antimicrobial response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a peptidoglycan (PG) supplemented diet. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:316-320. [PMID: 25745865 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study builds upon previous work studying antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a peptidoglycan (PG) enriched diet. The aims here were 1) to evaluate how long AMP expression is elevated in skin with continuous feeding of fish with the PG enriched diet for 21 or 28 days, and 2) to assess the impact of stopping PG feeding at day 14 when sampled at day 21 or 28. The rainbow trout were divided into 6 groups, with two fed a control commercial diet for the duration of the experiment and the other four given the same diet enriched with 10 mg PG/Kg for 14 days (PG 1-14) or continuously (PG continuous), the former reverting back to the commercial diet at day 14. No mortalities occurred during the study and there were no significant differences in growth among the fish in the different diet groups. The expression of six AMP genes was studied by real-time PCR in the skin, since these genes were shown to be induced in response to the PG enriched diets in a previous experiment. We show that continuous PG treatment for 21 or 28 days maintained high levels of AMP expression, although in general the levels decreased with time on the diets. Withdrawal of the PG diets at day 14 resulted in a fall in expression level especially apparent with omCATH-1, omCATH-2 and omLEAP-2a, but with omDB-3 and omDB-4 remaining at elevated levels (x10) in comparison to fish given a control diet. These results confirm that orally administered PG clearly enhances the trout innate immune system and could be used as a means to boost fish defences. Future studies should be conducted to verify the impact on survival after pathogen challenge in trout fed PG enriched diets under these regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Casadei
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Steve Bird
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Guardiola FA, Cuesta A, Abellán E, Meseguer J, Esteban MA. Comparative analysis of the humoral immunity of skin mucus from several marine teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:24-31. [PMID: 24972341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fish skin mucus contains several immune substances that provide the first line of defence against a broad spectrum of pathogens although they are poorly studied to date. Terminal carbohydrate composition and levels of total IgM antibodies, several immune-related enzymes (lysozyme, peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, esterases, proteases and antiproteases) as well as the bactericidal activity (against fish pathogenic Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio angillarum, Photobacterium damselae and non-pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Shewanella putrefaciens) were identified and measured in the skin mucus of five marine teleosts: gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa), common dentex (Dentex dentex) and dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus). First, lectin binding results suggests that skin mucus contain, in order of abundance, N-acetylneuraminic acid, glucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, galactose and fucose residues. Second, results showed that while some immune activities were very similar in the studied fish (e.g. IgM and lysozyme activity) other such as protease, antiprotease, alkaline phosphatase, esterase and peroxidase activities varied depending on the fish species. High levels of peroxidase and protease activity were found in U. cirrosa respect to the values obtained in the other species while E. marginatus and S. aurata showed the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase and esterase activities, respectively. Moreover, skin mucus of S. aurata revealed higher bactericidal activity against pathogenic bacteria, contrarily, to what happened with non-pathogenic bacteria (E. coli, B. subtilis). Thus, study of the variations in the carbohydrate profile and immune-related components of the fish skin mucus could help to understand the fish resistance as well as the presence and distribution of pathogens and magnitude of infections, aspects that are of major importance for the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Guardiola
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Emilia Abellán
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María A Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Reyes-Becerril M, Angulo C, Estrada N, Murillo Y, Ascencio-Valle F. Dietary administration of microalgae alone or supplemented with Lactobacillus sakei affects immune response and intestinal morphology of Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:208-216. [PMID: 25014313 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary microalgae Navicula sp single or in combination with Lactobacillus sakei on growth performance, humoral immune parameters and intestinal morphology in Pacific red snapper, Lutjanus peru. The experimental fish were grouped into four treatment diets which were a control diet (commercial diet, Control), silage microalgae Navicula sp plus L. sakei (10(6) CFU g(-1), Navicula + L. sakei), lyophilized microalgae (Navicula) and L. sakei (10(6) CFU g(-1), L. sakei). The blood and intestine samples were collected on week 4 and 8. The weight gain showed an additive effect of Navicula + L. sakei at 8 weeks of treatment compared with fish fed control diet. Overall, physiological parameters such as total protein and hemoglobin were increased in fish fed with Navicula and L. sakei diets at 4 and 8 weeks of feeding assay, respectively. There was a significant improvement in immune parameters, principally in myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, total antiproteases activities and IgM in fish fed with Navicula + L. sakei and L. sakei diets at 4 or 8 weeks of treatments. Serum antioxidant capabilities revealed significant increase in phosphatase alkaline, esterase, protease, superoxide dismutase and catalase in groups which received diet supplemented with Navicula + L. sakei and L. sakei diets. Finally, light microscopy observations revealed no effect of experimental diets on microvilli height. Curiously, the presence of vacuoles inside the enterocytes was significant higher in the intestine of L. sakei group after four or six weeks of feeding. Elevated intraepithelial leucocyte levels and melanomacrophages centers were observed in fish fed Navicula or control diets at any time of the experiment. To conclude, the results of the present study demonstrate that the fish that were fed with Navicula + L. sakei or L. sakei diets yielded significantly better immune status and antioxidant capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
| | - Norma Estrada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
| | - Ylenia Murillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico
| | - Felipe Ascencio-Valle
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico.
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41
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Guardiola FA, Cuesta A, Arizcun M, Meseguer J, Esteban MA. Comparative skin mucus and serum humoral defence mechanisms in the teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:545-551. [PMID: 24412437 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of fish, including skin, gill and gut, contain numerous immune substances poorly studied that act as the first line of defence against a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study aimed to identify and characterize for the first time different constitutive humoral defence mechanisms of the skin mucus of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). To do this, the levels of total immunoglobulin M, several enzymes and proteins (peroxidase, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, esterases, proteases and antiproteases), as well as the bactericidal activity against opportunist fish pathogens (Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio angillarum, Photobacterium damselae) and non-pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis) were measured in the skin mucus and compared with those found in the serum. This study demonstrates that gilthead seabream skin mucus contains lower levels of IgM, similar levels of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and proteases, and higher esterase, peroxidase and antiprotease activities than serum. In addition, skin mucus revealed stronger bactericidal activity against tested fish pathogen bacteria compared to the serum activity, while human bacteria can even grow more in the presence of mucus. The results could be useful for better understanding the role of the skin mucus as a key component of the innate immune system with potential application for the aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Guardiola
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María A Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Gomez D, Sunyer JO, Salinas I. The mucosal immune system of fish: the evolution of tolerating commensals while fighting pathogens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1729-39. [PMID: 24099804 PMCID: PMC3963484 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The field of mucosal immunology research has grown fast over the past few years, and our understanding on how mucosal surfaces respond to complex antigenic cocktails is expanding tremendously. With the advent of new molecular sequencing techniques, it is easier to understand how the immune system of vertebrates is, to a great extent, orchestrated by the complex microbial communities that live in symbiosis with their hosts. The commensal microbiota is now seen as the "extended self" by many scientists. Similarly, fish immunologist are devoting important research efforts to the field of mucosal immunity and commensals. Recent breakthroughs on our understanding of mucosal immune responses in teleost fish open up the potential of teleosts as animal research models for the study of human mucosal diseases. Additionally, this new knowledge places immunologists in a better position to specifically target the fish mucosal immune system while rationally designing mucosal vaccines and other immunotherapies. In this review, an updated view on how teleost skin, gills and gut immune cells and molecules, function in response to pathogens and commensals is provided. Finally, some of the future avenues that the field of fish mucosal immunity may follow in the next years are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gomez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center for Theoretical and Evolutionary Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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43
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Sun F, Peatman E, Li C, Liu S, Jiang Y, Zhou Z, Liu Z. Transcriptomic signatures of attachment, NF-κB suppression and IFN stimulation in the catfish gill following columnaris bacterial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:169-180. [PMID: 22669032 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of columnaris disease (Flavobacterium columnare) are common in wild and cultured freshwater fish worldwide. Disease occurrences, particularly those caused by virulent genomovar II isolates, in aquaculture species such as channel catfish can be devastating. In contrast to other important aquaculture pathogens, little is known about host immune responses to columnaris. Adhesion of F. columnare to gill tissue has been correlated in some previous studies to virulence and host susceptibility. Here, therefore, we conducted the first transcriptomic profiling of host responses to columnaris following an experimental challenge. We utilized Illumina-based RNA-seq expression profiling to examine transcript profiles at three timepoints (4h, 24h, and 48h) in catfish gill after bath immersion infection. Enrichment and pathway analyses of the differentially expressed genes revealed several central signatures following infection. These included the dramatic upregulation of a rhamnose-binding lectin, with putative roles in bacterial attachment and aggregation, suppression of NF-κB signalling via IκBs, BCL-3, TAX1BP1, and olfactomedin 4, and strong induction of IFN-inducible responses including iNOS2b, IFI44, and VHSV genes. Fifteen differentially expressed genes with varying expression profiles by RNA-seq, were validated by QPCR (correlation coefficients 0.85-0.94, p-value <0.001). Our results highlight several putative immune pathways and individual candidate genes deserving of further investigation in the context of development of therapeutic regimens and laying the foundation for selection of resistant catfish lines against columnaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyue Sun
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Sheikhzadeh N, Heidarieh M, Pashaki AK, Nofouzi K, Farshbafi MA, Akbari M. Hilyses®, fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enhances the growth performance and skin non-specific immune parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:1083-1087. [PMID: 22440584 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Effects of Hilyses(®), fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), on growth, body composition and skin mucus immune components in rainbow trout were quantified. Ninety rainbow trout (105 ± 5 g) were randomly assigned to 2 groups in triplicates and fed dietary Hilyses(®) (5 g kg(-1)) or control diet without Hilyses(®) for 50 days. Results of this study demonstrated that growth performance increased significantly by the dietary yeast supplement; however body composition was not affected in treatment group. At the 45th and 50th day of feeding trial, results of mucus samples demonstrated that yeast supplementation in treatment group significantly promoted enzyme activities, namely lysozyme, protease, alkaline phosphatase and esterase compared to control group. Significant increases were also observed in hemagglutination and antibacterial activity against Yersinia ruckeri in fish fed treatment diet. The present study suggests that fermented S. cerevisiae may effectively promote the growth performance and skin non-specific immune parameters in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Sheikhzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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